US20150166779A1 - Heat-resistant polyolefin compositions suitable for films - Google Patents

Heat-resistant polyolefin compositions suitable for films Download PDF

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US20150166779A1
US20150166779A1 US14/406,966 US201314406966A US2015166779A1 US 20150166779 A1 US20150166779 A1 US 20150166779A1 US 201314406966 A US201314406966 A US 201314406966A US 2015166779 A1 US2015166779 A1 US 2015166779A1
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ethylene
weight percent
formulations
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Charles F. Diehl
Andy C. Chang
Ashish Batra
Suzanne M. Guerra
Jill M. Martin
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Dow Global Technologies LLC
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Dow Global Technologies LLC
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08L23/16—Elastomeric ethene-propene or ethene-propene-diene copolymers, e.g. EPR and EPDM rubbers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08L23/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
    • C08L23/08—Copolymers of ethene
    • C08L23/0807—Copolymers of ethene with unsaturated hydrocarbons only containing more than three carbon atoms
    • C08L23/0815—Copolymers of ethene with aliphatic 1-olefins
    • C08K3/0033—
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/01—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients characterized by their specific function
    • C08K3/013—Fillers, pigments or reinforcing additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
    • C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/0008—Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K5/01 - C08K5/59
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
    • C08L23/14—Copolymers of propene
    • C08L23/142—Copolymers of propene at least partially crystalline copolymers of propene with other olefins
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L51/00—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L51/06—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers grafted on to homopolymers or copolymers of aliphatic hydrocarbons containing only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L2201/00—Properties
    • C08L2201/02—Flame or fire retardant/resistant
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L2201/00—Properties
    • C08L2201/08—Stabilised against heat, light or radiation or oxydation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L2203/00—Applications
    • C08L2203/16—Applications used for films
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L2207/00—Properties characterising the ingredient of the composition
    • C08L2207/06—Properties of polyethylene
    • C08L2207/066—LDPE (radical process)

Definitions

  • This invention relates to improved polyolefin compositions which are heat-resistant and often suitable for films.
  • Polyvinyl chloride is a widely used thermoplastic polymer. It is often used in applications requiring a conformable and/or flame resistant formulation. Such applications include tapes suitable for, for example, signage, drapes, and bandages.
  • PVC-based formulations often result in fogging and release HCl when they burn. The released HCl fumes and the breakdown of the HCl fumes may pose a health hazard.
  • f-PVC flexible polyvinyl chloride
  • current practice is to formulate with phthalates which are associated with potential health risks.
  • polyvinyl chloride production typically requires a vinyl chloride starting material. The vinyl chloride production, as well as incineration of waste PVC may create harmful dioxins. Accordingly, compositions are needed that have characteristics of PVC-based formulations yet lack PVC and its inherent disadvantages.
  • compositions have been discovered that are capable of replacing PVC-based formulations and are often suitable for, for example, films.
  • inventive compositions comprise: (1) a polymer selected from the group consisting of: (A) an ethylene/ ⁇ -olefin multiblock interpolymer; (B) a propylene based plastomer or elastomer; and (C) a mixture of (A) and (B); (2) from about 1 to about 75 weight percent filler based on the weight of the composition; and (3) an effective amount of tackifier.
  • the ethylene/ ⁇ -olefin multiblock interpolymers are characterized before any crosslinking by one or more of the following characteristics:
  • T m > ⁇ 6553.3+13735(d)-7051.7(d) 2 ;
  • the CRYSTAF peak is determined using at least 5 percent of the cumulative polymer, and if less than 5 percent of the polymer has an identifiable CRYSTAF peak, then the CRYSTAF temperature is 30° C.; or
  • (6) has a molecular fraction which elutes between 40° C. and 130° C. when fractionated using TREF, characterized in that the fraction has a molar comonomer content greater than, or equal to, the quantity ( ⁇ 0.2013) T+20.07, more preferably greater than or equal to the quantity ( ⁇ 0.2013) T+21.07, where T is the numerical value of the peak elution temperature of the TREF fraction, measured in ° C.; or
  • the ethylene/ ⁇ -olefin multiblock interpolymer characteristics (1) through (7) above are given with respect to the ethylene/ ⁇ -olefin interpolymer before any significant crosslinking, i.e., before crosslinking.
  • the ethylene/ ⁇ -olefin interpolymers useful in the present invention may or may not be crosslinked depending upon the desired properties.
  • characteristics (1) through (7) as measured before crosslinking is not meant to suggest that the interpolymer is required or not required to be crosslinked—only that the characteristic is measured with respect to the interpolymer without significant crosslinking.
  • Crosslinking may or may not change each of these properties depending upon the specific polymer and degree of crosslinking
  • FIG. 1 shows retained load (fraction) over 5 minutes on applying 100% strain for control f-PVC and formulations A-D tapes of Example 1.
  • FIG. 2 shows recovery on removing the strain for f-PVC control and formulations A-D of Example 1.
  • FIG. 3 shows stress-strain curve for inventive formulations A-D and f-PVC control of Example 1.
  • FIG. 4 shows 25% Hysteresis for f-PVC and for formulations A through D of Example 1.
  • FIG. 5 shows stress-strain curve for inventive flame resistance formulations 1-4 of Example 2.
  • FIG. 6 shows retained load (fraction) over 5 minutes on applying 100% strain for formulations 1-4 of Example 2.
  • FIG. 7 shows recovery on removing the strain for formulations 1-4 of Example 2.
  • FIG. 8 shows 25% Hysteresis for formulations 1 through 4 of Example 2.
  • FIG. 9 compares the melt strength of formulations 1 and 2 of Example 2 and formulations 5-10 of Example 3.
  • FIG. 10 shows stress-strain curve for flame resistance formulations of Example 5.
  • FIG. 11 shows recovery on removing the strain for formulations of Example 5.
  • FIG. 12 shows recovery on removing the strain for formulations of Example 5.
  • FIG. 13 shows tan ⁇ vs. temperature for formulations of Example 5 that vary the amount of tackifier.
  • Polymer means a polymeric compound prepared by polymerizing monomers, whether of the same or a different type.
  • the generic term “polymer” embraces the terms “homopolymer,” “copolymer,” “terpolymer” as well as “interpolymer.”
  • Interpolymer means a polymer prepared by the polymerization of at least two different types of monomers.
  • the generic term “interpolymer” includes the term “copolymer” (which is usually employed to refer to a polymer prepared from two different monomers) as well as the term “terpolymer” (which is usually employed to refer to a polymer prepared from three different types of monomers). It also encompasses polymers made by polymerizing four or more types of monomers.
  • composition includes a mixture of materials which comprise the composition, as well as reaction products and decomposition products formed from the ingredients or materials of the composition. Specifically included within the compositions of the present invention are grafted or coupled compositions wherein an initiator or coupling agent reacts with at least a portion of one or more polymers and/or at least a portion of one or more fillers.
  • compositions of the present invention typically comprise (1) a polymer selected from the group consisting of: (A) an olefin block copolymer; (B) a propylene based plastomer or elastomer; and (C) a mixture of (A) and (B); (2) from about 0, preferably from about 1 weight percent to about 75 weight percent filler based on the weight of the composition; and (3) an effective amount of tackifier.
  • olefin block copolymer or “OBC” means an ethylene/ ⁇ -olefin multi-block copolymer and includes ethylene and one or more copolymerizable ⁇ -olefin comonomer in polymerized form, characterized by multiple blocks or segments of two or more polymerized monomer units differing in chemical or physical properties.
  • interpolymer and “copolymer” are used interchangeably herein. When referring to amounts of “ethylene” or “comonomer” in the copolymer, it is understood that this means polymerized units thereof.
  • the multi-block copolymer can be represented by the following formula:
  • n is at least 1, preferably an integer greater than 1, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or higher
  • A represents a hard block or segment and “B” represents a soft block or segment.
  • As and Bs are linked in a substantially linear fashion, as opposed to a substantially branched or substantially star-shaped fashion.
  • a blocks and B blocks are randomly distributed along the polymer chain.
  • the block copolymers usually do not have a structure as follows.
  • the block copolymers do not usually have a third type of block, which comprises different comonomer(s).
  • each of block A and block B has monomers or comonomers substantially randomly distributed within the block.
  • neither block A nor block B comprises two or more sub-segments (or sub-blocks) of distinct composition, such as a tip segment, which has a substantially different composition than the rest of the block.
  • ethylene comprises the majority mole fraction of the whole block copolymer, i.e., ethylene comprises at least 50 mole percent of the whole polymer. More preferably ethylene comprises at least 60 mole percent, at least 70 mole percent, or at least 80 mole percent, with the substantial remainder of the whole polymer comprising at least one other comonomer that is preferably an ⁇ -olefin having 3 or more carbon atoms.
  • the olefin block copolymer may comprise 50 mol % to 90 mol % ethylene, preferably 60 mol % to 85 mol %, more preferably 65 mol % to 80 mol %.
  • the preferred composition comprises an ethylene content greater than 80 mole percent of the whole polymer and an octene content of from 10 to 15, preferably from 15 to 20 mole percent of the whole polymer.
  • the olefin block copolymer includes various amounts of “hard” and “soft” segments.
  • “Hard” segments are blocks of polymerized units in which ethylene is present in an amount greater than 95 weight percent, or greater than 98 weight percent based on the weight of the polymer, up to 100 weight percent.
  • the comonomer content (content of monomers other than ethylene) in the hard segments is less than 5 weight percent, or less than 2 weight percent based on the weight of the polymer, and can be as low as zero.
  • the hard segments include all, or substantially all, units derived from ethylene.
  • Soft segments are blocks of polymerized units in which the comonomer content (content of monomers other than ethylene) is greater than 5 weight percent, or greater than 8 weight percent, greater than 10 weight percent, or greater than 15 weight percent based on the weight of the polymer.
  • the comonomer content in the soft segments can be greater than 20 weight percent, greater than 25 weight percent, greater than 30 weight percent, greater than 35 weight percent, greater than 40 weight percent, greater than 45 weight percent, greater than 50 weight percent, or greater than 60 weight percent and can be up to 100 weight percent.
  • the soft segments can be present in an OBC from 1 weight percent to 99 weight percent of the total weight of the OBC, or from 5 weight percent to 95 weight percent, from 10 weight percent to 90 weight percent, from 15 weight percent to 85 weight percent, from 20 weight percent to 80 weight percent, from 25 weight percent to 75 weight percent, from 30 weight percent to 70 weight percent, from 35 weight percent to 65 weight percent, from 40 weight percent to 60 weight percent, or from 45 weight percent to 55 weight percent of the total weight of the OBC.
  • the hard segments can be present in similar ranges.
  • the soft segment weight percentage and the hard segment weight percentage can be calculated based on data obtained from DSC or NMR. Such methods and calculations are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No.
  • the olefin block copolymer is a polymer comprising two or more chemically distinct regions or segments (referred to as “blocks”) preferably joined in a linear manner, that is, a polymer comprising chemically differentiated units which are joined end-to-end with respect to polymerized ethylenic functionality, rather than in pendent or grafted fashion.
  • the blocks differ in the amount or type of incorporated comonomer, density, amount of crystallinity, crystallite size attributable to a polymer of such composition, type or degree of tacticity (isotactic or syndiotactic), regio-regularity or regio-irregularity, amount of branching (including long chain branching or hyper-branching), homogeneity or any other chemical or physical property.
  • the present OBC is characterized by unique distributions of both polymer polydispersity (PDI or Mw/Mn or MWD), block length distribution, and/or block number distribution, due, in an embodiment, to the effect of the shuttling agent(s) in combination with multiple catalysts used in their preparation.
  • PDI polymer polydispersity
  • Mw/Mn or MWD block length distribution
  • block number distribution due, in an embodiment, to the effect of the shuttling agent(s) in combination with multiple catalysts used in their preparation.
  • the OBC is produced in a continuous process and possesses a polydispersity index, PDI, from 1.7 to 3.5, or from 1.8 to 3, or from 1.8 to 2.5, or from 1.8 to 2.2.
  • PDI polydispersity index
  • the OBC possesses PDI from 1.0 to 3.5, or from 1.3 to 3, or from 1.4 to 2.5, or from 1.4 to 2.
  • the olefin block copolymer possesses a PDI fitting a Schultz-Flory distribution rather than a Poisson distribution.
  • the present OBC has both a polydisperse block distribution as well as a polydisperse distribution of block sizes. This results in the formation of polymer products having improved and distinguishable physical properties.
  • the theoretical benefits of a polydisperse block distribution have been previously modeled and discussed in Potemkin, Physical Review E (1998) 57 (6), pp. 6902-6912, and Dobrynin, J. Chem. Phvs. (1997) 107 (21), pp 9234-9238.
  • the present olefin block copolymer possesses a most probable distribution of block lengths.
  • the olefin block copolymer is defined as having:
  • the CRYSTAF peak is determined using at least 5 percent of the cumulative polymer, and if less than 5 percent of the polymer has an identifiable CRYSTAF peak, then the CRYSTAF temperature is 30° C.;
  • (D) has a molecular fraction which elutes between 40° C. and 130° C. when fractionated using TREF, characterized in that the fraction has a molar comonomer content greater than, or equal to, the quantity ( ⁇ 0.2013) T+20.07, more preferably greater than or equal to the quantity ( ⁇ 0.2013) T+21.07, where T is the numerical value of the peak elution temperature of the TREF fraction, measured in ° C.; and/or,
  • (E) has a storage modulus at 25° C., G′ (25° C.), and a storage modulus at 100° C., G′ (100° C.), wherein the ratio of G′ (25° C.) to G′ (100° C.) is in the range of 1:1 to 9:1.
  • the olefin block copolymer may also have:
  • (G) average block index greater than zero and up to 1.0 and a molecular weight distribution, Mw/Mn greater than 1.3. It is understood that the olefin block copolymer may have one, some, all, or any combination of properties (A)-(G). Block Index can be determined as described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,608,668 herein incorporated by reference for that purpose. Analytical methods for determining properties (A) through (G) are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No 7,608,668, Col. 31, line 26 through Col. 35, line 44, which is herein incorporated by reference for that purpose.
  • Suitable monomers for use in preparing the present OBC include ethylene and one or more addition polymerizable monomers other than ethylene.
  • suitable comonomers include straight-chain or branched ⁇ -olefins of 3 to 30, preferably 3 to 20, carbon atoms, such as propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 3-methyl-l-butene, 1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 3-methyl-l-pentene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, 1-octadecene and 1-eicosene; cyclo-olefins of 3 to 30, preferably 3 to 20, carbon atoms, such as cyclopentene, cycloheptene, norbornene, 5-methyl-2-norbornene, tetracyclododecene, and 2-methyl-1,4,5,8-dimethano-1,
  • the olefin block copolymer has a density of from 0.820 g/cc to 0.925 g/cc, or from 0.860 g/cc to 0.88 g/cc or from 0.860 g/cc to 0.879 g/cc.
  • the OBC has a Shore A value of 40 to 70, preferably from 45 to 65 and more preferably from 50 to 65.
  • the olefin block copolymer has a melt index (MI) from 0.1 g/10 min to 30 g/10, or from 0.1 g/10 min to 20 g/10 min, or from 0.1 g/10 min to 15 g/10 min, as measured by ASTM D 1238 (190° C./2.16 kg).
  • the olefin block copolymer is present in an amount of 5 wt % to 45 wt %, preferably 10 wt % to 30 wt %, more preferably 10 wt % to 25 wt %.
  • the composition may comprise more than one olefin block copolymer.
  • the olefin block copolymers can be produced via a chain shuttling process such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,858,706, which is herein incorporated by reference.
  • suitable chain shuttling agents and related information are listed in Col. 16, line 39 through Col. 19, line 44.
  • Suitable catalysts are described in Col. 19, line 45 through Col. 46, line 19 and suitable co-catalysts in Col. 46, line 20 through Col. 51 line 28.
  • the process is described throughout the document, but particularly in Col. Col 51, line 29 through Col. 54, line 56.
  • the process is also described, for example, in the following: U.S. Pat. No. 7,608,668; U.S. Pat. No. 7,893,166; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,947,793.
  • the olefin block copolymer may be a reaction product of ethylene/ ⁇ -olefin interpolymer and any suitable cross-linking agent, i.e., a cross-linked ethylene/ ⁇ -olefin interpolymer.
  • cross-linking agents may be chemical compounds but are not necessarily so.
  • Cross-linking agents as used herein also include electron-beam irradiation, beta irradiation, gamma irradiation, corona irradiation, silanes, peroxides, allyl compounds and UV radiation with or without crosslinking catalyst.
  • the percent of cross-linked polymer is at least 10 percent, preferably at least about 20 percent, more preferably at least about 25 percent up to about 75 percent, preferably up to about 50 percent, as measured by the weight percent of gels formed.
  • the ignition resistance of the composition increases.
  • propylene-ethylene interpolymer generally refer to copolymers comprising propylene and a monomer such as ethylene.
  • propylene comprises the majority mole fraction of the whole polymer, i.e., propylene comprises at least about 70, preferably at least about 80, more preferably at least about 90 mole percent of the whole polymer with a substantial remainder of the whole polymer comprising at least one other comonomer that is preferably ethylene.
  • Suitable propylene-ethylene interpolymers are described in, for example, WO 2006/115839 published on Nov. 2, 2006 and incorporated herein by reference.
  • Suitable propylene-ethylene interpolymers are sold commercially by The Dow Chemical Company as VERSIFYTM, by Exxon as VISTAMAXXTM, LICOCENETM polymers (Clariant), EASTOFLEXTM polymers (Eastman Chemical Co.), REXTACTM polymers (Hunstman), and VESTOPLASTTM polymers (Degussa).
  • Other suitable polymers include propylene- ⁇ -olefins block copolymers and interpolymers, and other propylene based block copolymers and interpolymers known in the art.
  • the propylene-based polymer has a melt flow rate (MFR) in the range of 0.01 to 2000 g/10 min, more preferably in range of 0.1 to 1000 g/10 min, and more preferably 0.5 to 500 g/10 min, and even more preferably 1 to 100 g/10 min, as measured in accordance with ASTM D 1238 at 230° C./2.16 kg.
  • MFR melt flow rate
  • the propylene-based polymer has a melt flow rate (MFR) in the range of 0.01 to 300 grams/10 minutes, more preferably in range of 0.1 to 200 grams/10 minutes, more preferably from 0.5 to 100 grams/10 min, or from 1 to 50 grams/10 min, as measured in accordance with ASTM D 1238 at 230° C./2.16 kg. All individual values and subranges from 0.01 to 300 grams/10 min are included herein and disclosed herein.
  • MFR melt flow rate
  • the propylene-based polymer used in the present invention may be of any molecular weight distribution (MWD).
  • MWD molecular weight distribution
  • Propylene-based polymers of broad or narrow MWD are formed by means within the skill in the art.
  • Propylene-based polymers having a narrow MWD can be advantageously provided by visbreaking or by manufacturing reactor grades (non visbroken) using single-site catalysis, or by both methods.
  • the propylene-based polymer can be reactor-grade, visbroken, branched or coupled to provide increased nucleation and crystallization rates.
  • the term “coupled” is used herein to refer to propylene-based polymers which are rheology-modified, such that they exhibit a change in the resistance of the molten polymer to flow during extrusion (for example, in the extruder immediately prior to the annular die). Whereas “visbroken” is in the direction of chain-scission, “coupled” is in the direction of crosslinking or networking.
  • a coupling agent for example, an azide compound
  • a relatively high melt flow rate polypropylene polymer such that after extrusion, the resultant polypropylene polymer composition attains a substantially lower melt flow rate than the initial melt flow rate.
  • the ratio of subsequent MFR to initial MFR is less than, or equal, to 0.7:1, more preferably less than or equal to 0.2:1.
  • Suitable branched propylene-based polymers for use in the present invention are commercially available, for instance from Basell, under the trade designations Profax PF-611 and PF-814.
  • suitable branched or coupled propylene-based polymers can be prepared by means, within the skill in the art, such as by peroxide or electron-beam treatment, for instance as disclosed by DeNicola et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,414,027 (the use of high energy (ionizing) radiation in a reduced oxygen atmosphere); EP 0 190 889 to Himont (electron beam irradiation of isotactic polypropylene at lower temperatures); U.S. Pat. No.
  • the mixture and amount of components in the inventive compositions is such that the composition has an appropriate Tg, as measured by DSC, and appropriate density for the desired application.
  • Tg as measured by DSC
  • a typical Tg, as measured by DSC is from about ⁇ 10° C. to about 50° C. and preferably from about 0° C. to about 40° C.
  • the density should be appropriate for the desired application.
  • an appropriate density of the composition is often from about 0.5 g/cm 3 to about 5 g/cm 3 , preferably from about 0.75 g/cm 3 to about 3 g/cm 3 , more preferably from about 1 g/cm 3 to about 2 g/cm 3 .
  • the polymers, tackifiers, and fillers may be mixed in any convenient manner but are typically compounded in, for example, a Banbury mixer or twin screw extruder. Alternatively, the components could be mixed using a solvent suitable for dissolving the polymer and tackifier components. Combination with fillers prior to removal of solvent would produce the composition of invention as well.
  • the amount of polymer or mixture of polymers varies depending upon the type of polymer, desired application, properties, and other components of the application.
  • the weight ratio of tackifier to total polymer is at least about 0.1 preferably at least about 0.15, more preferably at least 0.2 to at most about 4, preferably at most about 3, more preferably at most about 2. It has been found that often affine deformation may be achieved with from about 35 weight percent to about 90 weight percent, more preferably from about 40 to about 85, and more preferably from about 40 weight percent to about 82 weight percent polymer based on the weight of the polymer and tackifier.
  • the weight ratio of olefin block copolymer (A) to propylene based polymer (B) is from about 10:1 to about 1:1.
  • the composition has a normalized retained load percentage after stress relaxation (Condition B, at ambient conditions) above about 20.
  • the composition is a thermoplastic composition with a normalized retained load percentage after stress relaxation (Condition B, ambient conditions) from about 20 to about 50 and heat resistance as measured by peak melting point of from about 40° C. to about 120° C.
  • the filler comprises from about 1 to about 90 weight percent of the composition based on the total weight of the composition.
  • the filler comprises from 40 to about 75 weight percent of the composition based on the total weight of the composition and the filler is a flame retardant filler selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, decabromodiphenyl oxide, tetradecabromo-diphenoxy benzene, ethane-1,2-bis(pentabromophenyl), ethylene bis-tetrabromophthalimide, and mixtures thereof.
  • a flame retardant filler selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, decabromodiphenyl oxide, tetradecabromo-diphenoxy benzene, ethane-1,2-bis(pentabromophenyl), ethylene bis-tetrabromophthalimide, and mixtures thereof.
  • the (A) an ethylene/ ⁇ -olefin multiblock interpolymer; (B) a propylene based plastomer or elastomer; or (C) a mixture of (A) and (B) further comprises other polymers, for example, random ethylene copolymers such as AFFINITY® or ENGAGE®, traditional polyethylenes such as HDPE, LLDPE, ULDPE, LDPE and propylene-based polymers such as homopolymer PP, random copolymer PP or PP-based plastomers/elastomers or a combination thereof.
  • the amount of such other polymers differs depending upon the elasticity desired and compatibility with the specific ethylene/ ⁇ -olefin interpolymer employed.
  • tackifiers that may be useful in the present invention vary depending upon the application. However, typically they may be any tackifier that is compatible with the polymer(s) to achieve the desired properties, e.g., stress relaxation, conformability, and/or drapability, to replace PVC in a given formulation. Compatibility may be determined by routine experimentation but often useful tackifiers may exhibit one or more of the following properties: a glass transition temperature of from about 40° C. to about 95° C., a Ring and Ball Softening Point of from about 100° C. to about 160° C., or a density of from about 0.5 g/cm 3 to about 1.5 g/cm 3 .
  • suitable tackifiers often raise the glass transition temperature of the instant inventive compositions.
  • Suitable tackifiers may be selected from the group consisting of rosins, modified rosins, rosin esters, aromatic modified cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon resins, aliphatic petroleum hydrocarbon resins, partially hydrogenated aliphatic resins, terpene resins and mixtures thereof.
  • Preferred tackifier resins are chosen from cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon resins, partially hydrogenated hydrocarbon resins, and mixtures thereof.
  • Olefin block copolymer (OBC) compatible tackifiers often have hydrogenated rings, a Mw ⁇ 2500 g/mol, low polarity, and/or low aromaticity.
  • a Cloud point test measures the temperature at which a resin begins to precipitate from a solvent. Cloud point measurements in different solvents are used as an indicator of polarity and aromaticity and therefore as an indicator of compatibility with, for example, OBC.
  • the Mixed Methylcyclohexane-Aniline Point Test measures aromaticity, with lower values indicating high aromatic content.
  • the DACP Diacetone Alcohol Cloud Point
  • tackifiers with DACP values between about 40° C. and about 80° C. and a MMAP value between about 70° C. and about 90° C. are often preferred.
  • the amount of tackifier varies depending upon the other components and desired application. Typically, as the amount of tackifier in the composition increases the tensile strength and/or elongation of the composition decreases. On the other hand, as the amount of tackifier decreases the elastic recovery increases and stress relaxation decreases. Though not intended to be limited by theory, a parameter that is known to correlate to a variety of properties is the glass transition temperature (Tg).
  • Tg glass transition temperature
  • Tg glass transition temperature
  • Fox equation may be useful in predicting the glass transition temperature of a blend of polymers with different glass transition temperatures and can be used to predict the amount of tackifier (with a known glass transition temperature) that may be employed with a polyolefin (of a known glass transition temperature) to achieve a desired T g for the blend:
  • T g is the glass transition temperature of the blend
  • T ga is the glass transition temperature of component A and w a is the weight fraction of component A of the total polymer fraction in the blend
  • T gb is the glass transition temperature of component B and w b is the weight fraction of component B of the total resin fraction in the blend.
  • the type of filler and amount varies depending upon the other ingredients, amounts, and desired application. For example, if flame retardancy or high temperature performance is desired then halogenated fillers may be useful as further described below.
  • the filler is selected from the group consisting of ammonium polyphosphate, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, aluminum trihydrate (also referred to as aluminum trihydroxide), calcium carbonate, glass fibers, marble dust, cement dust, clay, feldspar, silica, diatomaceous earth, talc, or glass, fumed silica, silicates, alumina, magnesium oxide, antimony oxide, zinc oxide, barium sulfate, aluminum silicate, calcium silicate, titanium oxides, glass microspheres, mica, clays, wollastonite, and chalk.
  • Suitable flame retardant fillers are materials that inhibit or resist the spread of fire.
  • Naturally occurring substances such as asbestos as well as synthetic materials, usually halocarbons such as polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorendic acid derivates, most often dibutyl chlorendate and dimethyl chlorendate, have been used in this capacity.
  • halocarbons such as polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorendic acid derivates, most often dibutyl chlorendate and dimethyl chlorendate, have been used in this capacity.
  • PBDEs polybrominated diphenyl ether
  • PCBs polychlorinated biphenyls
  • chlorendic acid derivates most often dibutyl chlorendate and dimethyl chlorendate
  • these classes of flame retardant compounds are the most common: aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and
  • Tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium salts made by passing phosphine gas through a solution of formaldehyde and a mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid, are used as flame retardants for textiles.
  • Other flame retardants include chlorinated paraffins, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), pentabromodiphenyl ether (pentaBDE), octabromodiphenyl ether (octaBDE), decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), tri-o-cresyl phosphate, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (TRIS), bis(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, tris(1-aziridinyfi-phosphine oxide (TEPA), and others.
  • PBB polybrominated biphenyls
  • Particularly preferable flame retardant or high temperature resistant fillers that are often compatible with polyethylene include aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, decabromodiphenyl oxide, tetradecabromo-diphenoxy benzene, ethane-1,2-bis(pentabromophenyl), ethylene bis-tetrabromophthalimide, and mixtures thereof available from Albemarle Corporation.
  • the amount of filler varies depending upon the application. Typical amounts range from about 0, preferably from 1 weight percent to about 90 weight percent, preferably from about 5 weight percent to about 80 weight percent, more preferably from about 15 weight percent to about 70 weight percent, and most preferred from about 40 to 75 weight percent filler based on the weight of the total weight of the composition.
  • at least one surface layer comprises 1 to 75% filler , more preferably 10 to 50 wt. %, and most preferred 10 to 40 wt. %.
  • at least one portion of fiber at the surface comprises 1 to 75% filler, more preferably 10 to 50 wt. %, and most preferred 10 to 40 wt. %.
  • ingredients that may be useful in the instant compositions include, for example, (1) at least one metal borate selected from the metal borates of Group IIA, and, optionally, about 0.5 to about 10 percent by weight of at least one processing aid selected from the group consisting of polydimethylsiloxane, organopolysiloxanes, tartaric acid, stearic acid, zinc stearic, waxes, and high melt flow polyolefins; (2) at least one initiator or at least one coupling agent selected from the group consisting of organic peroxides, silanes, titanates, zirconates, multifunctional vinyl compounds and organic azides; and (3) at least one hindered amine stabilizer.
  • at least one metal borate selected from the metal borates of Group IIA and, optionally, about 0.5 to about 10 percent by weight of at least one processing aid selected from the group consisting of polydimethylsiloxane, organopolysiloxanes, tartaric acid, stearic acid, zinc stea
  • additives include coupling agent(s) such as those selected from the group consisting of maleic anhydride, hydroxyl amine or epoxy modified polyolefins and wetting agent(s) such as those selected from the group consisting of transition metal stearates such as zinc stearate.
  • compositions find wide use in various applications and the properties of the composition vary depending upon the application for which it was formulated. In general the compositions offer such desirable properties as stress relaxation, conformability, drapability, and/or ignition resistance. The specifics vary depending upon whether the formulation was designed for, for example, use as signage, table cloths, drapes, medical or surgical drapes, bandages, and wound dressings.
  • compositions have one or preferably one or more of the following properties: conformability with stress-relaxation and dead-fold character and affine deformation; processability by one or more fabrication processes including cast film, blown film, or calendaring processes; ability to tear easily and cleanly by hand; and film compatibility with adhesive.
  • compositions usually have one or preferably more of the following properties: made with methods know in the art, the resulting article would have at least one of the following properties: conformability with stress-relaxation and dead-fold characteristics ; processability by one or more fabrication processes including melt spun, solvent spun, staple fiber, spunbond, melt blown, or combinations thereof; ability to tear easily and cleanly by hand; and compatibility with adhesive.
  • Branching distributions are determined by crystallization analysis fractionation (CRYSTAF) using a CRYSTAF 200 unit commercially available from PolymerChar, Valencia, Spain.
  • the samples are dissolved in 1,2,4 trichlorobenzene at 160° C. (0.66 mg/mL) for 1 hr and stabilized at 95° C. for 45 minutes.
  • the sampling temperatures range from 95 to 30° C. at a cooling rate of 0.2° C./min.
  • An infrared detector is used to measure the polymer solution concentrations.
  • the cumulative soluble concentration is measured as the polymer crystallizes while the temperature is decreased.
  • the analytical derivative of the cumulative profile reflects the short chain branching distribution of the polymer.
  • the CRYSTAF peak temperature and area are identified by the peak analysis module included in the CRYSTAF Software (Version 2001.b, PolymerChar, Valencia, Spain).
  • the CRYSTAF peak finding routine identifies a peak temperature as a maximum in the dW/dT curve and the area between the largest positive inflections on either side of the identified peak in the derivative curve.
  • the preferred processing parameters are with a temperature limit of 70° C. and with smoothing parameters above the temperature limit of 0.1, and below the temperature limit of 0.3.
  • Differential Scanning calorimetry results are determined using a TAI model Q1000 DSC equipped with an RCS cooling accessory and an autosampler. A nitrogen purge gas flow of 50 ml/min is used. The sample is pressed into a thin film and melted in the press at about 175° C. and then air-cooled to room temperature (25° C.). 3-10 mg of material is then cut into a 6 mm diameter disk, accurately weighed, placed in a light aluminum pan (ca 50 mg), and then crimped shut. The thermal behavior of the sample is investigated with the following temperature profile. The sample is rapidly heated to 180° C. and held isothermal for 3 minutes in order to remove any previous thermal history. The sample is then cooled to ⁇ 40° C. at 10° C./min. cooling rate and held at ⁇ 40° C. for 3 minutes. The sample is then heated to 150° C. at 10° C./min heating rate. The cooling and second heating curves are recorded.
  • the DSC melting peak is measured as the maximum in heat flow rate (W/g) with respect to the linear baseline drawn between ⁇ 30° C. and end of melting.
  • the heat of fusion is measured as the area under the melting curve between ⁇ 30° C. and the end of melting using a linear baseline.
  • the gel permeation chromatographic system consists of either a Polymer Laboratories Model PL-210 or a Polymer Laboratories Model PL-220 instrument.
  • the column and carousel compartments are operated at 140° C.
  • Three Polymer Laboratories 10-micron Mixed-B columns are used.
  • the solvent is 1,2,4 trichlorobenzene.
  • the samples are prepared at a concentration of 0.1 grams of polymer in 50 milliliters of solvent containing 200 ppm of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Samples are prepared by agitating lightly for 2 hours at 160° C.
  • the injection volume used is 100 microliters and the flow rate is 1.0 ml/minute.
  • Calibration of the GPC column set is performed with 21 narrow molecular weight distribution polystyrene standards with molecular weights ranging from 580 to 8,400,000, arranged in 6 “cocktail” mixtures with at least a decade of separation between individual molecular weights.
  • the standards are purchased from Polymer Laboratories (Shropshire, UK).
  • the polystyrene standards are prepared at 0.025 grams in 50 milliliters of solvent for molecular weights equal to or greater than 1,000,000, and 0.05 grams in 50 milliliters of solvent for molecular weights less than 1,000,000.
  • the polystyrene standards are dissolved at 80° C. with gentle agitation for 30 minutes.
  • the narrow standards mixtures are run first and in order of decreasing highest molecular weight component to minimize degradation.
  • Compression set is measured according to ASTM D 395.
  • the sample is prepared by stacking 25.4 mm diameter round discs of 3.2 mm, 2 0 mm, and 0.25 mm thickness until a total thickness of 12.7 mm is reached.
  • the discs are cut from 12.7 cm ⁇ 12.7 cm compression molded plaques molded with a hot press under the following conditions: zero pressure for 3 min at 190° C., followed by 86 MPa for 2 min at 190° C., followed by cooling inside the press with cold running water at 86 MPa.
  • Samples for density measurement are prepared according to ASTM D 1928. Measurements are made within one hour of sample pressing using ASTM D792, Method B.
  • Samples are compression molded using ASTM D 1928. Flexural and 2 percent secant moduli are measured according to ASTM D-790. Storage modulus is measured according to ASTM D 5026-01 or equivalent technique.
  • Hysteresis is determined from cyclic loading to 100% and 300% strains using ASTM D 1708 microtensile specimens with an InstronTM instrument. The sample is loaded and unloaded at 267% min ⁇ 1 for 3 cycles at 21° C. Cyclic experiments at 300% and 80° C. are conducted using an environmental chamber. In the 80° C. experiment, the sample is allowed to equilibrate for 45 minutes at the test temperature before testing. In the 21° C., 300% strain cyclic experiment, the retractive stress at 150% strain from the first unloading cycle is recorded. Percent recovery for all experiments are calculated from the first unloading cycle using the strain at which the load returned to the base line. The percent recovery is defined as:
  • ⁇ f is the strain taken for cyclic loading and ⁇ s is the strain where the load returns to the baseline during the 1 st unloading cycle.
  • L o is the load at the target strain at 0 time and L end is the load at the end of the test.
  • a simple test for dead fold property is performed by stamping a 180° fold in the film at ambient temperature and then measuring the angle to which the fold opens thereafter. The lower or smaller angles are desirable because this indicates greater dead fold retention.
  • Tensile notched tear experiments are carried out on samples having a density of 0.88 g/cc or less using an InstronTM instrument.
  • the geometry consists of a gauge section of 76 mm ⁇ 13 mm ⁇ 0 4 mm with a 2 mm notch cut into the sample at half the specimen length.
  • the sample is stretched at 508 mm min ⁇ 1 at 21° C. until it breaks.
  • the tear energy is calculated as the area under the stress-elongation curve up to strain at maximum load. An average of at least 3 specimens are reported.
  • DMA Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
  • a 1.5 mm plaque is pressed and cut in a bar of dimensions 32 ⁇ 12 mm.
  • the sample is clamped at both ends between fixtures separated by 10 mm (grip separation ⁇ L) and subjected to successive temperature steps from ⁇ 100° C. to 200° C. (5° C. per step).
  • the torsion modulus G′ is measured at an angular frequency of 10 rad/s, the strain amplitude being maintained between 0.1 percent and 4 percent to ensure that the torque is sufficient and that the measurement remains in the linear regime.
  • Melt index, or I 2 is measured in accordance with ASTM D 1238, Condition 190° C./2.16 kg. Melt index, or I 10 is also measured in accordance with ASTM D 1238, Condition 190° C./10 kg.
  • Analytical temperature rising elution fractionation (ATREF) analysis is conducted according to the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,798,081 and Wilde, L.; Ryle, T. R.; Knobeloch, D. C.; Peat, I. R.; Determination of Branching Distributions in Polyethylene and Ethylene Copolymers, J. Polym. Sci., 20, 441-455 (1982), which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
  • the composition to be analyzed is dissolved in trichlorobenzene and allowed to crystallize in a column containing an inert support (stainless steel shot) by slowly reducing the temperature to 20° C. at a cooling rate of 0.1° C./min.
  • the column is equipped with an infrared detector.
  • An ATREF chromatogram curve is then generated by eluting the crystallized polymer sample from the column by slowly increasing the temperature of the eluting solvent (trichlorobenzene) from 20 to 120° C. at a rate of 1.5° C./min.
  • the samples are prepared by adding approximately 3 g of a 50/50 mixture of tetrachloroethane-d 2 /orthodichlorobenzene to 0.4 g sample in a 10 mm NMR tube.
  • the samples are dissolved and homogenized by heating the tube and its contents to 150° C.
  • the data are collected using a JEOL EclipseTM 400 MHz spectrometer or a Varian Unity PlusTM 400 MHz spectrometer, corresponding to a 13 C resonance frequency of 100.5 MHz.
  • the data are acquired using 4000 transients per data file with a 6 second pulse repetition delay. To achieve minimum signal-to-noise for quantitative analysis, multiple data files are added together.
  • the spectral width is 25,000 Hz with a minimum file size of 32K data points.
  • the samples are analyzed at 130° C. in a 10 mm broad band probe.
  • the comonomer incorporation is determined using Randall's triad method (Randall, J. C.; JMS-Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys., C29, 201-317 (1989), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
  • TREF fractionation is carried by dissolving 15-20 g of polymer in 2 liters of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) by stirring for 4 hours at 160° C.
  • the polymer solution is forced by 15 psig (100 kPa) nitrogen onto a 3 inch by 4 foot (7.6 cm ⁇ 12 cm) steel column packed with a 60:40 (v:v) mix of 30-40 mesh (600-425 nm) spherical, technical quality glass beads (available from Potters Industries, HC 30 Box 20, Brownwood, Tex., 76801) and stainless steel, 0.028′′ (0.7 mm) diameter cut wire shot (available from Pellets, Inc. 63 Industrial Drive, North Tonawanda, N.Y., 14120).
  • the column is immersed in a thermally controlled oil jacket, set initially to 160° C.
  • the column is first cooled ballistically to 125° C., then slow cooled to 20° C. at 0.04° C. per minute and held for one hour.
  • Fresh TCB is introduced at about 65 ml/min while the temperature is increased at 0.167° C. per minute.
  • Approximately 2000 ml portions of eluant from the preparative TREF column are collected in a 16 station, heated fraction collector.
  • the polymer is concentrated in each fraction using a rotary evaporator until about 50 to 100 ml of the polymer solution remains.
  • the concentrated solutions are allowed to stand overnight before adding excess methanol, filtering, and rinsing (approx. 300-500 ml of methanol including the final rinse).
  • the filtration step is performed on a 3 position vacuum assisted filtering station using 5.0 ⁇ m polytetrafluoroethylene coated filter paper (available from Osmonics Inc., Cat #Z50WP04750).
  • the filtrated fractions are dried overnight in a vacuum oven at 60° C. and weighed on an analytical balance before further testing.
  • Melt Strength is measured by using a capillary rheometer fitted with a 2.1 mm diameter, 20:1 die with an entrance angle of approximately 45 degrees. After equilibrating the samples at 190° C. for 10 minutes, the piston is run at a speed of 1 inch/minute (2.54 cm/minute). The standard test temperature is 190° C. The sample is drawn uniaxially to a set of accelerating nips located 100 mm below the die with an acceleration of 2.4 mm/sec 2 . The required tensile force is recorded as a function of the take-up speed of the nip rolls. The maximum tensile force attained during the test is defined as the melt strength. In the case of polymer melt exhibiting draw resonance, the tensile force before the onset of draw resonance was taken as melt strength. The melt strength is recorded in centiNewtons (“cN”).
  • step 1 of this test the sample is stretched to 100% strain at the rate of 500%/min on an Instron.
  • step 2 it is held in place at the 100% strain for 5 minutes during which the stress relaxes.
  • step 3 the cross-head is reversed to allow the film to retract to measure the recovery or the permanent set.
  • the stress at a time t is normalized by the stress at the beginning of the stress-relaxation step and is plotted as a function of time over 5 minutes to monitor the fraction of retained load.
  • Tensile strength and elongation at break was measured per ASTM D 1708 using an Instron 5564 fitted with a 1 kN capacity load cell and pneumatically actuated grips. A strain rate of 500%/minute was used.
  • Hysteresis testing was performed using ASTM D1708 micro-tensile samples. Specimens were stretched to 25% strain and returned to 0% strain for two cycles at 100%/min. Permanent set was defined as the onset of positive load during extension in the second cycle. This method has been adapted from the test method described in WO9220534A1.
  • Formulations A-D are made by compounding the components in the amounts shown in the below table.
  • a Banbury mixer is employed for the compounding. After compounding the formulations are extruded as tapes on a 3 ⁇ 4′′ single screw Haake extruder with a 4′′ wide coat hanger die.
  • VERSIFY 2200, VERSIFY 2300 and DE2400.01 are P/E elastomers and plastomers available from The Dow Chemical Company.
  • Escorez 5600 series tackifiers available from Exxon Mobil are very light colored aromatic modified cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon resins. Escorez 5637 was selected for its high softening point and its known compatibility with polyethylene polymers.
  • OBC1 is INFUSE 9100 olefin block copolymer available from The Dow Chemical Company and has a melt index of 1.0.
  • FIG. 1 shows the normalized stress over 5 minutes for the incumbent f-PVC control (3M Super 88) on ambient conditions (about 21° C., 50% relative humidity) stretching the samples to 100% strain at 500%/min and monitoring the stress relaxation over the next 5 minutes.
  • All four inventive formulations (A-D) show similar stress-relaxation characteristics to the control.
  • the fraction of retained load at 5 minutes for the four formulations is 0.4 which is nearly identical to the f-PVC control.
  • FIG. 2 shows the set. The higher the set, the lower the recovery and lower the tendency to debond.
  • neat polyethylene copolymers often have 65%, 35% and 20% set for the 9, 12 and 15 wt % ethylene content samples and usually show a retained load fraction close to 0.6.
  • FIG. 3 shows that the formulations A and B that are based on DP 2200.01 and DE 2300.01 respectively have a yield point and undergo non-uniform deformation.
  • Some applications that use f-PVC may be able to tolerate a yield point and additional information should be gathered when using formulations that show a yield point in the stress-strain curve.
  • formulations based on OBC and DE 2400.01 do not exhibit a yield point and undergo uniform affine deformation, often a key performance criteria in some applications.
  • Higher stress relaxation means that the polymer exhibits greater decrease in force over time. This is desirable in applications requiring greater comformability.
  • Typical examples include but are not limited to signage, drapes, bandages, protective covers, pouches, intravenous liquid containing bags, floor covering, and tiles.
  • Formulations 1-4 are made by compounding the components in the weight percentages shown in the below table.
  • a Banbury mixer is employed for the compounding. After compounding the formulations are pelletized using an under-water pelletizer and compression molded down to a thickness of 5-7 mil.
  • the compression molder is set to 175° C., a pressure of 2000 psi for 3 minutes, followed by 50,000 psi for 8 minutes, and 50,000 psi @ 15° C. to cool for 1-2 minutes. Regions of this sheet with a consistent thickness of ⁇ 6 mil are used for physical testing.
  • Fusabond MN493 is a ⁇ 1 wt % maleic anhydride grafted ethylene-octene copolymer from DuPont with a density of 0.87 g/cm 3 and Melt Index of 1.0 g/10 min Zinc Stearate is supplied by Alfa Aesar.
  • MB50-002 supplied by Dow Corning, in pellet form comprises of 50% of an ultra-high molecular weight polydimethylsiloxane polymer dispersed in low-density polyethylene (PE).
  • Eastotac* H100R from Eastman Chemicals is used as the tackifier.
  • This resin is a partially hydrogenated aliphatic resin and is chosen for its compatibility to OBCs.
  • Eastotac* H100R has a glass transition temperature of 44° C., a ring and ball softening temperature of 100° C., a density of 1.04 g/cc, M n 450 g/mol, and M w 1050 g/mol.
  • OBC2 is INFUSE 9100 olefin block copolymer available from The Dow Chemical Company and has a 0.5 Melt Index.
  • the stress vs. strain curves, retained load fraction, recovery on retraction and hysteresis are measured for formulations 1-4 using similar method as above. The results are shown in FIGS. 5-8 respectively. The results indicate that the formulations 1 and 2 exhibit better stress relaxation, similar recovery and permanent set while having acceptable tensile strength and elongation for most applications disclosed.
  • compositions Suitable for Ignition Resistance Applications comprising LDPE or Modified Olefin Multi-Block Interpolymer
  • Formulations 5-10 are made by compounding the components in the weight percentages shown in the below table.
  • a Banbury mixer is employed for the compounding. After compounding the formulations are pelletized using an under-water pelletizer.
  • the rheology modified OBC sample is prepared by first blending a 0.5 MI OBC OBC 2 and a high melt strength random copolymer polypropylene DOW DS6D82 with 5.7 wt % ethylene and a MFR of 7 (2.16 kg, 230 C) in 70:30 ratio and then chemically modifying the blend using 1500 ppm of peroxide Trigonox 101 and 1500 ppm of coagent SR350.
  • This rheology modified OBC is found to have a melt strength of 21 cN at 190° C.
  • AMPLIFY GR 216 is ⁇ 0.8 wt % maleic anhydride grafted ethylene-octene copolymer available from Dow with a density of 0.87 g/cm 3 and Melt Index of 1.0 g/10 min.
  • FIG. 9 compares the melt strength of formulations 1 and 2 of Example 2 and formulations 5-10. As compared to formulation 1 of Example 2 with OBC 1 that has a melt strength of 4 cN, formulation 5, 6 and 8 with LDPE/rheology modified OBC compounds yield melt strength values of 5 cN, 7 cN, and 9 cN, respectively. Formulations 7 and 9 demonstrate melt strength values of 9 cN and 10 cN, respectively, as compared to formulation 2 of Example 2 with OBC 2 that has a melt strength of 7 cN.
  • the flame performance of Formulations 1, 3, and 4 of Example 2 and Formulations 5, 7, 9, and 10 of Example 3 is measured using a cone calorimeter.
  • the cone calorimeter is one of the commonly used types of fire testing equipment which provides quantitative data for the flammability of a material under constant external heat flux. The flammability is measured by the heat release rate (HRR). As HRR increases, flame spread and flashover increase. Time to ignition, extinguishment time, total heat release, CO/CO 2 production, and smoke release are some of the critical data that can be collected from a single cone calorimeter test.
  • a Fire Testing Technology (FTT) Cone calorimeter at a heat flux of 35 kW/m 2 is used to test flammability of plaques that were compression molded to a thickness of 0.125′′ and measuring 10 cm by 10 cm. In this study, no duplicate or triplicate measurements are done. Single burn data are obtained for each sample for comparison purposes. Once the material ignites, the time it takes to reach the peak heat release (is a good indicator for comparing samples in terms of burning rate. In this case, the sample with the least amount of tackifier formulation 4 shows the longest time to peak heat release rate. The sample also burns the longest before extinguishment. Addition of the silicone masterbatch in formulation 3 has a minimal effect on the flammability characteristics.
  • FTT Fire Testing Technology
  • formulation 1 A comparison of formulation 1 with formulations 5, 7, and 9 indicates that the presence of the LDPE in the latter formulations seems to slightly reduce the peak heat release rate by stabilizing the char structure. This is evident by the extinguishment times for these samples as compared to the control 1 formulation.
  • the table below lists the time to ignition, time to peak heat release, time for extinguishment, and the peak heat release rate.
  • these results are comparable to non-halogen flame retardant formulations based on polyolefins, known to those skilled in the art.
  • Formulations are made by compounding the components in the weight percentages shown in the below table.
  • a small 250 g Haake Bowl is employed for the compounding.
  • the load vs. strain and normalized stress vs. time and recovery on retraction are measured for formulations 11-15 above.
  • the results are shown in FIGS. 10-12 .
  • the results indicate surprising and unexpected properties for a ratio of polymer to tackifier of from about 50 to about 70%.
  • the ratio of LDPE to OBC 2 is kept nearly constant as is the filler content, but the amount of tackifier is varied to determine the influence of the amount of tackifier on the physical properties.
  • the weight fraction of (OBC+LDPE)/(OBC+LDPE+tackifier) is reported as percentage of polymer in the legend of FIG. 13 .
  • FIG. 13 shows tan 6 as a function of temperature for formulations 11 through 14 as compared to the control formulation 1.
  • the sample with the least % of polymer (formulation 14) tends to shift the glass transition temperature closest to room temperature or more f-PVC like behavior.
  • compositions (Table 7) were made. Corresponding mechanical properties are shown (Table 8).
  • a surface treated filler Frazier 400 available from Imerys Performance Minerals
  • a calcium carbonate As can be seen, the inventive formulations were able to achieve high stress relaxation performance equal to or higher than comparative sample L* (a f-PVC film from a commercially available f-PVC based bandage marketed under the Band-Aid tradename by Johnson & Johnson Corporation).
  • L* a f-PVC film from a commercially available f-PVC based bandage marketed under the Band-Aid tradename by Johnson & Johnson Corporation.
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JP2018188652A (ja) 2018-11-29
EP2890738A1 (en) 2015-07-08
KR102173723B1 (ko) 2020-11-03
WO2014036292A1 (en) 2014-03-06
EP2890738B1 (en) 2018-05-30
JP6454276B2 (ja) 2019-01-16
US10344155B2 (en) 2019-07-09
KR20150052026A (ko) 2015-05-13
SG10201702745YA (en) 2017-05-30
US20170342251A1 (en) 2017-11-30
WO2014036292A9 (en) 2014-07-03

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