US20140235443A1 - Herbicidal compositions comprising 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof and propyzamide - Google Patents

Herbicidal compositions comprising 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof and propyzamide Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140235443A1
US20140235443A1 US14/163,217 US201414163217A US2014235443A1 US 20140235443 A1 US20140235443 A1 US 20140235443A1 US 201414163217 A US201414163217 A US 201414163217A US 2014235443 A1 US2014235443 A1 US 2014235443A1
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Prior art keywords
inhibitors
propyzamide
ester
compound
vegetation
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Norbert M. Satchivi
Monte R. Weimer
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Corteva Agriscience LLC
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Dow AgroSciences LLC
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Priority to US14/163,217 priority Critical patent/US20140235443A1/en
Publication of US20140235443A1 publication Critical patent/US20140235443A1/en
Assigned to DOW AGROSCIENCES LLC reassignment DOW AGROSCIENCES LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SATCHIVI, NORBERT M., WEIMER, MONTE R.
Priority to US15/184,414 priority patent/US9730446B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • A01N43/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
    • A01N37/18—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing the group —CO—N<, e.g. carboxylic acid amides or imides; Thio analogues thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/54—1,3-Diazines; Hydrogenated 1,3-diazines

Definitions

  • herbicidal compositions comprising a herbicidally effective amount of (a) a compound of the formula (I)
  • compositions may also contain an agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier.
  • Also provided are methods of controlling undesirable vegetation comprising applying (a) a compound of formula (I) or an agriculturally acceptable ester or salt thereof and (b) propyzamide.
  • the compound of formula (I) can be identified by the name 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid and has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,314,849 (B2), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • Exemplary uses of the compound of the formula (I) include controlling undesirable vegetation, including e.g., grass, broadleaf and sedge weeds, in multiple non-crop and cropping situations.
  • propyzamide is 3,5-dichloro-N-(1,1-dimethylpropynyl)benzamide. Its herbicidal activity is summarized in Tomlin, C. D. S., Ed. The Pesticide Manual: A World Compendium, 15 th ed.; BCPC: Alton, 2009 (hereafter “ The Pesticide Manual, Fifteenth Edition, 2009”).
  • propyzamide examples include its use as a herbicide to selectively control many annual and perennial grasses and some broad-leaved weeds in fruit, vines, lettuce, endive, chicory, brassicas, oilseed rape, legumes, alfalfa, clover, trefoil, sainfoin, artichokes, sugar beet, roses, ornamental trees and shrubs, warm season amenity grass, on fallow land, and in forestry.
  • control of or controlling undesirable vegetation means killing or preventing the vegetation, or causing some other adverse modifying effect to the vegetation e.g., deviations from natural growth or development, regulation, desiccation, retardation, and the like.
  • herbicide and herbicidal active ingredient mean a compound that controls undesirable vegetation when applied in an appropriate amount.
  • a herbicidally effective or vegetation controlling amount is an amount of herbicidal active ingredient the application of which controls the relevant undesirable vegetation.
  • applying or application of a herbicide or herbicidal composition means delivering it directly to the targeted vegetation or to the locus thereof or to the area where control of undesired vegetation is desired.
  • Methods of application include, but are not limited to pre-emergence, post-emergence, foliar, soil, and in-water applications. Described herein are methods of controlling undesirable vegetation through the application of certain herbicide combinations or compositions.
  • plants and vegetation include, but are not limited to, dormant seeds, germinant seeds, emerging seedlings, plants emerging from vegetative propagules, immature vegetation, and established vegetation.
  • agriculturally acceptable salts and esters refer to salts and esters that exhibit herbicidal activity, or that are or can be converted in plants, water, or soil to the referenced herbicide.
  • exemplary agriculturally acceptable esters are those that are or can by hydrolyzed, oxidized, metabolized, or otherwise converted, e.g., in plants, water, or soil, to the corresponding carboxylic acid which, depending on the pH, may be in the dissociated or undissociated form.
  • Exemplary salts include those derived from alkali or alkaline earth metals and those derived from ammonia and amines.
  • Exemplary cations include sodium, potassium, magnesium, triethylammonium (TEA) and cations of the formula:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 each, independently represents hydrogen or C 1 -C 12 alkyl, C 3 -C 12 alkenyl or C 3 -C 12 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 alkylthio or phenyl groups, provided that R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are sterically compatible. Additionally, any two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 together may represent an aliphatic difunctional moiety containing one to twelve carbon atoms and up to two oxygen or sulfur atoms.
  • Salts can be prepared by treatment with a metal hydroxide, such as sodium hydroxide, with an amine, such as ammonia, trimethylamine, diethanolamine, 2-methyl-thiopropylamine, bisallylamine, 2-butoxyethylamine, morpholine, cyclododecylamine, or benzylamine or with a tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide or choline hydroxide.
  • a metal hydroxide such as sodium hydroxide
  • an amine such as ammonia, trimethylamine, diethanolamine, 2-methyl-thiopropylamine, bisallylamine, 2-butoxyethylamine, morpholine, cyclododecylamine, or benzylamine or with a tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide or choline hydroxide.
  • esters include those derived from C 1 -C 12 alkyl, C 3 -C 12 alkenyl, C 3 -C 12 alkynyl or C 7 -C 10 aryl-substituted alkyl alcohols, such as methyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, 1-butanol, 2-ethylhexanol, butoxyethanol, methoxypropanol, allyl alcohol, propargyl alcohol, cyclohexanol or unsubstituted or substituted benzyl alcohols.
  • Benzyl alcohols may be substituted with from 1-3 substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl or C 1 -C 4 alkoxy.
  • Esters can be prepared by coupling of the acids with the alcohol using any number of suitable activating agents such as those used for peptide couplings such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or carbonyl diimidazole (CDI); by reacting the acids with alkylating agents such as alkylhalides or alkylsulfonates in the presence of a base such as triethylamine or lithium carbonate; by reacting the corresponding acid chloride of an acid with an appropriate alcohol; by reacting the corresponding acid with an appropriate alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst or by transesterification.
  • suitable activating agents such as those used for peptide couplings such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or carbonyl diimidazole (CDI)
  • alkylating agents such as alkylhalides or alkylsulfonates in the presence of a base such as triethylamine or lithium carbonate
  • alkylating agents such as alky
  • the weight referred to for the salt or ester is the acid equivalent weight.
  • herbicidal compositions comprising a herbicidally effective amount of (a) a compound of the formula (I)
  • Also provided are methods of controlling undesirable vegetation comprising applying a herbicidally effective amount of the compound of formula (I) or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and (b) propyzamide.
  • the methods employ the compositions described herein.
  • the combination of compound (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and propyzamide exhibits synergism, e.g., the herbicidal active ingredients are more effective in combination than when applied individually.
  • Synergism has been defined as “an interaction of two or more factors such that the effect when combined is greater than the predicted effect based on the response of each factor applied separately.”
  • the compositions exhibit synergy as determined by Colby's equation (Colby, S. R. Calculation of the synergistic and antagonistic response of herbicide combinations. Weeds 1967, 15, 20-22.).
  • the compound of formula (I), i.e., the carboxylic acid is employed.
  • a carboxylate salt of the compound of formula (I) is employed, such as the triethylammonium (TEA) or potassium salt.
  • TAA triethylammonium
  • a C 1 -C 4 alkyl, e.g., methyl, ester is employed.
  • a C 7 -C 10 aryl-substituted alkyl, e.g., benzyl, ester is employed.
  • the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and propyzamide are formulated in one composition, tank-mixed, applied simultaneously, or applied sequentially.
  • Herbicidal activity is exhibited by the compositions when they are applied, i.e. delivered directly to the plant or to the locus of the plant at any stage of growth, or to the area where control is desired. The effect observed depends upon the plant species to be controlled, the stage of growth of the plant, the application parameters of dilution and spray drop size, the particle size of solid components, the environmental conditions at the time of use, the specific compound employed, the specific adjuvants and carriers employed, the soil type, and the like, as well as the amount of chemical applied. These and other factors can be adjusted to promote non-selective or selective herbicidal action.
  • compositions described herein are applied as a post-emergence application, pre-emergence application, or in-water application to flooded paddy rice or water bodies (e.g., ponds, lakes and streams), to relatively immature undesirable vegetation to achieve the maximum control of weeds.
  • compositions and methods provided herein are utilized to control weeds in crops, including but not limited to winter/spring oilseed rape, winter/spring canola, vegetables, Brassica spp, ornamentals, rice, wheat, triticale, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, corn/maize, sunflower, row crops, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, sugarcane, turf, tree and vine orchards, industrial vegetation management (IVM) and rights-of-way.
  • crops including but not limited to winter/spring oilseed rape, winter/spring canola, vegetables, Brassica spp, ornamentals, rice, wheat, triticale, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, corn/maize, sunflower, row crops, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, sugarcane, turf, tree and vine orchards, industrial vegetation management (IVM) and rights-of-way.
  • IVDM industrial vegetation management
  • compositions and methods described herein be used to control undesirable vegetation in glyphosate-tolerant-, glufosinate-tolerant-, dicamba-tolerant-, phenoxy auxin-tolerant-, pyridyloxy auxin-tolerant-, aryloxyphenoxypropionate-tolerant-, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor-tolerant-, imidazolinone-tolerant-, acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor-tolerant-, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor-tolerant-, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor -tolerant-, triazine-tolerant- and bromoxynil-tolerant-crops (such as, but not limited to, soybean, cotton, canola/oilseed rape, sunflower, rice, cereals, corn, turf, tree and vine, sugarcane, etc), for example, in conjunction with glyphosate, glufosinate,
  • the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and complementary herbicide or salt or ester thereof are used in combination with herbicides that are selective for the crop being treated and which complement the spectrum of weeds controlled by these compounds at the application rate employed.
  • the compositions described herein and other complementary herbicides are applied at the same time, either as a combination formulation or as a tank mix.
  • Undesirable vegetation includes, but is not limited to, undesirable vegetation that occurs in oilseed rape, canola, vegetables, Brassica spp, ornamentals, rice, wheat, triticale, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, corn/maize, sunflower, row crops, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, sugarcane, turf, tree and vine orchards, industrial vegetation management (IVM) and rights-of-way.
  • IVAM industrial vegetation management
  • the methods and compositions utilizing the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof in combination with propyzamide are used to provide synergistic control of GLXMA, IPOHE, ABUTH, POLCO, SETFA, BRSNW, AMARE, EPHHL, CHEAL, STEME, VIOTR, CIRRAR, GERSS, POAAN, or VERSS.
  • the methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation in oilseed rape, canola, drilled crops and cereal crops.
  • the undesirable vegetation is Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. (blackgrass, ALOMY), Apera spicaventi (L.) Beauv. (windgrass, APESV), Avena fatua L. (wild oat, AVEFA), Bromus tectorum L. (downy brome, BROTE), Lolium multiflorum Lam. (Italian ryegrass, LOLMU), Lolium rigidum (rigid ryegrass, LOLRI), Lolium multiflorum subsp.
  • Gaudini annual ryegrass, LOLMG
  • Phalaris minor Retz. littleseed canarygrass, PHAMI
  • Poa annua L. annual bluegrass, POAAN
  • Setaria pumila Poir.
  • Roemer & J.A. Schultes yellow foxtail, SETLU
  • Setaria viridis L.
  • Beauv. green foxtail, SETVI
  • Cirsium arvense L.) Scop.
  • CIRAR Galium aparine L.
  • GALAP Kochia scoparia
  • kochia, KCHSC Lamium purpureum L.
  • the methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation in rice.
  • the undesirable vegetation is Brachiaria platyphylla (Groseb.) Nash (broadleaf signalgrass, BRAPP), Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (large crabgrass, DIGSA), Echinochloa crus - galli (L.) P. Beauv.
  • Presl ex Kuhth ( monochoria, MOOVA), Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan (doveweed, MUDNU), Polygonum pensylvanicum L., (Pennsylvania smartweed, POLPY), Polygonum persicaria L. (ladysthumb, POLPE), Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. (mild smartweed, POLHP), Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne (Indian toothcup, ROTIN), Sagittaria species, (arrowhead, SAGSS), Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Cory/Rydb. Ex Hill (hemp sesbania, SEBEX), or Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. (gooseweed, SPDZE).
  • the methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation in range and pasture.
  • the undesirable vegetation is Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (common ragweed, AMBEL), Cassia obtusifolia (sickle pod, CASOB), Centaurea maculosa auct. non Lam. (spotted knapweed, CENMA), Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Canada thistle, CIRAR), Convolvulus arvensis L. (field bindweed, CONAR), Euphorbia esula L. (leafy spurge, EPHES), Lactuca serriola L./Torn.
  • the methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation found in row crops and vegetable crops.
  • the undesirable vegetation is Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. (blackgrass, ALOMY), Avena fatua L. (wild oat, AVEFA), Brachiaria platyphylla (Groseb.) Nash (broadleaf signalgrass, BRAPP), Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (large crabgrass, DIGSA), Echinochloa crus - galli (L.) P. Beauv. (barnyardgrass, ECHCG), Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link (junglerice, ECHCO), Lolium multiflorum Lam.
  • compositions and methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation consisting of grass, broadleaf and sedge weeds.
  • the combination of compound (I) or agriculturally acceptable ester or salt thereof and propyzamide is used to control Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed, AMARE), Chenopodium album (common lambsquarters, CHEAL), Centaurea cyanus (cornflower, CENCY), Descurainia sophia (flixweed, DESSO), Conzya canadensis (horseweed/marestail, ERICA), Conyza bonariensis (fleabane, ERIBO), Erodium cicutarium (storksbill/redstem filaree, EROCI), Fumaria officinalis (common fumitory, FUMOF), Galeopsis tetrahit (common hempnettle, GAETE), Galium aparine (bedstraw, catchweed/cleavers, GALAP), Geranium dissectum (cutleaf geranium, GERDI), Geranium pusillum (smallflower
  • the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to propyzamide or salt thereof is within the range of from about 1:2240 to about 1:10. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to propyzamide or salt thereof is within the range of from about 1:600 to about 1:25. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to propyzamide or salt thereof is within the range of from about 1:600 to about 1:30. In certain embodiments, the compositions comprise the compound of formula (I) or its methyl ester, TEA salt, or potassium salt and propyzamide.
  • the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein.
  • the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 101 grams active ingredient per hectare (g ai/ha) to about 2250 g ai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition.
  • the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 250 g ai/ha to about 760 g ai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition.
  • the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and propyzamide, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously.
  • the propyzamide is applied at a rate from about 100 g ai/ha to about 2240 g ai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 1 gram acid equivalent per hectare (g ae/ha) to about 10 g ae/ha.
  • the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) or its methyl ester, TEA salt, or potassium salt in combination with propyzamide.
  • the components of the mixtures described herein can be applied either separately or as part of a multipart herbicidal system.
  • the mixtures described herein can be applied in conjunction with one or more other herbicides to control a wider variety of undesirable vegetation.
  • the composition can be formulated with the other herbicide or herbicides, tank-mixed with the other herbicide or herbicides or applied sequentially with the other herbicide or herbicides.
  • herbicides that can be employed in conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein include, but are not limited to: 4-CPA, 4-CPB, 4-CPP, 2,4-D, 2,4-D choline salt, 2,4-D esters and amines, 2,4-DB, 3,4-DA, 3,4-DB, 2,4-DEB, 2,4-DEP, 3,4-DP, 2,3,6-TBA, 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-TB, acetochlor, acifluorfen, aclonifen, acrolein, alachlor, allidochlor, alloxydim, allyl alcohol, alorac, ametridione, ametryn, amibuzin, amicarbazone, amidosulfuron, aminocyclopyrachlor, aminopyralid, amiprofosmethyl, amitrole, ammonium sulfamate, anilofos, anisuron, asulam, atraton, atrazine, azafenidin
  • the methods provided herein are used to control undesirable vegetation in glyphosate-, glufosinate-, dicamba-, phenoxy auxins-, pyridyloxy auxins-, aryloxyphenoxypropionates-, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors-, imidazolinones-, acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors-, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors-, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors-, triazines-inhibitors, or bromoxynil-tolerant crops.
  • Such herbicide tolerant crops may possesses multiple or stacked traits conferring tolerance to multiple herbicides or multiple modes-of-action.
  • the methods provided herein are used to control undesirable vegetation that is a herbicide resistant or tolerant weed.
  • Such herbicide resistant or tolerant weed may have a biotype with resistance or tolerance to multiple herbicides, multiple chemical classes, or multiple herbicide modes-of-action.
  • compositions described herein are employed in combination with one or more herbicide safeners, such as AD-67 (MON 4660), benoxacor, benthiocarb, brassinolide, cloquintocet(mexyl), cyometrinil, daimuron, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dimepiperate, disulfoton, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, harpin proteins, isoxadifen-ethyl, jiecaowan, jiecaoxi, mefenpyr-diethyl, mephenate, naphthalic anhydride (NA), oxabetrinil, R29148 and N-phenyl-sulfonylbenzoic acid amides, to enhance their selectivity.
  • herbicide safeners such as AD-67 (MON 4660), benoxacor, benthiocarb, brassinolide
  • the safeners are employed in rice, cereal, corn, or maize settings.
  • the safener is cloquintocet or an ester or salt thereof.
  • cloquintocet is utilized to antagonize harmful effects of the compositions on rice and cereals.
  • the safener is cloquintocet (mexyl).
  • compositions provided herein further comprise at least one agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier.
  • Suitable adjuvants or carriers should not be phytotoxic to valuable crops, particularly at the concentrations employed in applying the compositions for selective weed control in the presence of crops, and should not react chemically with herbicidal components or other composition ingredients.
  • Such mixtures can be designed for application directly to weeds or their locus or can be concentrates or formulations that are normally diluted with additional carriers and adjuvants before application. They can be solids, such as, for example, dusts, granules, water-dispersible granules, or wettable powders, or liquids, such as, for example, emulsifiable concentrates, solutions, emulsions or suspensions. They can also be provided as a pre-mix or tank-mixed.
  • Suitable agricultural adjuvants and carriers include, but are not limited to, crop oil concentrate; nonylphenol ethoxylate; benzylcocoalkyldimethyl quaternary ammonium salt; blend of petroleum hydrocarbon, alkyl esters, organic acid, and anionic surfactant; C 9 -C 11 alkylpolyglycoside; phosphated alcohol ethoxylate; natural primary alcohol (C 12 -C 16 ) ethoxylate; di-sec-butylphenol EO-PO block copolymer; polysiloxane-methyl cap; nonylphenol ethoxylate+urea ammonium nitrate; emulsified methylated seed oil; tridecyl alcohol (synthetic) ethoxylate (8EO); tallow amine ethoxylate (15 EO); PEG(400) dioleate-99.
  • crop oil concentrate nonylphenol ethoxylate
  • Liquid carriers that can be employed include water and organic solvents.
  • the organic solvents include, but are not limited to, petroleum fractions or hydrocarbons such as mineral oil, aromatic solvents, paraffinic oils, and the like; vegetable oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, tung oil and the like; esters of the above vegetable oils; esters of monoalcohols or dihydric, trihydric, or other lower polyalcohols (4-6 hydroxy containing), such as 2-ethyl hexyl stearate, n-butyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, propylene glycol dioleate, di-octyl succinate, di-butyl adipate, di-octyl phthalate and the like; esters of mono, di and polycarbox
  • organic solvents include, but are not limited to toluene, xylene, petroleum naphtha, crop oil, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerine, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethyl alkylamides, dimethyl sulfoxide, liquid fertilizers and the like.
  • water is the carrier for the dilution of concentrates.
  • Suitable solid carriers include but are not limited to talc, pyrophyllite clay, silica, attapulgus clay, kaolin clay, kieselguhr, chalk, diatomaceous earth, lime, calcium carbonate, bentonite clay, Fuller's earth, cottonseed hulls, wheat flour, soybean flour, pumice, wood flour, walnut shell flour, lignin, cellulose, and the like.
  • compositions described herein further comprise one or more surface-active agents.
  • surface-active agents are employed in both solid and liquid compositions, and in certain embodiments those designed to be diluted with carrier before application.
  • the surface-active agents can be anionic, cationic or nonionic in character and can be employed as emulsifying agents, wetting agents, suspending agents, or for other purposes.
  • Surfactants which may also be used in the present formulations are described, inter alia, in “McCutcheon's Detergents and Emulsifiers Annual,” MC Publishing Corp., Ridgewood, N.J., 1998 and in “Encyclopedia of Surfactants,” Vol. I-III, Chemical Publishing Co., New York, 1980-81.
  • Surface-active agents include, but are not limited to salts of alkyl sulfates, such as diethanolammonium lauryl sulfate; alkylarylsulfonate salts, such as calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate; alkylphenol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as nonylphenol-C 18 ethoxylate; alcohol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as tridecyl alcohol-C 16 ethoxylate; soaps, such as sodium stearate; alkyl-naphthalene-sulfonate salts, such as sodium dibutylnaphthalenesulfonate; dialkyl esters of sulfosuccinate salts, such as sodium di(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate; sorbitol esters, such as sorbitol oleate; quaternary amines, such as lauryl trimethylammonium chloride; polyethylene glycol est
  • these materials can be used interchangeably as an agricultural adjuvant, as a liquid carrier or as a surface active agent.
  • compositions include but are not limited to compatibilizing agents, antifoam agents, sequestering agents, neutralizing agents and buffers, corrosion inhibitors, dyes, odorants, spreading agents, penetration aids, sticking agents, dispersing agents, thickening agents, freezing point depressants, antimicrobial agents, and the like.
  • the compositions may also contain other compatible components, for example, other herbicides, plant growth regulants, fungicides, insecticides, and the like and can be formulated with liquid fertilizers or solid, particulate fertilizer carriers such as ammonium nitrate, urea and the like.
  • the concentration of the active ingredients in the compositions described herein is from about 0.0005 to 98 percent by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration is from about 0.0006 to 90 percent by weight.
  • the active ingredients in certain embodiments, are present in a concentration from about 0.1 to 98 weight percent, and in certain embodiments about 0.5 to 90 weight percent.
  • Such compositions are, in certain embodiments, diluted with an inert carrier, such as water, before application.
  • the diluted compositions usually applied to weeds or the locus of weeds contain, in certain embodiments, about 0.0005 to 15.0 weight percent active ingredient and in certain embodiments contain about 0.001 to 12.0 weight percent.
  • compositions can be applied to weeds or their locus by the use of conventional ground or aerial dusters, sprayers, and granule applicators, by addition to irrigation or paddy water, and by other conventional means known to those skilled in the art.
  • Seeds or nutlets of the desired test plant species were planted in Sun Gro Metro-Mix® 360 planting mixture, which typically has a pH of 6.0 to 6.8 and an organic matter content of about 30 percent, in plastic pots with a surface area of 64 square centimeters (cm 2 ).
  • a fungicide treatment and/or other chemical or physical treatment was applied.
  • the plants were grown for 7-21 days (d) in a greenhouse with an approximate 15 hour (h) photoperiod which was maintained at about 23-29° C. during the day and 22-28° C. during the night.
  • Nutrients and water were added on a regular basis and supplemental lighting was provided with overhead metal halide 1000-Watt lamps as necessary. The plants were employed for testing when they reached the first or second true leaf stage.
  • test compound A weighed amount, determined by the highest rate to be tested, of each test compound was placed in a 25 milliliter (mL) glass vial and was dissolved in 4 mL of a 97:3 volume per volume (v/v) mixture of acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to obtain concentrated stock solutions. If the test compound did not dissolve readily, the mixture was warmed and/or sonicated.
  • the concentrated stock solutions obtained were diluted with 20 mL of an aqueous mixture containing acetone, water, isopropyl alcohol, DMSO, Atplus 411F crop oil concentrate, and Triton® X-155 surfactant in a 48.5:39:10:1.5:1.0:0.02 v/v ratio to obtain spray solutions containing the highest application rates.
  • Additional application rates were obtained by serial dilution of 12 mL of the high rate solution into a solution containing 2 mL of a 97:3 v/v mixture of acetone and DMSO and 10 mL of an aqueous mixture containing acetone, water, isopropyl alcohol, DMSO, Atplus 411F crop oil concentrate, and Triton X-155 surfactant in a 48.5:39:10:1.5:1.0:0.02 v/v ratio to obtain 1/2 ⁇ , 1/4 ⁇ , 1/8 ⁇ and 1/16 ⁇ rates of the high rate.
  • Compound requirements are based upon a 12 mL application volume at a rate of 187 liters per hectare (L/ha).
  • Formulated compounds were applied to the plant material with an overhead Mandel track sprayer equipped with 8002E nozzles calibrated to deliver 187 L/ha over an application area of 0.503 square meters (m 2 ) at a spray height of 18 inches (43 cm) above the average plant canopy height. Control plants were sprayed in the same manner with the solvent blank.
  • Treatments consisted of the methyl ester of 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Cmpd 1) as technical grade material and propyzamide (Kerb 50W) alone and in combination.
  • the form of compound of formula (I) was applied on an acid equivalent basis and propyzamide was applied on an active ingredient basis.
  • the treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse as described above and watered by subirrigation to prevent wash-off of the test compounds. After 14 d, the condition of the test plants as compared with that of the untreated plants was determined visually and scored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injury and 100 corresponds to complete kill.
  • Results in Table 1 are greenhouse trial results for foliar applied compositions. The observed values in the table refer to percent (%) control rated visually. Colby's equation was used to determine the herbicidal effects expected from the mixtures (Colby, S. R. Calculation of the synergistic and antagonistic response of herbicide combinations. Weeds 1967, 15, 20-22.). More specifically, the following equation was used to calculate the expected activity of mixtures containing two active ingredients, A and B:

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