Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/06—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
  • B01J13/14—Polymerisation; cross-linking
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/26—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests in coated particulate form
  • A01N25/28—Microcapsules or nanocapsules
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/18—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing the group —CO—N<, e.g. carboxylic acid amides or imides; Thio analogues thereof
  • A01N37/22—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing the group —CO—N<, e.g. carboxylic acid amides or imides; Thio analogues thereof the nitrogen atom being directly attached to an aromatic ring system, e.g. anilides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
  • A01N43/06—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom five-membered rings
  • A01N43/10—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom five-membered rings with sulfur as the ring hetero atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/56—1,2-Diazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2-diazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
  • A61K47/32—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. carbomers, poly(meth)acrylates, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K8/04—Dispersions; Emulsions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K8/11—Encapsulated compositions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K8/81—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • A61K8/8129—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal or ketal radical; Compositions of hydrolysed polymers or esters of unsaturated alcohols with saturated carboxylic acids; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers, e.g. polyvinylmethylether
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
  • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
  • A61K9/5005—Wall or coating material
  • A61K9/5021—Organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/5026—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylates
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
  • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
  • A61K9/5089—Processes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/06—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
  • B01J13/14—Polymerisation; cross-linking
  • B01J13/16—Interfacial polymerisation
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/06—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
  • B01J13/14—Polymerisation; cross-linking
  • B01J13/18—In situ polymerisation with all reactants being present in the same phase
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L29/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal or ketal radical; Compositions of hydrolysed polymers of esters of unsaturated alcohols with saturated carboxylic acids; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L29/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated alcohols
  • C08L29/04—Polyvinyl alcohol; Partially hydrolysed homopolymers or copolymers of esters of unsaturated alcohols with saturated carboxylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L75/00—Compositions of polyureas or polyurethanes; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L75/02—Polyureas
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
  • C11D17/0039—Coated compositions or coated components in the compositions, (micro)capsules
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/37—Polymers
  • C11D3/3746—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C11D3/3753—Polyvinylalcohol; Ethers or esters thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
  • A61K2800/10—General cosmetic use

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for producing microcapsules which contain a shell and a core of a liquid water-insoluble material, where
• Microcapsules are usually spherical objects which consist of a core and a wall material surrounding the core, wherein the core is a solid, liquid or gaseous substance which is surrounded by the solid (generally polymeric) wall material. They may be solid, i.e. consist of a single material. Microcapsules may have a diameter from 1 to 1000 ⁇ m, on average.
• the shell can consist either of natural, semisynthetic or synthetic materials.
• Natural shell materials are, for example, gum arabic, agar agar, agarose, maltodextrins, alginic acid or its salts, e.g. sodium alginate or calcium alginate, fats and fatty acids, cetyl alcohol, collagen, chitosan, lecithins, gelatin, albumin, shellac, polysaccharides, such as starch or dextran, polypeptides, protein hydrolyzates, sucrose and waxes.
• Semisynthetic shell materials are inter alia chemically modified celluloses, in particular cellulose esters and cellulose ethers, e.g. cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose, and also starch derivatives, in particular starch ethers and starch esters.
• Synthetic shell materials are, for example, polymers such as polyacrylates, polyamides, polyvinyl alcohol or polyurea.
• microcapsules are formed in each case with different properties, such as diameter, size distribution and physical and/or chemical properties.
• Polyurea core-shell microcapsules obtained by reaction of two diisocyanates and a polyamine are well known in the art.
• microcapsules with tailored properties
• novel production processes need to be developed.
• microcapsules produced to encapsulate water-insoluble ingredients like oils need to have an optimized, enhanced stability against leaking-out of the oil from the capsules into the external phase, particularly in surfactant-based formulations.
• an aqueous dispersion of the microcapsules needs to be stable against separation over a long period of time.
• microcapsules which contain a shell and a core of a liquid water-insoluble material
• microcapsules obtainable by the process according to the invention.
• microcapsules with determined sizes and/or size distribution can be produced in a targeted manner. Moreover, it is possible to produce relatively small microcapsules with diameters from 5 to 30 ⁇ m.
• capsules with greater enhanced leakage stability against leakage in surfactant-based formulations are obtainable, which show a better performance against separation over a long period of time.
• a mixture of bifunctional isocyanates (A) and isocyanates (B) can be added in one step (e.g. step (b)) or can be added separately from each other.
• the bifunctional isocyanates (A) are dissolved alone or in a mixture with a further isocyanate (B) in the water-insoluble liquid (also termed “water-insoluble material”) which later forms the core of the microcapsules; the premixes (I) and (II) are mixed together until an emulsion is formed and then the amine components are added and the mixture is heated until the capsules are formed.
• water-insoluble liquid also termed “water-insoluble material”
• the bifunctional isocyanates (A) are dissolved alone in the water-insoluble material which later forms the core of the microcapsules; the premixes (I) and (II) are mixed together until an emulsion is formed and then the further isocyanate (B) is added before the amine components are added and the mixture is heated until the capsules are formed.
• the temperature for the reaction of the isocyanates with the amine components may be at least 50° C., better 60° C., preferably 75 to 90° C. and in particular 85 to 90° C., in order to ensure sufficiently rapid reaction progress.
• the temperature in stages e.g. in each case by 10° C.
• the dispersion is cooled down to room temperature (21° C.).
• the reaction time typically depends on the reaction amount and temperature used. Usually, microcapsule formation is established between ca. 60 minutes to 6 h or up to 8 h at the temperatures defined above.
• the addition of the amine also preferably takes place with the input of energy, e.g. by using a stirring apparatus.
• the respective mixtures are usually emulsified by processes known to the person skilled in the art, e.g. by introducing energy into the mixture through stirring using a suitable stirrer until the mixture emulsifies.
• the pH is preferably adjusted using aqueous bases, preference being given to using sodium hydroxide solution (e.g. 5% strength by weight). It may be advantageous to adjust the pH of premix (I) from 3 to 12, preferably between 4 to 10, and in particular in the range from 5 to 10.
• microcapsules are preferably obtainable by the process according to the invention.
• the microcapsules may have a shell made by a polyaddition between at least bifunctional isocyanates with amines, preferably with polyamines, which leads to polyurea derivatives.
• the microcapsules are present in the form of aqueous dispersions, the weight fraction of these dispersions in the microcapsules being favored between 5 and 50% by weight, preferably between 15 to 40% per weight and preferably 20 to 40% by weight.
• the microcapsules usually have an average diameter in the range from 1 to 500 ⁇ m and preferably from 3 to 50 ⁇ m or from 5 to 30 ⁇ m.
• the particle size determinations specified may be carried out by means of static laser diffraction.
• the d 50 and d 90 values may be based on the volume distribution of the particles.
• the microcapsules contain the liquid water-insoluble material, e.g. an oil.
• the fraction of this oil can vary in the range from 10 to 95% by weight, based on the weight of the microcapsules, where fractions from 70 to 90% by weight may be advantageous.
• Result of the process are microcapsules obtainable which typical core-shell ratios (w/w) from 20:1 to 1:10, preferably from 5:1 to 2:1 and in particular from 4:1 to 3:1.
• microcapsules which are obtainable by the present processes are preferably free from formaldehyde.
• microcapsules have superior properties when polyvinyl alcohol copolymers are used having a hydrolysis degree from to 99.9% (preferably from 85 to 99.9%).
• polyvinyl alcohol copolymer means a polymer of vinyl alcohol/vinyl acetate with comonomers.
• polyvinyl alcohol is produced by hydrolysis (deacetylation) of polyvinyl acetate, whereby the ester groups of polyvinyl acetate are hydrolysed into hydroxyl groups, thus forming polyvinyl alcohol.
• the degree of hydrolysis is a criteria of how many groups are converted into hydroxyl groups.
• the term “polyvinyl alcohol” in connection with a given degree of hydrolysis means therefore, in fact, a vinyl polymer containing ester and hydroxyl groups.
• polyvinyl alcohol copolymers with degrees of hydrolysis from 85 to 99.9%, especially between 85 to 95% may be used.
• polyvinyl alcohol copolymers with degrees of hydrolysis from 60 to 99.9%, preferably from 70 to 98%, more preferably from 75 to 97%, and in particular from 85 to 96% may be used.
• the degree of hydrolysis of polyvinyl alcohol may be determined according to DIN 53401.
• polyvinyl alcohol polymers according to the invention contain additional comonomers, i.e. other comonomers are polymerized together with vinylester in a first step, followed by the hydrolysis of the ester groups to form the copolymer of polyvinyl alcohol in a second step.
• polyvinyl alcohol copolymers preferably contain unsaturated hydrocarbons as comonomers. These unsaturated hydrocarbons are optionally modified with functional non-charged and/or charged groups.
• the following comonomers are suitable: unsaturated hydrocarbons having anionic groups like carboxyl- and/or sulfonic acid groups.
• the polyvinyl alcohol copolymer contains comonomers with anionic groups selected from carboxyl- and/or sulfonic acid groups.
• the polyvinyl alcohol copolymer contains 0.1 to 30 mol % (preferably 0.3 to 20 mol %, more preferably 0.5 to 10 mol %) of the comonomers with anionic groups.
• the polyvinyl alcohol copolymer may have a viscosity from 1 to 100 mPas, preferably from 1.5 to 70 mPas, more preferably from 2 to 50 mPas.
• the viscosity may be determined according to Brookfield at 4% in water at 20° C.
• colloids examples include K-Polymer 25-88KL from Kuraray (viscosity 20-30 mPas, hydrolysis 85.0-90.0%), Gohsenal T-350 from Nippon Gohsei (viscosity 27-33 mPas, hydrolysis 93.0-95.0%), Gohseran L-3266 from Nippon Gohsei (viscosity 2.3-2.7 mPas, hydrolysis 86.5-89.0%).
• the protective colloid can be, but does not have to be, a constituent of the microcapsule shell.
• the protective colloids e.g. the polyvinyl alcohol copolymer
• the protective colloids are used with amounts from 0.1 to 20% by weight, but preferably in the range from 1 to 10% by weight and in particular from 1.5 to 5% by weight, based on the weight of the microcapsules.
• the weight of the microcapsules is usually based on the total sum of the shell and the core materials, e.g. all isocyanates, all bifunctional amines, all water-insoluble materials, and the polyvinyl alcohol copolymer.
• Combinations of two or more different protective colloids may also be beneficial.
• Isocyanates are N-substituted organic derivatives (R—N ⁇ C ⁇ O) of isocyanic acid (HNCO) tautomeric in the free state with cyanic acid.
• Organic isocyanates are compounds in which the isocyanate group (—N ⁇ C ⁇ O) is bonded to an organic radical.
• Polyfunctional isocyanates are those compounds with two or more isocyanate groups in the molecule.
• At least bifunctional, preferably polyfunctional, isocyanates are used as (A), i.e. all aromatic, alicyclic and aliphatic isocyanates are suitable provided they have at least two reactive isocyanate groups.
• the isocyanate (A) is an alicyclic or aliphatic isocyanate, wherein the alicyclic isocyanate is even more preferred.
• the suitable polyfunctional isocyanates (A) preferably contain on average 2 to at most 4 NCO groups. Preference is given to using diisocyanates, i.e. esters of isocyanic acid with the general structure O ⁇ C ⁇ N—R—N ⁇ C ⁇ O, where R′ here is aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic radicals.
• Suitable isocyanates (A) are, for example, 1,5-naphthylene diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MOI), hydrogenated MDI (H12MDI), xylylene diisocyanate (XDI), tetramethylxylol diisocyanate (TMXDI), 4,4′-diphenyldimethylmethane diisocyanate, di- and tetraalkyldiphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4′-dibenzyl diisocyanate, 1,3-phenylene diisocyanate, 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, the isomers of tolylene diisocyanate (TDI), optionally in a mixture, 1-methyl-2,4-diisocyanatocyclohexane, 1,6-diisocyanato-2,2,4-trimethylhexane, 1,6-diisocyanato-2
• Sulfur-containing polyisocyanates are obtained, for example, by reacting 2 mol of hexamethylene diisocyanate with 1 mol of thiodiglycol or dihydroxydihexyl sulfide.
• Further suitable diisocyanates are trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,4-diisocyanatobutane, 1,2-diisocyanatododecane and dimer fatty acid diisocyanate.
• Suitable isocyanates of type (A) are at least bifunctional compounds (i.e. compounds containing at least two isocyanate groups —N ⁇ C ⁇ O). Typical representatives may be hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), or derivatives thereof, e.g. HDI biuret (commercially available e.g. as Desmodur N3200), HDI trimers (commercially available as Desmodur N3300) or else dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanates (commercially available as Desmodur W). Toluene 2,4-diisocyanate or diphenylmethane diisocyanate is likewise suitable.
• HDI hexamethylene diisocyanate
• HDI biuret commercially available e.g. as Desmodur N3200
• HDI trimers commercially available as Desmodur N3300
• dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanates commercially available as Desmodur W.
• isocyanate (A) is hexane 1,6-diisocyanate, hexane 1,6-diisocyanate biuret, dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanates, or oligomers of hexane 1,6-diisocyanate.
• One essential feature of the present process is the use of two structurally different isocyanates (A) and (B).
• the second isocyanate of type (B) is structurally different from the isocyanate of type (A) and specifically the isocyanate of type (B) could either be an anionically modified isocyanate or a polyethylene oxide-containing isocyanate (or any desired mixtures of these two isocyanate types).
• anionically modified isocyanates are known per se.
• these isocyanates of type (B) contain at least two isocyanate groups in the molecule.
• One or more sulfonic acid radicals are preferably present as anionic groups.
• isocyanates of type (B) are selected which are oligomers, in particular trimers, of hexane 1,6-diisocyanate (HDI).
• Commercial products of these anionically modified isocyanates are known, for example, under the brand Bayhydur (Bayer), e.g. Bayhydur XP.
• Polyethylene oxide-containing isocyanates (with at least two isocyanate groups) are also known and are described, e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,342,556. Some of these isocyanates are self-emulsifying in water, which may be advantageous within the context of the present process since it may be possible to dispense with a separate emulsifying step.
• the weight ratio of the two isocyanates (A) and (B) is adjusted preferably in the range from 10:1 to 1:10, more preferably in the range from 5:1 to 1:5 and in particular in the range from 3:1 to 1:1.
• a mixture of isocyanate (A) and an anionically modified isocyanate (B) is used, wherein the anionically modified diisocyanates (B) are selected from the group which contains at least one sulfonic acid group, preferably an aminosulfonic acid group, in the present process.
• PEI polyethyleneimines
• Polyethyleneimines are generally polymers in the main chains of which there are NH groups which are separated from one another in each case by two methylene groups:
• polyethyleneimines with a molecular weight of at least 500 g/mol, preferably from 600 to 30 000 or 650 to 25 000 g/mol and in particular from 700 to 5000 g/mol or 850 to 2500 g/mol, are preferably used.
• polyethyleneimines preferably from 600 to 30 000 or 650 to 25 000 g/mol and in particular from 700 to 5000 g/mol or 850 to 2500 g/mol.
• polyethyleneimines In general it is preferred to use 0.3-10 wt. %, in particular between 0.5-5 wt. %, polyethyleneimines.
• polyethyleneimines based on the total weight of the compounds used in the process.
• microcapsules are obtained with a diameter from 1 to 30 ⁇ m comprising a liquid core of a water-insoluble material, and a shell of a reaction product of an at least bifunctional isocyanate (A) or a mixture of two or more different isocyanates containing (A) and an at least bifunctional amine in presence of polyvinyl alcohol copolymer with hydrolysis degrees above 85 to 99.9% as a protective colloid.
• microcapsules produced using the process described above contain in the interior a material that is preferably water-insoluble and liquid at 21° C. (i.e. at 21° C., a maximum of 10 g of the material can be dissolved in 1 l of water).
• a material that is preferably water-insoluble and liquid at 21° C. (i.e. at 21° C., a maximum of 10 g of the material can be dissolved in 1 l of water).
• This includes all types of hydrophobic water-insoluble liquids, and any blends thereof. Excluded are usually any fragrances or perfumes as such materials.
• oil This water-insoluble material is also referred to herein below as “oil”. These oils must be able, preferably without auxiliaries, to dissolve the isocyanates in order to be able to use them in the present process. Should an oil not ensure adequate solubility of the isocyanates, there is the option of overcoming this disadvantage by using suitable solubility promoters.
• the microcapsules can also have further, optionally liquid or solid, ingredients which are dissolved, dispersed or emulsified in the oil in the microcapsules.
• oil in the context of the present invention encompasses all kinds of oil bodies or oil components, in particular vegetable oils like e.g. rape seed oil, sunflower oil, soy oil, olive oil and the like, modified vegetable oils e.g. alkoxylated sunflower or soy oil, synthetic (tri)glycerides like e.g. technical mixtures of mono, di and triglycerides of C6-C22 fatty acids, fatty acid alkyl esters e.g.
• vegetable oils like e.g. rape seed oil, sunflower oil, soy oil, olive oil and the like
• modified vegetable oils e.g. alkoxylated sunflower or soy oil
• synthetic (tri)glycerides like e.g. technical mixtures of mono, di and triglycerides of C6-C22 fatty acids, fatty acid alkyl esters e.g.
• methyl or ethyl esters of vegetable oils (Agnique® ME 18 RD-F, Agnique® ME 18 SD-F, Agnique® ME 12C-F, Agnique® ME1270, all products of Cognis GmbH, Germany) fatty acid alkyl esters based on said C6-C22 fatty acids, mineral oils and their mixtures.
• the oil comprises preferably mineral oils.
• Examples illustrating the nature of suitable hydrophobic carriers without limiting the invention to these examples are: Guerbet alcohols based on fatty alcohols having 6 to 18, preferably 8 to 10, carbon atoms, esters of linear C6-C22-fatty acids with linear or branched C6-C22-fatty alcohols or esters of branched C6-C13-carboxylic acids with linear or branched C6-C22-fatty alcohols, such as, for example, myristyl myristate, myristyl palmitate, myristyl stearate, myristyl isostearate, myristyl oleate, myristyl behenate, myristyl erucate, cetyl myristate, cetyl palmitate, cetyl stearate, cetyl isostearate, cetyl oleate, cetyl behenate, cetyl erucate, stearyl myristate, stearyl palmitate, steary
• esters of linear C6-C22-fatty acids with branched alcohols in particular 2-ethylhexanol
• esters of C18-C38-alkylhydroxy carboxylic acids with linear or branched C6-C22-fatty alcohols in particular Dioctyl Malate
• esters of linear and/or branched fatty acids with polyhydric alcohols such as, for example, propylene glycol, dimerdiol or trimertriol
• Guerbet alcohols triglycerides based on C6-C10-fatty acids, liquid mono-/di-/triglyceride mixtures based on C6-C18-fatty acids
• esters of C6-C22-fatty alcohols and/or Guerbet alcohols with aromatic carboxylic acids in particular benzoic acid
• preferred oils are, Guerbet alcohols based on fatty alcohols having 6 to 18, preferably 8 to 10, carbon atoms, esters of linear C6-C22-fatty acids with linear or branched C6-C22-fatty alcohols or esters of branched C6-C13-carboxylic acids with linear or branched C6-C22-fatty alcohols, such as e.g.
• esters of linear C6-C22-fatty acids with branched alcohols in particular 2-ethylhexanol
• esters of C18-C38-alkylhydroxycarboxylic acids with linear or branched C6-C22-fatty alcohols linear or branched C6-C22-fatty alcohols, in particular dioctyl malates
• esters of linear and/or branched fatty acids with polyhydric alcohols such as e.g.
• dicaprylyl carbonate (CetiolTM CC), Guerbet carbonates based on fatty alcohols having 6 to 18, preferably 8 to 10, carbon atoms, esters of benzoic acid with linear and/or branched C6-C22-alcohols (e.g. FinsolvTM TN), linear or branched, symmetrical or asymmetrical dialkyl ethers having 6 to 22 carbon atoms per alkyl group, such as e.g.
• liquid linear and/or branched and/or saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons or any desired mixtures thereof can be used as oils within the context of the present invention.
• oils may be e.g. alkanes having 4 to 22, preferably 6 to 18, carbon atoms, or any desired mixtures thereof.
• unsaturated hydrocarbons having 4 to 22 carbon atoms, or unsaturated hydrocarbons of identical carbon number, and any desired mixtures of these hydrocarbons.
• Cyclic hydrocarbons and aromatics, e.g. toluene and mixtures thereof may also be oils within the context of the present invention.
• the oil comprises aromatics.
• silicone oils Any desired mixtures of all of the specified core materials are also suitable.
• water-insoluble materials such as biocides
• biocides any desired mixtures of these further materials may also be present in the microcapsules.
• additives may be used for dispersing or emulsifying it.
• actives as for example biocides or dyes often only available as blends with an oily solvent.
• the water-insoluble material comprises a pesticide blended with an oily solvent (also termed “oil” above).
• biocides in particular pesticides
• the water-insoluble material comprises a pesticide blended with an oily solvent selected from aliphatic and/or aromatic hydrocarbons.
• a biocide is a chemical substance capable of killing different forms of living organisms used in fields such as medicine, agriculture, forestry, and mosquito control. Usually, biocides are divided into two sub-groups:
• a pesticide may be a chemical substance or biological agent (such as a virus or bacteria) used against pests including insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms) and microbes that compete with humans for food, destroy property, spread disease or are a nuisance.
• pesticides suitable for the agrochemical compositions according to the present invention are given:
• a fungicide is one of three main methods of pest control—the chemical control of fungi in this case.
• Fungicides are chemical compounds used to prevent the spread of fungi in gardens and crops.
• Fungicides are also used to fight fungal infections.
• Fungicides can either be contact or systemic.
• a contact fungicide kills fungi when sprayed on its surface.
• a systemic fungicide has to be absorbed by the fungus before the fungus dies.
• fungicides encompass the following species: (3-ethoxypropyl)mercury bromide, 2-methoxyethyl mercury chloride, 2-phenylphenol, 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate, 8-phenylmercurioxy quinoline, acibenzolar, acylamino acid fungicides, acypetacs, aldimorph, aliphatic nitrogen fungicides, allyl alcohol, amide fungicides, ampropylfos, anilazine, anilide fungicides, antibiotic fungicides, aromatic fungicides, aureofungin, azaconazole, azithiram, azoxystrobin, barium polysulfide, benalaxy, l benalaxyl-M, benodanil, benomyl, benquinox, bentaluron, benthiavalicarb, benzalkonium chloride, benzamacril,
• herbicide is a pesticide used to kill unwanted plants. Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed. Some of these act by interfering with the growth of the weed and are often based on plant hormones. Herbicides used to clear waste ground are nonselective and kill all plant material with which they come into contact. Herbicides are widely used in agriculture and in landscape turf management. They are applied in total vegetation control (TVC) programs for maintenance of highways and railroads. Smaller quantities are used in forestry, pasture systems, and management of areas set aside as wildlife habitat. In the following, a number of suitable herbicides are compiled:
• insecticide is a pesticide used against insects in all developmental forms. They include ovicides and larvicides used against the eggs and larvae of insects. Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry and the household. In the following, suitable insecticides are mentioned:
• Rodenticides are a category of pest control chemicals intended to kill rodents.
• examples for suitable rodenticides are given:
• Miticides are pesticides that kill mites. Antibiotic miticides, carbamate miticides, formamidine miticides, mite growth regulators, organochlorine, permethrin and organophosphate miticides all belong to this category.
• Molluscicides are pesticides used to control mollusks, such as moths, slugs and snails. These substances include metaldehyde, methiocarb and aluminium sulfate.
• a nematicide is a type of chemical pesticide used to kill parasitic nematodes (a phylum of worm).
• a nematicide is obtained from a neem tree's seed cake; which is the residue of neem seeds after oil extraction. The neem tree is known by several names in the world but was first cultivated in India since ancient times.
• the pesticide usually has a water-solubility up to 10 g/l, preferably up to 5 g/l, and more preferably up to 1 g/l.
• the pesticide may be solid or liquid at 20° C.
• the pesticide usually does not contain nucleophilic groups selected from hydroxyl, thiol, primary nitrogen, secondary nitrogen and carbanion.
• Preferred pesticides are herbicides, insecticides and fungicides, wherein herbicides are more preferred.
• herbicides examples include tepraloxydim, flufenacet, napropamid, isoxaben, fluazifop-P-butyl, metamitron, propyzamide, phenmedipham, clethodim, chloridazon, dimethenamid-P, and pendimethalin.
• a preferred example is dimethenamid-P.
• microcapsules of the present invention may also contain any desired blends of oils, as well as blends of oil and water in emulsified form. Any kind of emulsion (water-in-oil or oil-in-water, or multiple emulsions) is possible.
• the microcapsules according to the present invention might also contain one or more emulsifier.
• Suitable emulsifiers are, for example, nonionic surfactants from at least one of the following groups: products of the addition of 2 to 30 mol ethylene oxide and/or 0 to 5 mol propylene oxide onto linear C.sub.6-22 fatty alcohols, onto C.sub.12-22 fatty acids, onto alkyl phenols containing 8 to 15 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and onto alkylamines containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms in the alkyl group; alkyl oligoglycosides containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and ethoxylated analogs thereof; addition products of 1 to 15 mol ethylene oxide onto castor oil and/or hydrogenated castor oil; addition products of 15 to 60 mol ethylene oxide onto castor oil and/or hydrogenated castor oil; partial esters of glycerol and/or
• the invention further provides aqueous dispersions comprising 5 to 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the dispersion, preferably from 15 to 40% by weight, of microcapsules which can be produced by the above process. A further preferred range is between 20 and 35% by weight. These aqueous dispersions are preferably obtainable directly from the process described above.
• microcapsule dispersions which are obtainable by the present process can be used in a large number of different applications, depending on the type of oil.
• the microcapsules may be present in form of an agrochemical composition.
• An agrochemical composition comprises a pesticidally effective amount of the microcapsules.
• the term “effective amount” denotes an amount of the composition or of the microcapsules, which is sufficient for combating undesired plant growth, and/or infestation of plants by insects and/or infestation of plants by phytopathogenic and which does not result in a substantial damage to the treated plants. Such an amount can vary in a broad range and is dependent on various factors, such as the fungal species to be controlled, the treated cultivated plant or material, the climatic conditions and the specific pesticide used.
• microcapsules of the invention can be formulated in a variety of agrochemical compositions.
• agrochemical composition types microcapsules formulations (e.g. CS, ZC), pastes, pastilles, wettable powders or dusts (e.g. WP, SP, WS, DP, DS), pressings (e.g. BR, TB, DT), granules (e.g. WG, SG, GR, FG, GG, MG), insecticidal articles (e.g. LN), as well as gel formulations for the treatment of plant propagation materials such as seeds (e.g. GF).
• agrochemical composition types microcapsules formulations (e.g. CS, ZC), pastes, pastilles, wettable powders or dusts (e.g. WP, SP, WS, DP, DS), pressings (e.g. BR, TB, DT), granules (e.g. WG, SG,
• compositions are prepared in a known manner, such as described by Mollet and Grubemann, Formulation technology, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2001; or Knowles, New developments in crop protection product formulation, Agrow Reports DS243, T&F Informa, London, 2005.
• the agrochemical compositions may contain the microcapsules and auxiliaries.
• Suitable auxiliaries are solvents, liquid carriers, solid carriers or fillers, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, wetters, adjuvants, solubilizers, penetration enhancers, protective colloids, adhesion agents, thickeners, humectants, repellents, attractants, feeding stimulants, compatibilizers, bactericides, anti-freezing agents, anti-foaming agents, colorants, tackifiers and binders.
• Suitable solvents and liquid carriers are usually water.
• Suitable surfactants are surface-active compounds, such as anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants, block polymers, polyelectrolytes, and mixtures thereof. Such surfactants can be used as emulsifier, dispersant, solubilizer, wetter, penetration enhancer, protective colloid, or adjuvant. Examples of surfactants are listed in McCutcheon's, Vol. 1: Emulsifiers & Detergents, McCutcheon's Directories, Glen Rock, USA, 2008 (International Ed. or North American Ed.).
• Suitable anionic surfactants are alkali, alkaline earth or ammonium salts of sulfonates, sulfates, phosphates, carboxylates, and mixtures thereof.
• sulfonates are alkylarylsulfonates, diphenylsulfonates, alpha-olefin sulfonates, lignine sulfonates, sulfonates of fatty acids and oils, sulfonates of ethoxylated alkylphenols, sulfonates of alkoxylated arylphenols, sulfonates of condensed naphthalenes, sulfonates of dodecyl- and tridecylbenzenes, sulfonates of naphthalenes and alkylnaphthalenes, sulfosuccinates or sulfosuccinamates.
• Suitable nonionic surfactants are alkoxylates, N-substituted fatty acid amides, amine oxides, esters, sugar-based surfactants, polymeric surfactants, and mixtures thereof.
• alkoxylates are compounds such as alcohols, alkylphenols, amines, amides, arylphenols, fatty acids or fatty acid esters which have been alkoxylated with 1 to 50 equivalents.
• Ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide may be employed for the alkoxylation, preferably ethylene oxide.
• N-substituted fatty acid amides are fatty acid glucamides or fatty acid alkanolamides.
• esters are fatty acid esters, glycerol esters or monoglycerides.
• sugar-based surfactants are sorbitans, ethoxylated sorbitans, sucrose and glucose esters or alkylpolyglucosides.
• polymeric surfactants are home- or copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone, vinylalcohols, or vinylacetate.
• Suitable cationic surfactants are quaternary surfactants, for example quaternary ammonium compounds with one or two hydrophobic groups, or salts of long-chain primary amines.
• Suitable amphoteric surfactants are alkylbetaines and imidazolines.
• Suitable block polymers are block polymers of the A-B or A-B-A type comprising blocks of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, or of the A-B—C type comprising alkanol, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide.
• Suitable polyelectrolytes are polyacids or polybases. Examples of polyacids are alkali salts of polyacrylic acid or polyacid comb polymers. Examples of polybases are polyvinylamines or polyethyleneamines.
• Suitable adjuvants are compounds, which have a neglectable or even no pesticidal activity themselves, and which improve the biological performance of the pesticide on the target.
• examples are surfactants, mineral or vegetable oils, and other auxiliaries. Further examples are listed by Knowles, Adjuvants and additives, Agrow Reports DS256, T&F Informa UK, 2006, chapter 5.
• Suitable thickeners are polysaccharides (e.g. xanthan gum, carboxymethylcellulose), anorganic clays (organically modified or unmodified), polycarboxylates, and silicates.
• Suitable bactericides are bronopol and isothiazolinone derivatives such as alkylisothiazolinones and benzisothiazolinones.
• Suitable anti-freezing agents are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, urea and glycerin.
• Suitable anti-foaming agents are silicones, long chain alcohols, and salts of fatty acids.
• Suitable colorants are pigments of low water solubility and water-soluble dyes.
• examples are inorganic colorants (e.g. iron oxide, titan oxide, iron hexacyanoferrate) and organic colorants (e.g. alizarin-, azo- and phthalocyanine colorants).
• Suitable tackifiers or binders are polyvinylpyrrolidons, polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl alcohols, polyacrylates, biological or synthetic waxes, and cellulose ethers.
• the agrochemical compositions generally comprise between 0.01 and 95%, preferably between 0.1 and 90%, and in particular between 0.5 and 75%, by weight of the pesticide.
• the agrochemical composition may be employed for the purposes of treatment of plant propagation materials, particularly seeds.
• the compositions in question give, after two-to-tenfold dilution, active substance concentrations of from 0.01 to 60% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 40% by weight, in the ready-to-use preparations. Application can be carried out before or during sowing.
• Methods for applying the pesticide and compositions thereof, respectively, on to plant propagation material, especially seeds include dressing, coating, pelleting, dusting, soaking and in-furrow application methods of the propagation material.
• the agrochemical compositions, respectively is applied on to the plant propagation material by a method such that germination is not induced, e. g. by seed dressing, pelleting, coating and dusting.
• the amounts of pesticide applied are, depending on the kind of effect desired, from 0.001 to 2 kg per ha, preferably from 0.005 to 2 kg per ha, more preferably from 0.05 to 0.9 kg per ha, and in particular from 0.1 to 0.75 kg per ha.
• amounts of active substance of from 0.1 to 1000 g, preferably from 1 to 1000 g, more preferably from 1 to 100 g and most preferably from 5 to 100 g, per 100 kilogram of plant propagation material (preferably seeds) are generally required.
• the amount of active substance applied depends on the kind of application area and on the desired effect. Amounts customarily applied in the protection of materials are 0.001 g to 2 kg, preferably 0.005 g to 1 kg, of active substance per cubic meter of treated material.
• oils, wetters, adjuvants, fertilizer, or micronutrients, and further pesticides may be added to the agrochemical compositions comprising them as premix or, if appropriate not until immediately prior to use (tank mix).
• pesticides e.g. herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, growth regulators, safeners
• These agents can be admixed with the compositions according to the invention in a weight ratio of 1:100 to 100:1, preferably 1:10 to 10:1.
• the user applies the agrochemical composition usually from a predosage device, a knapsack sprayer, a spray tank, a spray plane, or an irrigation system.
• the agrochemical composition is made up with water, buffer, and/or further auxiliaries to the desired application concentration and the ready-to-use spray liquor or the agrochemical composition according to the invention is thus obtained.
• 20 to 2000 liters, preferably 50 to 400 liters, of the ready-to-use spray liquor are applied per hectare of agricultural useful area.
• the present invention further relates to a method of controlling phytopathogenic fungi and/or undesired plant growth and/or unde-sired insect or mite attack and/or for regulating the growth of plants, wherein the microcapsules are allowed to act on the respective pests, their environment or the crop plants to be protected from the respective pest, on the soil and/or on undesired plants and/or on the crop plants and/or on their environment.
• suitable crop plants are cereals, for example wheat, rye, barley, triticale, oats or rice; beet, for example sugar or fodder beet; pome fruit, stone fruit and soft fruit, for example apples, pears, plums, peaches, almonds, cherries, strawberries, raspberries, currants or goose-berries; legumes, for example beans, lentils, peas, lucerne or soybeans; oil crops, for example oilseed rape, mustard, olives, sunflowers, coconut, cacao, castor beans, oil palm, peanuts or soybeans; cucurbits, for example pumpkins/squash, cucumbers or melons; fiber crops, for example cotton, flax, hemp or jute; citrus fruit, for example oranges, lemons, grapefruit or tangerines; vegetable plants, for example spinach, lettuce, asparagus, cabbages, carrots, onions, tomatoes, potatoes, pumpkin/squash or capsicums; plants of the laurel family, for example avocados, cinnamon or camphor; energy crops
• crop plants also includes those plants which have been modified by breeding, mutagenesis or recombinant methods, including the biotechnological agricultural products which are on the market or in the process of being developed.
• Genetically modified plants are plants whose genetic material has been modified in a manner which does not occur under natural conditions by hybridizing, mutations or natural recombination (i.e. recombination of the genetic material).
• one or more genes will, as a rule, be integrated into the genetic material of the plant in order to improve the plant's properties.
• Such recombinant modifications also comprise posttranslational modifications of proteins, oligo- or polypeptides, for example by means of glycosylation or binding polymers such as, for example, prenylated, acetylated or farnesylated residues or PEG residues.
• the present invention further relates to seed containing the microcapsules.
• the invention allows for a reduced phytotoxicity of pesticide; it is possible to mix the microcapsules with water soluble or dispersed pesticides; or it is possible to mix the microcapsules comprising a pesticide with microcapsules comprising another pesticide; or it has a high efficacy.
• Premix (I) was prepared from 50 g of carboxyl group-modified anionic PVA (Kuraray Poval 25-88 KL from Kuraray with hydrolysis degree 85%-90% and Brookfield viscosity 20.0-30.0 mPas at 4% in water at 20° C.) and 668 g of water.
• carboxyl group-modified anionic PVA Kuraray Poval 25-88 KL from Kuraray with hydrolysis degree 85%-90% and Brookfield viscosity 20.0-30.0 mPas at 4% in water at 20° C.
• Premix (II) was prepared from 611 g of dimethenamid-P (DMTA-P, S-2-chloro-N-(2,4-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)-acetamide, liquid, water-insoluble), 78 g of dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate and 22 g of Bayhydur® XP 2547 (anionic water-dispersible polyisocyanate based on hexamethylene diisocyanate; NCO about 22.5%, equivalent weight average about 182, monomeric isocyanate ⁇ 0.5%).
• DMTA-P dimethenamid-P
• S-2-chloro-N-(2,4-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)-acetamide liquid, water-insoluble
• 78 g dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate
• the reaction mixture was then subjected to the following temperature program: heating to 60° C. in 60 minutes, maintaining this temperature for 60 minutes, then 60 minutes at 70° C., 60 minutes at 80° C. and finally 60 minutes at 85° C.
• Premix (I) was prepared from 12 g of sodium lignosulfonate (Reax® 88B) and 488 g of water.
• Premix (II) was prepared from 442 g of dimethenamid-P and 49 g of solvent free polyisocyanate based on 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) (average functionality of 2,7, NCO content 32 g/100 g).
• MDI 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate
• the release rate of the pesticide from the microcapsules was tested stirring the capsules at room temperature in water containing 10 wt % surfactant to solubilize the released pesticide in water.
• the amount of released pesticide was determined by quantitative HPLC and compared to the release rate of the microcapsules of Example 1. It was demonstrated that the use of the shell wall according to Example 1 resulted in a slower release of the pesticide.
• Example 1 The synthesis of Example 1 is repeated with acetochlor instead of dimethenamid-P at the same concentration. Microcapsules with a similar particle size are obtained.
• Example 1 The synthesis of Example 1 is repeated with metazachlor instead of dimethenamid-P at the same concentration. Microcapsules with a similar particle size are obtained.
• premix (II) was prepared from 489 g of Dimethenamid-P, 122 g of aromatic hydrocarbon solvent (distillation range 232 to 277° C., aromatic content >99 vol %, viscosity 2.74 mm 2 /s at 25° C.), 78 g of dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate and 22 g of Bayhydur® XP 2547.
• the preparation was made as described in Example 5, except that neutral polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K90) was used instead of carboxyl group-modified anionic PVA at the same concentration.
• PVP K90 neutral polyvinylpyrrolidone
• Example 6 The release rate of the pesticide from the microcapsules of Example 6 was tested as in Example 2 and compared to the release rate of the microcapsules of Example 5. It was demonstrated that the use of the anionic protective colloid resulted in a slower release of the pesticide.
• Premix (I) was prepared from 12 g of sodium lignosulfonate (Reax® 88B) and 480 g of water.
• Premix (II) was prepared from 370 g of dimethenamid-P, 96 g aromatic hydrocarbon solvent (distillation range 232 to 277° C., aromatic content >99 vol %, viscosity 2.74 mm 2 /s at 25° C.), and 23 g of solvent free polyisocyanate based on 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) (average functionality of 2,7, NCO content 32 g/100 g).
• MDI 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate
• Example 7 The release rate of the pesticide from the microcapsules of Example 7 was tested (cf. Example 2) and compared to the release rate of the microcapsules of Example 5. It was demonstrated that the use of the shell wall according to Example 5 resulted in a slower release of the pesticide.
• premix (II) was prepared from 611 g of Cinmethylin (liquid, boiling point >300° C., solubility in water about 0.06 g/l at 20° C.), 78 g of dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate and 22 g of Bayhydur® XP 2547.
• premix (I) was prepared from 50 g of sulfonic acid group modified anionic PVA (Gohseran L-3266, Nippon Gohsei, with hydrolysis degree 86.5%-89.5 mol % and viscosity of 2.3-2.7 mPas at 20° C., 4% in water) and 668 g of water.
• BRADC Brachiaria decumbens , Surinam grass
• EPHHL Euphorbia heterophylla , painted spurge

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