US20160327267A1 - Process of combustion of solid, liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon (hc) raw materials in a heat engine, heat engine and system for producing energy from hydrocarbon (hc) materials - Google Patents

Process of combustion of solid, liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon (hc) raw materials in a heat engine, heat engine and system for producing energy from hydrocarbon (hc) materials Download PDF

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US20160327267A1
US20160327267A1 US15/103,722 US201415103722A US2016327267A1 US 20160327267 A1 US20160327267 A1 US 20160327267A1 US 201415103722 A US201415103722 A US 201415103722A US 2016327267 A1 US2016327267 A1 US 2016327267A1
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combustion
gas
hydrocarbon
process according
combustion chamber
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Raymond Guyomarc'h
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See - Solucoes Energia E Meio Ambiente Ltda
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B47/00—Methods of operating engines involving adding non-fuel substances or anti-knock agents to combustion air, fuel, or fuel-air mixtures of engines
    • F02B47/02—Methods of operating engines involving adding non-fuel substances or anti-knock agents to combustion air, fuel, or fuel-air mixtures of engines the substances being water or steam
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L7/00—Supplying non-combustible liquids or gases, other than air, to the fire, e.g. oxygen, steam
    • F23L7/002—Supplying water
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B47/00—Methods of operating engines involving adding non-fuel substances or anti-knock agents to combustion air, fuel, or fuel-air mixtures of engines
    • F02B47/04—Methods of operating engines involving adding non-fuel substances or anti-knock agents to combustion air, fuel, or fuel-air mixtures of engines the substances being other than water or steam only
    • F02B47/06—Methods of operating engines involving adding non-fuel substances or anti-knock agents to combustion air, fuel, or fuel-air mixtures of engines the substances being other than water or steam only the substances including non-airborne oxygen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B47/00—Methods of operating engines involving adding non-fuel substances or anti-knock agents to combustion air, fuel, or fuel-air mixtures of engines
    • F02B47/04—Methods of operating engines involving adding non-fuel substances or anti-knock agents to combustion air, fuel, or fuel-air mixtures of engines the substances being other than water or steam only
    • F02B47/08—Methods of operating engines involving adding non-fuel substances or anti-knock agents to combustion air, fuel, or fuel-air mixtures of engines the substances being other than water or steam only the substances including exhaust gas
    • F02B47/10—Circulation of exhaust gas in closed or semi-closed circuits, e.g. with simultaneous addition of oxygen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M25/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture
    • F02M25/022—Adding fuel and water emulsion, water or steam
    • F02M25/025—Adding water
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M25/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture
    • F02M25/10—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture adding acetylene, non-waterborne hydrogen, non-airborne oxygen, or ozone
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M25/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture
    • F02M25/10—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture adding acetylene, non-waterborne hydrogen, non-airborne oxygen, or ozone
    • F02M25/12—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture adding acetylene, non-waterborne hydrogen, non-airborne oxygen, or ozone the apparatus having means for generating such gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M27/00—Apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture, by catalysts, electric means, magnetism, rays, sound waves, or the like
    • F02M27/06—Apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture, by catalysts, electric means, magnetism, rays, sound waves, or the like by rays, e.g. infrared and ultraviolet
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L7/00—Supplying non-combustible liquids or gases, other than air, to the fire, e.g. oxygen, steam
    • F23L7/007—Supplying oxygen or oxygen-enriched air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23Q—IGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
    • F23Q3/00—Igniters using electrically-produced sparks
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Definitions

  • the invention refers to a combustion process for hydrocarbon materials in a thermal engine.
  • the invention also refers to a thermal engine implementing and operating said process and system for producing energy from hydrocarbon materials comprising such engine.
  • the field of invention is the field of treatment of solid, liquid and/or gaseous hydrocarbon materials, particularly diesel.
  • the invention specifically relates to diesel combustion and generally to hydrocarbon materials in a thermal engine.
  • the oxidizing agent should be supplied in excess relative to the quantity of reactive oxygen. This equation results in the generation of disproportionate combustion gas volumes over the gases effectively produced by complete combustion. Further, considerable combustion gas volumes generate large inconveniences, considerable atmospheric pollution and effects (heat, organic pollutants, CO 2 , various oxides, aerosols, etc.) which neutralization is extremely difficult.
  • thermodynamic yield of current thermal engines rarely surpassing 50% of the heating power of the fuel used, thus meaning waste of more than half of the available energy.
  • a large part of the thermal energy is dissipated by the cooling systems of the engines and exhaust gases.
  • the “global” yield of thermal engines is lower than 45% of the Lower Heating Power (PCI) of the fuel used.
  • One of the objects of the invention is to provide a combustion process of hydrocarbon materials in a thermal engine, so to allow for a better yield.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a combustion process of hydrocarbon materials in a thermal engine, which is more respectful than the thermal engine of the current processes.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a first embodiment of a thermal engine according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a second embodiment of a thermal engine according to the invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a system to produce energy from hydrocarbon materials according to the invention, by embodying and operating the engine of FIG. 2 .
  • the invention enables to reach at least one of the objects as already explained, by means of a combustion process of solid, liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon materials in a thermal engine comprising at least one combustion chamber, said process comprising at least one interaction of the following steps constituting a combustion cycle:
  • said oxidizing agent comprises:
  • hydrocarbon materials we understand petroleum, petroleum derivatives, natural and synthetic petroleum gases, coals and/or biomass, as well as all residues containing carbon and/or hydrocarbon, and synthesis gases from decomposition and gasification of said hydrocarbon materials.
  • oxygen we understand the oxygen atom (O) which, in current formulations, composes the dioxygen molecule (O 2 ) and the trioxygen molecule (O 3 ), usually called “ozone.”
  • thermo engine we understand every device performing the combustion of hydrocarbon materials and producing mechanical or electric energy.
  • the process of the invention provides a combustion of hydrocarbon materials with an oxidizing gaseous mixture comprising trioxygen (O 3 ) and more particularly negative trioxygen (O 3 ⁇ ).
  • the use of trioxygen increases the flammability of hydrocarbon materials by destabilizing the cohesion of their molecules and by speeding up the oxidization of the atoms in their compositions.
  • the combustion of hydrocarbon material is facilitated in terms of temperature and/or pressure, preserving the thermal engine or means operating combustion.
  • the oxidizing gas can solely comprise trioxygen (O 3 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and/or carbon trioxide (CO 3 ).
  • the oxidizing gas can also comprise dioxygen (O 2 ).
  • trioxygen is dosed for each atom of fuel organic material (C and H) to have the number of oxygen (O) atoms as required for a stoichiometric combustion.
  • Trioxygen present in the oxidizing gas (alone or mixed with dioxygen O 2 ), thermo-chemically interacts with fuel organic materials of multiple form.
  • Trioxygen reacts firstly with CO 2 in the oxidizing gaseous mixture according to the reaction:
  • Said interactive bonds are unstable and kept in the order of milliseconds during combustion.
  • the lower flammability limit is optimized by factor 5 (five) and the speed of deflagration is doubled relative to atmospheric combustion. Oxidizing conditions make flammability conditions become instantaneous, as well as the thermal generation, thermal transmission and the expansion of the gas volume.
  • thermal yield as obtained from the process according to the invention is better than that of the processes and/or engines of the state of the art. Furthermore, the thermal engine is not subject to the dirt deposition of non-burnt material, thus considerably increasing the working life of the system in comparison with the processes of the state of the art.
  • the combustion gas as a result of the combustion, is composed only by CO 2 and H 2 O, with eventual residual O 2 molecules.
  • the CO 2 is the complete combustion carbon molecule, stable at high temperatures, above 800° C.
  • H 2 O is the molecule resulting from the complete combustion of hydrogen from the molecular composition of the hydrocarbon material, said H 2 O is easily recoverable by condensation, even at atmospheric pressure and temperature. Said two molecules are recyclable and allow recovering most of the dissipated energy of the combustion and reduce the ecological impact on the environment, thus eliminating gaseous pollutants, notably nitrogen oxides, which cannot exist in the absence of nitrogen.
  • the oxidizing gas has constant characteristics for any geographic or atmospheric variations (air humidity and altitude). Therefore, quantities can be precise and constant under any circumstances, so to provide for linear and permanently regulated combustion.
  • the load of hydrocarbon materials as required for the combustion can be mixed with at least one component of the oxidizing gas before being introduced into the combustion chamber, e.g., with CO 2 and/or CO 3 , or even with pure O 3 or eventually with O 2 .
  • the oxidizing gas can be injected in the combustion chamber before, after or simultaneously with the introduction of the load of hydrocarbon material into the combustion chamber.
  • CO 2 and/or CO 3 and pure O 3 or eventually mixed with O 2 can be separately injected in the combustion chamber, or all of them can be mixed together before the injection in the combustion chamber.
  • the combustion can be performed with:
  • the process according to the invention can also comprise the injection of a quantity of liquid water in the combustion chamber before, after or simultaneously with the oxidizing gas. Therefore, up to 20% of water relative to the oxidizing gas and preferably between 5% and 20% of water relative to the oxidizing gas can be introduced into the combustion chamber as a function of the thermal regulation as scheduled or desired and the water expansion capacity into steam, which will replace its equivalent into CO 2 and/or CO 3 .
  • the injection of water allows regulating the combustion temperature, since it absorbs a large quantity of energy from combustion into latent heat, thus reducing thermal losses caused by the dissipation in the cooling and combustion exhaust gas circuits.
  • the injected liquid water represents a negligible volume ratio with the oxidizing gaseous mixture of less than 20% as a function of the size of the thermal system at issue. Once amidst the combustion medium, said water evaporates into overheated steam. The expansion of the volume of liquid water as converted into steam is more than 10 times to hundreds of times the value introduced as a function of the dynamic pressure as impinged.
  • the oxidizing gas can comprise between 15 and 25% of oxygen, in the form of pure O 3 or in the form of a mixture of O 3 and O 2 , and between 85 and 75% of CO 2 and/or CO 3 .
  • the oxidizing gas can comprise between 18 and 22%, preferably 21% of oxygen in the form of pure O 3 or in the form of a mixture of O 3 and O 2 , and between 82 and 78%, preferably 79%, of CO 2 and/or CO 3 .
  • the oxidizing gas advantageously comprises, for a mole of carbon of hydrocarbon material, at least one mole of CO 2 and/or CO 3 , and a maximum of 17 moles of CO 2 and/or CO 3 .
  • the oxidizing gaseous mixture advantageously comprises, for one carbon atom of the hydrocarbon material, at least the equivalent to two oxygen atoms and a maximum of the equivalent to 102% of oxygen, in the form of pure O 3 or in the form of a mixture of O 3 and O 2 .
  • the oxidizing gas can advantageously comprise for a hydrogen (H) atom in the hydrocarbon material, at least one oxygen atom in the form of pure O 3 or in the form of a mixture of O 3 and O 2 , and a maximum of the equivalent to 102% of oxygen in the form of pure O 3 or in the form of a gas mixture of O 3 and O 2 .
  • the oxidizing gas comprises pure trioxygen
  • the latter may be obtained from a pure O 3 reservoir/tank.
  • the oxidizing gas comprises trioxygen mixed with dioxygen
  • the mixture can be obtained either from a reservoir/tank containing a mixture of O 3 and O 2 , or from a reservoir containing pure O 3 and a reservoir containing pure O 2 .
  • the process according to the invention can also comprise a step of generation of trioxide from oxygen molecules, more particularly from dioxygen molecules (O 2 ), e.g., by the “CORONA” effect applied to the oxygen molecules, more particularly to dioxygen molecules.
  • O 2 dioxygen molecules
  • the process according to the invention can implement a production mean of trioxygen (O 3 ).
  • Trioxide generating means can comprise a “CORONA” effect device, installed, e.g., on a conduit in which oxygen (O 2 ) flows, such as the injection tube of dioxygen O 2 into the combustion chamber, to induce electric conversion discharges according to the formula:
  • the ratio of oxygen to be converted is defined by the intensity of the induced Corona effect, and the portion of O 3 can vary between 10 and 100% of the oxidizing oxygen as included in the gaseous oxidizing mixture.
  • the process according to the invention can comprise a step of generation of carbon trioxide CO 3 from CO or CO 2 molecules, and preferably from CO 2 molecules, e.g., by means of the “CORONA” effect applied to the CO 2 molecules in the presence of O 3 /O 2 .
  • the oxidizing gas is obtained from a gaseous mixture of O 2 and CO 2 , to which Corona effect is applied to generate O 3 and CO 3 molecules, the oxidizing gas therefore, obtained comprises:
  • the combustion gas obtained after the combustion essentially comprises CO 2 and H 2 O steam .
  • the process according to the invention can also comprise a recovery of CO 2 included in the combustion gas, by cooling said combustion gas.
  • combustion gas comprises H 2 O molecules
  • steam can be previously removed from the combustion gas by condensation, and then, CO 2 and the latent heat from condensation can be recovered.
  • CO 2 can be condensed by any/all process known by the expert in the art. Therefore, all non-condensable material originated from the fuel and/or from the oxidizing gaseous mixture (metals, metalloids, sulfur, oxygen) are isolated from CO 2 , which is pure in liquid stage, and can be stored and recycled in the process. CO 2 can be evaporated during the cooling process of the combustion gas before being re-injected into the combustion chamber for a new cycle.
  • Thermal energy (thermal capacity/sensitive and latent heat) of the combustion gas can also be recovered, by means of heat exchange with a thermal fluid with one or more heat exchangers, e.g., aiming to produce electricity with a turbine.
  • a part of CO 2 recovered from the combustion gas of a combustion cycle can be advantageously re-used in the oxidizing gas and/or to generate carbon trioxide as disclosed above, to perform a new combustion cycle.
  • a part of CO 2 recovered from the combustion gas can be re-used in a microalgae culture, e.g., in a microalgae reactor, wherein the microalgae culture provides O 2 by means of photosynthesis.
  • At least a part of O 2 provided by microalgae can be used in the oxidizing gas and/or to generate trioxygen as disclosed above, for a new combustion cycle.
  • a thermal engine performing a combustion of hydrocarbon materials, and particularly organized means to operate all the steps of the combustion process according to the invention.
  • the thermal engine according to the invention can comprise trioxygen generating means from oxygen atoms, more particularly from a gaseous flow of O 2 .
  • Said carbon trioxide generating means can comprise means applying Corona effect with oxygen atoms, more particularly with a gaseous flow of O 2 , e.g., a Corona effect tube disposed on a duct in which O 2 flows.
  • the thermal engine according to the invention can also comprise means to generate carbon trioxide from CO molecules or preferably from CO 2 molecules.
  • Said carbon trioxide generating means can comprise means to apply Corona effect on CO molecules or preferably on CO 2 molecules, e.g., a Corona effect tube disposed on the duct in which CO 2 flows in the presence of O 3 /O 2 .
  • the thermal engine according to the invention can further comprise at least one adjustment module for the:
  • the thermal engine can also comprise at least one adjustment module of the quantity of liquid water introduced into the combustion chamber and eventually an adjustment module of the quantity of hydrocarbon materials for each combustion cycle.
  • a vehicle with a thermal engine according to the invention to move the vehicle.
  • Said vehicle can be, e.g., a boat or a train.
  • a system for producing mechanical or electrical energy from hydrocarbon materials comprising:
  • a thermal engine supplying a combustion gas comprising CO 2 ;
  • At least one microalgae reactor producing O 2 by photosynthesis at least one microalgae reactor producing O 2 by photosynthesis
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a first example of an engine according to the invention.
  • the engine 100 as represented by FIG. 1 comprises, in a similar way to thermal engines currently known, a plurality of cylinders 102 1 , 102 2 , . . . , 02 n .
  • Each cylinder 102 comprises a piston, respectively referenced 104 1 , 104 2 , . . . , 104 n , mobile in translation and defining in each cylinder a combustion chamber 106 1 , 106 2 , . . . , 106 n .
  • Each piston 104 is pushed in translation by the combustion in the combustion chamber, of a fuel product, allowing the rotation of a transmission shaft 108 , as known in current thermal engines.
  • the engine 100 comprises, for each cylinder 102 and for each combustion cycle:
  • a first module 110 i adjusting the quantity of hydrocarbon materials HC introduced into the combustion chamber 106 , from a reservoir 112 of hydrocarbon materials;
  • a second module 1141 dosing the quantity of oxygen introduced into the combustion chamber 106 , in the form of pure O 3 or a mixture of O 3 and O 2 ;
  • a third module 116 dosing the quantity of pure CO 2 , pure CO 3 or also CO 2 mixed with CO 3 , introduced in the combustion chamber 106 ;
  • a forth module 118 dosing the quantity of liquid H 2 O as introduced into the combustion chamber 106 from a H 2 O reservoir 120 .
  • the engine 100 also comprises a corona effect tube 122 , located at the outlet of a reservoir of O 2 124 , allowing generating a gas flow constituted by pure O 3 or by a mixture of O 3 and O 2 , from O 2 provided by the reservoir 124 .
  • the gas flow obtained downstream from the corona effect tube 124 (and constituted by pure O 3 or a mixture of O 3 and O 2 ) feeds the module 114 i to regulate the quantity of oxygen, and then its injection into the combustion chamber 106 i .
  • the engine 100 also comprises a corona effect tube 126 , located at the outlet of a reservoir of CO 2 128 , allowing generating a gas flow composed by pure CO 3 or a mixture of CO 3 and CO 2 , from a part of CO 2 provided by the reservoir 128 and from the O 2 provided by the reservoir 124 .
  • the gas flow obtained downstream from the corona effect tube 126 feeds the module 1161 to regulate the quantity of CO 3 and CO 2 , followed by its injection into the combustion chamber 1061 .
  • Combustion of the mixture formed by the load of materials is activated by the combustion chamber 106 or by pressure applied by the piston or by a spark plug (not shown), producing an electric spark in the combustion chamber.
  • the combustion gas obtained from the complete combustion of the load of hydrocarbon materials with oxygen entering the combustion chamber 106 is evacuated by an evacuation tube/conduit 130 .
  • the combustion gas GC is mainly constituted by CO 2 .
  • the combustion gas GC includes residual compounds of O 2 , e.g., in a ratio of 1 or 2% of combustion gas, excessively admitted in the combustion chamber 106 to assure complete combustion of the load of hydrocarbon materials HC in the combustion chamber 106 .
  • FIG. 2 is the schematic representation of a second embodiment of an engine according to the invention.
  • the engine 200 as represented by FIG. 2 resumes all the elements and configuration of engine 100 of FIG. 1 .
  • the engine 200 comprises a treatment module 202 of the combustion gas GC installed in the extraction conduit 130 for combustion gases.
  • the treatment module comprises a thermal exchanger (not shown) performing a thermal exchange between the combustion gas GC to take the combustion gas GC to a temperature lower than 100° C. so to condensate H 2 O steam contained in the combustion gas GC. Therefore, the steam found in the combustion gas GC is isolated and feeds the water reservoir 120 to be re-used in the next combustion cycle.
  • the combustion gas GC includes residual O 2
  • the latter one which is not condensable at the condensation temperature of CO 2
  • the combustion gas GC only contains CO 2 feeding the reservoir 128 of CO 2 to be re-used in the next combustion cycle.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a system for producing energy from hydrocarbon materials according to the invention, by operating the engine of FIG. 2 .
  • the system 300 for producing energy of FIG. 3 comprises the thermal engine 200 of FIG. 2 .
  • the system 300 comprises a microalgae reactor 302 , receiving, through a conduit 304 , a part of CO 2 extracted from the combustion gas GC by means of the module 202 .
  • Said microalgae reactor 302 produces O 2 by photosynthesis.
  • a conduit 306 captures O 2 produced by the microalgae reactor 302 for feeding the reservoir of O 2 124 for use in a next combustion cycle.
  • the invention allows to produce mechanical energy by rotating the shaft 108 .
  • Said mechanical energy can, for instance, be used to move a vehicle on the ground, in the air or water, such as a boat.
  • the thermal engine can be, as a non-limitative example, a diesel engine fed by a petroleum derivative such as heavy fuel oil.
  • Mechanical energy can also be used to generate electric energy, e.g., with an electric generator moved by an engine and/or gas turbine and/or liquid hydrocarbons and in combination with a steam turbine alternator.
  • modules 110 , 114 , 116 and 118 can be configured to introduce in the combustion chamber 106 , respectively, a pre-determined quantity of hydrocarbon materials HC, oxygen in the form of pure O 3 or mixed with O 2 , CO 2 /CO 3 and liquid water, said quantities being determined in accordance to, on one hand the quantity of carbon C and hydrogen H molecules present in the load of hydrocarbon materials admitted into the combustion chamber, so that the load of hydrocarbon materials suffers a complete combustion, i. e. a complete oxidization, and on the other hand, the size of the cylinder 102 and piston 104 and the desired power at the engine output.
  • Each one of the modules 110 , 114 - 118 can be an electronic module controlled by computer.
  • each combustion element is separately admitted into the combustion chamber 106 . Consequently, it is also possible to mix at least two elements of combustion before admission into the combustion chamber 106 and submit them to thermal and/or mechanical treatment, e.g., compression.
  • each combustion element can suffer thermal treatment or compression before being admitted into the combustion chamber.
  • the corona effect tube 126 is optional and the oxidizing gas may not contain CO 3 .
  • one single corona effect tube can be used instead of tubes 122 and 126 .
  • the O 2 provided by the reservoir 124 is mixed with the CO 2 provided by the reservoir 128 , after the gaseous mixture O 2 +CO 2 is transported by one single corona effect tube.
  • thermodynamic yield of an explosion engine with controlled ignition or compression Otto or Diesel is relative to the combustion yield and the transfer from thermal energy to mechanical energy.
  • the present invention optimizes combustion yield and, consequently to reduce fuel consumption, for identical energetic product.
  • Combustion at “atmospheric” air depends on atmospheric (humidity) and geographic factors (altitude, oxygen-poor air).
  • the quantity of oxidizing air is constant and must be oversized to offer the best combustion.
  • the quantity of interactive oxygen in air is not higher than 65% of 21% of oxygen existent in the air, at sea level.
  • the volume of combustion air interacts with the combustion providing active oxygen, but, on the other hand, increasing the volume of neutral gas (nitrogen), which acts in the opposite direction reducing the combustion zones since it takes space.
  • trioxygen molecule can be produced on the site of its use with several possibilities of quantitative and qualitative regulation.
  • the trioxygen molecule is unstable and it immediately interacts with its medium, provided that it contains “catalyst” organic materials or that its electric polarity (negative/positive) is opposed to that applied to the ozone.
  • the binding of the third oxygen atom and the CO 2 molecule is very unstable. Any proximity with an organic material causes the catalytic reaction of transferring said atom to the organic material; the capture of said oxygen atom, actives the destabilization of the catalyst molecule. Said partial oxidization makes the compounds of the organic molecule more oxidative and more flammable.
  • the gaseous oxidizing mixture (O 2 /O 3 +CO 2 /CO 3 ) interacts directly with the fuel.
  • Another advantage of the process according to the invention is that the injection of water into the combustion chamber with the oxidizing gaseous mixture favors the distribution of the fuel front flame.
  • highly exothermic medium and under temperatures above 1000° C. CO 2 /CO 3 and H 2 O also interact directly with the fuel by means of a “redox” reaction, which helps distribute and speed up combustion.
  • atomic and molecular oxygen reacts directly with the fuel and decomposes the hydrocarbon molecule in oxidizing C and H.
  • a “redox” reaction is activated by CO 2 and H 2 O of the mixture, which also react with C and H of the decomposed molecules of the following redox reactions:
  • Another advantage of the process according to the invention is that the mixture of CO 2 /oxygen does not generate pollution by nitrogen oxide, since nitrogen molecules are not present in the combustion.
  • the fuel is hexadecane, of formula C 16 H 34 , the average density of this fuel is ⁇ 1.
  • This state of fact provides energy from a better expansion of the combustion gas.
  • CO 2 substitutes nitrogen as ballast gas for thermal gaseous expansion that supplies mechanical work pushing the piston.
  • CO 2 has a dilatation coefficient 30% higher than air, thus requiring 23% less of the thermal capacity (heat sensitive).
  • said 18 Nm 3 of ballast gas represent 48.021 m 3 for a thermal capacity of 9.283 kWh.
  • 1 kg of hexadecane has a lower heating power (PCI) of 11.48 kWh, thus representing combustion yield of 80.86%.
  • ballast gas CO 2 18 Nm 3 of ballast gas CO 2 :
  • 1 kg of hexadecane contains 70.66 moles of carbon (see table).
  • the minimum CO 2 (to justify an ideal Boudouard reaction homogenizing the combustion) is 70.66 moles of CO 2 , i.e., at least 1.6 Nm 3 of CO 2 (approximately) and maximum of 27 m 3 of CO 2 to exploit 95% of the lower heating power (PCI) of 1 kg of hexadecane: the value for a given engine depends on the type of engine, i. e. the engine cubic capacity, piston course, etc., this value being between these two numbers.
  • PCI lower heating power
  • a small part of the CO 2 ballast may be substituted by “liquid” water injected at the same time as O 2 and CO 2 of the gaseous oxidizing mixture.
  • latent heat is recovered during steam condensation by the cold heat carrier (liquid and/or gaseous CO 2 , oxygen, liquid water).
  • the process according to the invention reduces the wear of the equipment, maintenance; the whole combustion gas produced is recyclable:
  • H 2 O is condensable into distilled water
  • CO 2 is partially recycled for re-use in the process according to the invention.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Exhaust-Gas Circulating Devices (AREA)
  • Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
US15/103,722 2013-11-12 2014-12-10 Process of combustion of solid, liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon (hc) raw materials in a heat engine, heat engine and system for producing energy from hydrocarbon (hc) materials Abandoned US20160327267A1 (en)

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FR1362395A FR3014486B1 (fr) 2013-12-11 2013-12-11 Procede de combustion de matieres hydrocarbonees dans un moteur thermique, moteur thermique et systeme de production d'energie mettant en oeuvre un tel procede
FR1362395 2013-12-11
PCT/BR2014/000435 WO2015085383A1 (fr) 2013-12-11 2014-12-10 Procédé de combustion de matières premières hydrocarbonées (hc) solides, liquides ou gazeuses dans un moteur thermique, moteur thermique et système de production d'énergie à partir de matières hydrocarbonées (hc)

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FR3014486A1 (fr) 2015-06-12
FR3014486B1 (fr) 2017-11-17
JP6574183B2 (ja) 2019-09-11
EP3081289A4 (fr) 2017-11-22
BR112016013128B1 (pt) 2022-02-08
JP2017508094A (ja) 2017-03-23
PT3081289T (pt) 2019-10-08
EP3081289A1 (fr) 2016-10-19
EP3081289B1 (fr) 2019-06-19
BR112016013128A2 (fr) 2017-08-08
ES2755325T3 (es) 2020-04-22
WO2015085383A1 (fr) 2015-06-18

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