US20150225901A1 - Method of producing dissolving pulp, dissolving pulp and use of method - Google Patents

Method of producing dissolving pulp, dissolving pulp and use of method Download PDF

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Publication number
US20150225901A1
US20150225901A1 US14/428,377 US201314428377A US2015225901A1 US 20150225901 A1 US20150225901 A1 US 20150225901A1 US 201314428377 A US201314428377 A US 201314428377A US 2015225901 A1 US2015225901 A1 US 2015225901A1
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Prior art keywords
fibres
content
pulp
lignin
recycled
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Inventor
Sari Asikainen
Marjo Määttänen
Ali Harlin
Kyösti Valta
Eino Sivonen
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Infinited Fiber Co Oy
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Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus
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Assigned to TEKNOLOGIAN TUTKIMUSKESKUS VTT OY reassignment TEKNOLOGIAN TUTKIMUSKESKUS VTT OY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SIVONEN, EINO, HARLIN, ALI, ASIKAINEN, Sari, MÄÄTTÄNEN, Marjo, VALTA, Kyösti
Publication of US20150225901A1 publication Critical patent/US20150225901A1/en
Assigned to INFINITED FIBER COMPANY OY reassignment INFINITED FIBER COMPANY OY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TEKNOLOGIAN TUTKIMUSKESKUS VTT OY
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
    • D21C9/001—Modification of pulp properties
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C3/00—Pulping cellulose-containing materials
    • D21C3/02—Pulping cellulose-containing materials with inorganic bases or alkaline reacting compounds, e.g. sulfate processes
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
    • D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
    • D21H21/32—Bleaching agents
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C11/00—Regeneration of pulp liquors or effluent waste waters
    • D21C11/0007—Recovery of by-products, i.e. compounds other than those necessary for pulping, for multiple uses or not otherwise provided for
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C5/00—Other processes for obtaining cellulose, e.g. cooking cotton linters ; Processes characterised by the choice of cellulose-containing starting materials
    • D21C5/005—Treatment of cellulose-containing material with microorganisms or enzymes
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C5/00—Other processes for obtaining cellulose, e.g. cooking cotton linters ; Processes characterised by the choice of cellulose-containing starting materials
    • D21C5/02—Working-up waste paper
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
    • D21C9/001—Modification of pulp properties
    • D21C9/002—Modification of pulp properties by chemical means; preparation of dewatered pulp, e.g. in sheet or bulk form, containing special additives
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
    • D21C9/10—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor
    • D21C9/12—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor with halogens or halogen-containing compounds
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
    • D21C9/10—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor
    • D21C9/12—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor with halogens or halogen-containing compounds
    • D21C9/14—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor with halogens or halogen-containing compounds with ClO2 or chlorites
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
    • D21C9/10—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor
    • D21C9/147—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor with oxygen or its allotropic modifications
    • D21C9/153—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor with oxygen or its allotropic modifications with ozone
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
    • D21C9/10—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor
    • D21C9/16—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor with per compounds
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
    • D21C9/10—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor
    • D21C9/16—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor with per compounds
    • D21C9/163—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor with per compounds with peroxides
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
    • D21C9/10—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor
    • D21C9/16—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor with per compounds
    • D21C9/166—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor with per compounds with peracids
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H11/00—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only
    • D21H11/14—Secondary fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H11/00—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only
    • D21H11/16—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only modified by a particular after-treatment
    • D21H11/20—Chemically or biochemically modified fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F2/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of cellulose or cellulose derivatives; Manufacture thereof
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C5/00—Other processes for obtaining cellulose, e.g. cooking cotton linters ; Processes characterised by the choice of cellulose-containing starting materials
    • D21C5/02—Working-up waste paper
    • D21C5/025—De-inking
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/64—Paper recycling

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to dissolving pulps.
  • the invention concerns a method of producing dissolving pulps according to the preamble of claim 1 .
  • a cellulosic feedstock is subjected, optionally after a pretreatment step which comprises reducing the content of lignin or hemicelluloses or both, to cold alkaline extraction.
  • the present invention also relates to uses of the method.
  • dissolving pulps are produced directly from wood raw-materials by suitable cooking methods which are particularly tailored for making dissolving pulps.
  • suitable cooking methods which are particularly tailored for making dissolving pulps.
  • various approaches for converting industrial paper pulps into dissolving pulp e.g. extraction with alkaline agents and optionally enzymatic treatments with hemicellulases to remove hemicelluloses, such as xylan, from the pulps.
  • Hyatt, J., Fengel, R., Edgar, J. & Alvarez, M. Process for the co-production of dissolving-grade pulp and xylan and International Patent Application No. WO 9816682.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,254,722 discloses a method of producing dissolving pulps from cellulosic fibers, more particularly from recycled waste paper formed by envelope clippings and ledger papers, wherein the fibre source is subjected to an extraction with aqueous sodium hydroxide in order to remove or degrade hemicelluloses at a temperature of about 23° C.
  • the method is based on a specific kind of cellulosic, in practice lignin-free raw-material which is not particularly abundant.
  • WO 2010/104458 is directed to a process for combining the production of cellulosic fiber products from virgin lignocellulosic fibres such as wood and straw in a kraft, sulfite or soda AQ pulp mill with a process for dissolving cellulose using a new solvent system wherein at least a part of the spent cellulose solvent chemicals are recovered in one or more unit operations in the pulp mill chemical recovery cycle.
  • EP 0 637 351 discloses the preparation of a variety of wood-free and white paper products from recyclable paper and card products having low lignin content.
  • the present invention is based on the concept of using as a cellulosic feedstock for the production of dissolving pulps or similar fibrous products, which are capable of being subjected to dissolution with dissolving reagents, recycled or circulated papers or cardboards which contain cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses.
  • the recycled or circulated papers or cardboards may also contain fillers, metals, fines and other impurities.
  • Such a feedstock is modified, if necessary, to provide a fibrous raw-material having a low to modest lignin content and a low ash content.
  • the fibrous raw-material is then subjected to cold alkaline extraction to reduce hemicelluloses concentration, and to a bleaching treatment with an oxidative chemical reagent to reduce lignin content, and the fibrous material thus obtained is recovered as pulp.
  • the method can be used for preparing pulp for the production of regenerated cellulosic fibres, films and foams, impregnated fiber products, and for the production of cellulosic derivatives, and for the production of nanocellulosic products.
  • Particularly interesting applications are in the field of production of regenerated cellulosic products by the viscose process, NMMO process, enzymatic processes and the carbamate process.
  • the method of the present invention in mainly characterized by what is stated in the characterizing portion of claim 1 .
  • the present invention which utilizes recycled fibers for preparing dissolving pulps represents an important step toward a more sustainable and non-polluting textile industry.
  • the present invention provides for the manufacture for other products than e.g. paper, cardboard and similar traditional products which are prepared from the instant raw-materials.
  • the cellulose material of the used fibres can be recovered and subjected to chemical modification to provide cellulose chemicals or regenerated fibre. These targets place high demands on the quality of the cellulose.
  • recycled fibres which exhibit mechanical properties which are weakened and which typically contain substances and impurities and dirt which are difficult to remove.
  • dispersion of recycled fibres aims at decomposing printing ink and sticky compounds and other impurities to smaller compounds and to remove them from the fibres to allow for removal from the fibrous pulp at a later stage.
  • FIG. 1 shows the process scheme for an embodiment of a method of preparing dissolving pulp from deinked fine paper according to the present technology
  • FIG. 2 shows the corresponding process scheme for an embodiment of a method, according to the present technology, of preparing dissolving pulp from cardboard;
  • FIG. 3 shows schematically a spinning line consisting of three godet rolls, one stretching bath with hot demineralised water, two washing baths with cold demineralised water and a fibre collector.
  • the present method of producing dissolving pulp from a recycled fibrous feedstock comprises in combination the following steps:
  • the recycled fibrous feedstock is selected from recycled paper and recycled cardboard products and combinations thereof which comprise at least 1%, typically at least 5%, and in particular about 7 to 50%, by weight of lignocellulosic fibre materials.
  • suitable feedstock materials are the following: office papers and other fine papers which typically are uncoated, envelopes papers, single layered or multilayered cardboards, fluting and liner sheets of corrugated boards, and folding box boards.
  • the recycled papers are selected from office papers, and the recycled cardboard products are selected from liner clippings.
  • the recycled paper or cardboard product can be deinked in conventional manner before further processing.
  • the fibrous material typically comprises at least 50% by weight of cellulosic fibres.
  • the fibres can consist of up to 100% by weight of cellulose (woodfree) fibres.
  • the fibres of the fibrous material are formed by mixtures of fibres obtained from chemical and mechanical pulping.
  • the fibrous material comprises 50 to 95% by weight of fibres of chemical pulping and 5 to 50% by weight of fibres of mechanical pulping.
  • the fibres of the mechanical pulping are generally rich in lignin, the concentration of which may be up to 20% by weight of the dry fibres.
  • the cellulosic fibres of the fibrous material can be derived from deciduous tree, coniferous tree or combinations thereof.
  • deciduous tree species include birch, aspen and other species of the Populus genus, alder, eucalyptus, mixed tropical wood and mixtures of the above mentioned species.
  • coniferous tree species include spruce and pine and mixtures thereof.
  • the fibre source consists of fibres derived from deciduous tree.
  • the fibrous material comprises the recycled fibrous feedstock as such.
  • the fibrous feedstock comprises recycled paper or recycled cardboard products or combinations thereof having an original ash content of up to 10% or more, for example up to 20%, which have been subjected to pretreatment for reducing the ash content to less than about 3, in order to provide said fibrous material.
  • the feedstock can be subjected to a mechanical or chemical operation, for example by fine classification or sieving, to lower the content from about 10 to 20% to 3% or less.
  • the fibrous feedstock comprises recycled paper or recycled cardboard products or combinations thereof having an original lignin content of up to 20% by weight, which is subjected to chemical delignification for reducing the lignin content to less than 10% by weight, in particular less than 5% by weight, in order to provide said fibrous material.
  • the pre-processing can be effected for example by an alkaline treatment using hydroxide or carbonate compounds, such as alkali metal or earth alkaline metal hydroxides or carbonates or combinations thereof.
  • the delignification can be carried out by kraft pulping, soda pulping typically or oxygen delignification, preferably at an increased temperature (of 50-200° C.).
  • the kraft pulping or soda pulping are typically carried out about 140-180° C. and the oxygen delignification at 80-120° C.
  • the fibrous feedstock is first subjected to a preliminary step involving removal of impurities, washing or, in particular, deinking or pulping, for example for removing polymer films or coatings.
  • This embodiment is applicable to printed matter made of paper and cardboard, alike.
  • the fibrous material obtained comprising the recycled feedstock or comprising the recycled feedstock which has been treated as explained above for reducing the ash and lignin content, is subjected to alkaline extraction (cold alkali extraction).
  • the cold alkali treatment is carried out by mixing the fibrous material with an alkali solution, for example with a concentrated alkali solution, so as to obtain a mixture containing from about 50 and up to 200 g/l, in particular 50 to 150 g/l of the alkali.
  • the solution is allowed to be absorbed into the fibrous material at a temperature of 0 to 40° C., preferably 10-25° C.
  • the alkali dissolve hemicelluloses from the fibrous material and the hemicellulose containing solution is separated from the fibrous material and separately recovered.
  • the obtained fibrous mass can be used as such as a dissolving pulp.
  • the fibres recovered after bleaching are subjected to a chemical treatment for increasing accessibility of the cellulosic fibres, which treatment is preferably carried out with an enzyme selected from the group of endoglucanases, or with hypochlorite.
  • the recovered fibres optionally after a chemical treatment for increasing accessibility of the cellulosic fibres, are subjected in an aqueous slurry to acid treatment, whereby the pH of the slurry is less than 3.5.
  • FIG. 1 depicts a specific embodiment of a method for preparing dissolving pulp from deinked fine paper.
  • the first stage shown in the drawing is designated “Super DDJ filtration”.
  • the aim of this stage is to remove inorganic impurities (decreasing ash content) from the pulp.
  • the second stage is the cold caustic extraction stage (CCE).
  • CCE cold caustic extraction stage
  • hemicelluloses, especially xylan are removed.
  • the treatment of the deinked fine paper is continued by three-stage bleaching sequence, (DEpD) for removing residual lignin and to increase the pulp brightness and purity.
  • DEpD three-stage bleaching sequence
  • EG endoglucanase
  • the targets of this stage are to increase the pulp reactivity and to adjust the viscosity (or degree of polymerisation).
  • the final, fifth step is acid washing (A).
  • the objective of this stage is the removal of metals from the pulp.
  • FIG. 2 shows the treatment stages of cardboard.
  • the first stage of the preparation of dissolving pulp from the cardboard is Super DDJ filtration.
  • the aim of this stage is to remove inorganic impurities (decreasing ash content).
  • the second stage in the process is an alkaline soda cooking. This stage removes lignin and hemicelluloses. Processing is then continued with cold caustic extraction stage (CCE).
  • CCE cold caustic extraction stage
  • the objective of this stage is to remove hemicelluloses, especially xylan.
  • the treatment of cardboard is continued by three-stage bleaching sequence, (DEpD) for removing the residual lignin and to increase the pulp brightness and purity. After bleaching, preparation is continued by enzymatic treatment with endoglucanase (EG).
  • the obtained pulp is acid washed (A) in order to remove metals. Typically acid wash is carried out at a pH of below 3.
  • fibres are recovered which exhibit at least one of the following properties:
  • the fibres exhibit a hemicellulose content of 0.1 up to 10% by weight.
  • a method as discussed above produces a dissolving pulp which can be used in the production of regenerated cellulosic fibres, films and foams, impregnated fiber products, and for the production of cellulosic derivatives, and for the production of nanocellulosic products.
  • the pulp can be used for the production of regenerated cellulosic products for example by regeneration processes selected from the group of viscose process, NMMO process, enzymatic processes and the carbamate process.
  • the method and the pulp can be used for the production of regenerated cellulosic products by carbamate process of a mechanochemical solvent free dry technique.
  • a mechanochemical solvent free dry technique See U.S. Pat. No. 7,662,953 and U.S. Pat. No. 8,066,903, the contents of which is herewith incorporated by reference.
  • the fibre raw material used in Example 1 was deinked fine paper and that in Example 2 was recycled cardboard.
  • the detailed fibre compositions of the raw materials are presented in Table 1.
  • the deinked fine paper had the following fibre composition: about 90% of wood free pulp fibres and 10% of wood containing pulp fibres.
  • the composition ratio wood free pulp fibres to wood containing pulp fibres was about 70:30.
  • the polysaccharide composition i.e. content of cellulose, xylan and glucomannan, was calculated based on Janson's method /1/.
  • the fine paper was supposed to consist of 64% of chemical hardwood fibres (birch) and 36% of chemical softwood fibres (pine).
  • the composition of the cardboard was supposed to be 59% of chemical hardwood fibres and 41% of chemical softwood fibres.
  • R18 analysis was used to measure alkali resistance of the pulp. It tells the amount of fibre material which does not dissolve to 18% NaOH solution at room temperature during one hour.
  • the Fock method was used to describe the reactivity of dissolving pulp /2/.
  • pulp is dissolved in an excess of NaOH and CS 2 .
  • Cellulose xanthate is formed and a certain amount of the xanthate is thereafter regenerated. Finally the cellulose yield was determined.
  • the produced dissolving pulps were dissolved using carbamate treatment. After the carbamate treatment the wet spinning was performed. Table 5 shows the methods used in analysing the carbamated pulps and carbamate solutions. Table 6 shows the methods used for analysing the wet spun fibres.
  • the wet spun fibres were tested as follows: The fibres were conditioned at a relative humidity of 65 and temperature of 20° C. for at least 24 h. The mechanical properties were determined as an average of 20 measurements according to the ISO 1973 and ISO 5079 standards using a Vibroskop and Vibrodyn testing machines (Lenzing AG). The tests included titre, tenacity, elongation, Young's modulus at 1% elongation and work of rupture. The rate of elongation was 20 mm min-1 and the gauge length 20 mm.
  • the treatment stages of the deinked fine paper are presented in FIG. 1 .
  • the first stage of the preparation of dissolving pulp from deinked fine paper was Super DDJ filtration.
  • the aim of this stage was to remove inorganic impurities (decreasing ash content) from the pulp.
  • Raw material was diluted (about 0.5-1% consistency) and filtrated using a tank with a 200-mesh wire and a mixer. This procedure was repeated eight times. Ash content decreased from 2.0% to 0.6%.
  • the second stage was cold caustic extraction stage (CCE).
  • CCE cold caustic extraction stage
  • the objective of this stage was the removal of hemicelluloses, especially Xylan.
  • Extraction stage was carried out at room temperature using 70 g NaOH/l alkali concentration and 10% consistency for one hour. After CCE stage pulp was washed five times by diluting it to 5% consistency with cold deionised water and dewatering it to about 15% consistency. After that the pulp was diluted to 4% consistency and pH was adjusted to 7. The next day the pulp was dewatered to 25-30% consistency.
  • the treatment of the deinked fine paper was continued by three-stage bleaching sequence, (DEpD).
  • the target of the bleaching was to remove the residual lignin and to increase the pulp brightness and purity. Bleaching conditions are shown in Table 6.
  • preheated pulp was added to the reactor first and after that water and acid or alkali (for pH adjustment). After mixing pH was measured, and chlorine dioxide was charged into the reactor, and the cover of the reactor was closed immediately. During the reaction time the pulp was mixed. After the reaction time, final pH was measured from the pulp in the reaction temperature. The residual chlorine content of the bleaching filtrate was determined. The pulp was diluted and washed in a standard way.
  • the next step was acid washing (A).
  • the objective of this stage was the removal of metals from the pulp.
  • Acid wash was carried out at pH 2.5, room temperature and in 2.5% consistency.
  • Sulphur acid was used for pH adjustment.
  • the pulp was diluted and washed in a standard way.
  • the last preparation stage was drying of the pulp. Drying was carried out over night in an oven having temperature of about 40° C.
  • the first stage of the preparation of dissolving pulp from the cardboard was Super DDJ filtration.
  • the aim of this stage was to remove inorganic impurities (decreasing ash content).
  • Raw material was diluted (about 0.5-1% consistency) and filtrated using a tank with a 200-mesh wire and a mixer. This was repeated eight times. Ash content decreased from 7.9% to 1.4%.
  • the second stage was alkaline soda cooking.
  • the target of this stage was the removal of lignin and hemicelluloses.
  • Cooking conditions were as follows: NaOH charge 20%, cooking temperature 165° C., H factor 1000 and liquor to wood ratio 6. After cooking stage pulp was washed and then the delignification was continued with oxygen delignification stage. Process conditions were as follows: 12% consistency, 100° C. temperature, 4% NaOH charge, 13.5 bar oxygen pressure and 95 minutes reaction time. After the oxygen delignification the pulp was washed.
  • CCE cold caustic extraction stage
  • the objective of this stage was to remove hemicelluloses, especially Xylan.
  • Extraction stage was carried out at room temperature using 70 g NaOH/ 1 alkali concentration and 10% consistency for one hour.
  • CCE stage the pulp was washed five times by diluting it to 5% consistency with cold deionised water and dewatering it to about 15% consistency. After that the pulp was diluted to 4% consistency and pH was adjusted to 7. The next day the pulp was dewatered to 25-30% consistency.
  • the treatment of card board was continued by three-stage bleaching sequence, (DEpD).
  • the target of the bleaching was to remove the residual lignin and to increase the pulp brightness and purity. Bleaching conditions are shown in Table 9.
  • preheated pulp was added to the reactor first and after that water and acid or alkali (for pH adjustment). After mixing pH was measured, and chlorine dioxide was charged into the reactor, and the cover of the reactor was closed immediately. During the reaction time the pulp was mixed. After the reaction time, final pH was measured from the pulp in the reaction temperature. The residual chlorine content of the bleaching filtrate was determined. The pulp was diluted and washed in a standard way.
  • the obtained dissolving pulps (Example 1 and 2) were treated using carbamate method /5, 7/. In this method is first prepared carbamate cellulose which is then dissolved in NaOH-solution which is finally spinned and regenerated into fibres. The carbamation synthesis is done in dry state with urea. The urea feed is 20% calculated from dry pulp. Dissolving is performed in two steps, first by moistening cellulose carbamate pulp with a dilute alkaline solution, as cold as possible, to the pulp under intensive stirring. The technique utilizes the low freezing point of the aqueous NaOH solution at the concentration of 18%, wherein the freezing point is below ⁇ 20° C., and the intensive stirring function of the dissolve mixer device during the dosage. It is possible to prepare solutions of high quality and having high dry matter content in a mixing time of a few minutes only.
  • Table 12 indicates the characteristics of pulps after of the carbamate reaction.
  • DP Degree of polymerization
  • the optimal DP level and cellulose content must be found separately in each case.
  • the desired DP level is in the range from 200 to 400.
  • N % the nitrogen content of the solution indicates the degree of substitution. The degree of substitution refers to the average number of substituent attached to one glucose unit.
  • the fibres were spun using a laboratory wet spinning machine /6/.
  • the spin dope was pushed from a sealed reservoir to a gear pump by nitrogen gas.
  • the spinning head with one spinneret was immersed in a vertical spin bath tank.
  • the spinneret used had 100-250 orifices of 45-51 lm and was made of a gold/platinum material.
  • the spinning line consisted of three godet rolls, one stretching bath with hot demineralised water, two washing baths with cold demineralised water and a fibre collector ( FIG. 3 ).
  • a solution of sodium lauryl sulphate (0.1%) was used to lubricate the godet rolls I, II, III during spinning.
  • Table 13 shows the common processing and material parameters for the laboratory wet spinning trials.
  • Table 14 shows the processing stretch ratio, fibre titre and mechanical properties of the fibres obtained in wet spinning
  • the process of the present technology comprises in a preferred embodiment a stage for removing inorganic impurities, a cold caustic extraction stage for the xylan extraction, bleaching with oxidative chemicals for delignification and to increase the pulp brightness and purity, a stage to increase the reactivity of pulps and to adjust pulp viscosity (or degree of polymerisation), and finally acid washing for metals removal.
  • a stage for removing inorganic impurities e.g., a cold caustic extraction stage for the xylan extraction
  • bleaching with oxidative chemicals for delignification and to increase the pulp brightness and purity e.g., a stage to increase the reactivity of pulps and to adjust pulp viscosity (or degree of polymerisation)
  • acid washing for metals removal e.g., acid washing for metals removal.
  • the dissolving pulps thus obtained have very good mechanical properties. During testing it has been found that the tenacity of fibers is approximately the same as for native dissolved reference cellulose made from commercial dissolving pulp and approximately the same as for existing commercial viscose nonwoven fibers. “Approximately” stands for a variation of max. ⁇ 10%.
  • a particular use for the dissolving pulps prepared from recycled fibers is as a raw-material for the carbamate process.
  • the present invention achieves considerable advantages. It has surprisingly been found that by means of the present invention recycled fibres, even mechanically degraded and weakened fibres, selected from but not limited to recycled or circulated papers or cardboards containing cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses, further containing fillers, metals, fines and other impurities that are typically difficult to remove, serve well as raw material for dissolving pulps. Based on the examples given, dissolving pulps produced by the present technology have properties comparable with or even superior to the commercial reference pulps used for reference.

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