US20150376833A1 - Method and apparatus for treatment of biomass substrates - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for treatment of biomass substrates Download PDF

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Publication number
US20150376833A1
US20150376833A1 US14/410,344 US201314410344A US2015376833A1 US 20150376833 A1 US20150376833 A1 US 20150376833A1 US 201314410344 A US201314410344 A US 201314410344A US 2015376833 A1 US2015376833 A1 US 2015376833A1
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biomass
heating
ionic liquid
optionally
sugars
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Praveen Paripati
Anantharam DADI
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Suganit Systems Inc
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Suganit Systems Inc
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21B—FIBROUS RAW MATERIALS OR THEIR MECHANICAL TREATMENT
    • D21B1/00—Fibrous raw materials or their mechanical treatment
    • D21B1/02—Pretreatment of the raw materials by chemical or physical means
    • D21B1/021—Pretreatment of the raw materials by chemical or physical means by chemical means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/0006—Controlling or regulating processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J19/12—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
    • B01J19/122—Incoherent waves
    • B01J19/129—Radiofrequency
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07G—COMPOUNDS OF UNKNOWN CONSTITUTION
    • C07G1/00—Lignin; Lignin derivatives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H1/00—Processes for the preparation of sugar derivatives
    • C07H1/06—Separation; Purification
    • C07H1/08—Separation; Purification from natural products
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
    • C07K1/14—Extraction; Separation; Purification
    • C07K1/145—Extraction; Separation; Purification by extraction or solubilisation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B15/00—Preparation of other cellulose derivatives or modified cellulose, e.g. complexes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08H—DERIVATIVES OF NATURAL MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08H6/00—Macromolecular compounds derived from lignin, e.g. tannins, humic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08H—DERIVATIVES OF NATURAL MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08H8/00—Macromolecular compounds derived from lignocellulosic materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M45/00—Means for pre-treatment of biological substances
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    • C12M45/00—Means for pre-treatment of biological substances
    • C12M45/03—Means for pre-treatment of biological substances by control of the humidity or content of liquids; Drying
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    • C12M45/00—Means for pre-treatment of biological substances
    • C12M45/06—Means for pre-treatment of biological substances by chemical means or hydrolysis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12M45/00—Means for pre-treatment of biological substances
    • C12M45/07—Means for pre-treatment of biological substances by electrical or electromagnetic forces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
    • C12P19/02—Monosaccharides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
    • C12P19/14—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals produced by the action of a carbohydrase (EC 3.2.x), e.g. by alpha-amylase, e.g. by cellulase, hemicellulase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C13—SUGAR INDUSTRY
    • C13K—SACCHARIDES OBTAINED FROM NATURAL SOURCES OR BY HYDROLYSIS OF NATURALLY OCCURRING DISACCHARIDES, OLIGOSACCHARIDES OR POLYSACCHARIDES
    • C13K1/00—Glucose; Glucose-containing syrups
    • C13K1/02—Glucose; Glucose-containing syrups obtained by saccharification of cellulosic materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C13—SUGAR INDUSTRY
    • C13K—SACCHARIDES OBTAINED FROM NATURAL SOURCES OR BY HYDROLYSIS OF NATURALLY OCCURRING DISACCHARIDES, OLIGOSACCHARIDES OR POLYSACCHARIDES
    • C13K13/00—Sugars not otherwise provided for in this class
    • C13K13/002—Xylose
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B3/00—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat
    • F26B3/32—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by development of heat within the materials or objects to be dried, e.g. by fermentation or other microbiological action
    • F26B3/34—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by development of heat within the materials or objects to be dried, e.g. by fermentation or other microbiological action by using electrical effects
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
    • B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
    • B01J2219/00054—Controlling or regulating the heat exchange system
    • B01J2219/00056—Controlling or regulating the heat exchange system involving measured parameters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
    • B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
    • B01J2219/00139—Controlling the temperature using electromagnetic heating
    • B01J2219/00148—Radiofrequency
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
    • B01J2219/00162—Controlling or regulating processes controlling the pressure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J2219/0801—Controlling the process
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J2219/0871—Heating or cooling of the reactor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
    • B01J2219/0879—Solid
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
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    • B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
    • B01J2219/0881—Two or more materials
    • B01J2219/089—Liquid-solid
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
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    • C12P2201/00—Pretreatment of cellulosic or lignocellulosic material for subsequent enzymatic treatment or hydrolysis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C12P2203/00—Fermentation products obtained from optionally pretreated or hydrolyzed cellulosic or lignocellulosic material as the carbon source
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the processing of biomass or its components comprising mixing the biomass an with ionic liquid (IL) and treating the mixture with electromagnetic energy (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency (RF), infrared (IR)) heating for conversion to renewable fuels, chemicals, materials, renewable fuels, ethanol, butanol, lactic acid, gasoline, biodiesel, jet fuel, methane, hydrogen, plastics, composites, protein, drugs, fertilizers, and other value added products.
  • EM electromagnetic energy
  • RF radiofrequency
  • IR infrared
  • the invention relates to methods and systems for treating biomass/ionic liquid (IL) slurries, solutions and suspensions utilizing electromagnetic energy (EM) heating, optionally in combination with acids (acidolysis), for effective and amenable conversion of the biomass and derived products to renewable fuels, chemicals, materials, renewable fuels, ethanol, butanol, lactic acid, gasoline, biodiesel, jet fuel, methane, hydrogen, plastics, composites, protein, drugs, fertilizers, and other value added products, as well as the production of electricity.
  • EM electromagnetic energy
  • the invention also relates to the use of electromagnetic energy (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency (RF), infrared (IR)) heating to dehydrate ionic liquids.
  • EM electromagnetic energy
  • RF radiofrequency
  • IR infrared
  • bioreactors comprising a reactor vessel coupled to a sensor network and a feedback system for controlling the time, temperature, pressure, and IL saturation.
  • Lignocellulose is the major structural component of plants and comprises cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. In lignocellulosic biomass, crystalline cellulose fibrils are embedded in a less well-organized hemicellulose matrix which, in turn, is surrounded by an outer lignin seal. Lignocellulosic biomass is an attractive feed-stock because it is an abundant, domestic, renewable source that can be converted to liquid transportation fuels, chemicals and polymers.
  • lignocellulose The major constituents of lignocellulose are: (1) hemicellulose (20-30%), an amorphous polymer of five and six carbon sugars; (2) lignin (5-30%), a highly cross-linked polymer of phenolic compounds; and (3) cellulose (30-40%), a highly crystalline polymer of cellobiose (a glucose dimer).
  • hemicellulose 20-30%), an amorphous polymer of five and six carbon sugars
  • lignin 5-30%), a highly cross-linked polymer of phenolic compounds
  • cellulose (30-40%), a highly crystalline polymer of cellobiose (a glucose dimer).
  • Cellulose and hemicellulose when hydrolyzed into their monomeric sugars, can be converted into ethanol fuel through well established fermentation technologies. These sugars also form the feedstocks for production of a variety of chemicals and polymers.
  • the lignin may also be recovered for use in the production of a variety of chemicals or used a fuel.
  • the complex structure of biomass requires proper treatment to enable efficient hydrolysis (e.g., saccharification) of cellulose and hemicellulose components into their constituent sugars.
  • Current treatment approaches suffer from slow reaction rates of cellulose hydrolysis (e.g., using the enzyme cellulase) and low sugar yields. Wyman, et al. (2005) Bioresource Technology 96: 1959-1966).
  • Pretreatment refers to a process that converts lignocellulosic biomass from its native form, in which it is recalcitrant to cellulase enzyme systems, into a form for which cellulose hydrolysis is effective.
  • effectively pretreated lignocellulosic materials are characterized by an increased surface area (porosity) accessible to cellulase enzymes, and solubilization or redistribution of lignin.
  • Increased porosity results mainly from a combination of disruption of cellulose crystallinity, hemicellulose disruption/solubilization, and lignin redistribution and/or solubilization.
  • the relative effectiveness in accomplishing at least some of these factors differs greatly among different existing pretreatment processes. These include dilute acid, steam explosion, hydrothermal processes, “organosolv” processes involving organic solvents in an aqueous medium, ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX), strong alkali processes using a base (e.g., ammonia, NaOH or lime), and highly-concentrated phosphoric acid treatment. Many of these methods do not disrupt cellulose crystallinity, an attribute vital to achieving rapid cellulose digestibility. Also, some of these methods are not amenable for efficient recovery of the chemicals employed in the pretreatment.
  • Ionic liquid pretreatment technique is effective in disrupting the recalcitrance of biomass for subsequent conversion to value added products.
  • the pretreatment of biomass should be conducted at high solids loadings (>20% w/w) to minimize the reactor size and process utility costs.
  • the non-conducting/insulating characteristics pose significant heat and mass transfer limitations when process heating is done through jacketed tanks or other heated surfaces. Therefore, in these processes, at feed concentrations >20% (w/w), heat cannot penetrate uniformly and the slurries become thick, viscous, and non-uniformly wet. Viamajala, et al. Heat and Mass Transport in Processing of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Fuels and Chemicals, in Sustainable Biootechnology. Sources of Renewable Energy , O. V. Singh and S. P. Harvey, Editors. 2010, Springer: London, N.Y. This poses operational challenges in overcoming any localized heating zones or large heat gradients in the reactor, resulting in ineffective treatment of the feedstock.
  • biomass e.g., lignocellulosic biomass
  • This invention provides for a method for the treatment of biomass comprising mixing a biomass with an ionic liquid (IL) to swell the biomass and electromagnetic (EM) heating, preferably radiofrequency (RF) heating and/or infrared (IR) heating, said biomass.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • EM electromagnetic
  • RF radiofrequency
  • IR infrared
  • This invention provides for a method for the treatment of biomass comprising mixing a biomass with an ionic liquid (IL) to form a biomass/IL slurry and electromagnetic (EM) heating, preferably radiofrequency (RF) heating and/or infrared (IR) heating, said biomass/IL slurry.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • EM electromagnetic
  • RF radiofrequency
  • IR infrared
  • a method for disruption of the structure of a lignocellulosic biomass may comprise incubating a biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) and applying radiofrequency (RF) heating and ultrasonics, infrared (IR) heating, electromagnetic (EM) heating, convective heating, conductive heating, or combinations thereof.
  • RF radiofrequency
  • IR infrared
  • EM electromagnetic
  • a method for conversion of the carbohydrates of biomass to sugars may comprise: mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to form a biomass/IL slurry; applying radio frequency (RF) heating to the biomass/IL slurry to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; applying ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, to the biomass/IL slurry to maintain the slurry at said target temperature range; washing the treated biomass; hydrolyzing the treated biomass to yield sugars, optionally pentose and hexose sugars, and release proteins and lignin.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • RF radio frequency
  • a method for conversion of the carbohydrates of biomass to sugars may comprise: mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to swell the biomass; applying radio frequency (RF) heating to the biomass to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; applying ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, to the biomass to maintain the biomass at said target temperature range; washing the treated biomass; hydrolyzing the treated biomass to yield sugars, optionally pentose and hexose sugars, and release lignin.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • RF radio frequency
  • EM electromagnetic
  • a method for the conversion of cellulose to sugar may comprise mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to form a biomass/IL slurry; applying radio frequency (RF) heating to the biomass/IL slurry to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; applying ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, to the biomass/IL slurry to maintain the slurry at said target temperature range; precipitating amorphous cellulose and/or cellulose of reduced crystallinity by admixture with an anti-solvent; and adding cellulase to the cellulose precipitate under conditions which promote the hydrolysis of cellulose to sugars.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • RF radio frequency
  • a method for treatment of biomass may comprise incubating a biomass in a sufficient amount of an ionic liquid (IL) for a sufficient time and temperature to swell the biomass, optionally without dissolution of the biomass in the IL; applying radio frequency (RF) heating to the biomass/IL slurry to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; applying ultrasonic heating to the biomass/IL slurry to maintain the slurry at said target temperature range; washing the treated biomass with a liquid non-solvent for cellulose that is miscible with water and the IL; and contacting said washed treated biomass with an aqueous buffer comprising enzymes capable of hydrolyzing cellulose and hemicellulose to produce sugars, optionally hexose and pentose sugars.
  • a target temperature range optionally 50-220° C.
  • a method of acidolysis of biomass may comprise mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to form a biomass/IL slurry; adding an acid, optionally sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or phosphoric acid, optionally lowering the pH of the slurry below pH 7, optionally a pH between 1-6; applying radio frequency (RF) heating to the biomass/IL slurry to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; applying ultrasonic heating, electromagnetic (EM) heating, convective heating, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, to the biomass/IL slurry to maintain the slurry at said target temperature range; optionally washing the treated biomass; and recovering sugars, optionally pentose and hexose sugars, and release lignin.
  • RF radio frequency
  • a method for the conversion of cellulose to sugar may comprise mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to swell the biomass; applying radio frequency (RF) heating to the biomass to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; applying ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, to the biomass to maintain the biomass at said target temperature range; precipitating amorphous cellulose and/or cellulose of reduced crystallinity by admixture with an anti-solvent; and adding cellulase to the cellulose precipitate under conditions which promote the hydrolysis of cellulose to sugars.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • RF radio frequency
  • EM electromagnetic
  • a method for treatment of biomass may comprise incubating a biomass in a sufficient amount of an ionic liquid (IL) for a sufficient time and temperature to swell the biomass without dissolution of the biomass in the IL; applying radio frequency (RF) heating to the IL swelled biomass to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; applying ultrasonic heating to the IL swelled biomass to maintain the IL swelled biomass at said target temperature range; washing the treated biomass with a liquid non-solvent for cellulose that is miscible with water and the IL; and contacting said washed treated biomass with an aqueous buffer comprising enzymes capable of hydrolyzing cellulose and hemicellulose to produce sugars, optionally hexose and pentose sugars.
  • a target temperature range optionally 50-220° C.
  • a method for conversion of the carbohydrates of biomass to sugars may comprise: mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to form a biomass/IL slurry; applying infrared (IR) heating to the biomass/IL slurry to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; applying ultrasonics, radio frequency (RF) heating, electromagnetic (EM), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, to the biomass/IL slurry to maintain the slurry at said target temperature range; washing the treated biomass; hydrolyzing the treated biomass to yield sugars, optionally pentose and hexose sugars, and release lignin.
  • IR infrared
  • RF radio frequency
  • EM electromagnetic
  • a method for conversion of the carbohydrates of biomass to sugars may comprise: mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to swell the biomass; applying infrared (IR) heating to the biomass to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; applying ultrasonics, radio frequency (RF), electromagnetic (EM), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, to the biomass to maintain the biomass at said target temperature range; washing the treated biomass; hydrolyzing the treated biomass to yield sugars, optionally pentose and hexose sugars, and release lignin.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • IR infrared
  • RF radio frequency
  • EM electromagnetic
  • a method for the conversion of cellulose to sugar may comprise mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to form a biomass/IL slurry; applying infrared (IR) heating to the biomass/IL slurry to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; applying ultrasonics, radio frequency (RF) heating, electromagnetic (EM), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, to the biomass/IL slurry to maintain the slurry at said target temperature range; precipitating amorphous cellulose and/or cellulose of reduced crystallinity by admixture with an anti-solvent; and adding cellulase to the cellulose precipitate under conditions which promote the hydrolysis of cellulose to sugars.
  • IR infrared
  • RF radio frequency
  • EM electromagnetic
  • a method for treatment of biomass may comprise incubating a biomass in a sufficient amount of an ionic liquid (IL) for a sufficient time and temperature to swell the biomass, optionally without dissolution of the biomass in the IL; applying infrared (IR) heating to the biomass/IL slurry to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; applying ultrasonic heating to the biomass/IL slurry to maintain the slurry at said target temperature range; washing the treated biomass with a liquid non-solvent for cellulose that is miscible with water and the IL; and contacting said washed treated biomass with an aqueous buffer comprising enzymes capable of hydrolyzing cellulose and hemicellulose to produce sugars, optionally hexose and pentose sugars.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • a method of acidolysis of biomass may comprise mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to form a biomass/IL slurry; adding an acid, optionally sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or phosphoric acid, optionally lowering the pH of the slurry below pH 7, optionally a pH between 1-6; applying infrared (IR) heating to the biomass/IL slurry to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; applying ultrasonic heating, radio frequency (RF) heating, electromagnetic (EM) heating, convective heating, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, to the biomass/IL slurry to maintain the slurry at said target temperature range; optionally washing the treated biomass; and recovering sugars, optionally pentose and hexose sugars, and release lignin.
  • IR infrared
  • RF radio frequency
  • EM electromagnetic
  • a method for the conversion of cellulose to sugar may comprise mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to swell the biomass; applying infrared (IR) heating to the biomass to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; applying ultrasonics, radio frequency (RF) heating, electromagnetic (EM), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, to the biomass to maintain the biomass at said target temperature range; precipitating amorphous cellulose and/or cellulose of reduced crystallinity by admixture with an anti-solvent; and adding cellulase to the cellulose precipitate under conditions which promote the hydrolysis of cellulose to sugars.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • IR infrared
  • RF radio frequency
  • EM electromagnetic
  • a method for treatment of biomass may comprise incubating a biomass in a sufficient amount of an ionic liquid (IL) for a sufficient time and temperature to swell the biomass without dissolution of the biomass in the IL; applying infrared (IR) heating to the IL swelled biomass to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; applying ultrasonic heating to the IL swelled biomass to maintain the IL swelled biomass at said target temperature range; washing the treated biomass with a liquid non-solvent for cellulose that is miscible with water and the IL; and contacting said washed treated biomass with an aqueous buffer comprising enzymes capable of hydrolyzing cellulose and hemicellulose to produce sugars, optionally hexose and pentose sugars.
  • a target temperature range optionally 50-220° C.
  • a method of acidolysis of biomass may comprise mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to swell but not dissolve the biomass; adding an acid, optionally sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or phosphoric acid, optionally lowering the pH of the biomass below pH 7, optionally a pH between 1-6; applying radio frequency (RF) heating to the IL swelled biomass to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; applying ultrasonic heating, electromagnetic (EM) heating, convective heating, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, to the IL swelled biomass to maintain the biomass at said target temperature range; optionally washing the treated biomass; and recovering sugars, optionally pentose and hexose sugars, and release lignin.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • a method of acidolysis of biomass may comprise mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to swell but not dissolve the biomass; adding an acid, optionally sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or phosphoric acid, optionally lowering the pH of the biomass below pH 7, optionally a pH between 1-6; applying infrared (IR) heating to the IL swelled biomass to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; applying ultrasonic heating, radiofrequency (RF) heating, electromagnetic (EM) heating, convective heating, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, to the IL swelled biomass to maintain the biomass at said target temperature range; optionally washing the treated biomass; and recovering sugars, optionally pentose and hexose sugars, and released proteins and lignin.
  • IR infrared
  • RF radiofrequency
  • EM electromagnetic
  • the method may further comprise the addition of a base, optionally NaOH or KOH to neutralize the pH of the biomass/IL slurry.
  • the method may further comprise the addition of a base, optionally NaOH or KOH to neutralize the pH of the IL swelled biomass.
  • the pH may be about 1, 2, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 5.8, 6, 6.5, or 6.8, 1-3, 2-4, 3-5, 2-6, 3.5-4.5, or 4-6.
  • the biomass may be agricultural residues, optionally corn stover, wheat straw, bagasse, rice hulls, or rice straw; wood and forest residues, optionally pine, poplar, douglas fir, oak, saw dust, paper/pulp waste, or wood fiber; algae, optionally red algae; kudzu; coal; cellulose, lignin, herbaceous energy crops, optionally switchgrass, reed canary grass, or miscanthus ; lingocellulosic biomass, optionally comprising lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose; plant biomass; or mixtures thereof.
  • the heating may comprise at least two phases, a first phase comprising application of electromagnetic (EM) heating, optionally a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, variable frequency heating, infrared (IR) heating, radiofrequency (RF) heating, or a combination thereof, and a second phase comprising application of ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof.
  • EM electromagnetic
  • IR infrared
  • RF radiofrequency
  • the application of radiofrequency heating may be for about at least 5-10 seconds, 1-30 minutes, 5-30 minutes, or 20-240 minutes.
  • the application of infrared (IR) heating may be for about at least 5-10 seconds, 1-30 minutes, 5-30 minutes, or 20-240 minutes. In another embodiment, the application of infrared (IR) heating may be for about at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 125, 130, or 135 minutes.
  • the application of ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM), convective, conductive heating, infrared (IR) heating, or combinations thereof may be for about at least 3-30 minutes, 5-30 minutes, 15-30 minutes, 30-150 minutes, or 3-4 hours.
  • the method may further comprise washing the treated biomass.
  • the washing may comprise washing the biomass with a liquid non-solvent for cellulose that is miscible with water and the ionic liquid (IL).
  • the liquid non-solvent used for washing may be water, an alcohol, acetonitrile or a solvent which dissolves the IL.
  • the wash may be recovered and treated with RF heating to dehydrate the ionic liquid.
  • the ionic liquid (IL) may be 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-allyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride, 3-methyl-N-butylpyridinium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium propionatem, or combinations thereof.
  • a method for processing biomass may comprise mixing with ionic liquid, heating by radio frequency, optionally repeated, washing the biomass, optionally recovering the IL, hydrolysis (e.g., addition of cellulase and hemicellulases) of the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e.g., five and six carbon sugars), optionally recovery of the added enzymes, separation of the hydrolystate stream comprising sugars for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels and the residual solids comprising proteins and lignin for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels.
  • the ionic liquid and enzymes may be reclaimed and reused.
  • the biomass mixture may be heated to at least about 100° C., 105° C., 110° C., 120° C., 130° C., 140° C., 150° C., or between about 130-150° C. In a further embodiment, the biomass mixture may be heated for at least about 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 100, 110, 120, 150, or 180 minutes. In a further embodiment, the biomass mixture may be heated for at least about 5-30 minutes.
  • a method for processing biomass may comprise mixing with ionic liquid, heating by radio frequency irradiation to reach a target temperature range, optionally repeated, maintaining the temperature of the biomass using of ultrasonics (e.g., sound waves with high frequency about between 15 kHz to 40 kHz, or 20 kHz and low amplitude about between 0.0001-0.025 mm), EM, convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, optionally repeated, washing the biomass, optionally recovering the IL and dehydrating the IL by application of radiofrequency heating, hydrolysis (e.g., addition of celluase and hemicellulases) of the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e.g., five and six carbon sugars), optionally recovery of the added enzymes, separation of the hydrolystate stream comprising sugars for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels and the residual solids comprising proteins and lignin for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels.
  • ultrasonics e.g.
  • the enzymes may be reclaimed and reused.
  • the biomass mixture may be heated to at least about 130° C., 140° C., 150° C., or between about 130-150° C.
  • the biomass mixture may be heated for at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 120, or 180 minutes.
  • a method for processing biomass may comprise mixing with ionic liquid, heating by radio frequency irradiation to reach a target temperature range, optionally repeated, maintaining the temperature of the biomass using of ultrasonics (e.g., sound waves with high frequency about between 15 kHz to 40 kHz, or 20 kHz and low amplitude about between 0.0001-0.025 mm), EM, convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, optionally repeated, washing the biomass, optionally recovering the IL and dehydrating the IL by application of radiofrequency heating, hydrolysis (e.g., addition of celluase and hemicellulases) of the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e.g., five and six carbon sugars), optionally recovery of the added enzymes, separation of the hydrolystate stream comprising sugars for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels and the residual solids comprising proteins and lignin for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels.
  • ultrasonics e.g.
  • the enzymes may be reclaimed and reused.
  • the biomass mixture may be heated to at least about 130° C., 140° C., 150° C., or between about 130-150° C.
  • the biomass mixture may be heated for at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 120, or 180 minutes.
  • a method for processing biomass may comprise mixing with ionic liquid, dissolving the biomass in the ionic liquid, heating by radio frequency, optionally repeated, regenerating the biomass using an antisolvent, optionally water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, or mixtures thereof, optionally recovering the IL, optionally washing the biomass, recovery of the biomass, hydrolysis (e.g., addition of cellulase and hemicellulases) of the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e.g., five and six carbon sugars), optionally recovery of the added enzymes, separation of the hydrolystate stream comprising sugars for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels and the residual solids comprising proteins and lignin for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels.
  • hydrolysis e.g., addition of cellulase and hemicellulases
  • monomeric sugars e.g., five and six carbon sugars
  • the ionic liquid and enzymes may be reclaimed and reused.
  • the biomass mixture may be heated to at least about 130° C., 140° C., 150° C., or between about 130-150° C.
  • the biomass mixture may be heated for at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 120, or 180 minutes, optionally about 5-30 minutes.
  • a method for processing biomass may comprise mixing with ionic liquid, dissolving the biomass in the ionic liquid, heating by radio frequency irradiation to reach a target temperature range, optionally repeated, maintaining the temperature of the mixture using of ultrasonics (e.g., sound waves with high frequency about between 15 kHz to 40 kHz, or 20 kHz and low amplitude about between 0.0001-0.025 mm), electromagnetic irradiation (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, optionally repeated, regeneration of the biomass by addition of antisolvents, optionally water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, or mixtures thereof, optionally washing the regenerated biomass, optionally recovering the IL and dehydrating the IL by application of radiofrequency heating, hydrolysis (e.g., addition of celluase and hemicellulases) of the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e.g., five and six carbon sugar
  • the enzymes may be reclaimed and reused.
  • the biomass mixture may be heated to at least about 130° C., 140° C., 150° C., or between about 130-150° C.
  • the biomass mixture may be heated for at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 120, or 180 minutes, optionally about 5-30 minutes.
  • the invention provides for a method for the treatment of biomass comprising mixing a biomass with an ionic liquid (IL) to form a biomass/IL slurry and electromagnetic heating, optionally employing a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, optionally radiofrequency heating, optionally variable frequency heating, said biomass/IL slurry.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • the biomass may be agricultural residues, optionally corn stover, wheat straw, bagasse, rice hulls, or rice straw; wood and forest residues, optionally pine, poplar, douglas fir, oak, saw dust, paper/pulp waste, or wood fiber; algae, optionally red algae; kudzu; coal; cellulose, lignin, herbaceous energy crops, optionally switchgrass, reed canary grass, or miscanthus; lingocellulosic biomass, optionally may comprise lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose; plant biomass, or mixtures thereof.
  • the invention provides for a method for the treatment of biomass comprising mixing a biomass with an ionic liquid (IL) to swell the biomass without dissolving the biomass in the IL and electromagnetic heating, optionally employing a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, optionally radiofrequency heating, optionally variable frequency heating, said biomass.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • the biomass may be agricultural residues, optionally corn stover, wheat straw, bagasse, rice hulls, or rice straw; wood and forest residues, optionally pine, poplar, douglas fir, oak, saw dust, paper/pulp waste, or wood fiber; algae, optionally red algae; kudzu; coal; cellulose, lignin, herbaceous energy crops, optionally switchgrass, reed canary grass, or miscanthus; lingocellulosic biomass, optionally may comprise lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose; plant biomass, or mixtures thereof.
  • the heating may comprise at least two phases, a first phase may comprise application of radiofrequency (RF) heating and a second phase may comprise application of ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof.
  • RF radiofrequency
  • EM electromagnetic
  • the application of radiofrequency heating may be for about at least 5-10 seconds, 1-30 minutes, 5-30 minutes, or 20-240 minutes.
  • the application of ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof may be for about at least 3-30 minutes, 5-30 minutes, or 3-4 hours.
  • the electromagnetic energy may be applied at a power of 100-1000 W, 1 KW-10 KW, or 5 KW-1 MW.
  • the radiofrequency may comprise a frequency between about 1-900 MHz, 300 kHz-3 MHz, 3-30 MHz, 30-300 MHz, 13, 13.56, 27, 27.12, 40, or 40.68 MHz.
  • the radiofrequency may penetrate the biomass to about 0.001 to 2.0 meters thickness.
  • the biomass may be heated to a temperature of at least about 1-300° C., 50° C.-100° C., 60° C.-130° C., 80° C.-175° C., or 100° C.-240° C.
  • the biomass may be treated with radiofrequency for at least about 1 minute to 100 hours, 1-60 minutes, 1-24 hours, 5-10 minutes, 5-30 minutes, 10-50 minutes, 5 minutes to 3 hours, 1-3 hours, 2-4 hours, 3-6 hours, or 4-8 hours.
  • a method for processing biomass may comprise mixing with ionic liquid, heating by infrared (IR) heating to reach a target temperature range, preferably at least about 100-125° C., optionally repeated, maintaining the temperature of the biomass using of ultrasonics (e.g., sound waves with high frequency about between 15 kHz to 40 kHz, or 20 kHz and low amplitude about between 0.0001-0.025 mm), EM, radiofrequency (RF) heating, convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, optionally repeated, washing the biomass, optionally recovering the IL and dehydrating the IL by application of infrared (IR) heating, hydrolysis (e.g., addition of celluase and hemicellulases) of the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e.g., five and six carbon sugars), optionally recovery of the added enzymes, separation of the hydrolystate stream comprising sugars for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels and the residual solids comprising
  • the enzymes may be reclaimed and reused.
  • the biomass mixture may be heated to at least about 100° C., 125° C., 130° C., 140° C., 150° C., or between about 100-125° C.
  • the biomass mixture may be heated for at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 120, 150, or 180 minutes.
  • a method for processing biomass may comprise mixing with ionic liquid, heating by infrared (IR) irradiation to reach a target temperature range, optionally repeated, maintaining the temperature of the biomass using of ultrasonics (e.g., sound waves with high frequency about between 15 kHz to 40 kHz, or 20 kHz and low amplitude about between 0.0001-0.025 mm), EM, radiofrequency (RF) heating, convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, optionally repeated, washing the biomass, optionally recovering the IL and dehydrating the IL by application of infrared (IR) heating, hydrolysis (e.g., addition of celluase and hemicellulases) of the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e.g., five and six carbon sugars), optionally recovery of the added enzymes, separation of the hydrolystate stream comprising sugars for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels and the residual solids comprising proteins and lignin for further
  • the enzymes may be reclaimed and reused.
  • the biomass mixture may be heated to at least about 100° C., 120° C., 125° C., 130° C., 140° C., 150° C., or between about 100-150° C.
  • the biomass mixture may be heated for at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 100, 120, 150, or 180 minutes.
  • a method for processing biomass may comprise mixing with ionic liquid, dissolving the biomass in the ionic liquid, heating by infrared (IR) heating, optionally repeated, regenerating the biomass using an antisolvent, optionally water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, or mixtures thereof, optionally recovering the IL, optionally washing the biomass, recovery of the biomass, hydrolysis (e.g., addition of cellulase and hemicellulases) of the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e.g., five and six carbon sugars), optionally recovery of the added enzymes, separation of the hydrolystate stream comprising sugars for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels and the residual solids comprising proteins and lignin for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels.
  • IR infrared
  • the ionic liquid and enzymes may be reclaimed and reused.
  • the biomass mixture may be heated to at least about 100° C., 120° C., 125° C., 130° C., 140° C., 150° C., or between about 100-150° C.
  • the biomass mixture may be heated for at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 100, 120, 150, or 180 minutes, optionally about 5-30 minutes.
  • a method for processing biomass may comprise mixing with ionic liquid, dissolving the biomass in the ionic liquid, heating by infrared (IR) heating to reach a target temperature range, optionally repeated, maintaining the temperature of the mixture using of ultrasonics (e.g., sound waves with high frequency about between 15 kHz to 40 kHz, or 20 kHz and low amplitude about between 0.0001-0.025 mm), electromagnetic irradiation (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency (RF)), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, optionally repeated, regeneration of the biomass by addition of antisolvents, optionally water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, or mixtures thereof, optionally washing the regenerated biomass, optionally recovering the IL and dehydrating the IL by application of infrared (IR) heating, hydrolysis (e.g., addition of celluase and hemicellulases) of the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e
  • the enzymes may be reclaimed and reused.
  • the biomass mixture may be heated to at least about 100° C., 120° C., 125° C., 130° C., 140° C., 150° C., or between about 100-150° C.
  • the biomass mixture may be heated for at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 100, 110, 120, 150, or 180 minutes, optionally about 5-30 minutes.
  • the invention provides for a method for the treatment of biomass comprising mixing a biomass with an ionic liquid (IL) to form a biomass/IL slurry and electromagnetic heating, optionally employing a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, optionally radiofrequency heating or infrared (IR) heating, optionally variable frequency heating, said biomass/IL slurry.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • IR infrared
  • the biomass may be agricultural residues, optionally corn stover, wheat straw, bagasse, rice hulls, or rice straw; wood and forest residues, optionally pine, poplar, Douglas fir, oak, saw dust, paper/pulp waste, or wood fiber; algae, optionally red algae; kudzu; coal; cellulose, lignin, herbaceous energy crops, optionally switchgrass, reed canary grass, or miscanthus; lingocellulosic biomass, optionally may comprise lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose; plant biomass, or mixtures thereof.
  • the invention provides for a method for the treatment of biomass comprising mixing a biomass with an ionic liquid (IL) to swell the biomass without dissolving the biomass in the IL and electromagnetic heating, optionally employing a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, optionally infrared (IR) heating, said biomass.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • IR infrared
  • the biomass may be agricultural residues, optionally corn stover, wheat straw, bagasse, rice hulls, or rice straw; wood and forest residues, optionally pine, poplar, Douglas fir, oak, saw dust, paper/pulp waste, or wood fiber; algae, optionally red algae; kudzu; coal; cellulose, lignin, herbaceous energy crops, optionally switchgrass, reed canary grass, or miscanthus; lingocellulosic biomass, optionally may comprise lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose; plant biomass, or mixtures thereof.
  • the heating may comprise at least two phases, a first phase may comprise application of infrared (IR) heating and a second phase may comprise application of ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM), radiofrequency (RF) heating, convective heating, conductive heating, or combinations thereof.
  • IR infrared
  • RF radiofrequency
  • the application of the infrared (IR) heating may be for about at least 5-10 seconds, 1-30 minutes, 5-30 minutes, 15-150 minutes, or 20-240 minutes.
  • the application of ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM), radiofrequency (RF) heating, convective heating, conductive heating, or combinations thereof may be for about at least 3-30 minutes, 5-30 minutes, or 3-4 hours.
  • the electromagnetic energy may be applied at a power of 100-1000 W, 1 KW-10 KW, or 5 KW-1 MW.
  • the radiofrequency may comprise a frequency between about 1-900 MHz, 300 kHz-3 MHz, 3-30 MHz, 30-300 MHz, 13, 13.56, 27, 27.12, 40, or 40.68 MHz.
  • the infrared (IR) heating may penetrate the biomass to about 0.001 to 2.0 meters thickness.
  • the biomass may be heated to a temperature of at least about 1-300° C., 50° C.-100° C., 60° C.-130° C., 80° C.-175° C., or 100° C.-240° C.
  • the biomass may be treated with infrared (IR) heating for at least about 1 minute to 100 hours, 1-60 minutes, 1-24 hours, 5-10 minutes, 5-30 minutes, 10-50 minutes, 5 minutes to 3 hours, 1-3 hours, 2-4 hours, 3-6 hours, or 4-8 hours.
  • IR infrared
  • the method may further comprise washing the treated biomass.
  • the washing may comprise washing the biomass with a liquid non-solvent for cellulose that is miscible with water and the ionic liquid (IL).
  • the liquid non-solvent used for washing may be water, an alcohol, acetonitrile or a solvent which dissolves the IL and thereby may extract the IL from the biomass.
  • the alcohol may be ethanol, methanol, butanol, propanol, or mixtures thereof.
  • the ionic liquid may be recovered from the liquid non-solvent by a method selected from one or more of activated charcoal treatment, distillation, membrane separation, electro-chemical separation techniques, sold-phase extraction liquid-liquid extraction, or a combination thereof.
  • the ionic liquid may be recovered from the liquid non-solvent by application of electromagnetic heating, optionally radiofrequency heating or infrared (IR) heating, that dehydrates the ionic liquid.
  • the method may comprise the further step of reusing the recovered IL for treating more biomass, optionally wherein at least 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% of the IL may be recovered.
  • the ionic liquid may have a water content not exceeding about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25%.
  • the method comprises incubating the biomass in a sufficient amount of an ionic liquid (IL) for a sufficient time to swell the biomass.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • the biomass may be subjected to additional heating with agitation, ultrasonics heating, electromagnetic (EM) heating, radiofrequency (RF) heating, infrared (IR) heating, convective heating, conductive heating, microwave irradiation, or a combination thereof, optionally with intermittent agitation during heating.
  • additional heating may be simultaneous or sequentially applied to the first type of heating.
  • the ionic liquid may be molten at a temperature ranging from about 10° C. to 160° C. and comprises cations or anions.
  • the ionic liquid may comprise a cation structure that includes ammonium, sulfonium, phosphonium, lithium, imidazolium, pyridinium, picolinium, pyrrolidinium, thiazolium, triazolium, oxazolium, or combinations thereof.
  • the ionic liquid may comprise a cation selected from imidazolium, pyrrolidinium, pyridinium, phosphonium, ammonium, or a combination thereof.
  • the ionic liquid (IL) may be 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-allyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride, 3-methyl-N-butylpyridinium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium propionatem, or combinations thereof.
  • the method may be a continuous process. In another embodiment, the method may be a batch process.
  • the conditions of said biomass undergoing radiofrequency (RF) heating may be monitored by means of sensors, optionally a liquid flow rate sensor, thermocouple sensor, temperature sensor, salinity sensor, or combinations thereof.
  • the method may comprise adjusting the amount of ionic liquid, the time of incubation, or the temperature of the biomass.
  • the conditions of said biomass undergoing infrared (IR) heating may be monitored by means of sensors, optionally a liquid flow rate sensor, thermocouple sensor, temperature sensor, salinity sensor, or combinations thereof.
  • the method may comprise adjusting the amount of ionic liquid, the time of incubation, or the temperature of the biomass.
  • the biomass may not be dissolved in the ionic liquid. In another embodiment, the biomass may not be substantially dissolved in the ionic liquid.
  • the biomass may be dissolved in the ionic liquid. In another embodiment, the biomass may be substantially dissolved in the ionic liquid. In another embodiment, the dissolved biomass, optionally cellulose or hemicellulose, may be regenerated by the use of anti-solvents. In another embodiment, the anti-solvent may be water, methanol, ethanol, acetate, or mixtures thereof.
  • the method may further comprise treating said treated biomass with biochemical reagents, optionally an enzyme, to convert the cellulose and hemicellulose to sugars, optionally hexose and pentose sugars.
  • biochemical reagent used to convert the cellulose and hemicellulose may be an enzyme, optionally an enzyme mixture of hemicellulases, cellulases, endo-glucanases, exo-glucanases, and 1- ⁇ -glucosidases.
  • the cellulase may be cellobiohydrolase, endocellulase, exocellulase, cellobiase, endo-beta-1,4-glucanase, beta-1,4-glucanase, or mixtures thereof.
  • the hemicellulase may be laminarinase, lichenase, xylanase, or mixtures thereof.
  • the enzyme mixture may further comprise xylanases, arabinases, or mixtures thereof.
  • the biochemical reagents are thermophilic enzymes, optionally enzymes that are active up to about 70° C.
  • the biomass may be heated to at least about 50-100° C., 40° C., 55° C., or 70° C.
  • the sugars may be converted to renewable fuels, chemicals and materials, optionally ethanol, butanol, lactic acid, gasoline, biodiesel, methane, hydrogen, electricity, plastics, composites, protein, drugs, fertilizers or other components thereof.
  • the chemicals may be succinic acid, glycerol, 3-hydropropoionic acid, 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), furfural, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, itaconic acid, levulinic acid, aldehydes, alcohols, amines, terephthalic acid, hexamethylenediamine, isoprene, polyhydroxyalkanoates, 1,3-propanediol, or mixtures thereof.
  • DMF 2,5-dimethylfuran
  • HMF 5-hydroxymethyl furfural
  • itaconic acid levulinic acid
  • aldehydes alcohols
  • amines, terephthalic acid hexamethylenediamine
  • isoprene polyhydroxyalkanoates
  • 1,3-propanediol or mixtures thereof.
  • the method may further comprise recovering the enzymes.
  • the treatment produces a solid residue may comprise proteins and lignin.
  • the lignin may be converted to fuels, chemicals, polymers, or mixtures thereof.
  • the method further comprises treating said treated biomass with chemical reagents to convert the cellulose and hemicellulose to sugars, optionally hexose and pentose sugars.
  • the sugars may be converted to chemicals, optionally succinic acid, glycerol, 3-hydropropoionic acid, 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), furfural, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, itaconic acid, levulinic acid, aldehydes, alcohols, amines, terephthalic acid, hexamethylenediamine, isoprene, polyhydroxyalkanoates, 1,3-propanediol, or mixtures thereof.
  • chemical reagents to convert the cellulose and hemicellulose to sugars, optionally hexose and pentose sugars.
  • the sugars may be converted to chemicals, optionally succinic acid, glycerol, 3-hydropropoionic acid
  • a method for disruption of the structure of a lignocellulosic biomass may comprise incubating a biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) and applying radiofrequency (RF) heating, infrared (IR) heating, ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof.
  • RF radiofrequency
  • IR infrared
  • EM electromagnetic
  • a method for conversion of the carbohydrates of biomass to sugars may comprise: (a) mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to form a biomass/IL slurry; (b) applying radio frequency (RF) heating to the biomass/IL slurry to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; (c) applying ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof to the biomass/IL slurry to maintain the slurry at said target temperature range; (d) washing the treated biomass; (e) hydrolyzing the treated biomass to yield sugars, optionally pentose and hexose sugars, and release lignin.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • RF radio frequency
  • a method for the conversion of cellulose to sugar may comprise: (a) mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to form a biomass/IL slurry; (b) applying radio frequency (RF) heating to the biomass/IL slurry to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; (c) applying ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof to the biomass/IL slurry to maintain the slurry at said target temperature range; (d) precipitating amorphous cellulose and/or cellulose of reduced crystallinity by admixture with an anti-solvent; and (e) adding cellulase to the cellulose precipitate under conditions which promote the hydrolysis of cellulose to sugars.
  • the heating may be electromagnetic heating, heating by use of a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, variable frequency heating, or a combination thereof.
  • a method for treatment of biomass may comprise: (a) incubating a biomass in a sufficient amount of an ionic liquid (IL) for a sufficient time and temperature to swell the biomass without dissolution of the biomass in the IL; (b) applying radio frequency (RF) heating to the biomass/IL slurry to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; (c) applying ultrasonic heating to the biomass/IL slurry to maintain the slurry at said target temperature range; (d) washing the treated biomass with a liquid non-solvent for cellulose that may be miscible with water and the IL; and (e) contacting said washed treated biomass with an aqueous buffer comprising enzymes capable of hydrolyzing cellulose and hemicellulose to produce sugars, optionally hexose and pentose sugars.
  • the heating may be electromagnetic heating, heating by use of a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, variable frequency heating, or a combination thereof.
  • a method for conversion of the carbohydrates of biomass to sugars may comprise: (a) mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to swell the biomass; (b) applying radio frequency (RF) heating to the biomass to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; (c) applying ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof to the biomass to maintain the biomass at said target temperature range; (d) washing the treated biomass; (e) hydrolyzing the treated biomass to yield sugars, optionally pentose and hexose sugars, and release lignin.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • RF radio frequency
  • a method for the conversion of cellulose to sugar may comprise: (a) mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to swell the biomass; (b) applying radio frequency (RF) heating to the biomass to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; (c) applying ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof to the IL swelled biomass to maintain the biomass at said target temperature range; (d) precipitating amorphous cellulose and/or cellulose of reduced crystallinity by admixture with an anti-solvent; and (e) adding cellulase to the cellulose precipitate under conditions which promote the hydrolysis of cellulose to sugars.
  • the heating may be electromagnetic heating, heating by use of a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, variable frequency heating, or a combination thereof.
  • a method for treatment of biomass may comprise: (a) incubating a biomass in a sufficient amount of an ionic liquid (IL) for a sufficient time and temperature to swell the biomass without dissolution of the biomass in the IL; (b) applying radio frequency (RF) heating to the biomass to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; (c) applying ultrasonic heating to the biomass to maintain the biomass at said target temperature range; (d) washing the treated biomass with a liquid non-solvent for cellulose that may be miscible with water and the IL; and (e) contacting said washed treated biomass with an aqueous buffer comprising enzymes capable of hydrolyzing cellulose and hemicellulose to produce sugars, optionally hexose and pentose sugars.
  • the heating may be electromagnetic heating, heating by use of a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, variable frequency heating, or a combination thereof.
  • a method for conversion of the carbohydrates of biomass to sugars may comprise: (a) mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to form a biomass/IL slurry; (b) applying infrared (IR) heating to the biomass/IL slurry to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; (c) applying ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM), radiofrequency heating (RF) heating, convective heating, conductive heating, or combinations thereof to the biomass/IL slurry to maintain the slurry at said target temperature range; (d) washing the treated biomass; (e) hydrolyzing the treated biomass to yield sugars, optionally pentose and hexose sugars, and release lignin.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • IR infrared
  • EM electromagnetic
  • RF radiofrequency heating
  • a method for the conversion of cellulose to sugar may comprise: (a) mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to form a biomass/IL slurry; (b) applying infrared (IR) heating to the biomass/IL slurry to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; (c) applying ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM), radiofrequency (RF) heating, convective heating, conductive heating, or combinations thereof to the biomass/IL slurry to maintain the slurry at said target temperature range; (d) precipitating amorphous cellulose and/or cellulose of reduced crystallinity by admixture with an anti-solvent; and (e) adding cellulase to the cellulose precipitate under conditions which promote the hydrolysis of cellulose to sugars.
  • the heating may be electromagnetic heating, heating by use of a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, variable frequency heating, or a combination thereof.
  • a method for treatment of biomass may comprise: (a) incubating a biomass in a sufficient amount of an ionic liquid (IL) for a sufficient time and temperature to swell the biomass without dissolution of the biomass in the IL; (b) applying infrared (IR) heating to the biomass/IL slurry to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; (c) applying ultrasonic heating to the biomass/IL slurry to maintain the slurry at said target temperature range; (d) washing the treated biomass with a liquid non-solvent for cellulose that may be miscible with water and the IL; and (e) contacting said washed treated biomass with an aqueous buffer comprising enzymes capable of hydrolyzing cellulose and hemicellulose to produce sugars, optionally hexose and pentose sugars.
  • the heating may be electromagnetic heating, heating by use of a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, variable frequency heating, or a combination thereof.
  • a method for conversion of the carbohydrates of biomass to sugars may comprise: (a) mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to swell the biomass; (b) applying infrared (IR) heating to the biomass to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; (c) applying ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM), radiofrequency (RF) heating, convective heating, conductive heating, or combinations thereof to the biomass to maintain the biomass at said target temperature range; (d) washing the treated biomass; (e) hydrolyzing the treated biomass to yield sugars, optionally pentose and hexose sugars, and release lignin.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • IR infrared
  • EM electromagnetic
  • RF radiofrequency
  • a method for the conversion of cellulose to sugar may comprise: (a) mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to swell the biomass; (b) applying infrared (IR) heating heating to the biomass to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; (c) applying ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM), radiofrequency (RF) heating, convective heating, conductive heating, or combinations thereof to the IL swelled biomass to maintain the biomass at said target temperature range; (d) precipitating amorphous cellulose and/or cellulose of reduced crystallinity by admixture with an anti-solvent; and (e) adding cellulase to the cellulose precipitate under conditions which promote the hydrolysis of cellulose to sugars.
  • the heating may be electromagnetic heating, heating by use of a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, variable frequency heating, or a combination thereof.
  • a method for treatment of biomass may comprise: (a) incubating a biomass in a sufficient amount of an ionic liquid (IL) for a sufficient time and temperature to swell the biomass without dissolution of the biomass in the IL; (b) applying infrared (IR) heating to the biomass to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; (c) applying ultrasonic heating to the biomass to maintain the biomass at said target temperature range; (d) washing the treated biomass with a liquid non-solvent for cellulose that may be miscible with water and the IL; and (e) contacting said washed treated biomass with an aqueous buffer comprising enzymes capable of hydrolyzing cellulose and hemicellulose to produce sugars, optionally hexose and pentose sugars.
  • the heating may be electromagnetic heating (e.g., radiofrequency (RF) heating, infrared (IR) heating), heating by use of a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, variable frequency heating, or a combination
  • the liquid non-solvent used for washing may be water, an alcohol, acetonitrile or a solvent which dissolves the IL and thereby extracts the IL from the biomass.
  • the alcohol may be ethanol, methanol, butanol, propanol, or mixtures thereof.
  • the method may further comprise recovering the IL from the liquid non-solvent by a method selected from activated charcoal treatment, distillation, membrane separation, electro-chemical separation techniques, sold-phase extraction liquid-liquid extraction, or a combination thereof.
  • the heating may be electromagnetic heating, heating by use of a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, variable frequency heating, or a combination thereof.
  • the treatment may produce a solid residue comprising proteins and lignin. In another embodiment, the treatment may produce a solid residue comprising lignin. In another embodiment, the lignin may be converted to fuels, chemicals, polymers, or mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the wash may be recovered and treated with RF heating to dehydrate the ionic liquid.
  • a method of acidolysis of biomass may comprise: (a) mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to form a biomass/IL slurry; (b) adding an acid, optionally sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or phosphoric acid, optionally lowering the pH of the slurry below pH 7, optionally a pH between 1-6; (c) applying radio frequency (RF) heating to the biomass/IL slurry to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; and (d) applying ultrasonic heating to the biomass/IL slurry to maintain the slurry at said target temperature range.
  • RF radio frequency
  • the invention also provides a method of acidolysis of biomass comprising: (a) mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to form a biomass/IL slurry; (b) adding an acid, optionally sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or phosphoric acid, optionally lowering the pH of the slurry below pH 7, optionally a pH between 1-6; (c) applying radio frequency (RF) heating to the biomass/IL slurry to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; (d) applying ultrasonic heating to the biomass/IL slurry to maintain the slurry at said target temperature range; (e) optionally washing the treated biomass; and (f) recovering sugars, optionally pentose and hexose sugars, and release lignin.
  • the method may further comprise addition of a base, optionally NaOH or KOH to neutralize the pH of the biomass/IL slurry.
  • a method of acidolysis of biomass may comprise: (a) mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to swell the biomass; (b) adding an acid, optionally sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or phosphoric acid, optionally lowering the pH of the biomass below pH 7, optionally a pH between 1-6; (c) applying radio frequency (RF) heating to the biomass to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; and (d) applying ultrasonic heating to the biomass to maintain the biomass at said target temperature range.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • the invention also provides a method of acidolysis of biomass comprising: (a) mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to swell the biomass; (b) adding an acid, optionally sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or phosphoric acid, optionally lowering the pH of the biomass below pH 7, optionally a pH between 1-6; (c) applying radio frequency (RF) heating to the biomass to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; (d) applying ultrasonic heating to the IL swelled biomass to maintain the biomass at said target temperature range; (e) optionally washing the treated biomass; and (f) recovering sugars, optionally pentose and hexose sugars, and release lignin.
  • the method may further comprise addition of a base, optionally NaOH or KOH to neutralize the pH of the biomass.
  • a method of acidolysis of biomass may comprise: (a) mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to form a biomass/IL slurry; (b) adding an acid, optionally sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or phosphoric acid, optionally lowering the pH of the slurry below pH 7, optionally a pH between 1-6; (c) applying infrared (IR) heating to the biomass/IL slurry to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; and (d) applying ultrasonic heating to the biomass/IL slurry to maintain the slurry at said target temperature range.
  • IR infrared
  • the invention also provides a method of acidolysis of biomass comprising: (a) mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to form a biomass/IL slurry; (b) adding an acid, optionally sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or phosphoric acid, optionally lowering the pH of the slurry below pH 7, optionally a pH between 1-6; (c) applying infrared (IR) heating to the biomass/IL slurry to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; (d) applying ultrasonic heating to the biomass/IL slurry to maintain the slurry at said target temperature range; (e) optionally washing the treated biomass; and (f) recovering sugars, optionally pentose and hexose sugars, and release lignin.
  • the method may further comprise addition of a base, optionally NaOH or KOH to neutralize the pH of the biomass/IL slurry.
  • a method of acidolysis of biomass may comprise: (a) mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to swell the biomass; (b) adding an acid, optionally sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or phosphoric acid, optionally lowering the pH of the biomass below pH 7, optionally a pH between 1-6; (c) applying infrared (IR) heating to the biomass to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; and (d) applying ultrasonic heating to the biomass to maintain the biomass at said target temperature range.
  • IR infrared
  • the invention also provides a method of acidolysis of biomass comprising: (a) mixing biomass in an ionic liquid (IL) to swell the biomass; (b) adding an acid, optionally sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or phosphoric acid, optionally lowering the pH of the biomass below pH 7, optionally a pH between 1-6; (c) applying infrared (IR) heating to the biomass to heat to a target temperature range, optionally 50-220° C.; (d) applying ultrasonic heating to the IL swelled biomass to maintain the biomass at said target temperature range; (e) optionally washing the treated biomass; and (f) recovering sugars, optionally pentose and hexose sugars, and release lignin.
  • the method may further comprise addition of a base, optionally NaOH or KOH to neutralize the pH of the biomass.
  • the heating may be electromagnetic heating, heating by use of a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, variable frequency heating, or a combination thereof.
  • the pH may be about 1, 2, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 5.8, 6, 6.5, or 6.8.
  • the pH may be about 1-3, 2-4, 3-5, 2-6, 3.5-4.5, or 4-6.
  • the temperature may be about 100° C., 105° C., 110° C., 115° C., 120° C., 130° C., 140° C., 150° C., 160° C., 120° C.-150° C., 130° C.-140° C., or 100° C.-150° C.
  • a system for treating biomass may comprise at least one electromagnetic (EM) oven; and a moving platform comprising at least one conveyor belt, the moving platform configured to receive biomass on a conveyor belt at a first end of the moving platform, to move the biomass through an electromagnetic (EM) oven thereby treating the biomass by radio frequency treatment in combination with ionic liquids, and, optionally, comprising a sensor network coupled to a feedback system.
  • EM electromagnetic
  • a system for treating biomass may comprise at least one electromagnetic (EM) oven; and a moving platform comprising at least one conveyor belt, the moving platform configured to receive biomass on a conveyor belt at a first end of the moving platform, to move the biomass through an electromagnetic (EM) oven thereby treating the biomass by infrared (IR) heating treatment in combination with ionic liquids, and, optionally, comprising a sensor network coupled to a feedback system.
  • the electromagnetic (EM) oven may heat the biomass by radiofrequency (RF) heating or infrared (IR) heating.
  • a system for treating biomass may comprise a mixing zone, wherein the biomass may be admixed with an ionic liquid, coupled to a variable RF processing zone comprising a variable upper electrode and a fixed lower electrode, wherein the biomass may be subjected to variable RF treatment, coupled to a washing zone, wherein the biomass may be washed, and, optionally, comprising a sensor network coupled to a feedback system.
  • a system for treating biomass may comprise a mixing zone, wherein the biomass may be admixed with an ionic liquid, coupled to an infrared (IR) heat processing zone comprising a variable upper electrode and a fixed lower electrode, wherein the biomass may be subjected to infrared (IR) heat treatment, coupled to a washing zone, wherein the biomass may be washed, and, optionally, comprising a sensor network coupled to a feedback system.
  • IR infrared
  • a system for treating biomass may comprise a mixing zone, wherein the biomass is admixed with an ionic liquid, coupled to an electromagnetic (EM), optionally radiofrequency or infrared (IR), processing zone comprising a variable upper electrode and a fixed lower electrode, wherein the biomass is subjected to electromagnetic (EM), optionally radiofrequency or infrared (IR), treatment, coupled to a washing zone, wherein the biomass is washed, and, optionally, comprising a sensor network coupled to a feedback system.
  • EM electromagnetic
  • IR infrared
  • a system for treating biomass may comprise a reactor vessel coupled to a sensor network coupled to a feedback means for controlling the time, temperature, pressure, and water content of the interior of the reactor vessel.
  • a method and apparatus for processing biomass using ionic liquid together with electromagnetic waves in the radiofrequency and lower microwave frequency range for effective uniform processing of biomass (e.g., woody biomass, feedstock, and agricultural biomass) at high solids loadings (e.g., >30% w/w).
  • biomass e.g., woody biomass, feedstock, and agricultural biomass
  • high solids loadings e.g., >30% w/w.
  • RF radiofrequency
  • the systems may be coupled to a membrane filter.
  • the membrane filter may be a membrane process comprising ultra-filtration, nano-filtration, reverse osmosis, prevaporation, or a combination thereof.
  • the systems may also allow for the separation of gas from the fluid, such as fuel gas.
  • a method and apparatus for processing biomass using ionic liquid together with electromagnetic waves in the infrared (IR) frequency range for effective uniform processing of biomass (e.g., woody biomass, feedstock, and agricultural biomass) at high solids loadings (e.g., >30% w/w).
  • biomass e.g., woody biomass, feedstock, and agricultural biomass
  • high solids loadings e.g., >30% w/w.
  • infrared can be used to heat the ionic liquids or other fluids with ionic contents or polar fluids, even when the fluids are dispersed in biomass or its components. Coupled with a precise control system, the residence time and temperature of the mixture in the reactor can be controlled and the process successfully implemented at different scales.
  • the systems may be coupled to a membrane filter.
  • the membrane filter may be a membrane process comprising ultra-filtration, nano-filtration, reverse osmosis, prevaporation, or a combination thereof.
  • the systems may also allow for the separation of gas from the fluid, such as fuel gas.
  • the invention provides a method for processing lignocellulosic biomass, one more of its constituents, algae, coal, cellulose, lignin, for conversion to fuels, chemicals, materials and other value added products.
  • the invention provides methods for treating biomass slurries, solutions, and suspensions utilizing radiofrequency electromagnetic irradiation and/or ultrasonic heating for effective and amenable conversion of biomass and derived products to renewable fuels, chemicals, and materials.
  • the invention provides systems for treating biomass slurries, solutions, and suspensions utilizing electromagnetic irradiation and/or ultrasonic heating for effective and amenable conversion of biomass and derived products to renewable fuels, chemicals, and materials.
  • this invention relates to the development of radiofrequency dielectric treatment of biomass. In some embodiments, this invention relates to the utilization of dielectric heating treatment for ionic liquid treatment process. In some embodiments, this relation related to the invention of effective low to high solids loading treatment of biomass using ionic liquids, aqueous solutions, acidic-basic solutions, chemical-biological catalysts using dielectric heating method and apparatus for production of renewable fuels, chemicals and materials. In some embodiments, this invention relates to the concentration of non-volatile ionic liquids solutions through the utilization of RF wave heating of dilute aqueous or non-aqueous solutions consisting of ionic liquids. In some embodiments this invention relates to the development of method and apparatus for batch or continuous treatment of biomass treatment, treatment, washing, and recovery processes.
  • a method for treating biomass may comprise mixing biomass with an ionic liquid (IL) to form a slurry, heating said biomass/IL slurry with electromagnetic energy (e.g., radiofrequency energy) and ultrasonic heating to yield treated biomass, washing the treated biomass, and contacting said treated biomass with an enzyme to convert the treated biomass to polysaccharides and release bound proteins and lignin.
  • the method may comprise uniform heat penetration by the radio frequency heating.
  • the ionic liquid may be capable of disrupting hydrogen-bonding in the structure of cellulose or hemicellulose.
  • the ionic liquid is molten during incubation.
  • the ionic liquid (IL) may be recovered and reused.
  • the IL may be dehydrated by the application of radiofrequency heating.
  • the enzymes used in hydrolysis may be recovered and reused.
  • a method for treating biomass may comprise mixing biomass with an ionic liquid (IL) to swell the biomass, heating said biomass with electromagnetic energy (e.g., radiofrequency energy) and ultrasonic heating to yield treated biomass, washing the treated biomass, and contacting said treated biomass with an enzyme to convert the treated biomass to polysaccharides and release bound proteins and lignin.
  • the method may comprise uniform heat penetration by the radio frequency heating.
  • the ionic liquid may be capable of disrupting hydrogen-bonding in the structure of cellulose or hemicellulose.
  • the ionic liquid is molten during incubation.
  • the ionic liquid (IL) may be recovered and reused.
  • the IL may be dehydrated by the application of radiofrequency heating.
  • the enzymes used in hydrolysis may be recovered and reused.
  • the time and temperature during the step of IL-incubation of the biomass may be optimized to sufficiently swell matrices of the biomass to enhance the penetration of hydrolyzing enzymes and water during a hydrolysis step.
  • the incubating step comprises incubating the biomass in an ionic liquid for a time ranging from about 5 minutes to 8 hours, optionally about 5-30 minutes, heating with a combination of radiofrequency and ultrasonics, EM, convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof at a temperature ranging from about 50° C.-200° C., optionally for about 5-30 minutes.
  • the treated biomass may be washed and then undergo hydrolysis to yield pentose and hexose sugars and lignin.
  • the sugars may be converted to renewable fuels, chemicals, optionally ethanol, butanol, lactic acid, gasoline, biodiesel, methane, hydrogen, plastics, proteins, drugs, or fertilizers.
  • a method for treating biomass may comprise mixing biomass with an ionic liquid (IL) to form a slurry, heating said biomass/IL slurry with electromagnetic energy, preferably infrared (IR) energy, and ultrasonic heating to yield treated biomass, washing the treated biomass, and contacting said treated biomass with an enzyme to convert the treated biomass to polysaccharides and release bound proteins and lignin.
  • the method may comprise uniform heat penetration by the radio frequency heating.
  • the ionic liquid may be capable of disrupting hydrogen-bonding in the structure of cellulose or hemicellulose.
  • the ionic liquid is molten during incubation.
  • the ionic liquid (IL) may be recovered and reused.
  • the IL may be dehydrated by the application of radiofrequency heating.
  • the enzymes used in hydrolysis may be recovered and reused.
  • a method for treating biomass may comprise mixing biomass with an ionic liquid (IL) to swell the biomass, heating said biomass with electromagnetic energy, preferably infrared (IR) energy, and ultrasonic heating to yield treated biomass, washing the treated biomass, and contacting said treated biomass with an enzyme to convert the treated biomass to polysaccharides and release bound proteins and lignin.
  • the method may comprise uniform heat penetration by the radio frequency heating.
  • the ionic liquid may be capable of disrupting hydrogen-bonding in the structure of cellulose or hemicellulose.
  • the ionic liquid is molten during incubation.
  • the ionic liquid (IL) may be recovered and reused.
  • the IL may be dehydrated by the application of radiofrequency heating.
  • the enzymes used in hydrolysis may be recovered and reused.
  • the time and temperature during the step of IL-incubation of the biomass may be optimized to sufficiently swell matrices of the biomass to enhance the penetration of hydrolyzing enzymes and water during a hydrolysis step.
  • the incubating step comprises incubating the biomass in an ionic liquid for a time ranging from about 5 minutes to 8 hours, optionally about 5-30 minutes, heating with a combination of infrared (IR) heating and ultrasonics, EM, convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof at a temperature ranging from about 50° C.-200° C., optionally for about 5-30 minutes.
  • IR infrared
  • the treated biomass may be washed and then undergo hydrolysis to yield pentose and hexose sugars and lignin.
  • the sugars may be converted to renewable fuels, chemicals, optionally ethanol, butanol, lactic acid, gasoline, biodiesel, methane, hydrogen, plastics, proteins, drugs, or fertilizers.
  • the biomass may be dissolved in an ionic liquid (IL).
  • the dissolved cellulose may be regenerated by the use of anti-solvents.
  • the antisolvent may be water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, or mixtures thereof.
  • the infrared radiation may be at a frequency range of about 430 THz down to 300 GHz.
  • the infrared radiation may be near-infrared (near IR) wavelengths at about 0.75-1.4 ⁇ m, mid-infrared (mid IR) wavelengths at about 3-8 ⁇ m, or far infrared (far IR) wavelengths at about 15-1,000 ⁇ m.
  • the biomass may be mixed with an ionic liquid (IL) to form a biomass/IL slurry, suspension, or suspension (in liquid phase).
  • IL ionic liquid
  • the biomass may be mixed with an ionic liquid (IL) to swell but not dissolve the biomass.
  • the reactor may be loaded with a high level of biomass.
  • the biomass-ionic liquid slurry comprises high solids loadings at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% w/w.
  • the reactor may be loaded with a high level of biomass.
  • the biomass may comprises high solids loadings at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% w/w.
  • the biomass may be loaded at high solids loading at approximately 30% w/w.
  • a system and method for treatment of biomass may employ a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum in combination with an ionic liquid.
  • a system and method for treatment of biomass may employ a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum in combination with an ionic liquid and an acid.
  • the treated biomass may be further processed to yield renewable fuels, chemicals and materials, optionally ethanol, butanol, lactic acid, gasoline, biodiesel, methane, hydrogen, electricity, plastics, composites, protein, drugs, fertilizers or other components thereof.
  • a system and method for treatment of biomass may employ a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, preferably infrared (IR) heating, in combination with an ionic liquid.
  • a system and method for treatment of biomass may employ a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, preferably infrared (IR) heating, in combination with an ionic liquid and an acid.
  • the treated biomass may be further processed to yield renewable fuels, chemicals and materials, optionally ethanol, butanol, lactic acid, gasoline, biodiesel, methane, hydrogen, electricity, plastics, composites, protein, drugs, fertilizers or other components thereof.
  • FIG. 1A depicts an exemplary method for processing biomass comprising mixing with ionic liquid, heating by radio frequency, optionally repeated, washing the biomass, optionally recovering the IL, hydrolysis (e.g., addition of cellulase and hemicellulases) of the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e.g., five and six carbon sugars), optionally recovery of the added enzymes, separation of the hydrolystate stream comprising sugars for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels and the residual solids comprising proteins and lignin for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels.
  • the ionic liquid and enzymes may be reclaimed and reused.
  • FIG. 1B depicts an exemplary method for processing biomass comprising mixing with ionic liquid, heating by radio frequency irradiation to reach a target temperature range, optionally repeated, maintaining the temperature of the IL swelled biomass using of ultrasonics (e.g., sound waves with high frequency about between 15 kHz to 40 kHz, or 20 kHz and low amplitude about between 0.0001-0.025 mm), electromagnetic irradiation (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, optionally about 5-30 minutes, optionally repeated, washing the biomass, optionally recovering the IL and dehydrating the IL by application of radiofrequency heating, hydrolysis (e.g., addition of celluase and hemicellulases) of the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e.g., five and six carbon sugars), optionally recovery of the added enzymes, separation of the hydrolystate stream comprising sugars for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuel
  • FIG. 1C depicts an exemplary method for processing biomass comprising mixing with ionic liquid and acids, heating by radio frequency irradiation to reach a target temperature range, optionally repeated, maintaining the temperature of the IL swelled biomass using of ultrasonics, electromagnetic irradiation (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, and performing hydrolysis or another reaction.
  • Acid hydrolysis process reduces the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e.g., five and six carbon sugars). This is followed by the separation of sugars for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels and the residual solids comprising proteins and/or lignin for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels.
  • FIG. 1D depicts an exemplary method for processing biomass
  • a method for processing biomass may comprise mixing with ionic liquid, dissolving the biomass in the ionic liquid, heating by radio frequency, optionally repeated, regenerating the biomass using an antisolvent, optionally water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, or mixtures thereof, optionally recovering the IL, optionally washing the biomass, recovery of the biomass, hydrolysis (e.g., addition of cellulase and hemicellulases) of the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e.g., five and six carbon sugars), optionally recovery of the added enzymes, separation of the hydrolystate stream comprising sugars for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels and the residual solids comprising proteins and lignin for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels.
  • the ionic liquid and enzymes may be reclaimed and reused.
  • FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram of an electromagnetic (EM) oven interior showing electrode positions.
  • EM electromagnetic
  • FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram of a dielectric radiofrequency system.
  • FIG. 2C is a schematic side profile of sensor for temperature process state measurement during electromagnetic (EM) wave processing of biomass.
  • FIG. 3 depicts an electronic configuration of a water molecule and (b) dipole reorientation in an electric field.
  • FIG. 4 depicts exemplary cation and anion components of ionic liquids.
  • FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram of a continuous belt press radiofrequency apparatus of biomass processing.
  • FIG. 5B is a schematic diagram of a lignocellulosic biomass processing in a radiofrequency treating system comprising an Archimedes screw in a conduit with three zones.
  • FIG. 6 depicts the percent ionic liquid produced with time (min) from concentration of ionic liquids (from 50% to higher concentrations) using infrared heating to dehydrate the ionic liquid at near IR (0.75-1.4 ⁇ m wavelength).
  • FIG. 7 depicts the percent ionic liquid produced with time (min) from concentration of ionic liquids (from 50% to higher concentrations) using infrared heating to dehydrate the ionic liquid at mid IR (3-8 ⁇ m wavelength).
  • FIG. 8A depicts an exemplary method for processing biomass comprising mixing with ionic liquid, heating by infrared (IR) energy, optionally repeated, washing the biomass, optionally recovering the IL, hydrolysis (e.g., addition of cellulase and hemicellulases) of the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e.g., five and six carbon sugars), optionally recovery of the added enzymes, separation of the hydrolystate stream comprising sugars for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels and the residual solids comprising proteins and lignin for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels.
  • the ionic liquid and enzymes may be reclaimed and reused.
  • FIG. 8B depicts an exemplary method for processing biomass comprising mixing with ionic liquid, heating by infrared (IR) irradiation to reach a target temperature range, optionally repeated, maintaining the temperature of the IL swelled biomass using of ultrasonics (e.g., sound waves with high frequency about between 15 kHz to 40 kHz, or 20 kHz and low amplitude about between 0.0001-0.025 mm), electromagnetic irradiation (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency, infrared), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, optionally about 5-30 minutes, optionally repeated, washing the biomass, optionally recovering the IL and dehydrating the IL by application of infrared (IR) heating, hydrolysis (e.g., addition of celluase and hemicellulases) of the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e.g., five and six carbon sugars), optionally recovery of the added enzymes, separation of the hydroly
  • FIG. 8C depicts an exemplary method for processing biomass comprising mixing with ionic liquid and acids, heating by infrared (IR) irradiation to reach a target temperature range, optionally repeated, maintaining the temperature of the IL swelled biomass using of ultrasonics, electromagnetic irradiation (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency, infrared (IR)), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof, and performing hydrolysis or another reaction.
  • EM electromagnetic irradiation
  • Acid hydrolysis process reduces the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e.g., five and six carbon sugars). This is followed by the separation of sugars for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels and the residual solids comprising proteins and/or lignin for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels.
  • FIG. 8D depicts an exemplary method for processing biomass
  • a method for processing biomass may comprise mixing with ionic liquid, dissolving the biomass in the ionic liquid, heating by infrared (IR), optionally repeated, regenerating the biomass using an antisolvent, optionally water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, or mixtures thereof, optionally recovering the IL, optionally washing the biomass, recovery of the biomass, hydrolysis (e.g., addition of cellulase and hemicellulases) of the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e.g., five and six carbon sugars), optionally recovery of the added enzymes, separation of the hydrolystate stream comprising sugars for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels and the residual solids comprising proteins and lignin for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels.
  • the ionic liquid and enzymes may be reclaimed and reused.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a system for dehydrating an IL mixture.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a system for dehydrating an IL mixture.
  • Biomass refers broadly to any biological material. Biomass encompasses substrates containing organic components which can be used in production of renewable fuels, chemicals and materials such as ethanol, butanol, lactic acid, gasoline, biodiesel, methane, hydrogen, plastics, composites, protein, drugs, fertilizers or other components thereof.
  • Biomass may be agricultural residues, optionally corn stover, wheat straw, bagasse, rice hulls, or rice straw; wood and forest residues, optionally pine, poplar, douglas fir, oak, saw dust, paper/pulp waste, or wood fiber; feedstock (e.g., woody biomass and agricultural biomass); kudzu; algae; coal; cellulose, lignin, herbaceous energy crops, optionally switchgrass, reed canary grass, or miscanthus; lingocellulosic biomass, optionally comprising lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose; plant biomass; or mixtures thereof. Biomass may be lignocellulosic biomass comprising cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
  • Infrared refers broadly to electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, extending from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometres (nm) to 1 mm. This range of wavelengths corresponds to a frequency range of approximately 430 THz down to 300 GHz, and includes most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature. Infrared includes near-infrared (near IR) wavelengths at about 0.75-1.4 ⁇ ma, mid-infrared (mid IR) wavelengths at about 3-8 ⁇ m, and far infrared (far IR) wavelengths at about 15-1,000 ⁇ m.
  • near IR near-infrared
  • mid IR mid-infrared
  • far IR far infrared
  • Ionic liquids refers broadly to room temperature liquids that contain only ions and are molten salts stable up to 300° C. Sheldon (2001) Chem. Commun. 23: 2399-2407.
  • Lignocellulosic biomass refers broadly to plant biomass that is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
  • the carbohydrate polymers e.g., cellulose and hemicelluloses
  • Lignocellulosic biomass can be grouped into four main categories: agricultural residues (e.g., corn stover and sugarcane bagasse), dedicated energy crops, wood residues (e.g., sawmill and paper mill discards), and municipal paper waste.
  • Pretreatment of biomass refers broadly to a process of changing the physiochemical structure of biomass to make it amenable for efficient conversion to their monomeric valuable products.
  • Radiofrequency (RF) heating refers broadly to application of electromagnetic field to biomass/products/dielectric materials at frequencies from about 1-300 MHz.
  • Electromagnetic energy refers broadly to a form of energy that is reflected or emitted from objects in the form of electrical and magnetic waves that can travel through space.
  • electromagnetic energy including gamma rays, x rays, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared radiation, microwaves, and radio waves (radiofrequency).
  • Ultrasonics or “ultrasonic waves,” as used herein, refers broadly to sound waves (mechanical waves) with high frequency about between 15 kHz to 40 kHz (e.g., about 20 kHz) and low amplitude about between 0.0001-0.025 mm.
  • the present invention relates to the processing of biomass, lignocellulosic biomass, one more of its constituents, algae, or coal, for conversion to fuels, chemicals, materials and other value added products.
  • the invention incorporates systems and processes useful for treating biomass slurries, swollen biomass, solutions, and suspensions utilizing radiofrequency electromagnetic irradiation for effective and amenable conversion of biomass and derived products to renewable fuels, chemicals, and materials.
  • the present invention provides for an uniform heat penetrable radio frequency processing of biomass and related products.
  • the present invention provides a system including an apparatus used for biomass processing using radio frequency treating in combination with ionic liquids as well as methods and processes for optimization.
  • the invention provides a method for conversion of the carbohydrates of lignocellulose to sugars with improvements in yield and rate of sugar production using ionic liquid (IL) treatment in combination with RF heating.
  • This treatment strategy substantially improves the efficiency (in terms of yield and reaction rates) of hydrolysis (e.g., saccharification) of lignocellulosic biomass.
  • the biomass may be comminuted to smaller sized particles prior to mixing with an ionic liquid and treatment.
  • the biomass may be ground, chopped, or otherwise comminuted to small particles about 0.1-2 mm.
  • FIG. 1A is a schematic of a method for producing sugars from biomass.
  • Biomass includes but is not limited to wheat straw, waste rice straw, algae, kudzu, agricultural waste, municipal waste, corn stover, wood waste, agricultural residues, optionally corn stover, wheat straw, bagasse, rice hulls, or rice straw; wood and forest residues, optionally pine, poplar, douglas fir, oak, saw dust, paper/pulp waste, or wood fiber; algae; herbaceous energy crops, optionally switchgrass, reed canary grass, or miscanthus, biomass that is lingocellulosic biomass, optionally comprising lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose; and biomass that is a plant biomass.
  • the biomass may be added to a high solids loading (e.g., >30% w/w).
  • the biomass is mixed with ionic liquid (IL) to swell but not dissolve the biomass and heated using radio frequency (RF) energy.
  • RF radio frequency
  • Both the mixing with ionic liquid and heating with RF may be monitored for sufficient penetration and uniform heating and the conditions (e.g., time, pressure, heat, intensity of RF energy) may be adjusted as necessary to maintain sufficient penetration and uniform heating of the biomass.
  • ultrasonics, electromagnetic heating (EM) e.g., radiofrequency
  • convective, conductive heating or combinations thereof may be used to maintain the temperature of the IL swelled biomass.
  • the treated biomass may be washed and then undergo cellulose hydrolysis (cellulolysis) to break down the cellulose and hemicellulose into sugars and free the lignin.
  • cellulose hydrolysis cellulolysis
  • the cellulose and hemicellulose may undergo a chemical treatment (e.g., using acids) or a biochemical treatment (e.g., enzymatic digestion).
  • the sugars may then be separated from residual materials (e.g., lignin).
  • the sugar solution may then be converted to chemicals (e.g., ethanol, lactic acid, succinic acid).
  • Treatment with has a major influence on the reducing the cost in both prior (e.g., size reduction) and subsequent (e.g. enzymatic hydrolysis) operations in sugar production and improving yields.
  • FIG. 1B is a schematic of a method for producing sugars from biomass.
  • the biomass is mixed with ionic liquid (IL) to form a IL swelled biomass and heated using electromagnetic energy, comprising two phases.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • electromagnetic energy comprising two phases.
  • RF radio frequency
  • ultrasonics sound waves with high frequency about between 15 kHz to 40 kHz (e.g., about 20 kHz) and low amplitude about between 0.0001-0.025 mm
  • EM electromagnetic irradiation
  • convective, conductive heating or combinations thereof may be used to maintain the heat at a target temperature (e.g., 50-70° C.).
  • target temperature e.g., 50-70° C.
  • Both the mixing with ionic liquid and heating steps may be monitored for sufficient penetration and uniform heating and the conditions (e.g., time, pressure, heat, intensity of RF energy) may be adjusted as necessary to maintain sufficient penetration and uniform heating of the biomass.
  • the treated biomass may be washed.
  • the wash effluent may be collected and the ionic liquid dehydrated by the application of RF energy.
  • the RF energy heats IL faster than it heats water because of a stronger dipole moment in IL.
  • the inventors surprisingly discovered that the ions try to align with the electromagnetic irradiation (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency) waves, always changing creating a dipole moment. See FIG. 3 .
  • the IL heated by RF acts as a substrate for the water to heat and evaporate from the IL wash effluent.
  • the washed treated biomass may then undergoes cellulose hydrolysis (cellulolysis) to break down the cellulose and hemicellulose into sugars and free the lignin.
  • cellulose hydrolysis cellulolysis
  • the cellulose and hemicellulose may undergo a chemical treatment (e.g., using acids) or a biochemical treatment (e.g., enzymatic digestion).
  • the sugars may then be separated from residual materials (e.g., lignin).
  • the sugar solution may then be converted to chemicals (e.g., ethanol, lactic acid, succinic acid).
  • the enzymes may be reclaimed.
  • thermophilic enzymes may be used in the hydrolysis step (e.g., enzymes stable and active at about 70° C.).
  • thermophilic enzymes allows for the hydrolysis step to be run at a higher temperature and improves efficiency and yield of the hydrolysis step.
  • mixtures of thermophilic endo- and exo-glycoside hydrolases may be active at high temperatures and acidic pH.
  • the thermophilic enzymes may be isolated from thermophilic bacteria including but not limited to Sulfolobus solfataricus, Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius , and Thermus thermophilus .
  • thermophilic cellulases may be used.
  • FIG. 1C is a schematic of a method for producing sugars from biomass.
  • the biomass is mixed with an ionic liquid (IL) to swell the biomass but not dissolve it and an acid.
  • This mixture of biomass, ionic liquid (IL), and acid may then be heated using electromagnetic energy, comprising two phases.
  • RF radio frequency
  • EM electromagnetic irradiation
  • a target temperature e.g., 120° C., 130° C., 140° C., 150° C., 50-70° C., 50° C.-200° C.
  • Both the mixing with ionic liquid and heating steps may be monitored for sufficient penetration and uniform heating and the conditions (e.g., time, pressure, heat, intensity of RF energy) may be adjusted as necessary to maintain sufficient penetration and uniform heating of the biomass.
  • the conditions e.g., time, pressure, heat, intensity of RF energy
  • the cellulose and hemicellulose is broken down into its constituent sugars (e.g., pentose and hexose sugars). Also, any protein associated with the cellulose and hemicellulose may be liberated creating a proteinaceous residue.
  • the wash effluent may be collected and the ionic liquid dehydrated by the application of RF energy.
  • the sugars may then be separated from residual materials (e.g., lignin).
  • the sugar solution may then be converted to chemicals (e.g., ethanol, lactic acid, succinic acid).
  • the lignin may be recovered. Additionally, the acid may be recovered.
  • FIG. 1D is a schematic of a method where biomass may be mixed with an ionic liquid and the biomass may be dissolved in the ionic liquid.
  • Heating of the biomass/IL solution may be carried out by first electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency) heating to reach a target temperature or temperature range (e.g., 50° C.-220° C.) and then heating using ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof at about 50° C. to 200° C. (e.g., 120° C., 130° C., 140° C., 150° C.) for 1-180 minutes, about 5-30 minutes, or 3-4 hours.
  • the conditions may be monitored by use of sensors and adjusted to maintain conditions.
  • the conditions may be monitored and adjusted to maintain uniform heating and sufficient penetration of the biomass by the RF waves.
  • the biomass may be regenerated using an antisolvent, optionally water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, or mixtures thereof.
  • the regenerated biomass may be washed.
  • the IL may be recovered and reused.
  • the regenerated biomass may undergo hydrolysis (e.g., addition of cellulase and hemicellulases) of the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e.g., five and six carbon sugars), optionally recovery of the added enzymes.
  • the hydrolystate stream comprising sugars may be separated for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels and the residual solids comprising proteins and lignin for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels.
  • the present invention relates to the processing of biomass, lignocellulosic biomass, one more of its constituents, algae, or coal, for conversion to fuels, chemicals, materials and other value added products.
  • the invention incorporates systems and processes useful for treating biomass slurries, swollen biomass, solutions, and suspensions utilizing infrared (IR) heating for effective and amenable conversion of biomass and derived products to renewable fuels, chemicals, and materials.
  • IR infrared
  • the present invention provides for an uniform heat penetrable infrared (IR) heating processing of biomass and related products.
  • the present invention provides a system including an apparatus used for biomass processing using infrared (IR) heating in combination with ionic liquids as well as methods and processes for optimization.
  • the invention provides a method for conversion of the carbohydrates of lignocellulose to sugars with improvements in yield and rate of sugar production using ionic liquid (IL) treatment in combination with infrared (IR) heating.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • IR infrared
  • the biomass may be comminutedto smaller sized particles prior to mixing with an ionic liquid and treatment.
  • the biomass may be ground, chopped, or otherwise comminuted to small particles about 0.1-2 mm.
  • FIG. 8A is a schematic of a method for producing sugars from biomass.
  • Biomass includes but is not limited to wheat straw, waste rice straw, algae, kudzu, agricultural waste, municipal waste, corn stover, wood waste, agricultural residues, optionally corn stover, wheat straw, bagasse, rice hulls, or rice straw; wood and forest residues, optionally pine, poplar, douglas fir, oak, saw dust, paper/pulp waste, or wood fiber; algae; herbaceous energy crops, optionally switchgrass, reed canary grass, or miscanthus, biomass that is lingocellulosic biomass, optionally comprising lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose; and biomass that is a plant biomass.
  • the biomass may be added to a high solids loading (e.g., >30% w/w).
  • the biomass is mixed with ionic liquid (IL) to swell but not dissolve the biomass and heated using infrared (IR) heating.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • IR infrared
  • Both the mixing with ionic liquid and heating with infrared (IR) heating may be monitored for sufficient penetration and uniform heating and the conditions (e.g., time, pressure, heat, intensity of infrared (IR) heating) may be adjusted as necessary to maintain sufficient penetration and uniform heating of the biomass.
  • IR heating infrared (IR) heating, ultrasonics, electromagnetic heating (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof may be used to maintain the temperature of the IL swelled biomass.
  • EM heating e.g., radiofrequency
  • the treated biomass may be washed and then undergo cellulose hydrolysis (cellulolysis) to break down the cellulose and hemicellulose into sugars and free the lignin.
  • cellulose hydrolysis cellulolysis
  • the cellulose and hemicellulose may undergo a chemical treatment (e.g., using acids) or a biochemical treatment (e.g., enzymatic digestion).
  • the sugars may then be separated from residual materials (e.g., lignin).
  • the sugar solution may then be converted to chemicals (e.g., ethanol, lactic acid, succinic acid).
  • chemicals e.g., ethanol, lactic acid, succinic acid.
  • FIG. 8B is a schematic of a method for producing sugars from biomass.
  • the biomass is mixed with ionic liquid (IL) to form a IL swelled biomass and heated using electromagnetic energy, comprising two phases.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • electromagnetic energy comprising two phases.
  • IR infrared
  • ultrasonics sound waves with high frequency about between 15 kHz to 40 kHz (e.g., about 20 kHz) and low amplitude about between 0.0001-0.025 mm
  • electromagnetic irradiation e.g., radiofrequency
  • IR infrared
  • convective, conductive heating or combinations thereof
  • Both the mixing with ionic liquid and heating steps may be monitored for sufficient penetration and uniform heating and the conditions (e.g., time, pressure, heat, intensity of infrared (IR) heating) may be adjusted as necessary to maintain sufficient penetration and uniform heating of the biomass.
  • the treated biomass may be washed.
  • the wash effluent may be collected and the ionic liquid dehydrated by the application of infrared (IR) heating.
  • IR infrared
  • the infrared (IR) energy heats IL faster than it heats water because of a stronger dipole moment in IL.
  • the inventors surprisingly discovered that the ions try to align with the electromagnetic irradiation (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency, infrared) waves, always changing creating a dipole moment. See FIG. 3 .
  • the IL heated by infrared acts as a substrate for the water to heat and evaporate from the IL wash effluent.
  • the washed treated biomass may then undergoes cellulose hydrolysis (cellulolysis) to break down the cellulose and hemicellulose into sugars and free the lignin.
  • the cellulose and hemicellulose may undergo a chemical treatment (e.g., using acids) or a biochemical treatment (e.g., enzymatic digestion).
  • the sugars may then be separated from residual materials (e.g., lignin).
  • the sugar solution may then be converted to chemicals (e.g., ethanol, lactic acid, succinic acid).
  • the enzymes may be reclaimed.
  • thermophilic enzymes may be used in the hydrolysis step (e.g., enzymes stable and active at about 70° C.).
  • the use of thermophilic enzymes allows for the hydrolysis step to be run at a higher temperature and improves efficiency and yield of the hydrolysis step.
  • mixtures of thermophilic endo- and exo-glycoside hydrolases may be active at high temperatures and acidic pH.
  • the thermophilic enzymes may be isolated from thermophilic bacteria including but not limited to Sulfolobus solfataricus, Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius , and Thermus thermophilus .
  • thermophilic cellulases may be used.
  • FIG. 8C is a schematic of a method for producing sugars from biomass.
  • the biomass is mixed with an ionic liquid (IL) to swell the biomass but not dissolve it and an acid.
  • IL ionic liquid
  • This mixture of biomass, ionic liquid (IL), and acid may then be heated using electromagnetic energy, comprising two phases.
  • IR infrared
  • EM electromagnetic irradiation
  • IR infrared
  • convective, conductive heating or combinations thereof
  • a target temperature e.g., 120° C., 130° C., 140° C., 150° C., 50-70° C., 50° C.-200° C.
  • Both the mixing with ionic liquid and heating steps may be monitored for sufficient penetration and uniform heating and the conditions (e.g., time, pressure, heat, intensity of infrared (IR) heating) may be adjusted as necessary to maintain sufficient penetration and uniform heating of the biomass.
  • the cellulose and hemicellulose is broken down into its constituent sugars (e.g., pentose and hexose sugars). Also, any protein associated with the cellulose and hemicellulose may be liberated creating a proteinaceous residue.
  • the wash effluent may be collected and the ionic liquid dehydrated by the application of infrared (IR) heating.
  • the sugars may then be separated from residual materials (e.g., lignin).
  • the sugar solution may then be converted to chemicals (e.g., ethanol, lactic acid, succinic acid).
  • the lignin may be recovered. Additionally, the acid may be recovered.
  • FIG. 8D is a schematic of a method where biomass may be mixed with an ionic liquid and the biomass may be dissolved in the ionic liquid.
  • Heating of the biomass/IL solution may be carried out by first electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., infrared (IR)) heating to reach a target temperature or temperature range (e.g., 50° C.-220° C.) and then heating using ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency), infrared (IR) heating, convective heating, conductive heating, or combinations thereof at about 50° C. to 200° C. (e.g., 120° C., 130° C., 140° C., 150° C.) for 1-180 minutes, about 5-45 minutes, or 3-4 hours.
  • EM electromagnetic
  • IR infrared
  • the conditions may be monitored by use of sensors and adjusted to maintain conditions.
  • the conditions may be monitored and adjusted to maintain uniform heating and sufficient penetration of the biomass by the infrared (IR) heating.
  • the biomass may be regenerated using an antisolvent, optionally water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, or mixtures thereof.
  • the regenerated biomass may be washed.
  • the IL may be recovered and reused.
  • the regenerated biomass may undergo hydrolysis (e.g., addition of cellulase and hemicellulases) of the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e.g., five and six carbon sugars), optionally recovery of the added enzymes.
  • the hydrolystate stream comprising sugars may be separated for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels and the residual solids comprising proteins and lignin for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels.
  • Biomass products at high solids loadings are relatively poor thermal conductors and most conventional thermal treatment processes rely on heat penetration by conduction from the outside to the inside of the product (surface heating). The processing times can be unacceptably long in industrial scale processing operations. Dielectric heating by microwave or radiofrequency (RF) energy shortens thermal processes because heat is generated by direct interaction between electromagnetic energy and the products. RF-heating, in a similar manner to microwave heating, generates heat volumetrically throughout the product.
  • RF treating differs from microwave treatment in that the product is placed between two parallel electrodes and an RF field is generated in a directional fashion at right angles to the surface of the electrodes ( FIGS. 2A and 2B ). FIG.
  • FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram of a dielectric radiofrequency system where the IL swelled biomass is placed (or passes) between two electrodes creating a RF heating field. Teflon blocks and Teflon film protect the electrodes and form part of the chamber through which the IL swelled biomass is placed (or passes).
  • FIG. 2B is a schematic side profile of a thermocouple/fiber optic jig for temperature measurement during RF wave processing of biomass in one embodiment of the invention.
  • MW heating occurs mainly via frictional heat generated from the dipolar rotation of free water molecules whereas the predominant mechanism of heating RF is via the depolarization of solvated ions ( FIG. 3 ).
  • MW and RF heating also differ in a number of other respects. As frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional, RF (lower frequency) wavelengths (i.e., 11 m at 27.12 MHz in free space) are much longer than MW (higher frequency) wavelengths (i.e., 0.12 m at 2450 MHz in free space). As electrical waves penetrate into materials attenuation occurs, with the result that the energy of the propagating wave decreases exponentially.
  • Penetration depth is defined as the depth into the material to which the energy is reduced to 1/e (1/2.72) of the surface energy value. This dp is proportional to wavelength.
  • the free-space wavelength in the RF range e.g., 13.56, 27.12 and 40.68 MHz
  • the free-space wavelength in the RF range is 20-360 times longer than that of commonly used microwave frequencies (e.g., 915 and 2450 MHz), allowing RF energy to penetrate products more deeply than microwave energy.
  • microwave frequencies e.g., 915 and 2450 MHz
  • RF heating offers advantages of more uniform heating over the sample geometry due to both deeper level of power penetration and also simpler more uniform field patterns compared to MW heating.
  • higher frequency microwaves may provide for greater heating intensity, however, have limits for biomass products when they cannot penetrate deeply enough or provide uniform heating.
  • Power penetration depth decreases with shorter wavelength that is, increasing frequencies. Penetration depths at radio frequencies are of the order of meters and, unless the loss factor is extremely high, through heating may be assured. In the microwave region, on the other hand, the penetration depths become very small, especially when a material is very wet.
  • radio frequency heating shows unexpected results in biomass treatment and dielectric materials processing at larger scales and higher levels of solids loading (e.g., about >20% w/w and about >70% w/w).
  • wavelength at the RF frequencies (e.g., 1 to 300 MHz) is up to 360 times greater than the wavelength corresponding to the two frequency values commonly used for MW (e.g., 915 MHz and 2.450 GHz). It allows RF energy to penetrate dielectric materials such as foods more deeply than MWs. Wang, et al. (2003) Journal of Food Science 68(2): 539-544.
  • RF heating In RF heating, a food product is placed in between two electrodes where an electromagnetic field is created by conversion of electric energy. Movement of positive ions to the negative regions and negative ions to the positive region (ionic depolarization) causes heating when electromagnetic field is applied at RF wavelengths. This mechanism is also valid in the MW heating in addition to the dipole rotation, which refers to the alignment of dipole molecules according to the polarity of the electromagnetic field. RF heating depends on the dielectric properties of the foods, which is influenced by frequency, temperature, moisture content and composition. Marra, et al. (2009) Journal of Food Engineering 91(4): 497-508; Piyasena, et al. (2003).
  • RF heating has been proven to allow rapid heat transfer throughout dielectric materials as the volumetric heating does not depend on heat transfer through the surface and continues through the boiling point of water and beyond.
  • RF heating is a heating technology that allows for rapid, uniform heating throughout a medium. This technology generates greater energy within the product and throughout its mass simultaneously due to frictional interactions of polar dielectric molecules rotating to an applied external electric field.
  • RF dielectric heating offers several advantages over conventional heating methods in food application, including saving energy by increasing heat efficiency, achieving rapid and even heating, reducing checking, avoiding pollution as there are no byproducts of combustion. Cathcart and Park (1946) first studied the use of RF heating to thaw frozen eggs, fruits, vegetables, and fish.
  • Radio frequency dielectric heating is now widely used in industrial applications such as drying wood logs, textile products (e.g., spools, rovings, skeins), final drying of paper, final dehydration of biscuits at outlets of baking ovens, and melting honey (Barker 1983; Orfeuil 1987).
  • the control may include several sensors (e.g., thermocouples, nano-sensors, flow sensors, or other types of sensors) that relay the local conditions so the electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency) unit for that region can be appropriately controlled (e.g., turned on/off or set to a different frequency/power).
  • EM electromagnetic
  • This setup as such can be used in treatment, hydrolysis (e.g., acid hydrolysis or enzymatic hydrolysis or IL based or a combination there of) or other reaction environments, whenever the loading of biomass with respect to the other components in the complex is relatively high.
  • the heating for the treatment of the biomass may comprise two phases: (1) Initial Phase where RF energy is applied to rapidly heat the biomass and (2) Maintenance Phase where of ultrasonics, electromagnetic irradiation (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof is applied to maintain the heat of the biomass.
  • EM electromagnetic irradiation
  • the heating of the biomass by RF may be monitored by a microcontroller and maintained within set parameters of temperature and pressure.
  • the biomass may be maintained at a pre-determined temperature, and additional RF applied when the temperature of the biomass falls below this target temperate and RF is discontinued when the temperature of the biomass exceeds the target temperature. This process may be repeated to maintain an average temperature of the biomass during RF heating.
  • the RF heating may rapidly, uniformly, and effectively heat the IL swelled biomass, biomass/IL slurry, or biomass/IL suspension allowing for a faster processing time of the biomass. Also, the use of RF heating unexpectedly allowed for higher solids loading (e.g., >30% w/w).
  • Radio frequency (RF) may comprise a frequency between at least about 3-30 Hz, 30-300 Hz, 300-3000 Hz, 3-30 kHz, 30-300 kHz, 300 kHz-3 MHz, 3-30 MHz, or 30-300 MHz.
  • the radio frequency (RF) may be about 13, 13.56, 27, 27.12, 40, or 40.68 MHz.
  • the biomass may heated to a temperature of at least about 10° C., 20° C., 30° C., 40° C., 50° C., 60° C., 70° C., 80° C., 90° C., 100° C., 120° C., 130° C., 140° C., 150° C., 200° C., 300° C., 400° C., 60° C.-130° C., 80° C.-175° C., 130° C.-150° C., or 100° C.-240° C.
  • the radiofrequency may penetrate RF penetrates the biomass to about 0.001 to 2.0 meters thickness.
  • the radiofrequency heating may occur with agitation, either intermittent or continuous.
  • the biomass may be heated with RF for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, or 60 seconds.
  • the biomass may be heated with RF for at least about 1-60 seconds, 1-30 seconds, 1-20 seconds, 5-10 seconds, or 1-10 seconds.
  • the biomass may be heated with RF for at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 seconds.
  • the biomass may be heated with RF for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, or 180 minutes.
  • the biomass may be heated with RF for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 hours.
  • the biomass may be heated with RF for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 days.
  • the biomass may be heated with RF for at least about 5-10 seconds, 10-30 seconds, 10-30 minutes, 1-30 minutes, 5-30 minutes, 1-20 minutes, 20 minutes to 2 hours, 5 minutes to 3 hours, 5 minutes to 2 hours, 1-4 hours, 2-4 hours, 1-2 hours, or 3-4 hours.
  • the heating for the treatment of the biomass may comprise two phases: (1) Initial Phase where infrared (IR) heating is applied to rapidly heat the biomass and (2) Maintenance Phase where of ultrasonics, electromagnetic irradiation (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency, infrared), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof is applied to maintain the heat of the biomass.
  • IR infrared
  • EM electromagnetic irradiation
  • the heating of the biomass by infrared (IR) heating may be monitored by a microcontroller and maintained within set parameters of temperature and pressure.
  • the biomass may be maintained at a pre-determined temperature, and additional infrared (IR) heating applied when the temperature of the biomass falls below this target temperate and infrared (IR) heating is discontinued when the temperature of the biomass exceeds the target temperature. This process may be repeated to maintain an average temperature of the biomass during infrared (IR) heating.
  • the infrared (IR) heating may comprise a frequency between at least about 300 GHz-430 THz.
  • the infrared radiation may be near-infrared (near IR) wavelengths at about 0.75-1.4 ⁇ m, mid-infrared (mid IR) wavelengths at about 3-8 ⁇ m, or far infrared (far IR) wavelengths at about 15-1,000 ⁇ m.
  • the biomass may heated by infrared (IR) heating to a temperature of at least about 10° C., 20° C., 30° C., 40° C., 50° C., 60° C., 70° C., 80° C., 90° C., 100° C., 120° C., 125° C., 130° C., 140° C., 150° C., 200° C., 300° C., 400° C., 60° C.-130° C., 80° C.-175° C., 125° C.-150° C., 130° C.-150° C., or 100° C.-240° C.
  • IR infrared
  • the infrared (IR) heating may penetrate the biomass to about 0.001 to 2.0 meters thickness.
  • the infrared (IR) heating may occur with agitation, either intermittent or continuous.
  • the biomass may be heated with infrared (IR) for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, or 60 seconds.
  • the biomass may be heated with infrared (IR) for at least about 1-60 seconds, 1-30 seconds, 1-20 seconds, 5-10 seconds, or 1-10 seconds.
  • the biomass may be heated with infrared (IR) for at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 seconds.
  • the biomass may be heated with infrared (IR) for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, or 180 minutes.
  • the biomass may be heated with infrared (IR) for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 hours.
  • the biomass may be heated with infrared (IR) for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 days.
  • the biomass may be heated with infrared (IR) for at least about 5-10 seconds, 10-30 seconds, 10-30 minutes, 1-30 minutes, 5-30 minutes, 1-20 minutes, 20 minutes to 2 hours, 5 minutes to 3 hours, 5 minutes to 2 hours, 1-4 hours, 2-4 hours, 1-2 hours, or 3-4 hours.
  • the biomass may be heated with infrared (IR) for about 15 minutes and then with convection heating for about 15 minutes.
  • the biomass may be heated with infrared (IR) for about 45 minutes and then with convection heating for about 60 minutes.
  • the biomass may treated at a pressure of at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 atmospheres (atm).
  • the ultrasonics used in the methods described herein may be sound waves with high frequency about between 15-40 kHz, 20-30 kHz, 25-35 kHz, or about 15, 20, 30, 35, 35, or 40 kHz) with an amplitude between about amplitude about between 0.0001-0.025 mm.
  • the ultrasonics heating may occur with agitation, either intermittent or continuous.
  • the biomass may be heated at a power of 100-1,000 W, 1 KW-10 KW, or 5 KW-1 MW.
  • the biomass may be comminutedto smaller sized particles.
  • the biomass may be comminuted to smaller sized particles prior to mixing with an ionic liquid.
  • the biomass may be comminuted to small particles about 0.1-20 mm, 0.1-2 mm, or about 5 mm in size.
  • the biomass may be processed at a high level of biomass.
  • the biomass-ionic liquid slurry may comprise high solids loadings at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% w/w.
  • the IL swelled biomass may comprise high solids loadings at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% w/w.
  • the biomass may be loaded at high solids loading at approximately 30% w/w.
  • electromagnetic heating e.g., radiofrequency heating, variable frequency electromagnetic heating, variable infrared (IR) heating
  • IR variable infrared
  • a system and method for treatment of biomass may employ a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum in combination with an ionic liquid.
  • a system and method for treatment of biomass may employ a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum in combination with an ionic liquid and an acid.
  • the treated biomass may be further processed to yield renewable fuels, chemicals and materials, optionally ethanol, butanol, lactic acid, gasoline, biodiesel, methane, hydrogen, electricity, plastics, composites, protein, drugs, fertilizers or other components thereof.
  • the electromagnetic heating used in the methods and systems described herein may be a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., radiofrequency, infrared).
  • the infrared (IR) drying devices used for IL dehydration may comprise different design configurations.
  • FIG. 900 depicts an exemplary system 900 for dehydrating an ionic liquid (IL) using electromagnetic (EM) heating using thin layer arrangement for a flowing or falling IL stream.
  • the EM heating used in the systems described herein may be a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., radiofrequency (RF), infrared (IR)).
  • RF radiofrequency
  • IR infrared
  • System 900 may include one or more heating surfaces 902 .
  • the heating surfaces 902 may be metal.
  • the heating surfaces 902 may radiate IR heat 910 .
  • Heating surfaces 902 may radiate or emit IR heat 910 from one or more heat sources 902 a .
  • Heating surface 902 may emit IR heat 910 at different wavelengths or frequencies, depending on the location. Heating surface 902 may emit RF waves.
  • a liquid IL stream 904 may flow over heat source 902 .
  • System 900 may include one or more panels 906 .
  • Panels 906 may be placed in parallel to each other to form one or more channels to direct the flow of IL stream 904 .
  • Panels 906 may emit or radiate IR heat 910 .
  • the wavelength or frequency of IR heat emitted or radiated from a region on a panel 906 may vary depending on whether the region is closer to one or more variable electrodes 908 , or closer to heating surface 902 .
  • Heating surface may be sloped so that the flow of IL stream 904 is driven by gravity.
  • IL stream 904 may be pumped through the channels made up by panels 906 .
  • Panels 906 and heating surface 902 may be made of IR-absorbing material.
  • Panels 906 and heating surface 902 may be metallic.
  • System 900 may include one or more variable electrodes 908 .
  • Variable electrodes 908 may be positioned above the flow of IL stream 904 , as shown in FIG. 9 .
  • Variable electrodes 908 may comprise one or more thin metal strip sheets aligned to fit into the channels formed by heating surface 902 and panels 906 .
  • Variable electrodes 908 may include a porous membrane layer/sheet that separates the IL flowing in the channel formed by panels 906 and heating surface 902 .
  • the porous membrane may have a lower surface facing the IL stream 904 and an upper surface opposite the lower surface.
  • IR heat waves 910 may be applied to IL stream from one or more directions, heating the IL stream 904 .
  • the frequency of the IR waves 910 may be higher when emitted from regions of panels 906 that are closer to the variable electrodes 908 .
  • the water in IL stream 904 begins to evaporate in the form of water vapor 912 and separates from the remaining liquid in IL stream 904 .
  • the water vapor 912 may rise through the porous membrane of one or more variable electrodes 908 .
  • the IR waves 910 may be emitted at a high water absorption frequency.
  • air or an inert gas may be circulated on the side of the variable electrode opposite the side facing the flow of IL stream 904 .
  • Air or inert gas may be circulated using a vacuum (not shown). Air may be circulated using a system of fans (not shown). The vacuum and/or fans may pull or remove the water vapor from the upper side of the membrane of the one or more variable electrodes 908 . The water vapor may be blown or pulled away from the variable electrode and condensed at a condenser (not shown).
  • FIG. 9 depicts a horizontal configuration of the IL evaporator system.
  • the IL evaporator can be set up in an inclined or even vertical configurations.
  • these patterns/units can be designed to have a single processing unit or multiple process units stacked together similar to a shell and tube heat exchanger configurations.
  • the “shell side” may have one or more IR heating/irradiating sources using one or more reflectors and transmitters.
  • the “tube portion” are made or porous (on top half if placed horizontally or on one half side if placed vertically). Whole shell side can be operated under atmospheric, vacuum or under inert conditions.
  • FIG. 10 depicts an exemplary system 1000 for dehydrating an ionic liquid (IL) using electromagnetic (EM) heating using a spray configuration.
  • the EM heating used in the systems described herein may be a variable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., radiofrequency (RF), infrared (IR)).
  • RF radiofrequency
  • IR infrared
  • the embodiment shown in FIG. 10 is exemplary only.
  • the embodiment shown in FIG. 10 is based in part on the principle that IR radiation does not need a medium to transport radiation or heat.
  • dilute IL stream or substance 1004 may be sprayed vertically from an outlet 1002 projecting through the center of a surface 1006 .
  • Surface 1006 may be horizontal.
  • Surface 1006 may be slanted.
  • Outlet 1002 may be a nozzle.
  • the outlet 1002 may be adjacent to the surface 1006 and configured to spray the IL substance or stream at an angle so that it lands on the horizontal surface.
  • the surface 1006 may comprise one or more plates.
  • the plates may be metallic and made of material that absorbs IR waves 1010 . The temperature of the plates may rise as the plates absorb IR waves.
  • the surface 1006 may be circular, concave, or bowl-shaped, with the outlet 1002 projecting through the center.
  • the outlet 1002 may act as a fountain that sprays the IL substance 1004 vertically away from the surface 1006 until gravity pulls the substance back down on the surface.
  • the outlet 1002 may be connected to a pump to provide sufficient pressure to expel the IL substance through the outlet.
  • the System 1000 may include one or more IR radiation sources 1008 .
  • the IR radiation sources 1008 may be located around the outside edge of the surface 1006 to emit IR radiation 1010 towards the center of the surface.
  • the IR radiation sources 1008 may be located above the surface to emit IR waves down towards the surface.
  • the IR radiation sources 1008 may be located around the perimeter or circumference of surface 1006 .
  • IR waves 1010 may be emitted into the spray.
  • IL substance 1004 may absorb the heat from IR waves 1010 , causing the temperature of the IL substance 1004 to rise.
  • a vacuum source may be located above the surface to create a vacuum that pulls the water vapor away from the IL solution as the water evaporates.
  • a fan source may be located above the surface to blow the water vapor away from the IL solution as the water evaporates. The fan source or vacuum source may cause a gas to circulate (shown as 1012 ).
  • the gas may be air or an inert gas.
  • the heat absorbed by the surface 1006 may cause the surface to boil off at least some of the remaining water in the IL substance 1004 .
  • the remaining IL substance 1004 may be collected in the center of the surface 1006 and drained through one or more drains surrounding the outlet, or absorbed in absorbent material surrounding the outlet.
  • the IR evaporator configurations described herein may be for concentration, heating, and sterilizing biomass sugar hydrolyzates and lignin compounds.
  • the present invention is a new strategy for the treatment of lignocellulosic biomass by using radio frequency heating in conjunction with ionic liquids (ILs) to facilitate efficient and rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of its carbohydrates.
  • ILs ionic liquids
  • Exemplary ionic liquids (IL) and treatment methods are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,030,030.
  • Ionic liquids are also known in the art. See, e.g., Earle & Seddon (2000) Pure Appl. Chem. 72(7): 1391-1398 and Wasserscheid & Keim (2000) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 39: 3772-3789.
  • Ionic liquids are liquids at room temperature and may contain only ions and are molten salts stable up to 300° C. See Sheldon (2001) Chem. Commun. 23: 2399-2407. They contain cations which are usually organic compounds and anions of inorganic or organic components such that the resulting salts are asymmetric. Because of poor packing associated with the asymmetric nature of ILs, crystal formation is inhibited and ILs remain liquids over a wide range of temperatures. A wide range of anions and cations can be employed to generate ILs with varied melting points, viscosities, thermal stabilities and polarities.
  • Examples of some of the cations currently used include ammonium, sulfonium, phosphonium, lithium, imidazolium, pyridinium, picolinium, pyrrolidinium, thiazolium, triazolium oxazolium, or combinations thereof.
  • Ionic liquids are also liquid at ⁇ 100° C., broad liquid range, almost no vapor pressure, high polarity, high dissolving power for organic and inorganic materials, good thermal, mechanical, and electrochemical stability, high heat capacity, non-flammable, and electrical conductivity.
  • Ionic liquids have extremely low volatility and when used as solvents, they do not contribute to emission of volatile components. In this sense they are environmentally benign solvents.
  • ILs have been designed to dissolve cellulose and lignocellulose. Following dissolution, cellulose can be regenerated by the use of anti-solvents. However, the complete dissolution of lignocellulosic materials (particularly woods) in ILs is harder and, even partial dissolution, requires very long incubation of biomass in IL at elevated temperatures. Even then, a high yield of cellulose is not generally achieved after regeneration. Fort, et al. (2007) Green. Chem. 9: 63.
  • the present invention differs from the classic approach to the use of ionic liquids in that the aim is not to dissolve lignocellulose, but rather to contact it with the IL for times sufficient to mainly disrupt lignin sheathing and swell the remaining biomass structure significantly (at least 30%) but not dissolve the lignocellulose and further apply radio frequency heating.
  • the incubation of the biomass with the IL and EM heating may be for a time sufficient to mainly disrupt lignin sheathing and swell the remaining biomass structure significantly (at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50%) but not dissolve the lignocellulose.
  • Any ionic liquid capable of disrupting the hydrogen bonding structure to reduce the crystallinity of cellulose in the biomass can be used in the treatment methods described herein may comprise a cation structure that includes imidazolium, pyrroldinium, pyridinium, phosphonium, ammonium, or a combination thereof and all functionalized analogs thereof.
  • a cation structure that includes imidazolium, pyrroldinium, pyridinium, phosphonium, ammonium, or a combination thereof and all functionalized analogs thereof.
  • each of R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 may be hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms or an alkene group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, wherein the alkyl group may be substituted with sulfone, sulfoxide, thioether, ether, amide, hydroxyl, or amine and wherein A may be a halide, hydroxide, formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, any functionalized mono- or di-carboxylic acid having up to a total of 10 carbon atoms, succinate, lactate, aspartate, oxalate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, dicyanamide, or carboxylate.
  • each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 may be hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms or an alkene group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, wherein the alkyl group may be substituted with sulfone, sulfoxide, thioether, ether, amide, hydroxyl, or amine and wherein A may be a halide, hydroxide, formate, acetate, propanoate, butyrate, any functionalized mono- or di-carboxylic acid having up to a total of 10 carbon atoms, succinate, lactate, aspartate, oxalate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, dicyanamide, or carboxylate.
  • the halide can be a chloride, fluoride, bromide or iodide.
  • Equation 1 an ionic liquid mixture with a composition described by Equation 1 may be used in the methods and systems described herein.
  • ⁇ n 1 20 ⁇ ⁇ [ C + ] n ⁇ [ A - ] n
  • C + denotes the cation of the IL
  • a ⁇ denotes the anionic component of the IL In Equation 1.
  • Each additional IL added to the mixture may have either the same cation as a previous component or the same anion as a previous component, of differ from the first only in the unique combination of the cation and anion. For example, consider below the five component mixture of ILs in which common cations and anions are used, but each individual IL component is different:
  • the final mixture of ionic liquids will vary in the absolute composition as can be defined by the mole percent of various functionalized cations and anions. Therefore, the mixture may be comprised of varying weight percentages of each utilized component, as defined by Equation 1.
  • the use of several such representative solvents for treating biomass may be 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Propionate (EMIM-Pr) as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,030,030.
  • EMIM-Pr 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Propionate
  • the ionic liquid 1-(4-sulfonic acid) butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate may be used.
  • the ionic liquid may have a water content not exceeding about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25%. Also, the ionic liquid may be recovered and reused.
  • the biomass may be dissolved in an ionic liquid.
  • the biomass may be dissolved in an ionic liquid and regenerated by use of an antisolvent.
  • the antisolvent may be water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, or a mixture thereof.
  • the wash effluent may be collected and the ionic liquid dehydrated by the application of RF energy.
  • the RF energy heats IL faster than it heats water because of a stronger dipole moment in IL.
  • EM electromagnetic
  • the IL heated by RF acts as a substrate for the water to heat and evaporate from the IL wash effluent.
  • the wash effluent comprising a solvent and ionic liquid may be heated using RF energy.
  • the RF energy drive off the water which may be collected and removed from the wash.
  • the resultant ionic liquid is thus dehydrated (e.g., the water has been removed) and may be reused.
  • the wash effluent may be collected and the ionic liquid dehydrated by the application of infrared (IR) heating.
  • IR infrared
  • the IR energy heats IL faster than it heats water because of a stronger dipole moment in IL.
  • EM electromagnetic
  • the IL heated by IR acts as a substrate for the water to heat and evaporate from the IL wash effluent.
  • the wash effluent comprising a solvent and ionic liquid may be heated using IR energy.
  • the IR energy drive off the water which may be collected and removed from the wash.
  • the resultant ionic liquid is thus dehydrated (e.g., the water has been removed) and may be reused.
  • a method for dehydrating/drying ionic liquids comprises contacting slurry of dilute aqueous IL solution and circulating in a closed variable IR device. Hot air/vacuum is pulled through the IR device to remove the vaporized water and in addition, this vapor is condensed by passing through a heat exchanger for water reuse and heat integration.
  • This method utilizes significantly reduced amount of hot air/vacuum drying and an IR dryer and floor space requirements for drying/dehydrating ionic liquids.
  • the biomass is mixed with ionic liquid (IL), acid (e.g., sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or phosphoric acid), and heated using electromagnetic energy, comprising two phases.
  • ionic liquid e.g., sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or phosphoric acid
  • RF radio frequency
  • EM electromagnetic irradiation
  • convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof is used to maintain the heat at a target temperature (e.g., 50-70° C.).
  • Both the mixing with ionic liquid and heating steps may be monitored for sufficient penetration and uniform heating and the conditions (e.g., time, pressure, heat, intensity of RF energy) may be adjusted as necessary to maintain sufficient penetration and uniform heating of the biomass.
  • the wash effluent may be collected and the ionic liquid dehydrated by the application of RF energy.
  • the wash effluent may be collected and the ionic liquid dehydrated by the application of infrared (IR) energy.
  • a base e.g., NaOH, KOH
  • a base e.g., NaOH, KOH
  • a base e.g., NaOH, KOH
  • the acidolysis may comprise agitation, either intermittent or continuous.
  • the sugars may then be separated from residual materials (e.g., lignin).
  • the sugar solution may then be converted to chemicals (e.g., ethanol, lactic acid, succinic acid).
  • the lignin may be recovered. Additionally, the acid may be recovered.
  • the treatment of biomass with ionic liquid and acid including the application of electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency, infrared) heating may yield degradation products of the biomass including but not limited to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, furan-2-carboxylic acid, catechol, methycatechol, methylguaiacol, acetoguaiacone, and acetol, as well as degradation of lignin for lignocellulosic biomass. See also Li, et al. (2010) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 49(7): 3126-3136.
  • the biomass may be incubated with an ionic liquid (e.g., 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) and 5% sulfuric acid or 5% hydrochloric and heated to 90° C. for 1-3 hours, 2 hours, 5-30 minutes, 1-30 minutes, or 5-15 minutes.
  • an ionic liquid e.g., 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
  • sulfuric acid or 5% hydrochloric e.g., 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
  • the acid may be added to the biomass ionic liquid slurry to achieve a pH of at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, or 6.9.
  • the acid may be added to the biomass ionic liquid slurry to achieve a pH of at least about between 1-3, 2-4, 3-5, 4-6, or 5-6.5.
  • the acid may be added to the IL swelled biomass to achieve a pH of at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, or 6.9.
  • the acid may be added to the IL swelled biomass to achieve a pH of at least about between 1-3, 2-4, 3-5, 4-6, or 5-6.5.
  • the acid may be at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 M sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or phosphoric acid.
  • the acid may be at least about between 1-3, 2-4, 3-5, 4-6, or 5-6.5 M sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or phosphoric acid.
  • the acidolysis reaction may be run at least about 50-70° C., 60° C., 80° C., 90° C., 100° C., 105° C., or 110° C.
  • biomass e.g., cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin
  • value added chemicals e.g., ethanol
  • the methods described herein separates the biomass into its main constituents:cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
  • the cellulose and hemicellulose may then be converted (e.g., hydrolysis) to sugars.
  • the hemicellulose may be converted to five and six carbon sugars (e.g., xylose, arabinose) and the cellulose may be converted to six-carbon sugars (e.g., glucose.)
  • the sugars may then be fermented to product products (e.g., ethanol).
  • product products e.g., ethanol
  • the lignin may be converted to energy, fuel, plastics, or binders.
  • the cellulose and hemicellulose may undergo a hydrolysis process (cellulolysis), either chemical treatment (e.g., acids) or a biochemical treatment (e.g., enzymatic digestion).
  • the chemical treatment may comprise incubation with acids under heat and pressure or a concentrated acid hydrolysis process (e.g., Scholler process). See also Robinson (1995) “A Mild, Chemical Conversion of Cellulose to Hexane and Other Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels and Additives,” ACS Fuel Chemistry Preprints 40(3): 729 and Binder & Raines (2010) PNAS 107(10): 4516-4521.
  • the cellulose may be treated with alkaline peroxide and then treated with enzymes to break down the cell wall.
  • the biomass may be treated with an ionic liquid to convert the sugars (e.g., glucose and fructose) into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Oxidation of HMF yields 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid.
  • the cellulose and hemicellulose may be converted to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) that may be used as a raw material for plastics and fuels.
  • a metal chloride e.g., chromium chloride
  • an ionic liquid to convert the sugars (e.g., glucose and fructose) into HMF.
  • the chemical, a metal chloride known as chromium chloride converted sugar into highly pure HMF.
  • the metal chlorides and ionic liquid may be resused. Oxidation of HMF yields 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, which may be used as a replacement for terephthalic acid in the production of polyesters (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate (PET)). See Zhao, et al. (2007) Science 316(5831): 1597-1600.
  • the cellulose may be degraded by the use of cooperative ionic liquid pairs for combined dissolution and catalytic degradation of cellulose into 2-(diethoxymethyl)furan. See Long, et al. (2011) Green Chem. 13: 2334-2338.
  • Catalysts may be used in the methods described herein to increase the reaction rate of the reactions.
  • alkali and alkaline earth metal chlorides, and transition metal chlorides (e.g., CrCl 3 , FeCl 2 , and CuCl 2 ), and IIIA metal chlorides (e.g., AlCl 3 ) may be used as catalysts. See, e.g., Peng, et al. (2010) Molecules 15: 5258-5272.
  • CoSO 4 may be used as a catalyst in conjunction with an ionic liquid.
  • sugars produced by the methods described herein may be used to produce succinic acid, glycerol, 3-hydropropoionic acid, 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), furfural, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, itaconic acid, levulinic acid, aldehydes, alcohols, amines, terephthalic acid, hexamethylenediamine, isoprene, polyhydroxyalkanoates, 1,3-propanediol, or mixtures thereof.
  • DMF 2,5-dimethylfuran
  • HMF 5-hydroxymethyl furfural
  • itaconic acid levulinic acid
  • aldehydes alcohols
  • amines, terephthalic acid hexamethylenediamine
  • isoprene polyhydroxyalkanoates
  • 1,3-propanediol or mixtures thereof.
  • the treated biomass produced by the methods described herein may be used to produce succinic acid, glycerol, 3-hydropropoionic acid, 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), furfural, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, itaconic acid, levulinic acid, aldehydes, alcohols, amines, terephthalic acid, hexamethylenediamine, isoprene, polyhydroxyalkanoates, 1,3-propanediol, or mixtures thereof.
  • the chemical processing of the treated biomass may yield gas productions including but not limited to methane, ethane, CO, CO 2 , and H 2 .
  • the cellulose is digested into sugar molecules by cellulase enzymes.
  • the lignocellulosic materials may be enzymatically hydrolyzed at mild conditions (e.g., 50° C. and pH 5) to breakdown the cellulose.
  • mild conditions e.g., 50° C. and pH 5
  • cellobiohydrolase, exo-1,4- ⁇ -glucanase, do-beta-1,4-glucanase, beta-glucosidase, endocellulase, exocellulase, cellobiase, and beta-1,4-glucanase may be used for enzymatic digestion of cellulose.
  • the hemicellulases include but are not limited to laminarinase, lichenase, ⁇ -xylosidase, xylanases (e.g., endo-1,4- ⁇ -xylanase, xylan 1,4- ⁇ -xylosidase, xylan endo-1,3- ⁇ -xylosidase, xylan 1,3- ⁇ -xylosidase), ⁇ -L-arabinofuranosidase, arabianan endo-1,5- ⁇ -L-arabinosidase, mannananses (e.g., mannan endo-1,4- ⁇ -mannosidase, mannan 1,4- ⁇ -mannosidase, mannan 1,4- ⁇ -mannobisosidase, mannan endo-1,6- ⁇ -mannosidase), galactanases, and xylanase may be used for enzymatic digestion of hemi
  • the biomass may be heated to at least about 50-100° C., 55° C., or 70° C.
  • the cellulose and hemicellulose may be incubated with Clostridium thermocellum which uses its a complex cellulosome to break down cellulose into ethanol, acetate, and lactate.
  • the cellulose may undergo cellulolysis processes or gasification.
  • cellulolysis the treated lignocellulosic biomass undergoes hydrolysis and then the cellulose may be treated by microbial fermentation.
  • the cellulose may be incubated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zymomonas mobilis , and Escherichia coli , including recombinant microbes, to ferment xylose and arabinose to produce sugars and ethanol. See Jeffries & Jin (2004) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 63(5): 495-509.
  • the gasification process a thermochemical approach, the cellulose and hemicellulose is converted into synthesis gas.
  • the carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen may then be incubated with Clostridium ljungdahlii .
  • Clostridium ljungdahlii ingests carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen to produce ethanol and water.
  • Thermostable enzymes may be used in the hydrolysis step.
  • Thermostable enzymes may be stable and active up to about 70° C., as opposed to 55° C. for most commercially available enzymes.
  • sugars produced by the methods described herein may be used to produce succinic acid, glycerol, 3-hydropropoionic acid, 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), furfural, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, itaconic acid, levulinic acid, aldehydes, alcohols, amines, terephthalic acid, hexamethylenediamine, isoprene, polyhydroxyalkanoates, 1,3-propanediol, or mixtures thereof.
  • DMF 2,5-dimethylfuran
  • HMF 5-hydroxymethyl furfural
  • itaconic acid levulinic acid
  • aldehydes alcohols
  • amines, terephthalic acid hexamethylenediamine
  • isoprene polyhydroxyalkanoates
  • 1,3-propanediol or mixtures thereof.
  • the treated biomass produced by the methods described herein may be used to produce succinic acid, glycerol, 3-hydropropoionic acid, 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), furfural, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, itaconic acid, levulinic acid, aldehydes, alcohols, amines, terephthalic acid, hexamethylenediamine, isoprene, polyhydroxyalkanoates, 1,3-propanediol, or mixtures thereof.
  • the biochemical processing of the treated biomass may yield gas productions including but not limited to methane, ethane, CO, CO 2 , and H 2 .
  • the hemicellulose may be converted to xylose and then to ethanol, xylitol, plastics.
  • the lignin may be converted to fuel, plastics, and binders.
  • the cellulose may be converted to glucose and pulps.
  • FIG. 1A shows an exemplary series for carrying out steps of a method of the prevent invention.
  • One of the following representative ionic liquids 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl)/1-n-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate (EMIMAc)/1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium propionate (EMIMPr)/1-allyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride/3-methyl-N-butylpyridinium chloride may be contacted with small particles of biomass 100 (e.g., dry corn stover or poplar ( ⁇ 20+80 mesh sized particles)] for varying times (about 5 minutes to 8 hours) 200 .
  • biomass 100 e.g., dry corn stover or poplar ( ⁇ 20+80 mesh sized particles
  • Incubation with biomass may be carried out using electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency) heating and ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof at about 50° C. to 200° C. as long as the ionic liquid is in molten state during incubation 300 .
  • the conditions may be monitored by use of sensors and adjusted to maintain conditions.
  • the biomass may be heated with RF heating at about 27 mHz for at least about 5 seconds to 2 hours.
  • the IL swelled biomass may then be heated using ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof is for about at least 3-30 minutes or 3-4 hours.
  • the conditions may be monitored and adjusted to maintain uniform heating and sufficient penetration of the biomass by the RF waves.
  • Steps 200 , 300 , and/or 400 may be repeated. Further, steps 300 and/or 400 may be carried out in batch or continuous form.
  • the goal of treatment 300 is not achieving any dissolution of lignocellulose, but heating the IL swelled biomass for sufficient time to redistribute lignin and swell the remaining biomass structure to enhance the hydrolysis rate and conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent sugars 600 .
  • the treated biomass may then contacted with one of the representative wash-solvents, namely, methanol/ethanol/water/acetonitrile/butanol/propanol 400 .
  • the wash-solvent mixes with the IL (in all proportions) and hence is able to extract it from the incubated biomass.
  • the treated biomass may then be separated from the ionic liquid/wash solvent solution by centrifugation.
  • the biomass, stripped off the IL, may then hydrolyzed with a cellulase system 500 .
  • the IL may be recovered from the wash-solvent and any dissolved biomass components from the wash-step through suitable separation methods including at least one of the following: activated charcoal treatment, distillation, membrane separation, electrochemical separation techniques, solid phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, or a combination thereof.
  • the ionic liquid may then be recycled back to the treatment tank.
  • the wash solvent also may be recycled back for reuse in washing IL-incubated biomass.
  • the wash solvent may also be dehydrated by RF heating to dehydrate the wash solvent, driving off the water leaving a dehydrated IL.
  • the IL may be recovered from the IL/wash solvent mixtures by evaporation of the wash solvent (ethanol and/or water) from the extremely low volatility IL 400 .
  • the recovered IL may then be used with no additional cleaning steps in subsequent biomass treatment cycles at constant treatment conditions.
  • the method allows for the repeated reuse of the IL with minimal cleaning which may lead to increased cost savings in IL-treatment.
  • Residual water in the recycled IL can lower the IL's capacity to sever the inter- and intra-chain hydrogen bonds imparting crystallinity to cellulose.
  • Residual water in the recycled IL can lower the IL's capacity to sever the inter- and intra-chain hydrogen bonds imparting crystallinity to cellulose.
  • the admissible water content in IL can affect the economics of the treatment method in two aspects. First, it determines how dry the IL has to be before it can be reused. Second, it determines how dry the biomass has to be during incubation with IL.
  • hydrolysis 500 enzymes may be recovered from the hydrolysis reactor and recycled. Complete removal of wash solvent (water) is not necessary before the IL is recycled. Many other treatment methods are not amenable to easy recovery of the chemicals employed in the process.
  • hydrolysis saccharification
  • enzymes capable of converting all the carbohydrates in the pre-treated biomass to sugars
  • most of the solids left behind in the saccharification reactor represent the lignin portion of the biomass.
  • This provides a method of recovering the lignin from biomass 700 .
  • ultra-filtration of the liquid portion of the hydrolysate provides a means of recovering the hydrolysis enzymes for reuse from the sugar solution which is the precursor for the production of a number of fuels and chemicals 700 .
  • the current method of treatment with RF and ionic liquid, optionally, followed by hydrolysis (saccharification technique) 500 allows for recovering the lignin in the biomass 700 in the form a post saccharification solid residue.
  • the sugars in the hydrolysate obtained following treatment of biomass 300 may be converted 600 to fuel ethanol or other bioproducts such as lactic acid with no further conditioning and adverse effects from any residual traces of IL in the hydrolysate. Further chemical/biochemical processing of this residue may lead to compounds which could be used for the production of fuels, chemicals, polymers and other materials.
  • FIG. 1B shows an exemplary series for carrying out steps of a method of the prevent invention.
  • One of the following representative ionic liquids 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl)/1-n-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate (EMIMAc)/1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium propionate (EMIMPr)/1-allyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride/3-methyl-N-butylpyridinium chloride may be contacted with small particles of biomass 101 (e.g., dry corn stover or poplar ( ⁇ 20+80 mesh sized particles)] for varying times (about 5 minutes to 8 hours) to the swell the biomass with the IL 201 .
  • biomass 101 e.g., dry corn stover or poplar ( ⁇ 20+80 mesh sized particles
  • Heating of the IL swelled biomass may be carried out by first electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency) heating to reach a target temperature or temperature range (e.g., 50° C.-220° C.) 301 and then heating using ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof at about 50° C. to 200° C. for 3-30 minutes or 3-4 hours 302 .
  • the conditions may be monitored by use of sensors and adjusted to maintain conditions 301 302 .
  • the conditions may be monitored and adjusted to maintain uniform heating and sufficient penetration of the biomass by the RF waves.
  • Steps 201 , 301 , 302 , and/or 401 may be repeated. Further, steps 301 , 302 , and/or 401 may be carried out in batch or continuous form.
  • the treated biomass may then contacted with one of the representative wash-solvents, namely, methanol/ethanol/water/acetonitrile/butanol/propanol 401 .
  • the wash-solvent mixes with the IL (in all proportions) and hence is able to extract it from the incubated biomass.
  • the treated biomass may then be separated from the ionic liquid/wash solvent solution by centrifugation.
  • the biomass, stripped off the IL, may then hydrolyzed with a cellulase system 501 .
  • the IL may be recovered from the wash-solvent and any dissolved biomass components from the wash-step through suitable separation methods including at least one of the following: activated charcoal treatment, distillation, membrane separation, electrochemical separation techniques, solid phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, or a combination thereof.
  • the ionic liquid may then be recycled back to the treatment tank.
  • the wash solvent also may be recycled back for reuse in washing IL-incubated biomass.
  • the wash solvent may also be dehydrated by RF heating to dehydrate the wash solvent, driving off the water leaving a dehydrated IL 701 .
  • the IL may be recovered from the IL/wash solvent mixtures by evaporation of the wash solvent (ethanol and/or water) from the extremely low volatility IL 400 .
  • the recovered IL may then be used with no additional cleaning steps in subsequent biomass treatment cycles at constant treatment conditions.
  • the method allows for the repeated reuse of the IL with minimal cleaning which may lead to increased cost savings in IL-treatment.
  • hydrolysis 501 enzymes may be recovered from the hydrolysis reactor and recycled. Complete removal of wash solvent (water) is not necessary before the IL is recycled. Many other treatment methods are not amenable to easy recovery of the chemicals employed in the process.
  • hydrolysis saccharification
  • enzymes may be recovered from the hydrolysis reactor and recycled. Complete removal of wash solvent (water) is not necessary before the IL is recycled. Many other treatment methods are not amenable to easy recovery of the chemicals employed in the process.
  • hydrolysis saccharification
  • This provides a method of recovering the lignin from biomass 700 .
  • ultra-filtration of the liquid portion of the hydrolysate provides a means of recovering the hydrolysis enzymes for reuse from the sugar solution which is the precursor for the production of a number of fuels and chemicals 700 .
  • the current method of treatment with RF and ionic liquid, optionally, followed by hydrolysis (saccharification technique) 500 allows for recovering the lignin in the biomass 700 in the form a post saccharification solid residue.
  • the sugars in the hydrolysate obtained following treatment of biomass 301 302 may be converted 600 to fuel ethanol or other bioproducts such as lactic acid with no further conditioning and adverse effects from any residual traces of IL in the hydrolysate. Further chemical/biochemical processing of this residue may lead to compounds which could be used for the production of fuels, chemicals, polymers and other materials.
  • FIG. 1C shows an exemplary series for carrying out steps of a method of the prevent invention.
  • Biomass 102 may be mixed with an ionic liquid (e.g., 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) for varying times (e.g., about 5 minutes to 8 hours) to swell the biomass 202 .
  • An acid optionally sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or phosphoric acid, may be added to the IL swelled biomass to achieve an acidic pH, optionally a pH of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, or below pH 7, and then heated 800 .
  • Heating of the IL swelled biomass may be carried out by first electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency) heating to reach a target temperature or temperature range (e.g., 50° C.-220° C.) and then heating using ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof at about 50° C. to 200° C. (e.g., 120° C.) for 3-30 minutes or 3-4 hours.
  • EM electromagnetic
  • EM electromagnetic
  • EM electromagnetic
  • convective, conductive heating or combinations thereof at about 50° C. to 200° C. (e.g., 120° C.) for 3-30 minutes or 3-4 hours.
  • the conditions may be monitored by use of sensors and adjusted to maintain conditions.
  • steps 102 , 202 , and/or 800 may be carried out in batch or continuous form.
  • a base e.g., NaOH, KOH
  • a base may be added to neutralize the IL swelled biomass after the acidolysis treatment.
  • the ionic liquids may also be dehydrated by RF heating to dehydrate the wash solvent, driving off the water leaving a dehydrated IL 702 .
  • the sugars may be converted 600 to fuel ethanol or other bioproducts such as lactic acid. Additionally, the residual solids (e.g. lignin) may be converted to other product 700 . Further chemical/biochemical processing of this residue may lead to compounds which could be used for the production of fuels, chemicals, polymers and other materials.
  • FIG. 1D shows an exemplary series for carrying out steps of a method of the prevent invention.
  • the biomass 103 may be mixed with an ionic liquid 203 and the biomass may be dissolved in the ionic liquid 204 .
  • Heating of the biomass/IL solution may be carried out by first electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency) heating 303 to reach a target temperature or temperature range (e.g., 50° C.-220° C.) and then heating using ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof 304 at about 50° C. to 200° C. (e.g., 120° C., 130° C., 140° C., 150° C.) for 1-180 minutes or 3-4 hours.
  • the conditions may be monitored by use of sensors and adjusted to maintain conditions.
  • the conditions may be monitored and adjusted to maintain uniform heating and sufficient penetration of the biomass by the RF waves.
  • the biomass may be regenerated using an antisolvent, optionally water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, or mixtures thereof 205 .
  • the regenerated biomass may be washed 205 .
  • the IL may be recovered and reused 703 .
  • the regenerated biomass may undergo hydrolysis (e.g., addition of cellulase and hemicellulases) of the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e.g., five and six carbon sugars), optionally recovery of the added enzymes 502 .
  • the hydrolystate stream comprising sugars may be separated for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels 600 and the residual solids comprising proteins and lignin 700 for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels.
  • FIG. 8A shows an exemplary series for carrying out steps of a method of the prevent invention.
  • One of the following representative ionic liquids 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl)/1-n-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate (EMIMAc)/1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium propionate (EMIMPr)/1-allyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride/3-methyl-N-butylpyridinium chloride may be contacted with small particles of biomass 100 (e.g., dry corn stover or poplar ( ⁇ 20+80 mesh sized particles)] for varying times (about 5 minutes to 8 hours) 200 .
  • biomass 100 e.g., dry corn stover or poplar ( ⁇ 20+80 mesh sized particles
  • Incubation with biomass may be carried out using electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency, infrared) heating and ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency, infrared), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof at about 50° C. to 200° C. as long as the ionic liquid is in molten state during incubation 300 .
  • EM electromagnetic
  • EM electromagnetic
  • the conditions may be monitored by use of sensors and adjusted to maintain conditions.
  • the biomass may be heated with infrared (IR) heating for at least about 10-60 minutes.
  • the IL swelled biomass may then be heated using ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency, infrared), convective heating, conductive heating, or combinations thereof is for about at least 5-45 minutes or 3-4 hours.
  • EM electromagnetic
  • the conditions may be monitored and adjusted to maintain uniform heating and sufficient penetration of the biomass by the infrared heating.
  • Steps 200 , 300 , and/or 400 may be repeated. Further, steps 300 and/or 400 may be carried out in batch or continuous form.
  • the goal of treatment 300 is not achieving any dissolution of lignocellulose, but heating the IL swelled biomass for sufficient time to redistribute lignin and swell the remaining biomass structure to enhance the hydrolysis rate and conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent sugars 600 .
  • the treated biomass may then contacted with one of the representative wash-solvents, namely, methanol/ethanol/water/acetonitrile/butanol/propanol 400 .
  • the wash-solvent mixes with the IL (in all proportions) and hence is able to extract it from the incubated biomass.
  • the treated biomass may then be separated from the ionic liquid/wash solvent solution by centrifugation.
  • the biomass, stripped off the IL, may then hydrolyzed with a cellulase system 500 .
  • the IL may be recovered from the wash-solvent and any dissolved biomass components from the wash-step through suitable separation methods including at least one of the following: activated charcoal treatment, distillation, membrane separation, electrochemical separation techniques, solid phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, or a combination thereof.
  • the ionic liquid may then be recycled back to the treatment tank.
  • the wash solvent also may be recycled back for reuse in washing IL-incubated biomass.
  • the wash solvent may also be dehydrated by infrared (IR) heating to dehydrate the wash solvent, driving off the water leaving a dehydrated IL.
  • IR infrared
  • the IL may be recovered from the IL/wash solvent mixtures by evaporation of the wash solvent (ethanol and/or water) from the extremely low volatility IL 400 .
  • the recovered IL may then be used with no additional cleaning steps in subsequent biomass treatment cycles at constant treatment conditions.
  • the method allows for the repeated reuse of the IL with minimal cleaning which may lead to increased cost savings in IL-treatment.
  • Residual water in the recycled IL can lower the IL's capacity to sever the inter- and intra-chain hydrogen bonds imparting crystallinity to cellulose.
  • Residual water in the recycled IL can lower the IL's capacity to sever the inter- and intra-chain hydrogen bonds imparting crystallinity to cellulose.
  • the admissible water content in IL can affect the economics of the treatment method in two aspects. First, it determines how dry the IL has to be before it can be reused. Second, it determines how dry the biomass has to be during incubation with IL.
  • hydrolysis 500 enzymes may be recovered from the hydrolysis reactor and recycled. Complete removal of wash solvent (water) is not necessary before the IL is recycled. Many other treatment methods are not amenable to easy recovery of the chemicals employed in the process.
  • hydrolysis saccharification
  • enzymes capable of converting all the carbohydrates in the pre-treated biomass to sugars
  • most of the solids left behind in the saccharification reactor represent the lignin portion of the biomass.
  • This provides a method of recovering the lignin from biomass 700 .
  • ultra-filtration of the liquid portion of the hydrolysate provides a means of recovering the hydrolysis enzymes for reuse from the sugar solution which is the precursor for the production of a number of fuels and chemicals 700 .
  • the method of treatment with IR and ionic liquid may be followed by hydrolysis (saccharification technique) 500 allows for recovering the lignin in the biomass 700 in the form a post saccharification solid residue.
  • hydrolysis (saccharification technique) 500 allows for recovering the lignin in the biomass 700 in the form a post saccharification solid residue.
  • the sugars in the hydrolysate obtained following treatment of biomass 300 may be converted 600 to fuel ethanol or other bioproducts such as lactic acid with no further conditioning and adverse effects from any residual traces of IL in the hydrolysate. Further chemical/biochemical processing of this residue may lead to compounds which could be used for the production of fuels, chemicals, polymers and other materials.
  • FIG. 8B shows an exemplary series for carrying out steps of a method of the prevent invention.
  • One of the following representative ionic liquids 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl)/1-n-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate (EMIMAc)/1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium propionate (EMIMPr)/1-allyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride/3-methyl-N-butylpyridinium chloride may be contacted with small particles of biomass 101 (e.g., dry corn stover or poplar ( ⁇ 20+80 mesh sized particles)] for varying times (about 5 minutes to 8 hours) to the swell the biomass with the IL 201 .
  • biomass 101 e.g., dry corn stover or poplar ( ⁇ 20+80 mesh sized particles
  • Heating of the IL swelled biomass may be carried out by first electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., infrared) heating to reach a target temperature or temperature range (e.g., 50° C.-220° C.) 301 and then heating using ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., infrared heating), convective heating, conductive heating, or combinations thereof at about 50° C. to 200° C. for 5-45 minutes or 3-4 hours 302 .
  • the conditions may be monitored by use of sensors and adjusted to maintain conditions 301 302 .
  • the conditions may be monitored and adjusted to maintain uniform heating and sufficient penetration of the biomass by the infrared (IR) energy.
  • Steps 201 , 301 , 302 , and/or 401 may be repeated. Further, steps 301 , 302 , and/or 401 may be carried out in batch or continuous form.
  • the treated biomass may then contacted with one of the representative wash-solvents, namely, methanol/ethanol/water/acetonitrile/butanol/propanol 401 .
  • the wash-solvent mixes with the IL (in all proportions) and hence is able to extract it from the incubated biomass.
  • the treated biomass may then be separated from the ionic liquid/wash solvent solution by centrifugation.
  • the biomass, stripped off the IL, may then hydrolyzed with a cellulase system 501 .
  • the IL may be recovered from the wash-solvent and any dissolved biomass components from the wash-step through suitable separation methods including at least one of the following: activated charcoal treatment, distillation, membrane separation, electrochemical separation techniques, solid phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, or a combination thereof.
  • the ionic liquid may then be recycled back to the treatment tank.
  • the wash solvent also may be recycled back for reuse in washing IL-incubated biomass.
  • the wash solvent may also be dehydrated by infrared heating to dehydrate the wash solvent, driving off the water leaving a dehydrated IL 701 .
  • the IL may be recovered from the IL/wash solvent mixtures by evaporation of the wash solvent (ethanol and/or water) from the extremely low volatility IL 400 .
  • the recovered IL may then be used with no additional cleaning steps in subsequent biomass treatment cycles at constant treatment conditions.
  • the method allows for the repeated reuse of the IL with minimal cleaning which may lead to increased cost savings in IL-treatment.
  • hydrolysis 501 enzymes may be recovered from the hydrolysis reactor and recycled. Complete removal of wash solvent (water) is not necessary before the IL is recycled. Many other treatment methods are not amenable to easy recovery of the chemicals employed in the process.
  • hydrolysis saccharification
  • enzymes may be recovered from the hydrolysis reactor and recycled. Complete removal of wash solvent (water) is not necessary before the IL is recycled. Many other treatment methods are not amenable to easy recovery of the chemicals employed in the process.
  • hydrolysis saccharification
  • This provides a method of recovering the lignin from biomass 700 .
  • ultra-filtration of the liquid portion of the hydrolysate provides a means of recovering the hydrolysis enzymes for reuse from the sugar solution which is the precursor for the production of a number of fuels and chemicals 700 .
  • the current method of treatment with infrared heating and ionic liquid, optionally, followed by hydrolysis (saccharification technique) 500 allows for recovering the lignin in the biomass 700 in the form a post saccharification solid residue.
  • the sugars in the hydrolysate obtained following treatment of biomass 301 302 may be converted 600 to fuel ethanol or other bioproducts such as lactic acid with no further conditioning and adverse effects from any residual traces of IL in the hydrolysate. Further chemical/biochemical processing of this residue may lead to compounds which could be used for the production of fuels, chemicals, polymers and other materials.
  • FIG. 8C shows an exemplary series for carrying out steps of a method of the prevent invention.
  • Biomass 102 may be mixed with an ionic liquid (e.g., 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) for varying times (e.g., about 5 minutes to 8 hours) to swell the biomass 202 .
  • An acid optionally sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or phosphoric acid, may be added to the IL swelled biomass to achieve an acidic pH, optionally a pH of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, or below pH 7, and then heated 800 .
  • Heating of the IL swelled biomass may be carried out by first electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., infrared) heating to reach a target temperature or temperature range (e.g., 50° C.-220° C.) and then heating using ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency, infrared), convective, conductive heating, or combinations thereof at about 50° C. to 200° C. (e.g., 100° C., 120° C.) for 5-45 minutes or 3-4 hours.
  • the conditions may be monitored by use of sensors and adjusted to maintain conditions.
  • the conditions may be monitored and adjusted to maintain uniform heating and sufficient penetration of the biomass by the infrared (IR) heating.
  • Steps 102 , 202 , and/or 800 may be repeated. Further, steps 102 , 202 , and/or 800 may be carried out in batch or continuous form. Further, a base (e.g., NaOH, KOH) may be added to neutralize the IL swelled biomass after the acidolysis treatment.
  • a base e.g., NaOH, KOH
  • the ionic liquids may also be dehydrated by infrared (IR) heating to dehydrate the wash solvent, driving off the water leaving a dehydrated IL 702 .
  • IR infrared
  • the sugars may be converted 600 to fuel ethanol or other bioproducts such as lactic acid. Additionally, the residual solids comprising lignin may be converted to other product 700 . Further chemical/biochemical processing of this residue may lead to compounds which could be used for the production of fuels, chemicals, polymers and other materials.
  • FIG. 8D shows an exemplary series for carrying out steps of a method of the present invention.
  • the biomass 103 may be mixed with an ionic liquid 203 and the biomass may be dissolved in the ionic liquid 204 .
  • Heating of the biomass/IL solution may be carried out by first electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., radiofrequency) heating 303 to reach a target temperature or temperature range (e.g., 50° C.-220° C.) and then heating using ultrasonics, electromagnetic (EM) (e.g., infrared), convective heating, conductive heating, or combinations thereof 304 at about 50° C. to 200° C. (e.g., 120° C., 130° C., 140° C., 150° C.) for 1-180 minutes or 3-4 hours.
  • the conditions may be monitored by use of sensors and adjusted to maintain conditions.
  • the conditions may be monitored and adjusted to maintain uniform heating and sufficient penetration of the biomass by the infrared heating.
  • the biomass may be regenerated using an antisolvent, optionally water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, or mixtures thereof 205 .
  • the regenerated biomass may be washed 205 .
  • the IL may be recovered and reused 703 .
  • the regenerated biomass may undergo hydrolysis (e.g., addition of cellulase and hemicellulases) of the cellulose and hemicellulose to their constituent monomeric sugars (e.g., five and six carbon sugars), optionally recovery of the added enzymes 502 .
  • the hydrolystate stream comprising sugars may be separated for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels 600 and the residual solids comprising proteins and lignin 700 for further processing to produce chemicals or biofuels.
  • FIG. 5 shows an exemplary apparatus and systems for carrying out steps of a method of the prevent invention.
  • FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram of a continuous belt press radiofrequency biomass processing system.
  • the biomass passes between a top and bottom electrode where the biomass is subject to radiofrequency heating.
  • Fiber optic sensors in the biomass or the container monitor the heat of the biomass and penetration of the radiofrequency energy.
  • the fiber optic sensors are coupled to a monitor system allows for the monitoring of the heat of the biomass and penetration of the radiofrequency energy which may be adjusted accordingly to maintain uniform heating and sufficient penetration of the biomass by the radiofrequency energy.
  • the biomass may be admixed with an ionic liquid in a container, then the container comprising the biomass admixed with an ionic liquid is moved into an apparatus comprising a top and bottom electrode that heats the biomass admixed with an ionic liquid with radiofrequency heating.
  • An air distribution box allows for the further modulation of pressure and air temperature in the system.
  • the method described herein may be a batch method, for example, the biomass may be mixed/slurried with ionic liquid and then transferred (e.g., via conveyer belt) to a second apparatus where it is heated with RF waves.
  • the biomass 101 may be fed into a long conduit comprising an Archimedes screw to move the biomass along the conduit through three zones.
  • the Mixing Zone the biomass is mixed with an ionic liquid to form a biomass/ionic liquid 201 .
  • the IL swelled biomass is then moved to a second zone where the IL swelled biomass is subjected to variable RF heating 301 .
  • the biomass following variable RF heating is washed 401 , optionally recovering the ionic liquid for reuse.
  • the method described herein may be a continuous method, for example, the biomass may be mixed/slurried with ionic liquid and then transferred to a second area where it is treated with RF waves.
  • the invention also provides for a system for treating biomass comprising a reactor vessel coupled to a sensor network coupled to a feedback means for controlling the time, temperature, pressure, and water content of the interior of the reactor vessel.
  • IL swelled biomass may be varied. These may be varied by substituting, depending on normal plant considerations of energy cost, plant lay-out and the like, and generally the temperature values used in the process tolerate some ongoing variability due to, for instance, changes in ambient plant temperatures and other related factors.
  • Non-Patent Literature All publications (e.g., Non-Patent Literature), patents, patent application publications, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All such publications (e.g., Non-Patent Literature), patents, patent application publications, and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, patent application publication, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
  • a method for processing biomass comprises contacting feedstock with ionic liquids to form a uniform solution (suspension) and transferring (e.g., injecting) it into a closed variable electromagnetic (EM) wave device.
  • EM electromagnetic
  • the biomass treating method disclosed herein heat the biomass/products with ions which gets heated due to dipole movement because of RF application (e.g., 27 MHz) continuously. This generates rapid uniform volumetric heating within the entire product due to frictional interaction between the molecules due to dipole heating of ions.
  • RF application e.g., 27 MHz
  • radio frequency has the added advantage of uniform, and most important of all, high penetration Depth that could be used to pasteurize or sterilize liquid products.
  • penetration depth is generally greater than 1 m, and can be determined from a relationship that embodies the dielectric constant, the loss factor, the speed of wave propagation in vacuum, and, operating frequency (Orfeuil, 1987).
  • the penetration depth of biomass can vary from 0.2 to 2.1 m in the radio frequency range.
  • FIGS. 2 and 5 Preferred embodiments of apparatus schematics for carrying out processing biomass with ionic liquids using RF device is shown in FIGS. 2 and 5 .
  • infrared radiation heating was surprisingly found to be more effective than regular conductive/convection mode heating reactors/chambers. With infrared heating, about a 40% to 90% reduction in ionic liquid pretreatment processing times over regular conduction/convection mode pretreatment reactors.
  • a method for dehydrating/drying ionic liquids comprising contacting slurry of dilute aqueous IL solution and circulating in a closed variable IR device. Hot air/vacuum is pulled through the IR device to remove the vaporized water and in addition, this vapor is condensed by passing through a heat exchanger for water reuse & heat integration.
  • Present invention utilizes significantly reduced amount of hot air/vacuum drying and an IR dryer and floor space requirements for drying/dehydrating ionic liquids. Therefore, an efficient and rapid heating process with IR over a thin metal strips/belt electrodes. This method provides rapid drying of ionic liquids minimizing space and energy requirements for high volume concentration of ionic liquids.
  • FIG. 6 & FIG. 7 depict graphs for percent IL concentrations obtained with time during concentration of IL (from 50% initial IL concentration) using IR evaporation/drying/dehydration/evaporation unit.
  • the time required for concentrating ionic liquid can be greatly reduced/increased by decreasing/increasing the distance between the incident radiant energy and wavelength. Therefore, the IR concentrating apparatus can be modified/adapted for concentrating different ionic liquid concentrations by varying the IR frequency and distance of irradiation. These parameters may be tuned to achieve concentration in desired time of interest.

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JP2020099342A (ja) 2020-07-02
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US9056893B2 (en) 2015-06-16
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