US20130255338A1 - Microbial Composition Comprising Liquid Fertilizer and Processes for Agricultural Use - Google Patents

Microbial Composition Comprising Liquid Fertilizer and Processes for Agricultural Use Download PDF

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US20130255338A1
US20130255338A1 US13/829,300 US201313829300A US2013255338A1 US 20130255338 A1 US20130255338 A1 US 20130255338A1 US 201313829300 A US201313829300 A US 201313829300A US 2013255338 A1 US2013255338 A1 US 2013255338A1
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composition
chitin
nitrogen
hyta
microbial composition
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Jaime Lopez-Cervantes
Darrell T. Thorpe
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Amvac Chemical Corp
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Agrinos AS
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Priority to US14/700,848 priority patent/US9499448B2/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F11/00—Other organic fertilisers
    • C05F11/08—Organic fertilisers containing added bacterial cultures, mycelia or the like
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/20—Bacteria; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/20—Bacteria; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • A01N63/22—Bacillus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/20—Bacteria; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • A01N63/22—Bacillus
    • A01N63/23—B. thuringiensis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
    • C05C11/00—Other nitrogenous fertilisers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
    • C05C3/00—Fertilisers containing other salts of ammonia or ammonia itself, e.g. gas liquor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
    • C05C9/00—Fertilisers containing urea or urea compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/14—Fungi; Culture media therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/20—Bacteria; Culture media therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12R—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
    • C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms

Definitions

  • Microbial processes and microbial compositions are disclosed that enhance crop production, increase plant defensive processes and/or decrease the level of plant pathogens.
  • Microbes have previously been used in agriculture. Examples include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,952,229; 6,232,270 and 5,266,096.
  • Chitin has also been used in agriculture either as a protein complex (U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,207) or in combination with various microbes (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,524,998 and 6,060,429)
  • Chitosan in combination with other components has been used in agricultural applications. See e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,649,566; 4,812,159; 6,407,040; 5,374,627 and 5,733,851. It has also been used to treat cereal crop seeds. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,978,381. U.S. Pat. No. 6,524,998 also discloses that chitosan can be used in combination with specific microbes for agricultural use.
  • compositions that enhance crop production, increase plant defensive processes and/or decrease the level of plant pathogens.
  • the compositions comprise a microbial composition and liquid fertilizer, preferably a liquid fertilizer that contains at least soluble nitrogen.
  • the composition can be applied immediately to soil, foliage, seeds or seedlings. Alternatively, the composition may be activated by incubation for up to about seven days to form an activated composition. The incubation conditions influence the properties of the consortium after incubation.
  • the soluble nitrogen in the liquid fertilizer preferably comprises an organic source of nitrogen such as urea or a nitrogen containing inorganic salt such as ammonium hydroxide, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium pyrophosphate, ammonium thiosulfate or combinations thereof.
  • an organic source of nitrogen such as urea or a nitrogen containing inorganic salt such as ammonium hydroxide, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium pyrophosphate, ammonium thiosulfate or combinations thereof.
  • Aqua ammonia (20-24.6% anhydrous ammonia) can also be used.
  • the type and amount of soluble nitrogen used will depend on the particular application including type of plant or crop and soil conditions. In some cases, the amount of soluble nitrogen can be decreased because the nitrogen oxidizing bacteria increase the efficiency of nitrogen use from the soluble nitrogen source.
  • compositions comprise one or more lactic acid producing bacteria, one or more nitrogen fixing bacteria, and liquid fertilizer comprising soluble nitrogen.
  • one or more nitrogen fixing bacteria and liquid fertilizer comprising soluble nitrogen.
  • Lactic acid bacteria include Lactobacillus paracasei ss. paracasei, Lactobacillus acidophillus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ss. bulgaricus and Lactobacillus brevis .
  • Other Lactobacilli include those deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) Manassas, Va., US and other depositories known to the skilled artisan.
  • ATCC American Type Culture Collection
  • Nitrogen fixing bacteria include Rhizobium japonicum, Clostridium pasteurianum and Azobacter vinelandii .
  • Other nitrogen fixing bacteria include those deposited with the ATCC and other depositories known to the skilled artisan.
  • the composition further comprises microorganisms that solubilize/mineralize sources of potassium, phosphorous and/or organic carbon.
  • the composition further comprises at least one, two or all of Bacillus subtilis (SILoSil® BS) Bacillus thuringiensis strains HD-1 and HD-73 (SILoSil® BT), and Trichoderma harzianum (TRICHOSIL).
  • SILoSil® BS Bacillus subtilis
  • SILoSil® BT Bacillus thuringiensis strains HD-1 and HD-73
  • TRICHOSIL Trichoderma harzianum
  • the composition comprises HYTa and liquid fertilizer.
  • HYTa is a consortium of microorganisms which includes Lactobacteria , nitrogen fixing bacteria, microorganisms that solubilize/mineralize sources of potassium, phosphorous and organic carbon, Bacillus subtilis (SILoSil® BS) Bacillus thuringiensis strains HD-1 and HD-73 (SILoSil® BT), and Trichoderma harzianum (TRICHOSIL).
  • HYTa was deposited pursuant to the Budapest Treaty with the ATCC on May 19, 2010 with an assigned deposit designation of PTA-10973.
  • the composition further comprises at least one of chitin, chitosan, glucosamine and amino acids.
  • compositions can be applied to soil, seed, seedling or plant foliage.
  • the composition is incubated for one to 7 days to activate the microbes in the composition.
  • nitrogen fixing bacteria are induced to reproduce.
  • certain microorganisms in the composition are induced to reproduce thereby producing a composition with enhanced properties.
  • Such properties include the ability to enhance crop production, increase plant defensive processes and/or decrease the level of plant pathogens.
  • the treatment of soil, seed, seedlings and foliage can also include repeated applications of the above compositions as well as treatment with one or more of HYTa, chitin, chitosan, glucosamine and amino acids.
  • compositions allows for the elimination or significant reduction in the amount of fertilizer, fungicide and/or insecticide used in agricultural applications.
  • the use of the microbial formulations results in a decrease in the amount of green house gas emissions.
  • liquid fertilizer refers to an aqueous solution or suspension containing soluble nitrogen.
  • the soluble nitrogen in the liquid fertilizer preferably comprises an organic source of nitrogen such as urea or a nitrogen containing inorganic salt such as ammonium hydroxide, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium pyrophosphate, ammonium thiosulfate or combinations thereof.
  • Aqua ammonia (20-24.6% anhydrous ammonia) can also be used.
  • Liquid fertilizer does not include chitin, chitosan, glucosamine, amino acids HYTb and HYTc, although such components may be added to the liquid fertilizer as disclosed herein.
  • HYTa refers to a consortium of microbes derived from fertile soil samples and commercial sources. HYTa was deposited pursuant to the Budapest Treaty with the American Tissue Type Culture (ATTC), Rockville, Md., on May 19, 2010 with an assigned deposit designation of PTA-10973.
  • Table 1 identifies some of the microbes in HYTa that are believed to be responsible for the beneficial effects observed when it is used in combination with liquid fertilizer to treat soil and/or foliage.
  • Bacteria I. Azotobacter 1. Azotobacter vinlandii II. Clostridium 1. Clostridium pasteurianum 2. Clostridium beijerinckii 3. Clostridium sphenoides 4. Clostridium bifermentans III. Lactobacillus 1. Lactobacillus paracasei ss. paracasei 2. Lactobacillus acidophillus 3. Lactobacillus delbrueckii ss. Bulgaricus 4. Lactobacillus brevis IV. Bacillus 1. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ( Bacillus subtilis ((SILoSil ® BS)) 2. Bacillus thuringiensis var.
  • Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bacillus subtilis ((SILoSil ® BS)
  • Bacillus thuringiensis (Strains HD-1)) 3. Bacillus thuringiensis var. canadensis ( Bacillus cereus group) 4. Bacillus pasteurii ( Bacillus cereus group) 5. Bacillus sphaericus (subgroup I, III, and IV) 6. Bacillus megaterium (subgroup A) V. Acetobacter 1. Acetobacter aceti ss. liquefaciens 2. Acetobacter aceti ss. xylimum VI. Enterococcus 1. Enterococcus faecium (subgroup A) VII. Pediococcus 1. Pediococcus pentosaceus VII. Rhizobium 1.
  • Rhizobium japonicum Fungi I. Saccharomyces 1. Saccharomyces cerevisiae II. Penicillium 1. Penicillium roqueforti III. Monascus 1. Monascus ruber IV. Aspergillus 1. Aspergillus oryzae V. Trichoderma 1. Trichoderma harzianum (TRICHOSIL) Plantae I. Arthrospiro 1. Arthrospira platensis II. Ascophyllum (Algae) 1. Ascophyllum nodosum
  • HYTa Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonads, Nitrococcus, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus luteus, Actinomycete, Azotobacter vinelandii, Lactobacillus casei, Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus licheniformis, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Streptomyces.
  • Active microbes in HYTa include nitrogen-fixing microorganisms native to soil. These are Azotobacter vinelandii and Clostridium pasteurianum. Bacillus subtilis provides enzymes for breaking down plant residue. Bacillus cereus provides additional enzymes to break down plant residue and penicillinase to decease unwanted bacteria. Bacillus megaterium degrades complex sugars after crop residue breakdown. Lactobacillus provides food for the microbes in HYTa and controls the pH of the environment. The Nitrosomonas organisms oxidize ammonia to nitrite (NO 2 ) while the Nitrobacter microbes oxidize nitrite to nitrate (NO 3 ).
  • HYTa An important property of HYTa is the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.
  • the nitrogen fixing capability of the microbes in HYTa is enhanced by the assistance of other organisms in HYTa. Nitrogen fixation requires that phosphorous (P), potassium (K) and organic carbon (C) be available.
  • HYTa contains microbes that are able to solubilize/mineralize P, K, and C within the soil. In addition, the nitrogen fixing bacteria provide a source of nitrogen for the other microbes in HYTa.
  • Nitrogen fixation may occur in a non-symbiotic manner by the bacteria Azotobacter vinelandii , and Clostridium pasteurinum present in HYTa or in a symbiotic manner as occurs in root nodules by way of the Rhizobium bacteria, e.g Rhizobium japonicum.
  • the carbon required by the nitrogen fixing microbes in HYTa is provided by the C decomposers which solubilize/mineralize the complex organic compounds in soil into simple compounds such as sugars, alcohols, and organic acids.
  • the C decomposers include many of the above identified microbes.
  • Phosphorus is necessary for the nitrogen fixing microbes to proliferate and is obtained from the metabolic activity of the P decomposers which solubilize/mineralize immobilized phosphorus in the soil into a bio-available phosphorus nutrient.
  • P decomposers in HYTa include Acetobacter, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Micrococcus luteus.
  • K decomposers in HYTa include Pseudomonas fluorescens.
  • HYTa Three important microbes in HYTa are Bacillus subtilis (SILoSil® BS) Bacillus thuringiensis strains HD-1 and HD-73 (SILoSil® BT), and Trichoderma harzianum (TRICHOSIL). These organisms are present ATTC deposit PTA-10973. They were originally obtained from Biotecnologia Agroindustrial S.A. DE C.V., Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico.
  • Bacillus subtilis (SILoSil® BS) is a Gram positive bacterium which is mesophilic and grows at an optimum temperature between 25 and 35° C. It is aerobic and can grow in anaerobic conditions and utilizes a wide variety of carbon sources. It contains two nitrate reductases, one of which is utilized for nitrogen assimilation. It is capable of secreting amylase, proteases, pullulanases, chitinases, xilanases and lipases.
  • Bacillus thuringiensis (Strains HD-1 and HD-73 (SILoSol®BT) are Gram Positive anaerobic facultative bacteria, in the form of peritrichous flagella. Strains HD-1 and HD-73 synthetizes crystals with diverse geometric forms of proteic and insecticide activity during the spore period. Strains HD-1 and HD-73 secret exochitinase when in a chitin containing medium and can be utilized for the degradation of the crustacean residues during the production of chitooligosaccharides.
  • Trichoderma harzianum (TRICHOSIL) is a saprophyte fungus. It exhibits antibiotic action and biological competition and for this reason has biological control properties. It produces enzymes that degrade cell walls or a combination of such activities. It produces glucanases, chitinases, lipases, and extracellular proteases when it interacts with some pathogenic fungi, such as Fusarium.
  • Fermenting yeasts are incorporated into HYTa to provide these components.
  • the N 2 fixing process requires large amounts of ATP.
  • the amount of ATP naturally present is not enough to fuel biological N 2 fixation.
  • the fermentation of the yeast in HYTa compensates for the large energy deficit.
  • the ATP is used in the biological nitrogen fixation process.
  • HYTa contains enzymes and beneficial soil microorganisms that replace those that have been depleted due to the excessive use of chemicals which results in diminishing crop yields.
  • the bacteria By increasing the microbial activity in the soil with HYTa, the bacteria causes the nutrients and micro-elements to be absorbed (mineralized) more efficiently and effectively by plants.
  • Humus is transformed by the microorganisms in HYTa that protect both soil structure and the capability of the cells to resist free radicals. This increases the nutrients and the essential elements available in the soil that can be absorbed by plants.
  • HYTa in liquid fertilizer alone or in combination with chitin, chitosan, glucosamine and/or amino acids (1) provides nutrients and elements in the soil that increase crop yields by 25-55%, (2) reduces green house gas emissions, (3) increases the efficiency of mineral fertilizers (4) reduces the use of conventional fungicides and other pesticides, (5) increases the production of plant growth regulators, (6) improves soil structure, tilth, and water penetration and retention, (7) cleans up chemical residues and (8) shifts soil pH toward neutral pH.
  • HYTa in liquid fertilizer can be used, alone or in combination, with one or more components selected from the group of one or more amino acids, chitin, chitosan and/or glucosamine.
  • Acetyl-D-glucosamine can be included in the composition.
  • the composition includes any and all combinations of the aforementioned components.
  • Particularly preferred combinations include: (1) HYTa, liquid fertilizer and chitin; (2) HYTa, liquid fertilizer and chitosan; (3) HYTa, liquid fertilizer and glucosamine; (4) HYTa, liquid fertilizer and amino acids; (5) HYTa, liquid fertilizer, chitin and amino acids; (6) HYTa, liquid fertilizer, chitin, chitosan and amino acids; (7) HYTa, liquid fertilizer, chitosan, glucosamine and amino acids; (8) HYTa, liquid fertilizer, chitosan and glucosamin; (9) HYTa, liquid fertilizer, chitin, chitosan, glucosamine and amino acids, (10) HYTa, liquid fertilizer and humic/fulvic acids and/or humates.
  • HYTa When HYTa is grown in the presence of liquid fertilizer, chitin, chitosan and/or amino acids it may contain residual chitin, chitosan and/or amino acids. Under such circumstances, the composition and can be applied directly to soil, seed, seedlings or plant foliage. Alternatively, one or more of amino acids, chitin, chitosan and/or glucosamine can be added to supplement the components already in the composition or to change its composition.
  • amino acids refers to a composition containing two or more amino acids.
  • Amino acids include tryptophan, histidine, threonine, tyrosine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, serine, glycine, alanine, proline, asparagine and arginine.
  • amino acids are provided by use of HYTb (See below).
  • chitin refers to a biopolymer consisting predominantly of repeating units of beta-1-4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Chitin is found in the natural environment as a primary structural material of the exoskeleton of animals such as Arthropoda, e.g., crustaceans, insects, spiders, etc., Mollusca, e.g., snails, squid, etc., Coelentara, e.g., organisms such as hydroids and jellyfish, and Nematoda, such as unsegmented worms. Chitin is also found in various fungi including members of the genus Fusarium .
  • Chitin can be extracted from these natural sources by treatment with alkali, or by a biodegradation process.
  • the molecular weight of chitin varies depending on its source and method of isolation.
  • the chitin is derived as a solid from the biodegradation of chitin containing Arthropods as described in the Bioderpac applications. It is preferred that the chitin have a diameter of about 50 to 75 microns to facilitate its application via drip and spray irrigation systems.
  • chitosan is a polysaccharide consisting predominantly of repeating units of D-glucosamine. Chitosan is obtained by deacetylation of chitin. The degree of deacetylation as compared to chitin is preferably greater than 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90% and 95%. It is preferred that the level of deacetylation be sufficient to render the chitosan water soluble at acidic pH. The molecular weight of chitosan varies depending on its source and method of isolation. Chitosan includes chitosan oligomers. In preferred embodiments, chitosan is precipitated at pH 9.0 from the aqueous fraction obtained from the biodegradation of chitin containing Arthropods such as described in the Bioderpac applications.
  • chitosan oligomer refers to chitosan having 2 or more repeating units of D-glucosamine and, in the case of incomplete deacetylation of chitin, one or more units of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
  • the chitosan oligomers are derived from the aqueous fraction generated in the biodegradation of chitin containing Arthropods such as described in the Bioderpac applications.
  • chitosan oligomers are used as the second component of the microbial composition.
  • glucosamine refers to an amino monosaccharide. In preferred embodiments it is the sugar residue that forms the backbone of the biopolymers chitin and chitosan. Glucosamine is present in the aqueous fraction generated during the biodegradation of chitin containing Arthropods such as described in the Bioderpac applications. Glucosamine induces plants to make chitinase as a defense to chitin containing pathogens.
  • HYTb refers to the aqueous fraction
  • HYTc refers to the solid fraction obtained from the biodegradation chitin containing organisms.
  • Arthropods such as shrimp waste to make HYTb and HYTc is disclosed in US Patent Application Publication 2011/0151508.
  • the biodegradation of chitin containing organisms such as filamentous fungi, yeast and insects to form HYTb and HYTc is described in US Patent Application Publication 2012/0329135 each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • a microbial composition is used to degrade the arthropod or waste components of the arthropod. It is a lactic acid fermentation process.
  • the microbial composition contains microbes that produce enzymes that can degrade the chitin containing components of the arthropod to chitin, chitosan, N-acetyl glucosamine and glucosamine. It also contains microbes that produce enzymes that can degrade proteins and fats to produce amino acids and lipids.
  • a preferred microbial composition for arthropod degradation is referred to as HQE.
  • HQE was deposited pursuant to the Budapest Treaty with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) Manassas, Va., USA on Apr. 27, 2010 and given Patent Deposit Designation PTA-10861.
  • the marine arthropod is a crustacean and the preferred crustacean is shrimp.
  • Shrimp by-product comprises shrimp cephalothorax and/or exoskeleton.
  • the fermentation be facultative aerobic fermentation. It is also preferred that the fermentation is carried out at a temperature of about 30° C. to 40° C.
  • the pH is preferably less than about 6, more preferably less than about 5.5. However, the pH should be maintained above about 4.3.
  • the fermentation is carried out for about 24-96 hours. In some embodiments, the fermentation is carried out for about 24-48 hours and more preferably 24-36 hours. These fermentation times are far shorter than the typical prior art fermentation times of 10 to 15 days to achieve substantially the same amount of digestion, albeit without detectable formation of chitosan and glucosamine.
  • the separation of the mixture is preferably by centrifugation. (e.g. about 920 g). Gravity separation can also be used but is not preferred because of the time required to achieve separation.
  • the mixture separates in to three fractions: solid, aqueous and lipid.
  • the solid fraction comprises chitin and is designated HYTc.
  • the aqueous fraction comprises protein hydroysate, amino acids, chitosan and glucosamine and is designated HYTb.
  • the lipid fraction comprises sterols, vitamin A and E and carotenoid pigments such as astaxanthine.
  • HQE be used in the biodegradation process.
  • HYTb contains amino acids, chitosan, glucosamine and trace elements including calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron and manganese.
  • HYTb also contains enzymes such as lactic enzymes, proteases, lipases, chitinases, lactic acid, polypeptides and other carbohydrates.
  • HYTb can also contain dormant microorganisms from a prior biodegradation process. Such microorganisms can become reactivated and, in combination with HQE, contribute to a more robust biodegradation process as compared to when HQE is used by itself as otherwise described herein
  • the process includes the following steps:
  • the inoculum of HQE has a concentration of microbes of about 2.5 to 3.0% (w/v).
  • HQE is activated by dilution to 5% in sugar cane solution (3.75% final concentration of sugar cane), and incubated at 37° C. for 5 days.
  • HYTb (10 ml per liter of culture) is preferably added to provide a source of minerals and naturally derived amino acids.
  • the cellular growth of the microorganisms was estimated by optical density measured at 540 nm. The activation is complete at an optical density of about 1.7.
  • the concentration of microbes after activation is about 1.9 to 3.0% (w/v).
  • the mixture is incubated at 36° C. with a non continuous agitation for 96 h.
  • the pH is monitored by using a potentiometer, and the total titratable acidity (TTA, %) was determined by titration with 0.1 N NaOH until a pH of 8.5 is obtained.
  • the TTA is expressed as a percentage of lactic acid.
  • the fermentation product is a viscous silage which has an intense orange color, due to the astaxanthine presence.
  • the ensilage is centrifuged (5° C.) at 1250 rpm (930 g) for 15 min to obtain the chitin, the liquid hydrolysates, and the pigment paste.
  • the upper phase (pigment paste) is separated manually.
  • the liquid hydrolysates are separated by decantation, and the sediment that constitutes the raw chitin is washed with distilled water to separate fine solids.
  • the resulting liquid is collected and dried.
  • the raw chitin, liquid hydrolysates and fine solids are dried at 60° C. All the fractions are stored to protect them from light.
  • HYTb contains amino acids (about 12 wt %), chitosan (about 1.2 wt %), glucosamine (about 1 wt %) and trace elements (about 6 wt %) including calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron and manganese. It also contains enzymes such as lactic enzymes, proteases, lipases, chitinases among others, lactic acid, polypeptides and other carbohydrates.
  • the specific gravity of HYTb is typically about 1.050-1.054.
  • the average amino acid content in HYTb for certain amino acids is set forth in Table 2.
  • HYTb is either combined with HYTa or used separately as a soil amendment and/or as a foliage spray.
  • the primary component of HYTc is chitin. It has an average molecular weight of about 2300 daltons and constitutes about 64 wt % of the composition. About 6% of HYTc contains minerals including calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron and manganese, about 24 wt % protein and 6% water. It has a specific gravity of about 272 Kg/m 3 . In some embodiments, HYTc can constitute a second component that is either combined with HYTa or used separately as a soil amendment and/or as a foliage spray.
  • the microbes in HYTa require the trace elements calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, iron, copper, sodium, and silicon. These important trace elements can be often obtained from toxic chemical reactions which are not suitable for organic certified products. Accordingly, it is preferred that these trace elements be obtained from an organic source such as HYTb and/or HYTc.
  • HYTa is activated by incubating an inoculum of HYTa in an aqueous solution containing soluble nitrogen (liquid fertilizer) for 24-168 hours to allow the microbes to grow and reproduce before being used in the process of treating soil, seeds, seedlings and/or plant foliage.
  • soluble nitrogen liquid fertilizer
  • an inoculum of HYTa is diluted with water containing soluble nitrogen in a ratio of 1/100 and allowed to incubate at a temperature of approximately 36° C. at a pH of 6.8-7.1 for about 24 to about 168 hours (7 days).
  • HYTb can optionally be used during this activation.
  • the nitrogen fixing microbes Azotobacter vinelandii and Clostridium pasteurianum proliferate under reduced nitrogen growth conditions.
  • Lactobacilli including Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei , proliferate.
  • the HYTa containing composition obtained after this incubation retains the beneficial properties of HYTa but is particularly suited as a soil amendment for treatment of nitrogen-depleted soils given the nitrogen-fixation capabilities of Azotobacter vinelandii and Clostridium pasteurianum.
  • HYTa containing composition can be activated under substantially the same conditions but in the presence of chitin.
  • the chitin stimulates the expansion of the chitin responsive microbes such as Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus thuringiensis, Streptomyces sp., Micrococcus sp., and Bacillus subtilis .
  • HYTa obtained under these conditions has an antifungal, fungicidal, antinematode, nematodicidal and insecticidal properties to the extent such pathogens contain chitin.
  • Such microbial compositions can be applied directly to the soil or to seed, seedlings and/or plant foliage. Such microbial compositions also have the ability to fix nitrogen as in the aforementioned incubation in the absence of chitin.
  • the composition can be activated with chitin and amino acids.
  • a preferred source of chitin is HYTc. When HYTc is used the protein and minerals in HYTc are also present during the activation.
  • the HYTa containing composition can be activated in the presence of amino acids and chitosan.
  • a preferred source of amino acids and chitosan is HYTb or HYTd (see below).
  • HYTb and/or HYTd is used glucosamine and the other components of HYTb or HYTd are also present during the activation.
  • HYTa can be incubated with chitin, amino acids and chitosan.
  • a preferred source of chitin is HYTc.
  • a preferred source for amino acids and chitosan is HYTb and/or HYTd. When HYTb and/or HYTd and HYTc are used the other components in these formulations are also present during activation.
  • HYTd is similar to HYTb but has higher concentrations of glucosamine and chitosan.
  • the preparation of HYTd is disclosed in US Patent Application Publication 2012/0329650 which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • HYTd is obtained by fermenting chitin with a microbial composition such as HQE suspended in HYTb.
  • a microbial composition such as HQE suspended in HYTb.
  • the process is similar to that described above for the production of HYTb and HYTc except that the substrate is chitin, e.g. HYTc, rather than chitin containing Arthropods.
  • HYTd is the liquid fraction obtained from this fermentation.
  • HYTb already contains chitosan (about 0.5-1.5 wt %) and glucosamine (about 0.5-1.5 wt %).
  • the amount of chitosan and glucosamine in HYTd ranges from about 2 wt % to 2.5 wt % chitosan and from about 2 wt % to 5 wt % glucosamine. This represents an increase in the amount of chitosan and glucosamine as compared to HYTb of about 0.5 wt % to 2.5 wt % chitosan and from about 0.5 wt % to 5 wt % glucosamine.
  • HYTd when undiluted is similar to HYTb but contains higher amounts of chitosamn and glucosamine.
  • HYTd contains amino acids (about 5 to 12 wt %) and trace elements (about 6 wt %) including calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron and manganese. It also contains enzymes such as lactic enzymes, proteases, lipases, chitinases among others, lactic acid, polypeptides and other carbohydrates.
  • the degree of acetylation of the produced chitosan is 20% or less, preferably 15% or less, more preferably 10% or less, still more preferably preferable 8% or less and most preferably 5% or less.
  • the average amino acid content in HYTd for certain amino acids is similar to HYTb.
  • HYTd preferably comprises 12 wt % L-amino acids (Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid Serine, Histidine, Glycine, Threonine, Alanine, Proline, Arginine, Valine, Methionine, Isoleucine, Tryptophan, Phenylalanine, Lysine and threonine) and 5 wt % glucosamine and chitosan.
  • HYTd also preferable contains one or more or all of soluble minerals (P, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe and Cu), enzymes and lactic acid from the chitin digestion process as well as other polysaccharides.
  • Activated HYTa containing compositions can be used alone or in combination with other components such as chitin, chitosan, glucosamine and amino acids to treat soil, seed, seedlings or foliage.
  • combinations of these components can be applied as a mixture. In other embodiments, they can be applied separately. In still other embodiments, the components can be applied at different times.
  • activated HYTa can be applied to soil, seeds or seedlings, or used in foliar applications by direct application to foliage.
  • microbial composition comprises activated HYTa, chitin and/or chitosan.
  • the HYTa can be activated in the presence of chitin.
  • Chitosan is known to have bactericidal and fungicidal properties, as well as its ability to stimulate plant growth and to induce plant resistance to pathogens.
  • glucosamine is a part of the microbial composition
  • the activated HYTa/liquid fertilizer containing composition alone or in combination with chitin (preferably HYTc) and/or chitin, chitosan, and amino acids (preferably HYTb and/or HYTd and HYTc), is applied to soil, seeds, seedlings and/or foliage. It is preferred that HYTa/liquid fertilizer be used in combination with chitin, chitosan, glucosamine and amino acids.
  • HYTc is the preferred source of chitin while HYTb and/or HYTd is the preferred source of chitosan, glucosamine and amino acids
  • the components of the microbial composition namely HYTa, chitin, chitosan, glucosamine and amino acids can be applied separately or in any combination or sub-combination. They can be applied at the same time or sequentially, in any given order. However, the preferred mode of application is to initially apply all at the same time.
  • the application of the foregoing components provide for the direct treatment of plant pathogens, the induction of plant pathogen resistance pathways, and the nourishment of the HYTa microbes, the indigenous nonpathogenic soil flora, and the plant.
  • HYTa When soil is initially treated with a microbial composition comprising activated HYTa in liquid fertilizer alone, the microbes present in the composition have an opportunity to populate the soil and to alter its taxonomic composition. In some situations, the initial colonization by HYTa provides little or no nutrients to the plant. In such instances, it is important to maintain a nutrient reserve to sustain both the growth of the microbes while colonizing the rizosphere and the growth of the plants in the soil. It may be necessary to repeat the application of HYTa, depending on the plant's growth cycle and nutritional regime. In other cases, it may be sufficient to provide additional applications of amino acids, chitin and/or chitosan, eg. HYTb and HYTc, to the previously treated soil.
  • HYTa When HYTa is used in combination with, for example, HYTb and/or HYTd and HYTc, addition nutrients are available to the HYTa microbes and the plants present in the treated soil.
  • Table 4 sets forth a typical fourteen week program for the application of HYTa in liquid fertilizer, HYTb and HYTc to drip irrigated crops cultivated in soil.
  • the values are per hectare.
  • the pulse in which the HYTa/liquid nitrogen containing composition is injected to the irrigation system should be one in which the composition is able to reach the root system and stay there over night while the system is off.
  • the protocol should be continued as long as the plant continues in production. This protocol covers all plant stages including germination, root formation, plant growth, flowering, fruit setting, fruit formation harvesting and re-harvest. This protocol is designed for maximum yield potential covering nutritional aspects, biostimulation aspects and protection against diseases such as nematoes and fungi.
  • the process can be carried out by contacting soil to form a treated soil. In some cases the process is repeated. In some cases, plants, seedlings or seeds are already present in the soil prior to treatment with the microbial composition. In other cases, plants, seedlings or seeds are transplanted to the soil after treatment with the composition.
  • HYTa being a solid, can be applied directly as a solid or as a suspension in water.
  • HYTc is preferably ground to micron size particles prior to use.
  • the process can be carried out with infertile soil.
  • soils generally are those were at least one of low cation exchange capacity, low water holding capacity, low organic matter content and low levels of available nutrients is present.
  • infertile soil does not support vigorous plant growth and/or produces low crop yields.
  • compositions can be used in connection with any plant including but not limited to alfalfa, banana, barley, broccoli, carrots, corn, cotton, cucumber, garlic, grapes, leek, melon, onion, potato, raspberry, rice, soybean, squash, strawberry, sugarcane, tomato and watermelon.
  • compositions or their components and processes can also be used in horticultural applications to improve the production of foliage and flowers and decrease the use of conventional insecticides and fungicides.
  • HYTa in liquid fertilizer When activated HYTa in liquid fertilizer (alone or in combination with one or more of chitin, chitosan, glucosamine, amino acids, HYTb and/or HYTd and/or HYTc) is applied to soil, seed seedling or foliage it forms treated soil, treated seed, treated seedling, treated foliage and treated plants.
  • Activated HYTa in liquid fertilizer is a novel microbial composition. Therefore the soil, seed, seedling, foliage and plants treated with this composition are also novel because the relative amounts of the organisms in HYTa after incubation are different than those produced by activation if HYTa in the absence of liquid fertilizer as disclosed in WO/2011/157747.
  • Treated soil is defined as soil that contains liquid fertilizer and one or more microbes that are unique to HYTa and dispersed within the treated soil.
  • Such HYTa microbes can have a unique phenotype(s) and/or genotype(s) as compared to the microbes present in the soil prior to treatment with HYTa and liquid fertilizer.
  • Microbes in HYTa that are particularly useful for detecting the presence of HYTa include Bacillus subtilis (SILoSil® BS), Bacillus thuringiensis strain HD-1 , Bacillus thuringiensis strain HD-73 (SILoSil® BT) and Trichoderma harzianum (TRICHOSIL).
  • Identification of one or more of these microorganisms can be further combined with the identification of other microbes in HYTa, if necessary, to confirm the presence of HYTa or that HYTa was present.
  • Such other microorganisms include Azotobacter vinlandii, Clostridium pasteurianum and Bacillus subtilis which are present in the HYTa ATCC deposit.
  • Each of Bacillus subtilis (SILoSil® BS), Bacillus thuringiensis strains HD-1 and HD-73 (SILoSil® BT) and Trichoderma harzianum (TRICHOSIL) were deposited pursuant to the Budapest Treaty with the ATCC on Oct. 7, 2011, May 31, 2012, and Oct. 6, 2011 and given Patent Deposit Designations PTA-12153, PTA-12967, and PTA-12152 respectively
  • Treated seed, seedlings, foliage and plants are similarly defined. In these cases, the microbes of HYTa are found on the surfaces of the treated seed, seedlings, foliage and plants.
  • the term “consisting essentially of” in connection with HYTa, HYTb, HYTd and HYTc means any of HYTa, HYTb, HYTd and/or HYTc alone or in combination without additional microbes.
  • UAN 32-0-0 is often used as a side dress application on corn at the 5-7 leaf stage to insure proper amount of nitrogen is available for optimum production.
  • the average application of UAN is 140-160 units of N per acre.
  • HYTa was mixed with UAN 31-0-0 or UAN 28-0-0.
  • the amount of HYTa and fertilizer used per acre was about 32 oz of HYTa and about 40-45 gallons of UAN 32-0-0 or UAN 28-0-0.
  • the composition was applied as a side dress. A total of five hundred fifty acres of corn at 10 different locations were treated. The increase in the yield (bushels/acre) is set forth in Table 5.
  • Corn treated with HYTa and UAN 32-0-0 or UAN 28-0-0 yielded an average increase of about of about 9 bushels of corn per acre as compared to plots treated with UAN 32-0-0 or UAN 28-0-0 alone.
  • Table 6 and FIG. 1 set forth a measurement of salt concentration in treated and untreated soil
  • Cotton growers often use an N—P—K mix as a side dress application on cotton between First Square and first bloom stage to insure the proper amount of nitrogen is available for optimum production. Average application is 60-90 units of N per acre.
  • HYTa was combined with 18-0-0-3S (derived from ammonium nitrate and ATS). A total of 180 acres were treated with an average plot size of 20 acres. One quart of HYTa was combined with about 40-45 gallons of 18-0-0-3S for each acre treated.

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