US20150273043A1 - Production of recombinant vaccine in e.coli by enzymatic conjugation - Google Patents

Production of recombinant vaccine in e.coli by enzymatic conjugation Download PDF

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US20150273043A1
US20150273043A1 US14/440,311 US201314440311A US2015273043A1 US 20150273043 A1 US20150273043 A1 US 20150273043A1 US 201314440311 A US201314440311 A US 201314440311A US 2015273043 A1 US2015273043 A1 US 2015273043A1
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coli
negative bacterium
pneumoniae
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Michael Wacker
Michael Kowarik
Michael Wetter
Amirreza Faridmoayer
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GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
    • A61K39/09—Lactobacillales, e.g. aerococcus, enterococcus, lactobacillus, lactococcus, streptococcus
    • A61K39/092—Streptococcus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
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    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/70—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for E. coli
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P21/00—Preparation of peptides or proteins
    • C12P21/005—Glycopeptides, glycoproteins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
    • A61K2039/52—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells
    • A61K2039/523—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells expressing foreign proteins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55505—Inorganic adjuvants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
    • A61K2039/55566—Emulsions, e.g. Freund's adjuvant, MF59
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/60—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characteristics by the carrier linked to the antigen
    • A61K2039/6031—Proteins
    • A61K2039/6037—Bacterial toxins, e.g. diphteria toxoid [DT], tetanus toxoid [TT]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • prokaryotic cells proficient to produce glycoconjugates in vivo, as well as methods for generating these cell and methods of using these cells to produce glycoconjugates.
  • the compositions of the mentioned glycoconjugates as well as their different uses are also included.
  • Glycosylation is a process by which carbohydrate molecules or sugars (monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides) are attached to the side chains of different amino acids residues in a protein or polypeptide to generate a glycoprotein.
  • Glycoproteins are involved in several processes such as, cellular interaction and cell signaling; they participate in protein folding, oligomerization, stability, quality control, sorting and transport of secretory and membrane proteins. Protein glycosylation has a profoundly favorable influence on the antigenicity, the stability and the half-life of a protein.
  • glycoproteins There are different sort of glycoproteins depending of the type of linkage between the carbohydrate molecules and the amino acid residue in the protein carrier.
  • N-linked protein glycosylation the addition of carbohydrate molecules to an asparagine residue in the polypeptide chain of the target protein- is the most common type of post-translational modification occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotic organisms.
  • the process is accomplished by the enzymatic oligosaccharyltransferase complex (OST) responsible for the transfer of a preassembled oligosaccharide from a lipid carrier (dolichol phosphate) to an asparagine residue of a nascent protein within the conserved sequence Asn-X-Ser/Thr (where X is any amino acid except proline) in the Endoplamic reticulum.
  • OST enzymatic oligosaccharyltransferase complex
  • the saccharide chain is then subject to other modifications in the Golgi apparatus.
  • the N-linked glycosylation process occurs in eukaryotes and widely in archaea, but very rarely in bacteria (see below
  • O-linked glycosylation is a form of glycosylation that occurs in eukaryotes, archaea and bacteria. It consists in the attachment of a sugar molecule to an oxygen atom in an amino acid residue in the protein target.
  • the C. jejuni glycosylation machinery can be transferred to E. coli to allow for the glycosylation of recombinant proteins expressed by the E. coli cells.
  • Previous studies have demonstrated how to generate E. coli strains that can perform N-glycosylation (see, e.g., Wacker et al., Science . 2002; 298 (5599):1790-3; Nita-Lazar et al., Glycobiology . 2005; 15(4):361-7; Feldman et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005; 102(8):3016-21; Kowarik et al., EMBO J.
  • Bacteria can be divided in two groups, Gram-positive and Gram-negative, depending if they have either a single or double sheath cell membrane that is often surrounded by capsular polysaccharides.
  • Examples for such bacteria include Streptococcus ssp., Pseudomonas ssp., Neisseria ssp., Salmonella ssp., Escherichia ssp., Staphylococcus ssp., Campylobacter ssp., etc.
  • One of the medically and commercially most relevant infectious agent is Streptococcus pneumoniae , a Gram-positive pathogen.
  • S. pneumoniae is the major cause of both mild and severe infections worldwide.
  • the primary clinical syndromes associated with pneumococcal infections are pneumonia, meningitis, bloodstream infections and acute otitis media, with pneumonia being the most important of these in terms of morbidity and mortality.
  • Infections caused by S. pneumoniae are responsible for substantial disease burden particularly in the very young and in the elderly (Isaacman D J, M. E., Reinert R R. 2010. Burden of invasive pneumococcal disease and serotype distribution among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in young children in Europe: impact of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and considerations for future conjugate vaccines. Int J Infect Dis. 14:197-209).
  • Pneumococci are grouped into several serotypes ( ⁇ 93) on the basis of their chemically and serologically distinct capsular polysaccharides. Certain serotypes are more abundant than others, to be associated with clinically apparent infections, to cause severe invasive infections and to acquire resistance to one or more classes of antibacterial agents (Rueda, A. M. M., MSc; Serpa, Jose A. M D; Matloobi, Mahsa M D; Mushtaq, Mahwish M D; Musher, Daniel M. M D. 2010. The spectrum of invasive pneumococcal disease at an adult tertiary care hospital in the early 21st century. Medicine (Baltimore) 89:331-336). Distinct serotypes of S.
  • pneumoniae have been identified based on structural differences in the polysaccharide capsule. According to previous analyses approximately 10 or 11 serotypes account for over 70% of invasive pediatric infections in all regions of the world (Hausdorff W P, Bryant J, Paradiso P R, Siber G R: Which pneumococcal serogroups cause the most invasive disease: implications for conjugate vaccine formulation and use, part I. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2000, 30(1):100-121). The distribution of serotypes causing disease varies by age, disease syndrome, disease severity, geographic region, and over time.
  • the pneumococcal capsule is one of the main bacterial virulence factors and has been successfully used as antigen in various vaccines.
  • Antibodies against the capsular polysaccharide have been shown to be protective against pneumococcal infection (Musher D M P H, Watson D A, Baughn R E: Antibody to capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae at the time of hospital admission for Pneumococcal pneumonia.
  • pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (CPS) synthesis differ depending on the serotype ( ⁇ 93). With the exception of types 3 and 37, which are synthesized by the synthase pathway (Bentley S D, Aanensen D M, Mavroidi A, Saunders D, Rabbinowitsch E, Collins M, Donohoe K, Harris D, Murphy L, Quail M A et al: Genetic analysis of the capsular biosynthetic locus from all 90 pneumococcal serotypes. PLoS genetics 2006, 2(3):e31) pneumococcal CPSs are generally synthesized by the 0-Antigen-Flippase (Wzx)/Polymerase (Wzy)-dependent pathway ( FIG. 1 ).
  • CPSs are assembled from common precursors (e.g. nucleotide activated monosaccharides) on carrier lipids by a step-wise approach.
  • the repeat unit is assembled on the carrier at the cytoplasmic side of the membrane by different glycosyltransferases.
  • the lipid-linked oligosaccharide is then flipped to outer side of the membrane where the repeating units are polymerized.
  • the complete CPS is released from the carrier lipid and exported to the surface.
  • Bacterial polysaccharides can elicit a long-lasting immune response in humans if they are coupled to a protein carrier that contains T-cell epitopes. This concept was elaborated almost 100 years ago (Avery, O. T., and W. F. Goebel, 1929. Chemo-immunological studies on conjugated carbohydrate-proteins Immunological specificity of synthetic sugar-proteins. J. Exp. Med. 50:521-533), and proven later for the polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenza type B (HIB) coupled to the protein carrier diphtheria toxin (Anderson, P. 1983.
  • HAB Haemophilus influenza type B
  • conjugated vaccines have been successfully developed against the encapsulated human pathogens Neisseria meningitidis and S. pneumoniae . Routine use of these vaccines has resulted in decreased nasopharyngeal colonization, as well as infection. Currently ⁇ 25% of the global vaccine market comprises conjugated vaccines.
  • Conjugate vaccines have been successfully used to protect against bacterial infections.
  • the conjugation of an antigenic polysaccharide to a protein carrier is required for protective memory response, as polysaccharides are T-cell independent antigens.
  • Polysaccharides have been conjugated to protein carriers by different chemical methods, using activation reactive groups in the polysaccharide as well as the protein carrier (Pawlowski, A., G. Kallenius, and S. B. Svenson. 2000. Preparation of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugates vaccines utilizing new fragmentation and conjugation technologies.
  • Conjugate vaccines can be administered to children to protect them against bacterial infections and can provide a long lasting immune response to adults.
  • Constructs of the invention have been found to generate an IgG response in animals. It is believed that the polysaccharide (i.e. sugar residue) triggers a short-term immune response that is sugar-specific. Indeed, the human immune system generates a strong response to specific polysaccharide surface structures of bacteria, such as O-antigens and capsular polysaccharides. However, as the immune response to polysaccharides is IgM dependent, the immune system develops no memory. The protein carrier that carries the polysaccharide, however, triggers an IgG response that is T-cell dependent and that provides long lasting protection since the immune system develops memory. For this reason, it is advantageous to develop a vaccine as a protein carrier—polysaccharide conjugate.
  • PCV7 pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
  • SAGE Strategic Advisory Group of Experts
  • a 10-valent (PCV10) and a 13-valent (PCV13) conjugate vaccine have been licensed as well in various countries. Additional conjugate vaccines are at different stages of development (Jiang S M, Wang L and Reeves P R: Molecular characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 4, 6B, 8, and 18C capsular polysaccharide gene clusters. Infect Immun 2001, 69(3):1244-1255).
  • This invention describes a novel method to produce glycoconjugate vaccines that contain polysaccharides from pneumococcal cells.
  • This innovative pneumococcal vaccine is based on the discovery that regulatory genes involved in oligo- or polysaccharide biosynthesis of a Gram-positive bacteria can be used to efficiently synthetize oligo- and polysaccharides in a Gram-negative host strain, and that the oligo- or polysaccharide produced in this way can be used to make a glycoconjugate vaccine in the Gram-negative host cells.
  • Further novel and unexpected features of the invention include without limitation the embodiments set forth below.
  • the presented invention describes an original procedure for the production of pneumococcal polysaccharide based conjugate vaccines.
  • the procedure is based on various steps:
  • FIG. 1 Depicts the genetic organization of Capsular Polysaccharide Biosynthetic Pathway of S. pneumoniae . Schematic diagram of general genetic organization of capsular polysaccharide biosynthetic pathway of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains used for in vivo conjugation.
  • FIG. 2 Shows the genetic organization related to CPS 1 biosynthesis.
  • CPS1 genetic organization, wzg to rmlD are genes that are involved in biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharide.
  • FIG. 3 Illustrates a CPS 1 subunit. Schematic diagram of a CPS1 subunit.
  • FIG. 4 Shows an O antigen subunit from S. sonnei and P. shigelloides . Schematic diagram of the S. sonnei and P. shigelloides repeat unit.
  • FIG. 5 Shows the P. shigelloides O17 antigen cluster. Plesiomonas shigelloides O17 O antigen cluster.
  • FIG. 6 displays the production of S. pneumoniae CPS 1 polysaccharide in E. coli .
  • Production of S. pneumoniae CPS1 polysaccharide in E. coli Western-blot analysis of proteinase K treated whole cell extracts from different E. coli strains transformed with plasmid pGVX767, containing complete CPS1 biosynthetic genes, wzg-ugd.
  • clmR denotes a DNA segment conferring chloramphenicol (clm) resistance, i.e. a clm resistance cassette.
  • FIG. 7 Shows the sensitivity to acid treatment for CPS1 polysaccharide produced in E. coli.
  • Samples were run on a 12% Bis-Tris PAGE gels (invitrogen) with MES buffer for 35 min at 200V and then electroblotted and developed by anti-CP1 antibody (1:250) as a primary antibody.
  • FIG. 8 Shows the effect of deletions of transporter genes in S. pneumoniae CPS1. Effect of deletion of capsular polysaccharide transporter genes, wzg, wzh, wzd, and wze, on biosynthesis of S. pneumoniae CPS1 polysaccharide in E. coli .
  • Western-blot analysis of the whole cell extracts (proteinase K digested) of four different colonies of E. coli GVX3329 transformed with plasmid pGVX808 ( pGVX767 ⁇ wzg-wze::clmR), lanes 2-5 and pGVX767 (complete CPS1 cluster), lane 6. Samples were run on 12% Bis-Tris gel (invitrogen) with MES for 35 min at 200V and then blotted in the iBlot and developed by anti-CP1 antibody (1:250) as a primary antibody.
  • FIG. 9 His-Trap purification steps of N-glycosylated EPA with S. pneumoniae CPS type 1 from engineered E. coli . HisTrap purification steps of N-glycosylated EPA with S. pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide group 1 from engineered E. coli .
  • Panel A and B show western-blot of protein samples from purification steps of EPA-CP1 conjugates developed by anti-His and anti-CP1, respectively. 4-12% Bis-Tris PAGE-gel used to resolve protein samples. E.
  • FIG. 10 Schematic diagram of a CPS4 subunit.
  • FIG. 11 CPS4 genetic organization.
  • CPS4 genetic organization, wzg to fnlC are genes that are involved in biosynthesis of capsularpolysaccharide
  • FIG. 12 Depicts the production of S. pneumoniae CPS4 polysaccharide in E. coli .
  • Lane 1 protein marker
  • lanes 2-4 E. coli W3110 ⁇ waaL transformed with pGVX803 (expressing the entire CPS4 cluster) and pGVX238 (Z3206, epimerase); lanes 5-7 , E. coli W3110 ⁇ waaL transformed with pGVX803 and pGVX207 (galE, epimerase); lanes 8-10 , E. coli W3110 ⁇ waaL E.
  • coli transformed with pGVX753 partial CPS4 cluster,wcij-fnlc, without regulatory genes and wciI
  • pGVX238 0.1% Arabinose as used for induction.
  • Equivalents to 0.1 OD of cultured biomass were run on 12% Bis-Tris gel (invitrogen) with MES for 35 min at 200V and then blotted in the iBlot and developed by anti-CPS4 antibody (1:100) as a primary antibody.
  • FIG. 13 Shows the results from the analysis of S. pneumoniae CPS4 produced in E. coli SCM6. Analysis of S. pneumoniae CPS4 produced in E. coli . LLO was extracted from E. coli SCM6 (Schwarz F, Huang W, Li C, Schulz B L, Lizak C, Palumbo A, Numao S, Neri D, Aebi M, Wang L X: A combined method for producing homogeneous glycoproteins with eukaryotic N-glycosylation. Nat Chem Biol 2010) and labeled with 2AB as described previously (US 2011/0274720 A1). Panel A; chromatogram of 2AB labelled LLO extracted from E.
  • FIG. 14 Shows the results of the analysis of S. pneumoniae CPS4 produced in E. coli SCM3 (Faridmoayer A, Fentabil M A, Mills D C, Klassen J S, Feldman M F: Functional characterization of bacterial oligosaccharyltransferases involved in O-linked protein glycosylation. JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY 2007, 189(22):8088-8098).
  • LLO was extracted from E. coli SCM3 (S ⁇ 874, ⁇ waaL) and labelled with 2AB as described (US 2011/0274720 A1). HPLC chromatogram of 2AB labelled LLO extracted from E.
  • coli SCM3 transformed with pGVX771 pLAFR containing a promoter, RBS, the Z3206 gene, and wciJ-fnlc of the CPS14 cluster, without regulatory genes
  • solid line comparing to the background E. coli SCM3 strain transformed with empty vector pGVX725 (pLAFR with promotor and RBS only), dashed line.
  • FIG. 15 Depicts the result from the analysis of the in vitro N-glycosylation using CPS4-LLO
  • LLO was extracted from E. coli SCM3 (S ⁇ 874 ⁇ waaL) transformed with pGVX771 (described in previous figure) and pGVX725 (empty vector).
  • In vitro reaction was completed overnight by mixing purified C. jejuni PglB, a fluorescent-labeled peptide acceptor (Tamra-DANYTK) and LLO extract in a reaction buffer.
  • Peptide was seperated from reaction mixture by organic phase separation and subjected to UPLC followed by MS analysis.
  • Panel A and B UPLC chromatograms of the peptide after glycosylation using LLO extracted from SCM3 containing pGVX725, (negative control), and SCM3 containing pGVX771.
  • Panel C and D MS/MS analysis of the glycopeptides eluted at 15.43 and 17.62 minutes coresponding to one and two complete subununits of CPS4 assembled on the peptide.
  • FIG. 16 HisTrap purification steps of N-glycosylated EPA with S. pneumoniae CPS4 HisTrap purification steps of N-glycosylated EPA with S. pneumoniae CPS4 from engineered E. coli.
  • Panel A, B and C show coomassie stained and western-blot of protein samples from purification steps of EPA-CPS4 conjugates developed by anti-His and anti-CP4, respectively. 4-12% Bis-Tris SDS-gel used to resolve protein samples.
  • pGVX539 is an expression plasmid for EPA carrier protein expression in which the EPA is detoxified and contains two N glycosylation consensus sequences.
  • FIG. 17 Shows PMP derivatization analysis by HPLC RP analysis of CPS4-EPA glycoconjugates. PMP derivatization analysis by HPLC RP analysis of CPS4-EPA glycoconjugates produced in E. coli . Solid line: trace obtained from hydrolysis and analysis of glycoconjugate, dashed line: trace prepared identically from CP4 capsular polysaccharide
  • FIG. 18 Depicts the Dot-blot analysis of sera from rabbits immunized with CPS4-EPA conjugates.
  • Dot-blot analysis of sera from rabbits immunized with CPS4-EPA conjugates 50 ng of CPS4 capsular polysaccharide isolated from S. pneumoniae group 4 was blotted on each spot. Sera obtained after second injection was used for the analysis with 1 to 100 dilution.
  • Lane 1 pool of preimmune sera of rabbits that were used in this study; lanes 2-7, sera from different rabbits injected with EPA-CPS4; lanes 8-9, sera of control rabbits injected with buffer containing Aluminium hydroxide and Freund's complete adjuvans, respectively; Lane 10-11, sera of positvive control rabbits injected with Prevenar-13; Lane 12-13, Pneumococoal antisera type 4 as a primary antibody from Statens serum institute with 1:100 and 1:200 dilutions, respectively were used.
  • FIG. 19 Describes the CPS14 genetic organization of genes involved in the biosynthesis of CPS CPS14 genetic organization, wzg to wciY are genes that are involved in biosynthesis of capsularpolysaccharide.
  • FIG. 20 Schematic diagram of a CPS14 subunit.
  • FIG. 21 Expression of CPS14 LLO in E. coli .
  • wchA to wciY genes from CPS14 cluster were cloned into the gene replacement vector pDOC-C(pGVX615) containing O16 O antigen cluster (rfbO16) promoter and transformed into E. coli GVX1128 (W3110 ⁇ waaL).
  • Panel A chromtogram of 2AB labeled LLO extracted from E. coli GVX1128 transformed with pGVX615wzy mut (CPS14 polymerase mutant producing a single subunit), solid line, comparing to LLO extracted from background strain, dashed line; inset is the western-blot of proteinase K digested E. coli GVX1128 transformed with pGVX615 probed by anti-CPS14 antibody as the primary antibody.
  • Panel B MS/MS analysis of single subunit of CPS14 eluted at 57 minutes (indicated by arrow in panel A).
  • FIG. 22 Expression of CPS14 polysaccharide in E. coli strains in which colanic acid (CA) was replaced with the CPS14 cluster.
  • Western-blot of proteinase K digested cells from different integrated E. coli strains probed by anti-CPS14 is depicted. All of the integrated strains; GVX6126 (GVX1052 CA::CPS14; lanes 1 & 2), GVX6129 (GVX1128 CA::CPS14; lanes 3 & 4), and GVX6300 (GVX1716; lanes 5 & 6), showed a ladder like pattern corresponding to production of CPS 14 polymere when transformed with pGVX688, expressingRcsA.
  • FIG. 23 Depicts the effect of CPS14 transporter genes on production of S. pneumoniae CPS14 polysaccharide in E. coli strains GVX6126 ( E. coli W3110 CA::CPS14). Western-blot analysis of proteinase K treated whole cell extracts from different E. coli cells is shown. Lane 1, protein marker; lanes 2, E. coli GVX6126 transformed with pGVX688 (rcsA) and pGVX72 (empty vector; lanes 3, E. coli GVX6126 transformed with pGVX688 (rcsA) and pGVX1497 (CPS14 wzg-wze cloned into pGVX72).
  • FIG. 24 Depicts a chromtogram of 2AB labeled LLO extracted from E. coli GVX6129 (W3110 ⁇ waaL CA::CPS14) transformed with pGVXN688 (expressing RcsA) and glycolipids analyzed by 2-AB labeling and MS/MS analysis as described in sections 0079 and 0080.
  • MS/MS analysis identified 2 and 3 subunits of CPS14, eluted at 95.9 min and 115.3, respectively (indicated by arrows).
  • Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides are synthetized on carrier lipids by the collaboration of a set of enzymes typically encoded in the CPS cluster of S. pneumoniae cells (Whitfield C, Roberts IS: Structure, assembly and regulation of expression of capsules in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 1999, 31(5):1307-1319).
  • the synthesis of wzy dependent CPS starts with the addition of a monosaccharide-phosphate to undecaprenylphosphate (Und-P) at the cytoplasmic side of the membrane.
  • a short oligosaccharide is elongated by sequential addition of monosaccharides from activated sugar nucleotides by different glycosyltransferases and the lipid-linked polysaccharide is flipped through the membrane by a flippase.
  • the antigen-repeating unit (RU) is polymerized by an enzymatic reaction performed by the protein wzy.
  • the polysaccharide is then transferred to the final acceptor structure. Polymerization and transport to the cell surface is believed to be controlled by a set of 3 to 4 enzymes which are located at the 5′ end of the CPS clusters.
  • Glycosyltransferases polymerase wzy, flippase wzx, and the monosaccharide-phosphate transferases are encoded in most cases within the dexB to aliA cluster, whereas nucleotide activated monosaccharide biosynthetic pathways are encoded either elsewhere in the genome in the case of general housekeeping activities, and specifically within the CPS cluster when the monosaccharides are specific for the CPS (Bentley S D, Aanensen D M, Mavroidi A, Saunders D, Rabbinowitsch E, Collins M, Donohoe K, Harris D, Murphy L, Quail M A et al: Genetic analysis of the capsular biosynthetic locus from all 90 pneumococcal serotypes. PLoS genetics 2006, 2(3):e31).
  • NDP nucleotide diphosphate
  • NDP sugars are provided in Gram-negative and Gram-positive hosts by housekeeping genes, and thus are available as starting materials for synthesis of specific sugars. Biosynthetic genes for synthesis of specific NDP-sugars or other modifications are almost always encoded in CPS clusters.
  • O antigen synthesis and CPS synthesis differ at the last step of biosynthesis.
  • O antigen is added to the Lipid A core by the ligase WaaL and is further transported to the outer membrane, whereas CPS is present as a capsular structure on the cells.
  • CPS is present as a capsular structure on the cells.
  • the final O antigen sugar length is much shorter than CPS.
  • S. pneumoniae CPS is classified as group I CPS due to the specific biochemical pathways leading to its synthesis.
  • Gram-negative bacteria also contains group I CPS pathways, which differ from pneumococcal group I clusters by the presence of additional membrane transporter protein genes responsible for outer membrane transport.
  • these are the colanic acid (CA) biosynthetic machinery gene clusters wca, (Stevenson G, Andrianopoulos K, Hobbs M, Reeves P R: Organization of the Escherichia coli K-12 gene cluster responsible for production of the extracellular polysaccharide colanic acid.
  • CA colanic acid
  • Such polysaccharides are produced by LPS pathway mechanisms in the Gram-negative host, the structure of such polysaccharides are the same as LPS polysaccharides.
  • Such polysaccharides produced in Gram-negative systems of the instant invention can be characterized, therefore, as “modified capsular polysaccharides” or “LPS capsules” for purposes of this application.
  • this newly synthesized expression system and biosynthetic pathway, which combines the LPS and capsular biosynthetic pathways may be characterized as being a “modified LPS biosynthetic pathway” for purposes of this application.
  • an additional embodiment involves an S. pneumoniae vaccine made by a glycosylation system using a modified LPS pathway, which comprises the production of a modified capsular polysaccharide or LPS-capsule.
  • E. coli W3110 encodes a prophage gene cluster called gtr.
  • the Gtr enzymes GtrA, B, and S encode a machinery that modifies O antigens by adding branching glucose residues to the growing O antigen chain in the periplasmic space (Lehane A M, Korres H, Verma N K: Bacteriophage-encoded glucosyltransferase GtrII of Shigella flexneri : membrane topology and identification of critical residues. The Biochemical journal 2005, 389(Pt 1):137-143).
  • the pathway involves the generation of undecaprenylphosphate (Und-P, not Und-PP) linked glucose on the cytoplasmic face of the cell membrane, flipping to the periplasm, and consecutive transfer of the Und-P-linked glucose to the growing O antigen polysaccharide.
  • Und-P undecaprenylphosphate
  • the gtrABS genes are partially or completely functionally inactivated or deleted from the Gram-negative host cell, e.g, gtrABS are deleted in an E. coli host cell.
  • deletion channels all CPS biosynthetic activity to the glycosylation accessible Und-PP pathway and thereby enhances glycoprotein production.
  • Many pneumococcal polysaccharides are synthesized as repeat unit (RU) polymers with glucose as the initiating monosaccharide. Thus, such repeat units may interfere with glycosylation of proteins as they are assembled on Und-P.
  • Another specific embodiment is the enhancement of Und-PP-linked CPS production by increasing the expression and activity of UDP-glucose:undecaprenyl phosphate glucose-phosphate transferase activity, which increases the Und-PP-Glc amounts in the cells and thus leads to enhanced production efficiency of CPS repeat unit (RU) and polysaccharides.
  • UDP-glucose:undecaprenyl phosphate glucose-phosphate transferases is the WchA of S. pneumoniae (i.e. the natural enzyme providing the initiator function) or the WcaJ encoded in the E. coli W3110 colanic acid wca operon.
  • a specific embodiment of the invention is the replacement of the natural S. pneumoniae wchA gene function by the E. coli function encoded in the wcaJ gene for optimizing glycolipid production performance.
  • Another embodiment of the invention is the genomic integration of the recombinant CPS cluster in place of the E. coli W3110 wca operon for stable and high yield glycolipid production, and for enhanced glycosylation activity.
  • the regulatory gene is wzg, wzh, wzd, or wze of a capsular polysaccharide gene cluster of S. pneumoniae , or capA, capB, or capC of a capsular polysaccharide gene cluster of S. aureus or CpsA, CpsB, CpsC, or CpsD of a capsular polysaccharide gene cluster Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus , or GBS).
  • the regulatory gene is a regulatory gene of a capsular polysaccharide gene cluster listed in the Section “Capsular Polysaccharides” below.
  • the methods and host cells of the present invention are used to generate capsular polysaccharides of S. pneumoniae .
  • These capsular polysaccharides include S. pneumoniae CPS1, CPS2, CPS3, CP4, CPS5, CPS6 (A and B), CPS7 (A,B, C), CPS8, CPS9 (A, L,N, V), CPS10 (A,B,C,F), CPS11 (A, B,C,D,F), CPS12(A,B,F), CPS13, CPS14 CPS15(A,B,C,F), CPS16(A,F), CPS17(A,F), CPS18(A,B,C,F), CPS19(A,B,C,F), CPS20,CPS21, CPS22(A,F), CPS23(A,B,F), CPS24(A,B,F), CPS25(A,F), CPS26, CPS27,CPS28(A,F), CPS29, CPS31
  • capsular polysaccharides of other Gram-positive bacteria can be generated using the methods and host cells of the present invention.
  • Other Gram-positive bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS).
  • GBS Streptococcus agalactiae
  • capsular polysaccharides include S. aureus CPS5, CPS8, S. agalactiae (group B, GBS) CPSIa, CPSIb, CPSII, CPSIII, CPSIV, CPSV, CPSVI, CPSVII, CPSVIII, Enterococcus faecalis CPSA, CP SB, CPSC, CPSD.
  • glycosyltransferases are introduced into the host cells provided herein such that a desired capsular polysaccharide is synthesized in the host cell. See, e.g., International Patent Application Application No. WO 2011/138361, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the host cell is further modified to generate a bioconjugate, i.e., a carrier protein that is glycosylated with the capsular protein generated in the host cell.
  • a bioconjugate i.e., a carrier protein that is glycosylated with the capsular protein generated in the host cell.
  • Transfer of the capsular polysaccharide onto the carrier protein is catalyzed by an oligosaccharyltransferase.
  • an oligosaccharyltransferase is recombinantly expressed in the host cell.
  • an oligosaccharyltransferase is introduced into the prokaryotic host.
  • the oligosaccharyltransferases can be from any source, and may include heterologous oligosaccharyltransferases, i.e., oligosaccharyltransferases derived from a different organism than the prokaryotic host cell (e.g., oligosaccharyltransferases derived from a different bacterial species).
  • the oligosaccharyltransferase is from a Campylobacter species, e.g., C. jejuni.
  • the carrier protein can be a recombinant protein.
  • the carrier protein is a protein that naturally comprises one or more N-glycosylation consensus sequences.
  • one or more N-glycosylation consensus sequences have been recombinantly introduced into the carrier protein.
  • Any carrier protein suitable for use in the production of conjugate vaccines can be used herein.
  • Exemplary carrier proteins include, without limitation, Exotoxin A of P. aeruginosa (EPA), CRM197, Diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, detoxified hemolysin A of S. aureus , clumping factor A of S. aureus , clumping factor B of S. aureus, E.
  • E. coli FimH E. coli FimHC
  • E. coli heat labile enterotoxin detoxified variants of E. coli heat labile enterotoxin
  • Cholera toxin B subunit CTB
  • cholera toxin detoxified variants of cholera toxin
  • E. coli Sat protein the passenger domain of E. coli Sat protein, C. jejuni AcrA, and C. jejuni natural glycoproteins
  • S. pneumoniae pneumolysin and additional S. pneumoniae protein antigens, e.g., S. pneumoniae NOX, S. pneumoniae PspA, S. pneumoniae PcpA, S. pneumoniae PhtD, S. pneumoniae PhtE, S. pneumoniae Ply, and S. pneumoniae LytB.
  • the carrier proteins used in the generation of the conjugates described herein are modified, e.g., modified in such a way that the protein is less toxic and or more susceptible to glycosylation, etc.
  • the carrier proteins used in the generation of the conjugate vaccines described herein are modified such that the number of glycosylation sites in the carrier proteins is maximized in a manner that allows for lower concentrations of the protein to be administered, e.g., in an immunogenic composition, in its bioconjugate form.
  • the carrier proteins described herein are modified to include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more glycosylation sites than would normally be associated with the carrier protein (e.g., relative to the number of glycosylation sites associated with the carrier protein in its native/natural, e.g., “wild-type” state).
  • introduction of glycosylation sites is accomplished by insertion of glycosylation consensus sequences anywhere in the primary structure of the protein.
  • glycosylation sites can be accomplished by, e.g., adding new amino acids to the primary structure of the protein (i.e., the glycosylation sites are added, in full or in part), or by mutating existing amino acids in the protein in order to generate the glycosylation sites (i.e., amino acids are not added to the protein, but selected amino acids of the protein are mutated so as to form glycosylation sites).
  • new amino acids i.e., the glycosylation sites are added, in full or in part
  • mutating existing amino acids in the protein i.e., amino acids are not added to the protein, but selected amino acids of the protein are mutated so as to form glycosylation sites.
  • amino acid sequence of a protein can be readily modified using approaches known in the art, e.g., recombinant approaches that include modification of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the protein.
  • glycosylation consensus sequences are introduced into specific regions of the carrier protein, e.g., surface structures of the protein, at the N or C termini of the protein, and/or in loops that are stabilized by disulfide bridges at the base of the protein.
  • the classical 5 amino acid glycosylation consensus sequence may be extended by lysine residues for more efficient glycosylation, and thus the inserted consensus sequence may encode 5, 6, or 7 amino acids that should be inserted or that replace acceptor protein amino acids.
  • the carrier proteins used in the generation of the conjugate vaccines described herein comprise a “tag,” i.e., a sequence of amino acids that allows for the isolation and/or identification of the carrier protein.
  • a tag i.e., a sequence of amino acids that allows for the isolation and/or identification of the carrier protein.
  • adding a tag to a carrier protein described herein can be useful in the purification of that protein and, hence, the purification of conjugate vaccines comprising the tagged carrier protein.
  • Exemplary tags that can be used herein include, without limitation, histidine (HIS) tags (e.g., hexa histidine-tag, or 6 ⁇ His-Tag), FLAG-TAG, and HA tags.
  • the tags used herein are removable, e.g., removal by chemical agents or by enzymatic means, once they are no longer needed, e.g., after the protein has been purified.
  • the bacterial host cells described herein and the conjugates produced by such bacterial host cells described herein possess advantageous properties.
  • the bacterial host cells described herein which comprise regulatory genes derived from Gram-positive bacteria, wherein said regulatory genes are involved in oligo- or polysaccharide biosynthesis, are able to produce sugar antigens, e.g., oligo- and/or polysaccharides, of increased length as a result of the presence of said regulatory genes.
  • the bacterial host cells described herein are able to produce increased amounts of sugar antigens, e.g., oligo- and/or polysaccharides, as compared to Gram-negative bacterial host cells lacking regulatory genes derived from Gram-positive bacteria.
  • Each of these characteristics is advantageous in that the conjugates produced by the bacterial cells have a higher sugar antigen to protein ratio and because the bacterial cells produce a greater number of conjugates.
  • a bacterial host cell described herein produces about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, or greater than 50% more conjugates than a bacterial host cell having the same properties but lacking a regulatory gene from a Gram positive bacteria that is involved in oligo- or polysaccharide biosynthesis. In certain embodiments, a bacterial host cell described herein produces 5% to 10%, 10% to 20%, 20% to 30%, 30% to 40%, or 40% to 50% more conjugates than a bacterial host cell having the same properties but lacking a regulatory gene from a Gram positive bacteria that is involved in oligo- or polysaccharide biosynthesis.
  • a bacterial host cell described herein produces about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, or greater than 50% more sugar antigens, e.g., oligo- and/or polysaccharides, than a bacterial host cell having the same properties but lacking a regulatory gene from a Gram positive bacteria that is involved in oligo- or polysaccharide biosynthesis.
  • a bacterial host cell described herein produces 5% to 10%, 10% to 20%, 20% to 30%, 30% to 40%, or 40% to 50% more sugar antigens, e.g., oligo- and/or polysaccharides, than a bacterial host cell having the same properties but lacking a regulatory gene from a Gram positive bacteria that is involved in oligo- or polysaccharide biosynthesis.
  • a bacterial host cell described herein produces sugar antigens, e.g., oligo- and/or polysaccharides, that are about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, or greater than 50% longer than the sugar antigens, e.g., oligo- and/or polysaccharides produced by a bacterial host cell having the same properties but lacking a regulatory gene from a Gram positive bacteria that is involved in oligo- or polysaccharide biosynthesis.
  • sugar antigens e.g., oligo- and/or polysaccharides
  • a bacterial host cell described herein produces sugar antigens, e.g., oligo- and/or polysaccharides, that are 5% to 10%, 10% to 20%, 20% to 30%, 30% to 40%, or 40% to 50% longer than the sugar antigens, e.g., oligo- and/or polysaccharides produced by a bacterial host cell having the same properties but lacking a regulatory gene from a Gram positive bacteria that is involved in oligo- or polysaccharide biosynthesis.
  • sugar antigens e.g., oligo- and/or polysaccharides
  • Various assays can be used to characterize the conjugates described herein, e.g., characterize the carrier protein, attached sugar antigen(s) (e.g., oligo- and/or polysaccharide), or both, including, e.g., high performance size exclusion chromatography, isoelectric focusing, SDS-PAGE and Western Blot, molecular weight determination by MS, N terminal sequencing, amino acid analysis, reverse phase liquid chromatography, electrospray mass spectroscopy, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and peptide mapping by mass spectroscopy after tryptic digestion.
  • the carrier protein e.g., attached sugar antigen(s) (e.g., oligo- and/or polysaccharide), or both, including, e.g., high performance size exclusion chromatography, isoelectric focusing, SDS-PAGE and Western Blot, molecular weight determination by MS, N terminal sequencing, amino acid analysis, reverse phase liquid chromatography, electrospray mass
  • an engineered Gram-negative bacterium for the production of a polysaccharide, wherein the Gram-negative bacterium comprises a regulatory gene of a capsular polysaccharide gene cluster of a Gram-positive bacterium.
  • the Gram-negative bacterium comprises at least 25%, 50%, 75%, 85%, 90%, or at least 95% of the open reading frames of the capsular polysaccharide gene cluster.
  • the Gram-negative bacterium comprises a complete capsular polysaccharide gene cluster.
  • the polysaccharide comprises an epitope of the capsular polysaccharide.
  • the Gram-negative bacterium of the preceding paragraph is selected from the group consisting of Escherichia species, E. coli, Shigella species, Klebsiella species, Salmonella species, Yersinia species, Neisseria species, Vibrio species and Pseudomonas species.
  • the Gram-negative bacterium is E. coli.
  • the regulatory gene of a capsular polysaccharide gene cluster of a Gram-positive bacterium that is engineered into the Gram-negative bacterium of any one of the preceding paragraphs is a Streptococcus pneumoniae regulatory gene.
  • the S. pneumoniae regulatory gene is from S. pneumoniae Type 1.
  • the S. pneumoniae regulatory gene is from S. pneumoniae Type 4.
  • the regulatory gene of a capsular polysaccharide gene cluster of a Gram-positive bacterium that is engineered into the Gram-negative bacterium of any one of the preceding paragraphs is a Staphylococcus aureus regulatory gene.
  • the regulatory gene is a Staphylococcus agalactiae regulatory gene.
  • the regulatory gene of a capsular polysaccharide gene cluster of a Gram-positive bacterium that is engineered into the Gram-negative bacterium of any one of the preceding paragraphs is an Enterococcus faecalis regulatory gene.
  • the Gram-negative bacterium of any of the preceding paragraphs comprises an oligosaccharyl transferase.
  • the oligosaccharyl transferase is heterologous to the Gram-negative bacterium.
  • the Gram-negative bacterium of any of the preceding paragraphs comprises at least one heterologous glycosyltransferase.
  • the heterologous glycosyltransferase is a prokaryotic glycosyltransferase.
  • the glycosyltransferase is obtained from the same Gram-positive bacterium as the regulatory gene.
  • the Gram-negative bacterium of any of the preceding paragraphs comprises a deletion or inactivation of one or more genes native to the Gram-negative bacterium.
  • the one or more deleted genes comprise the waaL gene.
  • the one or more deleted genes comprise all genes associated with O antigen biosynthesis in the Gram-negative bacterium.
  • the regulatory gene engineered into the Gram-negative bacterium of any of the preceding paragraphs is wzg, wzh, wzd, wze, capA, capB, or capC.
  • the Gram-negative bacterium of any of the preceding paragraphs comprises a nucleic acid encoding a carrier protein comprising a consensus sequence for glycosylation.
  • the nucleic acid encoding the carrier protein is heterologous to the Gram-negative bacterium.
  • the carrier protein is detoxified exotoxin A from P. auruginosa , CRM197, Diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, detoxified hemolysin A of S. aureus , clumping factor A, clumping factor B, E. coli FimH, E. coli FimHC, E.
  • the carrier protein is an S. pneumoniae protein, e.g., S. pneumoniae pneumolysin, S. pneumoniae NOX, S. pneumoniae PspA, S. pneumoniae PcpA, S. pneumoniae PhtD, S. pneumoniae PhtE, S. pneumoniae Ply, or S. pneumoniae LytB.
  • the carrier protein is conjugated to the polysaccharide by an oligosaccharyl transferase.
  • the regulatory gene engineered into the -negative bacterium of any of the preceding paragraphs is a regulatory gene corresponding to one of the following capsular polysaccharide gene clusters: S. pneumoniae CPS1, CPS2, CPS3, CP4, CPS5, CPS6 (A and B), CPS7 (A,B, C), CPS8, CPS9 (A, L,N, V), CPS10 (A,B,C,F), CPS11 (A, B,C,D,F), CPS12(A,B,F), CPS13, CPS14 CPS15(A,B,C,F), CPS16(A,F), CPS17(A,F), CPS18(A,B,C,F), CPS19(A,B,C,F), CPS20,CPS21, CPS22(A,F), CPS23(A,B,F), CPS24(A,B,F), CPS25(A,F), CPS26, CPS27,CPS28(A,F), CPS26
  • a vector capable of replication in a Gram-negative bacterium wherein said vector comprises a regulatory gene associated with capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis in a Gram-positive bacterium.
  • the expression and activity of UDP-glucose:undecaprenyl phosphate glucose-phosphate transferase activity is increased in the Gram-negative bacterium of any of the preceding paragraphs.
  • Gram-negative bacterium of any of the preceding paragraphs expresses WcaJ encoded by colanic acid wca operon of an enterocommonbacteriae (e.g., E. coli W3110).
  • enterocommonbacteriae e.g., E. coli W3110
  • an engineered Gram-negative bacterium for the production of a polysaccharide including a Gram-negative bacterium of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein a gene encoding a Gtr enzyme of the Gram-negative bacterium is functionally inactivated.
  • functional inactivation of the gene encoding a Gtr enzyme results in elimination of Und-P linked glucose.
  • the gene encoding a Gtr enzyme of the Gram-negative bacterium is deleted.
  • the genes encoding GtrA, GtrB, and/or GtrS are functionally inactivated.
  • the genes encoding GtrA, GtrB, and/or GtrS are deleted.
  • the Gram-negative bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Escherichia species, E. coli, Shigella species, Klebsiella species, Salmonella species, Yersinia species, and Pseudomonas species.
  • the Gram-negative bacterium of the preceding paragraph comprises an oligosaccharyl transferase.
  • the oligosaccharyl transferase is heterologous to the Gram-negative bacterium.
  • the Gram-negative bacterium of the preceding paragraphs comprises at least one glycosyltransferase that is heterologous to the Gram-negative bacterium.
  • the glycosyltransferase is a prokaryotic glycosyltransferase.
  • the Gram-negative bacterium of the preceding paragraphs comprises a nucleic acid encoding a carrier protein comprising a consensus sequence for glycosylation.
  • the nucleic acid encoding the carrier protein is heterologous to the Gram-negative bacterium.
  • the carrier protein is detoxified exotoxin A from P. auruginosa , CRM197, Diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, detoxified hemolysin A of S. aureus , clumping factor A, clumping factor B, E. coli FimH, E. coli FimHC, E.
  • the carrier protein is conjugated to the polysaccharide by the oligosaccharyl transferase.
  • the polysaccharide of the Gram-negative bacterium of the preceding paragraphs is a capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
  • the polysaccharide of the Gram-negative bacterium of the preceding paragraphs is an O antigen of E. coli (O1, O2, O3, O4, O5, O6, O7, O8, O9, O10, O11, O12, O13, O14, O15, O16, O17, O18, O19, O20, O21, O22, O23, O24, O25, O26, O27, O28, O29, O30, O32, O33, O34, O35, O36, O37, O38, O39, O40, O41, O42, O43, O44, O45, O46, O48, O49, O50, O51, O52, O53, O54, O55, O56, O57, O58, O59, O60, O61, O62, O63, O64, O65, O66, O68, O69, O70, O71, O73, O74, O75, O76, O77, O78, O79,
  • enterica subsp. Enterica S. enterica subsp. Salamae, S. enterica subsp. arizonae, S. enterica subsp. Diarizonae, S. enterica subsp. Houtenae, S. bongori , and S. enterica subsp. Indica, and O types 1-67, Pseudomonas sp ( P. aeruginosa O serotypes 1-20), Klebsiella sp. (particularly K. pneumonia serotypes O1, O2 (and subserotypes), O3, O4, O5, O6, O7, O8, O9, O10, O11, O12), Acinetobacter O antigens (in particular A.
  • Chlamydia trachomatis O antigens (serotypes A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I J, K, L1, L2, L3), Vibrio cholera O antigens O 1 to 155, Listeria sp., in particular L. monocytogenes type 1, 2, 3, 4 and subserotypes thereof, Legionella pneumophila serotypes 1 to 15 O antigens, Bordetella parapertussis O antigens, Burkholderia mallei and pseudomallei O antigens, Francisella tularensis, Campylobacter sp. ( C.
  • Capsular polysaccharides of Clostridium difficile (serotypes A, G, H, K, S1, S4, D, Cd-5, and C. perfringens serotypes A, B, C, D and E), Staphylococcus aureus type 5 and 8, Streptococcus pyrogenes (group B streptococcus capsular serotype polysaccharides), E.
  • Streptococcus agalacticae group A streptococcal capsular polysaccharides
  • Neisseria meningitidis serotypes A, B, C, W, Y, X
  • Candida albicans Haemophilus influenza, Enterococcus faecalis capsular polysaccharides type I-V; and other surface polysaccharide structures, e.g.
  • provided herein is a recombinant glycoprotein produced by the Gram-negative bacterium of any one of the preceding paragraphs.
  • provided herein is a method of producing a recombinant glycoprotein comprising culturing the Gram-negative bacterium of any one of the preceding paragraphs under conditions suitable for the production of proteins.
  • the method further comprises purifying the recombinant glycoprotein.
  • an engineered E. coli cell comprising a Plesiomonas shigelloides O antigen gene cluster wherein the wbgW gene of the O antigen gene cluster is inactivated and wherein the E. coli cell produces Und-PP-D-FucNAc4N.
  • an engineered E. coli cell comprising a Shigella sonnei or Plesiomonas shigelloides O 17 O antigen gene cluster wherein the wbgW gene of the O antigen gene cluster is inactivated and wherein the E. coli cell produces Und-PP-D-FucNAc4N.
  • a goal of an embodiment of the invention is to produce the CPS type 1 antigenic polysaccharides in E. coli .
  • E. coli we exploited in a novel way, the ability of E. coli to express the biosynthetic machinery of the S. pneumoniae CPS cluster.
  • the CPS cluster DNA (as defined by the DNA sequence between dexB and aliA) is depicted in FIG. 2 and the repeat unit structures of S. pneumoniae Type 1 are shown in FIG. 3 .
  • the repeat unit starts with a D-FucNAc4N, followed by two D-GalA residues linked in alpha 1-3 glycosidic linkages (-4-a-D-GalA-1,3-a-D-GalA-1,3-a-D-FucNAc4N-).
  • the RU is non-stoechiometrically O-acetylated (Bentley S D, Aanensen D M, Mavroidi A, Saunders D, Rabbinowitsch E, Collins M, Donohoe K, Harris D, Murphy L, Quail M A et al: Genetic analysis of the capsular biosynthetic locus from all 90 pneumococcal serotypes. PLoS genetics 2006, 2(3):e31). The DNA sequence contains putative genes encoding proteins for:
  • This O antigen is a genuine gram negative O antigen composed of a linear polymer composed of a disaccharide repeat unit -4-a-L-AltNAcA-1,3-a-D-FucNAc4N-1-, ( FIG.
  • the initiating sugar was shown to be D-FucNAc4N (Kubler-Kielb J, Vinogradov E, Ben-Menachem G, Pozsgay V, Robbins J B, Schneerson R: Saccharide/protein conjugate vaccines for Bordetella species: preparation of saccharide, development of new conjugation procedures, and physico-chemical and immunological characterization of the conjugates.
  • the gene cluster required for biosynthesis ( FIG. 5 ) is encoded in the genome of P. shigelloides and on a virulence plasmid in S.
  • a first step we cloned the P. shigelloides O antigen gene cluster (rfb P.shigelloides O17) into the donor plasmid pDOC-C (, Lee D J, Bingle L E, Heurlier K, Pallen M J, Penn C W, Busby S J, Hobman J L: Gene doctoring: a method for recombineering in laboratory and pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. BMC Microbiol 2009, 9:252).
  • the wbgW gene encoded within this integrated P. shigelloides cluster was deleted from the chromosome by homologous recombination according to the method of Datsenko and Wanner (Datsenko K A, Wanner B L: One-step inactivation of chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli K-12 using PCR products. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97(12):6640-6645). The resulting strain did not produce any anti S. sonnei specific lipid linked polysaccharide any longer, most likely due to the inability of the strain to make a complete disaccharide repeat unit.
  • FIG. 6 Expression of the described genetic system in a shake flask culture for analysis of lipid linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis generated a ladder like banding pattern in western blotting using an anti CPS type 1 specific antiserum ( FIG. 6 ). This shows that the modified LPS biosynthesis pathway was collaborating in recombinant expression of CPS of the type 1 of S. pneumoniae.
  • coli expressing the CPS type 1 lipid linked oligosaccharide was transformed with two inducible plasmids.
  • One plasmid encoded the PglB enzyme, which is repeatedly shown to generally N glycosylate acceptor proteins (encoding a consensus amino acid sequence of the -D/E-x-N-x-S/T- type, in which x cannot be proline).
  • the carrier protein EPA was encoded, which contains two inserted N glycosylation consensus sequences and a His-tag for Ni-affinity chromatography purification. After the glycosylation experiment, the EPA protein was purified and probed with anti his tag antisera ( FIG. 9 , panel A) and anti CPS type 1 antisera ( FIG.
  • CPS4 has a repeat unit structure containing a GalNAc at the reducing end ( FIG. 10 ).
  • the complete structure is:
  • the cluster encoding CPS type 4 from S. pneumoniae encodes all necessary enzymes to synthesize a CPS4 ( FIG. 11 ).
  • UDP-D-FucNAc and UDP-D-ManNAc are made by the proteins MnaA, FnlA, B, and C.
  • the functions of different glycosyltransferases are predicted based on their homologies to other glycosyltransferases with known specificities.
  • WciI is a predicted glycosyl-phosphate transferase and thus responsible for Und-PP-D-GalNAc synthesis
  • WciJ, K, and L are D-ManNAc, L-FucNAc, and D-Gal transferases
  • WciM is a homolog of pyruvate transferases (Jiang S M, Wang L, Reeves P R: Molecular characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 4, 6B, 8, and 18C capsular polysaccharide gene clusters. Infect Immun 2001, 69(3):1244-1255)
  • W3110 ⁇ waaL cells To analyze the effects of the above mentioned plasmids upon expression in E. coli , we transformed W3110 ⁇ waaL cells with pGVXN753 and pGVXN803.
  • W3110 ⁇ waaL encodes the WecA protein that is responsible for the synthesis of Und-PP-D-GlcNAc, but is unable to make Und-PP-D-GalNAc.
  • the latter lipid linked monosaccharide is the expected substrate for the enzymes of the CPS4 cluster which should complete the CPS4 RU.
  • Both genes encode proteins that allow D-GalNAc synthesis in vivo, the former by epimerization of the lipid linked D-GlcNAc (Und-PP-D-GlcNAc ⁇ ->Und-PP-D-GalNAc), and the latter by using the nucleotide activated sugar as substrate (UDP-D-GlcNAc ⁇ ->UDP-D-GalNAc).
  • FIG. 12 shows the results of the analysis.
  • Cells were grown and epimerase expression was induced, and protease resistant biomass was separated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by immunodetection after transfer of glycolipids to nitrocellulose membrane.
  • the results show that whenever pGVXN803 was present in the cells, there was a ladder like signal detected by the anti CPS4 antiserum.
  • pGVXN753 also induced a signal, albeit much weaker than the constructs that contained the transporter genes and wciI. Induction and nature of the epimerase did marginally influence signal strength.
  • the transporter genes are important for efficient production of CPS4 modified LPS in E. coli .
  • coexpression of wciI in presence of pGVX753 can be employed.
  • wciI alone is unable to enhance CPS4 expression to the level observed in presence of the transporter genes (i.e. in W3110 ⁇ waaL containing pGVX803).
  • E. coli SCM6 (Schwarz F, Huang W, Li C, Schulz B L, Lizak C, Palumbo A, Numao S, Neri D, Aebi M, Wang L X: A combined method for producing homogeneous glycoproteins with eukaryotic N-glycosylation. Nat Chem Biol 2010; SCM6 is deleted in wecA, ECA, waaL) and analyzed glycolipids by 2-AB labeling and MS/MS analysis.
  • 2-AB labeling is a method which was developed to isolate, hydrolyze, modify poly- and oligosaccharides and analyze them by HPLC and MS/MS. Cells were grown overnight and were prepared and processed according to an established procedure (US2011/0274720).
  • glycolipids were extracted from the biomass by organic solvents (Chloroform:Methanol:Water 10:10:3) and purified over C18 cartridges; eluates were treated with TFA in water/isopropanol to hydrolyze pyrophosphate bonds and release the glycan part from Und-PP-glycans.
  • the resulting solution was passed over another C18 cartridge to remove lipids.
  • the flow through was dried and the glycans were labeled with 2 aminobenzamide at the reducing end.
  • the resulting labeled glycans were separated by HPLC using a gylcosepN normal phase column and detected by fluorescence (US2011/0274720 A1).
  • FIG. 13 Panel A. Comparison of a chromatogram obtained from SCM6 cells containing or lacking pGVXN803 shows several peaks that are present in the former but lacking the latter. Some of these were analyzed by MS/MS for identification of the glycan identity and sequence. For several peaks it was possible to identify MS/MS patterns that are consistent with the expected CPS4 RU and polymer structures (indicated by arrows). Panel B of FIG. 13 shows the MALDI-MS/MS spectrum from the peak eluted at 53.8 minutes. Fragmentation ion series are consistent with the CPS4 RU modified with pyruvate at the non-reducing hexose.
  • glycolipids from E. coli SCM3 strain, (Faridmoayer A, Fentabil M A, Mills D C, Klassen J S, Feldman M F: Functional characterization of bacterial oligosaccharyltransferases involved in O-linked protein glycosylation. JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY 2007, 189(22):8088-8098) expressing CSP4 and analyzed them as described above ( FIG. 14 ) or directly used glycoplipids for in vitro glycosylation.
  • glycolipids an acceptor peptide containing the N glycosylation consensus sequence, and purified preparation of the oligosaccharyltransferase PglB are mixed (Jervis A J, Butler J A, Lawson A J, Langdon R, Wren B W, Linton D: Characterization of the structurally diverse N-linked glycans of Campylobacter species. JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY 2012, 194(9):2355-2362). Glycopeptides are formed which can be analyzed by a HILIC chromatography followed ( FIG. 15 , panels A and B) by ESI-MS/MS for sequencing of the glycan.
  • coli W3110 ⁇ waaL was transformed with pGVXN539 (expressing EPA carrier protein encoding 2 N glycosylation consensus sequences, (US2011/0274720 A1 and dyx), cloned in pACT3 (GenBank: U51556.1) in which the clmR cassette was replaced by a kanamycin resistance cassette (kanR); pGVXN114 (inducible expression of PglB, US2011/0274720 A1), pGVXN207 (inducible expression of GalE, (Rush J S, Alaimo C, Robbiani R, Wacker M, Waechter C J: A novel epimerase that converts GlcNAc-P-P-undecaprenyl to GalNAc-P-P-undecaprenyl in Escherichia coli O157 .
  • kanR kanamycin resistance cassette
  • Glycoconjugates were further purified by anion exchange chromatography for separation of non- and glycosylated EPA; glycoprotein was then further purified by size exclusion chromatography.
  • the resulting glycoprotein preparation was analyzed for monosaccharide composition using derivatization by 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP, Lv L, Yang X, Zhao Y, Ruan Y, Yang Y, Wang Z: Separation and quantification of component monosaccharides of the tea polysaccharides from Gynostemma pentaphyllum by HPLC with indirect UV detection. Food Chemistry 2009, 112:742-746), which demonstrated that the glycan composition of recombinant glycoconjugate is identical to CPS4 isolated from S. pneumoniae ( FIG. 17 ).
  • OPA opsonophagocytosis assays
  • Table 1 shows the relevant opsonic titers obtained. The results show that glycoconjugates recombinantly made in E. coli are equally well and in some instances even superior to the licensed vaccine comparator in terms of the ability to raise antisera active in the opsonophagocytotic assay.
  • CPS14 polysaccharide is encoded by CPS14 cluster ( FIG. 19 ) in a similar architecture as CPS1 and CPS4.
  • CPS14 consists of polymerized RUs with the following structure ( FIG. 20 ): -1,6-(b-D-Gal-1,4)-b-D-GlcNAc-1,3-b-D-Gal-1,4-b-D-Glc-.
  • CPS14 starts with the addition of phospho-D-Glc to undecaprenyl phosphate (Und-P) by the activity of WchA.
  • WchA was biochemically shown to be a phospho-glycose transferase, with identical activity as the E. coli WcaJ protein encoded by a gene in the colanic acid cluster.
  • WciY is dispensable for CPS14 formation, whereas wchN deletion negatively influences CPS14 yields (Kolkman M A, Wakarchuk W, Nuijten P J, van der Zeijst B A: Capsular polysaccharide synthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14: molecular analysis of the complete cps locus and identification of genes encoding glycosyltransferases required for the biosynthesis of the tetrasaccharide subunit. Mol Microbiol 1997, 26(1):197-208).
  • the CPS14 cluster is special in the sense that there are more functions encoded than minimally required for CPS14 biosynthesis. Most probably, some of the proteins with unassigned functions are auxiliary enzymes supporting biosynthesis of the capsule.
  • part of CPS14 cluster containing the stretch from wchA to wciY was cloned into the pDOC-C replacement plasmid (Lee D J, Bingle L E, Heurlier K, Pallen M J, Penn C W, Busby S J, Hobman J L: Gene doctoring: a method for recombineering in laboratory and pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. BMC Microbiol 2009, 9:252), designated for integration of CPS14 into E. coli colanic acid cluster (pGVXN710). Integration of CPS14 was completed in several E.
  • coli strains including GVXN1052 (W3110), GVXN1128 (W3110 AwaaL) and GVXN1716 (W3110 ⁇ waaL ⁇ wecA-wzzE) as described above. It has been shown that colanic acid genes are not expressed in E. coli under normal condition, and their expression is controlled by a complex network of regulators. It was identified that transcription of the colanic acid requires RcsA, a positive regulator (Ebel W, Trempy J E. J Bacteriol. 1999; 181(2):577-84). Immunoblot analysis of proteinase K digested E.
  • coli strains in which the colanic acid cluster was replaced by the CPS14 cluster harboring a plasmid for expression of RcsA showed a ladder-like pattern detected by CPS14 antiserum which was used for serotyping of clinical CPS14 isolates; this pattern was not detectable in the absence of RcsA (see FIG. 22 ).
  • This result demonstrates that colanic acid is a sutitable target location to integrate polysaccharide biosynthetic pathways and that the expression of heterologous polysaccharide is tightly controlled by the E. coli RcsA protein.
  • GVX6129 W3110 ⁇ waaL CA::CPS14
  • pGVXN688 rcsA
  • Glycolipids were analyzed by 2-AB labeling and MS/MS analysis as described above. MS/MS analysis identified 2 and 3 subunits of CPS14, eluted at 95.9 min and 115.3, respectively (see FIG. 24 ).
  • wzg to wze of the S. pneumoniae CPS14 cluster, containing the transporter genes was cloned into a low copy number plasmid with IPTG inducible promoter (pGVX 72) to form pGVX1497.
  • the plasmid was transformed into E. coli strain GVX6126 ( E. coli W3110 CA::CPS14), from which the wchA to wciY portion of the CPS14 cluster had been integrated into colanic acid E. coli .
  • GVX6126 was transformed with pGVX72 or pGVX1497 and cultured, with induction of transporter gene expression using 0.01 mM IPTG.
  • E. coli cells were harvested after over night incubation and digested with proteinase K, and a protease resistant biomass was separated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by immunodetection after transfer of glycolipids to nitrocellulose membrane.
  • the results show that in the presence of pGVXN1497 (expressing wzg-wzh-wzd-wze), a high molecular weight ladder like signal was detected by the anti CPS14 antiserum (see FIG. 23 . Lane 3), and when pGVXN1497 was replaced with an empty vector (pGVX72), the ladder size was significantly reduced (see FIG. 23 . Lane 2). This demonstrates a supporting requirement of transporter genes for the production of CPS.
  • the gtrABS operon is involved in the synthesis of glucose on Und-P, a cellular compound which is very similar to the native initiator step for CPS14 (synthetized by wchA), Und-PP.
  • the gtrABS operon contains genes that encode enzymes involved in assembly of glucose on the Und-P in the cytoplasm, flipping of the glycolipid into the periplasm, and a glucosyltransferase which uses Und-P-glucose as a donor to transfer the glucose residue onto the reducing end GlcNAc of O16 subunit in the E. coli W3110.
  • an enzyme that only makes Und-PP-glucose as the initiator glucose can be used.
  • the Und-P-glucose production pathway can be deleted. In this way, all CPS is linked to Und by a pyrophosphate linkage and thus available for glycosylation.
  • a plasmid containing the wcaJ gene may well be transformed into E. coli strains containing CPS14 but lacking WchA and WcaJ (e.g. W3110 ⁇ waaL ⁇ rfbO16::CPS14-clmR ⁇ wchA ⁇ gtrABS).
  • W3110 ⁇ waaL ⁇ rfbO16::CPS14-clmR ⁇ wchA ⁇ gtrABS e.g. W3110 ⁇ waaL ⁇ rfbO16::CPS14-clmR ⁇ wchA ⁇ gtrABS.
  • the sugar production can be analysed in these strains. Based on these results, the optimum combination of genes for production of maximum amount of CPS14 linked to Und-PP could be determined and used to transform E. coli generating the optimal production strain.
  • this novel E. coli strain with superior sugar production could be ideal to enrich the production of glycosylated proteins, both N and
  • glycoconjugate vaccines were immunized on day 0, day 21 and day 42 with the indicated glycoconjugate vaccines (note, the stated amount in ⁇ g refers to the amount of polysaccharide/injection) via the sub- cutaneous route.
  • the glycoconjugate vaccines were either adjuvanted with 0.12% A1 3+ for all three immunizations or with Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) for the prime immunization (d 0) and Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA) for the two boost immunizations (d 21 and d 42).
  • FCA Freund's Complete Adjuvant
  • FIA Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant
  • Prevnar-13 was used according to the manufactures instructions and one human dose (corresponds to 2.2 ⁇ g CPS4 polysaccharide) was injected per immunization. Animals were sacrificed at day 56 and obtained serum was analysed for neutralizing activity in an opsonophagocytosis killing assay (OPK).
  • OPK opsonophagocytosis killing assay

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