US20140042974A1 - Detachable battery module, and method and apparatus for the charge equalization of a battery string using same - Google Patents

Detachable battery module, and method and apparatus for the charge equalization of a battery string using same Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140042974A1
US20140042974A1 US14/113,257 US201114113257A US2014042974A1 US 20140042974 A1 US20140042974 A1 US 20140042974A1 US 201114113257 A US201114113257 A US 201114113257A US 2014042974 A1 US2014042974 A1 US 2014042974A1
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Prior art keywords
battery
cell
charge
battery cell
module
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US14/113,257
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English (en)
Inventor
Jeong Hwan Yang
Gun-Woo Moon
Chol-Ho Kim
Moon-Young Kim
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SK Innovation Co Ltd
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SK Innovation Co Ltd
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Assigned to SK INNOVATION CO., LTD. reassignment SK INNOVATION CO., LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KIM, MOON-YOUNG, MOON, GUN-WOO, YANG, JEONG HWAN, KIM, CHOL-HO
Publication of US20140042974A1 publication Critical patent/US20140042974A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H01M10/441—Methods for charging or discharging for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H01M10/482—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H02J7/0018—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries using separate charge circuits
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
    • G01R19/165—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values
    • G01R19/16533—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values characterised by the application
    • G01R19/16538—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values characterised by the application in AC or DC supplies
    • G01R19/16542—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values characterised by the application in AC or DC supplies for batteries
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
    • G01R31/3835—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC involving only voltage measurements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/396—Acquisition or processing of data for testing or for monitoring individual cells or groups of cells within a battery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H02J7/0048—Detection of remaining charge capacity or state of charge [SOC]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H02J7/005—Detection of state of health [SOH]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a detachable battery module and a charge equalization method and apparatus for a battery string, and more particularly, to a charge equalization method and apparatus for charge equalization of a plurality of battery strings by using a charge equalization apparatus for cell balancing (referred to as charge equalization; they are mixedly used herein) with an IC monitoring state information of a battery in real time.
  • charge equalization a charge equalization apparatus for cell balancing
  • k batteries are divided into M module units and are connected to each other in series, in which each module is provided with switch blocks which are connected to a right of the battery.
  • the switch block serves to select a specific cell to provide a current path to a capacitor of a next stage Further, a potential stored in the capacitor is read by an A/D converter and a value thereof is input to a microprocessor.
  • the input battery sensing information is used as information to allow the microprocessor to operate the battery and if a specific cell is undercharged or overcharged, the microprocessor drives cell equalization apparatuses which are connected to each module in parallel to achieve the charge equalization of all the batteries.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a high-reliability, effective charge equalization apparatus and method by using the one charge equalization converter and a battery monitoring dedicated IC circuit without individual circuits increasing complexity being used for each cell or module to control a plurality of cells.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a charge equalization apparatus and method for sufficiently controlling a quantity of charge input to cells while greatly reducing complexity, cost, and volume of a battery operation system.
  • Still another object of the present invention is to provide a charge equalization apparatus and method capable of overcoming a voltage stress of a control switch used by modularizing a plurality of batteries and stably using the batteries, in using a control switch under a high stack voltage of the batteries.
  • a detachable battery module including: at least one battery cell; a switch block unit which switches the battery cell; a module switch unit which selects the switch block; and a battery monitoring unit which monitors the battery cell and measures a cell potential to transmit cell potential information.
  • the battery monitoring unit and the switch block unit may be configured of a single integrated circuit.
  • the switch block unit or the module switch unit may be configured of at least any one of a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), and a relay.
  • MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
  • BJT bipolar junction transistor
  • relay a relay
  • a charge equalization apparatus for a battery string, including: at least one detachable battery module as described above; a control unit which receives cell potential information from the detachable battery module to compare the cell potential information with a prestored reference value so as to determine whether the charge of the battery cell is equalized; and an equalization converter which performs the charge equalization by charging or discharging the battery cell for a predetermined operation time depending on whether the control unit performs the charge equalization.
  • the control unit and the equalization converter may be a master module and the detachable battery module may be a slave module which is removed from the mater module.
  • the battery monitoring unit may control the detachable battery module and the module switch unit may share equalization converters for each detachable battery module or insulates between the detachable battery modules.
  • the equalization converter may be configured of a chargeable/dischargeable DC/DC converter or an insulating transformer and the switch block unit or the module switch unit may be configured of at least any one of a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), and a relay.
  • MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
  • BJT bipolar junction transistor
  • the control unit may move a total energy of the battery cell to the corresponding battery cell and when only the corresponding battery cell is undercharged or overcharged, energy of an external power supply may move to the undercharged battery cell or the energy of the overcharged battery cell may move to the energy of the external power supply.
  • a charge equalization method for a battery string using a detachable battery module including: measuring a potential for at least one battery cell included in at least one detachable battery module by monitoring the battery cell; transmitting information on the measured potential of the battery cell; preparing a charge equalization cell list about overcharged or undercharged battery cells by comparing the transmitted cell potential information with a prestored reference value; connecting battery modules including the corresponding battery cell depending on the charge equalization list; and performing the charge equalization on the corresponding battery cell for a predetermined period by an equalization converter.
  • the performing the charge equalization on the corresponding battery cell may include: determining whether the charge of the corresponding battery cell is equalized; and re-measuring the cell potential of the corresponding battery cell when the charge equalization is completed, as a result of whether the charge is equalized.
  • the reference value may be any one of a state of charge (SOC) of the battery cell, a user's designated voltage, a battery pack or average voltage, and the user's designated voltage and a state of health (SOH) increased and decreased in the battery pack or average voltage.
  • SOC state of charge
  • SOH state of health
  • the charge equalization method for a battery string using a detachable battery module may further include: when the corresponding battery cell is undercharged or overcharged over other battery cells, moving total energy of the battery cell to the corresponding battery cell, and when only the corresponding battery cell is undercharged or overcharged, moving energy of an external power supply to the undercharged battery cell or moving the energy of the overcharged battery cell to the energy of the external power supply.
  • the predetermined operation time may be defined by comparing a programmed and prestored value (reference value) with a value calculated by mathematical modeling depending on a charging or discharging current amount of the equalization unit and a energy storage capacity of the corresponding battery cell, a prestored value, or the user's desired value obtained by measuring a cell voltage, a stage of charge (SOC), or a state of health (SOH) after an charge equalization operation is periodically performed on the corresponding battery cell for a predetermined time.
  • a programmed and prestored value reference value
  • a value calculated by mathematical modeling depending on a charging or discharging current amount of the equalization unit and a energy storage capacity of the corresponding battery cell a prestored value, or the user's desired value obtained by measuring a cell voltage, a stage of charge (SOC), or a state of health (SOH) after an charge equalization operation is periodically performed on the corresponding battery cell for a predetermined time.
  • the charge equalization apparatus and the battery monitoring IC are used in one module and the specific function of the monitoring IC is used in the charge equalization apparatus, thereby reducing the complexity, cost, and volume of the overall battery operation system.
  • the charge equalization apparatus commonly uses one direct current (DC)-DC converter, thereby easily controlling the charge equalization current quantity and the charge equalization apparatus uses the high-reliability monitoring IC, thereby allowing the central processing unit (that is, control unit) to process the cell information in real time independent of the charge equalization circuit.
  • DC direct current
  • the charge equalization apparatus are modularized by being divided into the master unit and the slave unit, such that the charge equalization apparatus may be expanded and contracted independent of the number of batteries, the circuits are separated for each module, such that the circuits may be easily implemented, and when the circuits are damaged, only the damaged module is replaced, such that the effective countermeasure may be performed.
  • the charge equalization apparatus uses the DC-DC converter and thus is driven for each module by dividing all the battery cells into a predetermined number, such that the voltage stress of the switches used in the switch blocks may be reduced and the driving algorithm of the charge equalization apparatus may be defined by the user or the program calculation and may vary by the communication between the central processing unit (that is, control unit) and the module.
  • all the battery cells are used by being grouped into the k battery modules, such that the charged charge of the battery cells may be sufficiently controlled by the low-voltage bidirectional control switch having only the k battery voltage as the withstand voltage, instead of the bidirectional control switch having the overall battery voltage as the withstand voltage.
  • FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram implementing a charge equalization apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a circuit block diagram implementing the concept of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 3 is an overall configuration diagram of the charge equalization apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a circuit operation of the charge equalization apparatus for a second cell of a second module in FIG. 2 ;
  • FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram illustrating a configuration example of an element of the charge equalization apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating an operation sequence of a charge equalization circuit according to the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram implementing a charge equalization apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the charge equalization apparatus includes detachable battery modules 140 a to 140 m , a control unit 100 which controls the detachable battery modules, an equalization converter 130 which provides charge equalization of the battery modules 140 a to 140 m depending on a command of the control unit, and the like. These components will be described below.
  • the battery modules 140 a to 140 m are configured in a detachable type and include battery cells, a battery monitoring IC which monitors a state of the battery cells, and switches which switch the modules. This is illustrated in FIG. 2 . This will be described below with reference to FIG. 2 .
  • the control unit 100 may be a microprocessor, a microcomputer, and the like and is programmed with an algorithm which performs a balancing (that is, charge equalization) operation of the battery cells according to the embodiment of the present invention.
  • the control unit 100 may include a memory, and as the memory, an internal memory of the control unit 100 may also be used, or a separate memory may be used.
  • non-volatile memories such as an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a static RAM (SRAM), a ferro-electric RAM (FRAM), a phase-change RAM (PRAM), and a magnetic RAM (MRAM) may be used.
  • EEPROM electrically erasable programmable read-only memory
  • SRAM static RAM
  • FRAM ferro-electric RAM
  • PRAM phase-change RAM
  • MRAM magnetic RAM
  • the equalization converter 130 serves to perform the charge equalization of the battery modules 140 a to 140 m to implement at least one cell balancing (charge equalization) of the battery modules 140 a to 140 m depending on the command of the control unit 100 . Therefore, as the equalization converter 130 a DC-DC converter of a chargeable and dischargeable type may be used.
  • FIG. 2 is a circuit block diagram implementing the concept of FIG. 1 .
  • the battery module 140 a among the detachable battery modules 140 a to 140 m is configured to include a battery pack 113 a which is configured of battery cells B 1,1 to B 1,K , a monitoring unit 120 a which monitors a state of the battery cells B 1,1 to B 1,K in the battery pack 113 a , a switch block 112 a which switches the battery cells B 1,1 to B 1,K in the battery pack 113 a , a module switch unit 111 a which switches to charge or discharge the corresponding battery cells by selecting the switch block 112 a , and the like.
  • the detachable battery module 140 a is arranged in plural ( 140 a to 140 m ) within the equalization apparatus. These components will be described below.
  • the battery packs 113 a to 113 n include the plurality of battery cells B 1,1 to B 1,K which are connected to each other in series, in which the plurality of battery cells are modularized in any number of batteries (normally, the battery cells are configured in 8, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto). Further, the case in which the battery cells B 1,1 to B 1,K are configured in series within the battery pack 113 a is illustrated, but the battery cells B 1,1 to B 1,K may be configured in parallel.
  • the battery cell may be a hybrid battery, such as a nickel metal battery and a lithium ion battery.
  • the battery monitoring units 120 a and 120 b may be configured using a battery dedicated IC which is commercially used.
  • the battery monitoring units each transfer the state information of the battery cells (for example, B 1,1 to B 1,K ) to the control unit 100 and take part in the battery protection and the cell balancing (referred to as the charge equalization) control depending on the command of the control unit.
  • the switch block units 112 a to 112 n serve to connect a specific battery cell, which is undercharged during the charge equalization or overcharged, to the equalization converter 130 .
  • the module switch units 111 a to 111 n are present in each module in each of the battery modules 140 a to 140 n and thus share the equalization converters 130 for each module. Further, these module switch units serve to insulate between the battery modules 140 a to 140 m to separate these battery modules as the individual module.
  • voltage information and information such as temperature of the battery cells B 1,1 to B M,K are collected and controlled by the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m and the battery monitoring unit is partially responsible for the control of the equalization converter 130 through communication between the control unit 100 and the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m .
  • the operation of the equalization converter 130 for the charge equalization is controlled depending on a defined algorithm through the battery cell sensing information of the control unit 100 .
  • the algorithm is illustrated in FIG. 6 . This will be described below.
  • FIG. 3 is an overall configuration diagram of the charge equalization apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention. That is, FIG. 3 illustrates an example of the charge equalization apparatus which uses one equalization converter 130 , the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m , and the control switches 112 a to 112 m and 200 .
  • the control unit 100 responsible for the system control based on the information of all the battery cells B 1,1 to B M,K is present and the one equalization converter 130 generating cell charge equalization energy is controlled by the control unit 100 and is connected to the module switch unit 200 .
  • the equalization converter 130 the chargeable/dischargeable bidirectional DC-DC converter may be used as the equalization converter 130 .
  • the module switch units 200 each present in each battery module are shared by the bidirectional cell selective switches 112 a to 112 m connected to each of the battery cells B 1,1 to B M,K and the cell switch blocks 112 a to 112 m selecting the cells are controlled by control signals of the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m .
  • the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m which are present in each battery module are directly connected to each of the battery cells B 1,1 to B M,K to acquire the state information (for example, SOC, SOH, current, voltage, and the like) of the battery cells.
  • the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m collects the state information of each of the battery cells B 1,1 to B M,K and transfers the collected state information to the control unit 100 , which is a central processing unit, depending on a data communication protocol. That is, as described above, the battery monitoring unit 120 a collects the state information (for example, SOC, SOH, voltage, current, and the like) of each of the battery cells B 1,1 to B 1,K and the battery monitoring unit 120 m collects the state information of each of the battery cells BM, 1 to BM,K.
  • the state information for example, SOC, SOH, voltage, current, and the like
  • the control unit 100 determines whether the charge of the specific battery cell is equalized by the defined algorithm to transmit the control signals to the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m of each of the battery modules 140 a to 140 m ( FIG. 2 ). As such, the control unit 100 and the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m are connected to each other to transmit and receive the information to and from each other. That is, as illustrated in FIG. 3 , the communication lines shown by a dotted line is connected to each other. Therefore, even though one of the battery modules 140 a to 140 m ( FIG. 2 ) is removed due to an abnormal operation, the remaining battery modules may still communicate with the control unit 100 .
  • the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m are directly connected to each of the battery cells to obtain the battery information in real time and receive the command of the control unit 100 to generate the specific control signal.
  • the control switches 112 a to 112 m and 200 connected to the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m receive the control signals in the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m to turn on/off the switch block units 112 a to 112 m which select the corresponding battery cells BM, 1 to BM,K, such that a cell charge equalization current path for the specific cell may be generated.
  • the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m control turn on/off operations of the module switching units 111 a to 111 m ( FIG. 2 ) of the corresponding battery modules 140 a to 140 m ( FIG. 2 ).
  • the control of the control unit 100 may be changed depending on the number of output pins of the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m and the control unit 100 may be configured to directly control the module switch units 111 a to 111 m ( FIG. 2 ).
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a circuit operation of the charge equalization apparatus for a second cell of a second module in FIG. 2 .
  • a battery stack monitor Product Name: “LTC6802”, Linear Technology Co.
  • the “LTC6802” is directly connected to each of the battery cells to measure a potential of the battery cell and measure a temperature of the battery cell and includes a switch controlling the corresponding battery cell disposed therein.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates only the case in which in order to understand the embodiment of the present invention, the “LTC6802” is applied, and therefore any electronic component having the above-mentioned function may also be applied.
  • the DC-DC converter 130 commonly used is operated by an overall voltage or an external voltage of battery cells B 2,1 to B 2,K and is controlled bidirectionally or unidirectionally. Therefore, the DC-DC converter 130 serves to charge or discharge the specific battery cells B 2,1 to B 2,K . Further, the DC-DC converter 130 receives a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal of the control unit 100 or a PWM signal of a controller (a portion controlling the operation of the DC-DC converter 130 ) which is controlled by the control unit 100 .
  • PWM pulse width modulation
  • Low-voltage bidirectional control switches 111 b and 112 b which control the charging and discharging current of the battery cells B 2,1 to B 2,K within the battery pack 113 b are operated by receiving turn on and off signals of the battery monitoring unit 120 b .
  • the inputs of each of the bidirectional control switches 111 b and 112 b are connected to simple circuits O2,2, S2,2, and the like, which receive the turn on/off signals of the battery monitoring unit 120 b to perform the turn on and off operations of the switch.
  • the circuit uses the voltage of the battery cells B 2,1 to B 2,K as a power supply apparatus and needs to perform the high-reliability turn on/off switch operations.
  • the control unit 100 which is a central processing unit and the DC-DC converter 130 are a single master module and the control switches 111 b and 112 b and the battery monitoring unit 120 b is a slave module.
  • the master module controls the slave module based on the information on the overall battery situation and the system situation and generates charging/discharging energy for the cell charge equalization.
  • the slave module serves to read the battery cell information which is connected to the module and control the switch for the charge equalization of the specific battery cell.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a circuit which connects the low-voltage bidirectional control switches to each of the battery modules 140 a to 140 m ( FIG. 2 ) and performs the individual charge equalization operation using the one common DC-DC converter 130 .
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an example in which the sensing circuit part which is intricately configured to sense the cell voltage information of each of the plurality of cells B 2,1 to B 2,K is simply configured by using an integrated monitoring IC element. Further, FIG. 4 illustrates an example in which the battery stack monitor (Product Name “LTC6802”, Linear Technology Co.) is applied, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • the battery stack monitor Product Name “LTC6802”, Linear Technology Co.
  • the battery cell to be charged (referring to FIG. 4 , assumed to correspond to one of the battery cells B 2,1 to B 2,K within the battery module 140 b ) is determined, and thus it is assumed that the bidirectional control switch 112 b corresponding thereto is turned on and a relay switch 116 b which is the module switch unit of the battery module 140 b belonging to the battery cell to be charged is turned on.
  • the bidirectional DC-DC converter 130 commonly used is operated by the control of the control unit 100 .
  • the DC-DC converter may be operated to meet the charging or the discharging situation and in the case of the unidirectional DC-DC converter 130 , the DC-DC converter 130 may be operated by a predefined direction. In this case, the operation of the used DC-DC converter may be changed depending on the used converter type. Further, in the case of a switched-mode power supply (SMPS) which receives the PWM control signal and in the case of performing an operation of a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) or other switches, the control method may be changed.
  • SMPS switched-mode power supply
  • BJT bipolar junction transistor
  • the amount of the charge equalization charging and discharging current may be simply and efficiently generated depending on the capacity of the battery cell by the one common DC-DC converter 130 illustrated in FIG. 4 and the use of the battery monitoring unit 120 b may lead to the reduction in the cost and volume of the charge equalization apparatus.
  • the above-mentioned DC-DC converter 130 may be configured of a combination of the existing various types of DC-DC converters or linear regulators.
  • each of the converters or regulators includes a switch unit and thus may be output bidirectionally or unidirectionally.
  • the switch unit may be configured of a combination of switches electrically insulated from each other, such as an electrical switch and a mechanical switch. This is illustrated in FIG. 5 .
  • FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram illustrating a configuration example of an element of the charge equalization apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
  • a flyback type bidirectional DC-DC converter 130 may be used and as the switch unit, a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) may be used.
  • MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an example in which the charge equalization apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 is implemented using other circuit elements, and therefore it may be understood that the DC-DC converter and the switch may be configured of a combination of other apparatuses.
  • the charge equalization apparatus is performed when potentials of each of the serially connected batteries are different from each other under the situation in which the serially connected batteries are not connected to an electrical charging apparatus or electrical loads.
  • the charge equalization apparatus may be performed even though the serially connected batteries are connected to the electrical charging apparatus or the electrical loads.
  • the charge equalization apparatus starts to operate when the potentials of each of the battery cells are different from each other and the starting of the charge equalization apparatus is determined according to the algorithm previously programmed in the control unit 100 ( FIG. 1 ) based on a battery cell voltage measurement value input to the control unit 100 , a state of charge (SOC) value by the battery cell voltage, or a stage of health (SOH).
  • SOC state of charge
  • SOH stage of health
  • FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a sequence of the charge equalization operation according to the embodiment of the present invention.
  • the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m sense the potentials of the battery cells B 1,1 to B M,K disposed in each of the battery modules 140 a to 140 m in real time (steps S 600 and S 610 ).
  • the sensed cell potential values (that is, voltage values) of the battery cells B 1,1 to B M,K are transmitted to the control unit 100 from the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m through the communication lines between the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m and the control unit 100 . Further, the transmission may be performed in real time or at each predetermined time period. Therefore, the control unit 100 determined whether the transmission is completed (step S 620 ).
  • the control unit 100 when the transmission from the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m to the control unit 100 is completed, the control unit 100 generates a list of the battery cells exceeding a reference value and the battery cells less than the reference value based on a cell balancing targeted voltage of all of the batteries (step S 630 ).
  • the steps S 600 to S 620 are executed again.
  • the control unit 100 first connects the corresponding battery modules 140 a to 140 m of at least one of the module switch units 110 a to 110 m ( FIG. 2 ) to the equalization converter 130 . Further, the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m connect the corresponding battery modules to the equalization converters. When the corresponding battery module (this may be in singular or plural) is connected to the equalization converter 130 , the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m allow the switch block unit 112 a to select the corresponding battery cells B 1,1 to B M,K (step S 640 ).
  • control unit 100 performs the following operation to perform the charge equalization process.
  • the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m preferentially operate the bidirectional control switches 111 a to 111 m by the internal switch.
  • the control signal to operate the module switch units 112 a to 112 m associated with the battery modules in which the corresponding battery cells are included is transmitted.
  • the common equalization converter 130 in particular, DC-DC converter
  • the equalization converter 130 charges a charge in the corresponding battery cell or discharges a charge from the corresponding battery cell to perform the charge equalization (steps S 650 and S 660 ). Further, the equalization converter 130 sequentially performs the charge equalization operation from the most preferential battery cell depending on the command of the control unit 100 .
  • the method of executing the charge equalization may be divided into largely four, which is as follows.
  • the potential of the corresponding undercharged battery cell is effectively increased by moving the total energy of the battery to an undercharged battery cell.
  • the potential of the corresponding undercharged battery cell is effectively increased by moving the energy of the external power supply to the undercharged battery cell.
  • the potential of the overcharged battery cell is effectively reduced by moving the overcharged battery energy to all the battery calls.
  • the potential of the corresponding overcharged battery cell may be reduced by moving the overcharged battery energy to the external power supply.
  • the overall charge equalization effect is implemented by repeating the above ⁇ circle around ( 1 ) ⁇ to ⁇ circle around ( 4 ) ⁇ processes.
  • a predetermined operation time (hereinafter, referred to as the charge equalization time) is present and in defining the predetermined operation time, various methods may be present. These methods are as follows.
  • a method of defining the charge equalization time by mathematical modeling depending on the charging or discharging current quantity of the equalization converter 130 and an energy storage capacity of the battery cell.
  • the charge equalization operation time is defined by the so obtained charge equalization time and the equalization converter may be turned on/off depending on the operation time.
  • the value of the corresponding battery cell which is previously stored may be changed by the user.
  • the value of the specific cell may be an average value of all the batteries, an SOC average of all the batteries, and a specific value which is increased or reduced to a preset fixed value in the average or SOC of all the batteries.
  • iii) A method of periodically performing the charge equalization operation in the specific battery cell for a predetermined time, not driving the apparatus for the predetermined charge equalization time and then comparing the cell voltage or the user's desired value through the SOC and SOH measurement with the reference value which is programmed or previously stored.
  • the reference value may be any one of the user's designated voltage, the battery pack or average voltage, and the user's designated voltage and the state of health (SOH) increased and decreased in the battery pack or average voltage.
  • the charge equalization is performed after the predetermined time.
  • the reference value of the specific cell may be defined by the above-mentioned method.
  • control unit 100 determines whether the charge equalization is completed by the process (step S 670 ).
  • the battery monitoring units 120 a to 120 m re-measures the potentials of the battery cells to determine whether the potentials of the battery cells reach the reference value (step S 680 ).
  • step S 670 when the charge equalization for the corresponding battery cells B 1,1 to B M,K is not completed, the steps S 630 to S 670 are performed.
  • step S 680 when the re-measured potential of the battery cell reaches the reference value, the charge equalization process ends.
US14/113,257 2011-04-22 2011-04-22 Detachable battery module, and method and apparatus for the charge equalization of a battery string using same Abandoned US20140042974A1 (en)

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