US20130025338A1 - Tube-forging method - Google Patents
Tube-forging method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20130025338A1 US20130025338A1 US13/560,083 US201213560083A US2013025338A1 US 20130025338 A1 US20130025338 A1 US 20130025338A1 US 201213560083 A US201213560083 A US 201213560083A US 2013025338 A1 US2013025338 A1 US 2013025338A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- billet
- tube
- forging
- making
- method defined
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- Abandoned
Links
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 59
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 34
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 4
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000013980 iron oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009750 centrifugal casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005524 ceramic coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010285 flame spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007750 plasma spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
- B21J5/002—Hybrid process, e.g. forging following casting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J7/00—Hammers; Forging machines with hammers or die jaws acting by impact
- B21J7/02—Special design or construction
- B21J7/14—Forging machines working with several hammers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a tube-forging method. More particularly this invention concerns a method of making a tube from a billet.
- U.S. Pat. No. 8,166,792 describes a method for making a seamless hot-finished steel tube, wherein a billet heated to molding temperature is formed in a first molding step by stamping into a hollow billet, and wherein subsequently a finished tube is produced in the same heat by radial forging.
- Another object is the provision of such an improved tube-forging method that overcomes the above-given disadvantages, in particular that is more cost-efficient than the prior-art methods.
- a method of making a tube has according to the invention the steps of making a tubular billet with a central cavity by a primary shaping operation, feeding the billet to a radial forging machine, and forging the billet into the tube by decreasing an outer diameter of the billet and a radial thickness of a wall of the billet.
- the hollow billet is created in a particularly simple and effective manner.
- the billet and the central cavity required for forging the hollow billet into a pipe are generated in the same forming step so that the effort of preparing the hollow billet is reduced.
- the invention relates to pipes from an iron-based alloy, in particular steel, or also from a nickel-based or a titanium alloy.
- the primary shaping is electro-slag remelting.
- the primary-shaping method can also be centrifugal casting, which is particularly suitable for combination with a radial-forging method because it makes a hollow billet with a central cavity in one simple step.
- the billet after being primary shaped, is mechanically machined.
- this can comprise removing a casting skin.
- this can also involve, for example equalizing dimensions of the cavity, deburring, or other suitable pretreatments of the primary shaped hollow billet prior to feeding it to a radial-forging apparatus.
- the hollow billet is heated after being primary shaped and before being fed to the forging machine so as to achieve a defined forming temperature for the radial-forging process.
- This can be advantageous in particular in the case of alloys and microstructures that have a relatively narrow temperature range for forging.
- descaling the primary formed hollow billet is carried out in a immediately before forging preferably, but not required, by a high-pressure method.
- a region of the cavity of the hollow billet is lubricated prior to forging by a lubricant.
- a lubricant can preferably be formed based on glass and/or phosphate and/or graphite.
- Forging the hollow billet into a pipe while reducing its outer diameter and wall thickness is generally and advantageously carried out by a forging mandrel as an internal tool.
- Open die forging without using a forging mandrel is principally also conceivable; however, using a forging mandrel is particularly effective.
- the forging process takes place such that the wall of the hollow billet is pressed by outer forging jaws against the forging mandrel arranged inside the cavity.
- the forging jaws can be driven hydraulically, whereby always a very controlled pressure flow is achieved on the workpiece.
- it is also possible to provide different drive mechanisms for the forging jaws for example drop weights or the like.
- the forging mandrel has a coating that preferably, but not necessarily, comprises a scale coating, a ceramic coating, and/or a coating with an applied metal alloy.
- these coatings can be applied individually or in combination.
- Applied metal alloys and/or hard alloys are also to be understood as such coatings that comprise hard materials, in particular based on ceramics, such as for example tungsten carbide or the like, embedded in the metal alloy and/or hard alloy.
- Such coatings are often produced by a thermal process such as plasma deposition welding, arc deposition welding, or the like.
- the metal alloy serves for providing a sufficiently ductile matrix that, on the one hand, forms a good, nonchipping bond with a substrate of the forging mandrel, in particular steel, and that, on the other, due to embedded hard material phases and/or hard material particles, achieves a suitably high hardness on the surface acting toward the outside.
- a base body of the forging mandrel has a surface profiling, and the coating is applied to the surface profiling.
- the profiling can in particular be adapted to the respective mechanical loads, for example the forces acting through the respective forging jaws.
- the surface profilings form at least one undercut. This ensures a good positive-locking fit that can also absorb particularly high forces that act toward detaching the coating.
- the surface profiling has a number of ridges and depressions on the surface of the base body.
- the base body of a forging mandrel for use in a method according to the invention preferably consists of steel.
- the coating of the forging mandrel protects advantageously against thermal as well as mechanical loads.
- the coating can have a specific thermal conductivity so as to reduce a thermal effect on the base body.
- the coating can be applied by using a thermochemical coating method.
- FIG. 1 is a side view of a hot working in the form of a radial forging mandrel
- FIG. 2 is a large-scale sectional view of the detail shown at Z in FIG. 1 for the uncoated tool base body;
- FIG. 3 is a view like FIG. 2 of the coated tool base body
- FIG. 4 is a view like FIG. 2 of an alternative embodiment of the coated tool base body
- FIG. 5 is a first microphotograph of the detail Z according to FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 6 is a second microphotograph of the detail Z.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a radial forging apparatus according to the invention.
- the hollow billet 104 together with its cavity 104 a is produced in a step al using a primary-shaping method.
- a primary-shaping method This involves preferably a centrifugal casting method or a remelting method, for example, electro-slag remelting.
- FIG. 7 shows the apparatus 101 for radial forging according to the method of this invention.
- the tubular billet 104 is held at one of its axial ends in a manipulator or holder 102 centered on an axis A.
- a hot-working tool in the form of a forging mandrel 1 is driven axially by a schematically illustrated actuator 106 into the cavity 104 a.
- Forging jaws 103 are pressed radially inward around the mandrel 1 from outside the hollow billet 104 .
- the forging jaws 103 are pressed with a defined pressure progression against the hollow billet 104 , preferably by actuators shown schematically at 107 , so as to achieve a radial forging of the hollow billet 104 into a pipe.
- the forging jaws can be moved by a cam mechanism.
- the hollow billet 104 can be rotated and/or axially displaced by the manipulator 102 relative to the mandrel 2 and forging jaws 103 during the forging operation. Alternately in theory the workpiece 104 could be held stationary and the tools 2 and 103 rotated around it.
- FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the mandrel or hot-working tool 1 for producing a seamless pipe.
- the tool 1 has a base body 2 with a working section 3 extending over a given length in the direction of the a.
- the tool 1 is provided with a coating 4 that protects the tool 1 against thermal and/or mechanical load.
- the entire tool base body 2 shown in FIG. 1 represents in the meaning of the invention an exchangeable mandrel tip that, for example, can be detachably mounted on a mandrel body, here of a shaft 105 (see FIG. 7 ) of the radial forging mandrel 1 .
- a mandrel body here of a shaft 105 (see FIG. 7 ) of the radial forging mandrel 1 .
- Other configurations or partitions of an exchangeable mandrel tip 2 and mandrel body 105 are possible depending on requirements.
- the exact structure of the tool is seen in FIGS. 2 and 3 .
- the radially outer surface of the tool base body 2 has a surface profiling 5 formed by a plurality of radially outwardly projecting ridges 6 that are axially flanked by radially onwardly open square-section grooves 7 .
- the ridges 6 have an axial dimension B that preferably ranges from about 250 ⁇ m to 4000 ⁇ m, a radial height D of the ridges 6 (or depth of the grooves 7 ) that ranges from about 500 ⁇ m to 5000 ⁇ m, and an axial spacing A is between the ridges 6 (or axial dimension of the grooves 7 ) that ranges preferably from about 200 ⁇ m to 2000 ⁇ m.
- the profiling 5 is formed on the outer surface of the base body 2 in such a manner that the base body 2 is first processed to be smooth and subsequently, the grooves 7 , which are web-shaped or rectangular in radial section, are machined, in particular by turning.
- the surface of the tool base body 2 is provided with the coating 4 as shown in FIG. 3 .
- the total radial layer thickness C of the coating 4 fills the depressions 7 and exceeds beyond the height D of the ridges 6 .
- an undercut is created for the material of the coating 4 due to the surface profiling 5 so that the coating 4 very firmly adheres on the base body 2 when the tool 1 is in use.
- FIG. 4 shows a preferred embodiment or solution. Pre-machining the tool base body 2 is carried out as shown in FIGS. FIGS. 2 and 3 , that is first the profiling 5 is machined into the smooth tool base body 2 . The run of the profiling corresponds to the one according to FIG. 2 .
- a portion of the material of the base body 2 is first converted into a protective layer by a thermochemical treatment.
- the converted material 8 runs in a uniform depth over the profiling 5 and is shown by dashed lines. Accordingly, the width of the ridges (webs) 6 and the depth of the grooves 7 that, again, are rectangular in cross-section, decrease, as shown in FIG. 4 .
- the coating 4 is applied as a second outer layer during or after the conversion, as shown in FIG. 4 for the finished tool. This is carried out, again, by a thermochemical method or, for example, by flame spraying or plasma spraying.
- FIGS. 5 and 6 show examples of actual coatings.
- the inner, more porous layer 8 generated by converting the webs (ridges) 6 and filling the gaps (grooves) 7 , and the second outer layer 4 applied thereon are clearly visible.
- the inner layer 8 (converted material) consists of iron oxides and grows from the surface of the base body or the profiling.
- the gaps between the webs (ridges) are filled by the outer coating 4 .
- the carrier material (tool base body) has been coated with iron oxides or material of the base body that has been converted into iron oxide.
- the carrier material is steel.
- the maximum thickness of the coating on the base body 2 in this example is approximately 1000 ⁇ m.
- the structured transition between the carrier material and the coating can be optimized depending on the application so that complete detachment of the layer during use can be prevented. This way, in particular, the life of the tool 1 can be significantly increased.
- the surfaces of the coated tool can be smoothed prior to or during use by mechanical machining operations, for example grinding and polishing (prior to use), or rolling (during use).
Abstract
A tube is made by first making a tubular billet with a central cavity by a primary shaping operation. Then the billet is fed to a radial forging machine where it is forged into the tube by decreasing an outer diameter of the billet and a radial thickness of a wall of the billet.
Description
- The present invention relates to a tube-forging method. More particularly this invention concerns a method of making a tube from a billet.
- U.S. Pat. No. 8,166,792 describes a method for making a seamless hot-finished steel tube, wherein a billet heated to molding temperature is formed in a first molding step by stamping into a hollow billet, and wherein subsequently a finished tube is produced in the same heat by radial forging.
- It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved tube-forging method.
- Another object is the provision of such an improved tube-forging method that overcomes the above-given disadvantages, in particular that is more cost-efficient than the prior-art methods.
- A method of making a tube. The method has according to the invention the steps of making a tubular billet with a central cavity by a primary shaping operation, feeding the billet to a radial forging machine, and forging the billet into the tube by decreasing an outer diameter of the billet and a radial thickness of a wall of the billet.
- By producing the hollow billet with the central cavity with a primary-shaping method, the hollow billet is created in a particularly simple and effective manner. According to the principle of primary shaping, the billet and the central cavity required for forging the hollow billet into a pipe are generated in the same forming step so that the effort of preparing the hollow billet is reduced.
- Generally preferred, the invention relates to pipes from an iron-based alloy, in particular steel, or also from a nickel-based or a titanium alloy.
- In a first preferred embodiment of the invention, the primary shaping is electro-slag remelting. Through this, in particular for steels, an effective and universal method for the primary shaping of the hollow billet is provided.
- Alternatively, the primary-shaping method can also be centrifugal casting, which is particularly suitable for combination with a radial-forging method because it makes a hollow billet with a central cavity in one simple step.
- In a generally advantageous refinement of the invention, after being primary shaped, the billet is mechanically machined. Particularly advantageously, but not required, this can comprise removing a casting skin. However, this can also involve, for example equalizing dimensions of the cavity, deburring, or other suitable pretreatments of the primary shaped hollow billet prior to feeding it to a radial-forging apparatus.
- Generally preferred, the hollow billet is heated after being primary shaped and before being fed to the forging machine so as to achieve a defined forming temperature for the radial-forging process. This can be advantageous in particular in the case of alloys and microstructures that have a relatively narrow temperature range for forging.
- Alternatively, for saving energy and costs, in a particularly advantageous manner after primary shaping and before feeding to the forge, there is no intermediate heating of the hollow billet. Thus, the very high heat inherently available during the primary shaping process is used here to reach a temperature suitable for radial forging. With such an approach, if necessary, controlled cooling of the hollow billet can be performed prior to introducing it into the radial-forging apparatus.
- In a preferred detailed configuration of the invention, descaling the primary formed hollow billet is carried out in a immediately before forging preferably, but not required, by a high-pressure method.
- Furthermore, at least a region of the cavity of the hollow billet is lubricated prior to forging by a lubricant. Such a lubricant can preferably be formed based on glass and/or phosphate and/or graphite.
- Forging the hollow billet into a pipe while reducing its outer diameter and wall thickness is generally and advantageously carried out by a forging mandrel as an internal tool. Open die forging without using a forging mandrel is principally also conceivable; however, using a forging mandrel is particularly effective. In most cases, the forging process takes place such that the wall of the hollow billet is pressed by outer forging jaws against the forging mandrel arranged inside the cavity. In particular, the forging jaws can be driven hydraulically, whereby always a very controlled pressure flow is achieved on the workpiece. However, alternatively, it is also possible to provide different drive mechanisms for the forging jaws, for example drop weights or the like.
- In a preferred refinement, the forging mandrel has a coating that preferably, but not necessarily, comprises a scale coating, a ceramic coating, and/or a coating with an applied metal alloy. These coatings can be applied individually or in combination. Applied metal alloys and/or hard alloys are also to be understood as such coatings that comprise hard materials, in particular based on ceramics, such as for example tungsten carbide or the like, embedded in the metal alloy and/or hard alloy. Such coatings are often produced by a thermal process such as plasma deposition welding, arc deposition welding, or the like. Here, the metal alloy serves for providing a sufficiently ductile matrix that, on the one hand, forms a good, nonchipping bond with a substrate of the forging mandrel, in particular steel, and that, on the other, due to embedded hard material phases and/or hard material particles, achieves a suitably high hardness on the surface acting toward the outside.
- In a particularly preferred refinement of the forging mandrel a base body of the forging mandrel has a surface profiling, and the coating is applied to the surface profiling. This way, apart from material flow, additional positive locking is achieved that effectively prevents the coating from detaching from the base body. In terms of shape and orientation, the profiling can in particular be adapted to the respective mechanical loads, for example the forces acting through the respective forging jaws. In particular, in an axial direction of the forging mandrel, the surface profilings form at least one undercut. This ensures a good positive-locking fit that can also absorb particularly high forces that act toward detaching the coating. Particularly preferred, the surface profiling has a number of ridges and depressions on the surface of the base body.
- The base body of a forging mandrel for use in a method according to the invention preferably consists of steel.
- The coating of the forging mandrel protects advantageously against thermal as well as mechanical loads. For example, the coating can have a specific thermal conductivity so as to reduce a thermal effect on the base body.
- Generally advantageous, the coating can be applied by using a thermochemical coating method.
- In a generally advantageous refinement of a forging mandrel, in addition, internal cooling can be provided, wherein a coolant flow can be fed through the mandrel, if necessary.
- The above and other objects, features, and advantages will become more readily apparent from the following description, reference being made to the accompanying drawing in which:
-
FIG. 1 is a side view of a hot working in the form of a radial forging mandrel; -
FIG. 2 is a large-scale sectional view of the detail shown at Z inFIG. 1 for the uncoated tool base body; -
FIG. 3 is a view likeFIG. 2 of the coated tool base body; -
FIG. 4 is a view likeFIG. 2 of an alternative embodiment of the coated tool base body; -
FIG. 5 is a first microphotograph of the detail Z according toFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 6 is a second microphotograph of the detail Z; and -
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a radial forging apparatus according to the invention. - As seen in a pipe or tube is forged as shown in
FIG. 7 by steps of: - a) Feeding a
hollow billet 104 having acentral cavity 104 a to a radial-forgingapparatus 101, and - b) Forging the
hollow billet 104 into a pipe while reducing the outer diameter and the wall thickness of thehollow billet 104. - According to the invention, first, the
hollow billet 104 together with itscavity 104 a is produced in a step al using a primary-shaping method. This involves preferably a centrifugal casting method or a remelting method, for example, electro-slag remelting. - After primary formation of the
billet 104 with thecavity 104 a, mechanical rework on the hollow billet is carried out, if necessary. This can involve, for example, descaling and/or reworking thecavity 104 a for accurately adapting to a size and shape required for forging. -
FIG. 7 shows theapparatus 101 for radial forging according to the method of this invention. Here, thetubular billet 104 is held at one of its axial ends in a manipulator orholder 102 centered on an axis A. At the opposite axial end, a hot-working tool in the form of a forgingmandrel 1 is driven axially by a schematically illustratedactuator 106 into thecavity 104 a. Forgingjaws 103 are pressed radially inward around themandrel 1 from outside thehollow billet 104. The forgingjaws 103 are pressed with a defined pressure progression against thehollow billet 104, preferably by actuators shown schematically at 107, so as to achieve a radial forging of thehollow billet 104 into a pipe. In an alternative configuration, the forging jaws can be moved by a cam mechanism. - The
hollow billet 104 can be rotated and/or axially displaced by themanipulator 102 relative to themandrel 2 and forgingjaws 103 during the forging operation. Alternately in theory theworkpiece 104 could be held stationary and thetools - It is to be understood that the method according to the invention can also be carried out on other radial-forging apparatuses.
-
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the mandrel or hot-workingtool 1 for producing a seamless pipe. Depending on the requirements, the shape may differ and can in particular be cylindrical or slightly conical. Thetool 1 has abase body 2 with a workingsection 3 extending over a given length in the direction of the a. In the workingsection 3, thetool 1 is provided with acoating 4 that protects thetool 1 against thermal and/or mechanical load. - The entire
tool base body 2 shown inFIG. 1 represents in the meaning of the invention an exchangeable mandrel tip that, for example, can be detachably mounted on a mandrel body, here of a shaft 105 (seeFIG. 7 ) of theradial forging mandrel 1. Other configurations or partitions of anexchangeable mandrel tip 2 andmandrel body 105 are possible depending on requirements. - The exact structure of the tool is seen in
FIGS. 2 and 3 . The radially outer surface of thetool base body 2 has asurface profiling 5 formed by a plurality of radially outwardly projectingridges 6 that are axially flanked by radially onwardly open square-section grooves 7. Theridges 6 have an axial dimension B that preferably ranges from about 250 μm to 4000 μm, a radial height D of the ridges 6 (or depth of the grooves 7) that ranges from about 500 μm to 5000 μm, and an axial spacing A is between the ridges 6 (or axial dimension of the grooves 7) that ranges preferably from about 200 μm to 2000 μm. - The
profiling 5 is formed on the outer surface of thebase body 2 in such a manner that thebase body 2 is first processed to be smooth and subsequently, thegrooves 7, which are web-shaped or rectangular in radial section, are machined, in particular by turning. - After this premachining process, the surface of the
tool base body 2 is provided with thecoating 4 as shown inFIG. 3 . Here, the total radial layer thickness C of thecoating 4 fills thedepressions 7 and exceeds beyond the height D of theridges 6. - Thus, viewed parallel to the axis a, an undercut is created for the material of the
coating 4 due to thesurface profiling 5 so that thecoating 4 very firmly adheres on thebase body 2 when thetool 1 is in use. -
FIG. 4 shows a preferred embodiment or solution. Pre-machining thetool base body 2 is carried out as shown in FIGS.FIGS. 2 and 3 , that is first theprofiling 5 is machined into the smoothtool base body 2. The run of the profiling corresponds to the one according toFIG. 2 . - Then, however, prior to applying the
coating 4, a portion of the material of thebase body 2 is first converted into a protective layer by a thermochemical treatment. The convertedmaterial 8 runs in a uniform depth over theprofiling 5 and is shown by dashed lines. Accordingly, the width of the ridges (webs) 6 and the depth of thegrooves 7 that, again, are rectangular in cross-section, decrease, as shown inFIG. 4 . - Onto the
material layer 8 converted in this manner, i.e. onto the primary or inner protective layer generated by the conversion, thecoating 4 is applied as a second outer layer during or after the conversion, as shown inFIG. 4 for the finished tool. This is carried out, again, by a thermochemical method or, for example, by flame spraying or plasma spraying. - According to the solution illustrated in
FIG. 4 , thus, between the carrier material (base body) 2 and thelayer 4, a structure is created on thecarrier material 2 prior to or during the application or generation of thelayer 4, which structure manifests itself in the convertedmaterial 8. -
FIGS. 5 and 6 show examples of actual coatings. The inner, moreporous layer 8 generated by converting the webs (ridges) 6 and filling the gaps (grooves) 7, and the secondouter layer 4 applied thereon are clearly visible. In the present case, the inner layer 8 (converted material) consists of iron oxides and grows from the surface of the base body or the profiling. The gaps between the webs (ridges) are filled by theouter coating 4. - In the illustrated embodiment according to
FIG. 4 andFIG. 6 , the carrier material (tool base body) has been coated with iron oxides or material of the base body that has been converted into iron oxide. In the present case, the carrier material is steel. The maximum thickness of the coating on thebase body 2 in this example is approximately 1000 μm. - The structured transition between the carrier material and the coating can be optimized depending on the application so that complete detachment of the layer during use can be prevented. This way, in particular, the life of the
tool 1 can be significantly increased. - The surfaces of the coated tool can be smoothed prior to or during use by mechanical machining operations, for example grinding and polishing (prior to use), or rolling (during use).
- Smoothing the surface reduces the friction between the tool and the workpiece (rolled material).
Claims (11)
1. A method of making a tube, the method comprising the steps of:
making a tubular billet with a central cavity by a primary shaping operation;
feeding the billet to a radial forging machine; and
forging the billet into the tube by decreasing an outer diameter of the billet and a radial thickness of a wall of the billet.
2. The tube-making method defined in claim 1 , wherein the primary shaping operation is electro-slag conversion.
3. The tube-making method defined in claim 1 , wherein the primary shaping is rotary casting.
4. The tube-making method defined in claim 1 , further comprising the step after making the billet and before feeding the billet to the forging machine of:
mechanically machining the billet.
5. The tube-making method defined in claim 4 , wherein the mechanical machining removes a surface skin from the billet.
6. The tube-making method defined in claim 4 , further comprising the step after making the billet and before feeding the billet to the forging machine of:
heating the billet.
7. The tube-making method defined in claim 4 , wherein between the step of making the billet and the step of feeding the billet to the forging machine the billet is not heated.
8. The tube-making method defined in claim 4 , further comprising the step before feeding the billet to the forging machine of:
descaling the billet.
9. The tube-making method defined in claim 8 , wherein high pressure is used to descale the billet.
10. The tube-making method defined in claim 1 , further comprising the step before feeding the billet to the forging machine of:
coating an inner surface of the billet that defines the cavity with a lubricant.
11. The tube-making method defined in claim 10 , wherein the lubricant includes glass, phosphate, or graphite.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102011109071A DE102011109071A1 (en) | 2011-07-30 | 2011-07-30 | Pipe Forging Process with Urformed Hollow Block |
DE102011109071.5 | 2011-07-30 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20130025338A1 true US20130025338A1 (en) | 2013-01-31 |
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US13/560,083 Abandoned US20130025338A1 (en) | 2011-07-30 | 2012-07-27 | Tube-forging method |
Country Status (4)
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US (1) | US20130025338A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2554293A1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN102896265A (en) |
DE (1) | DE102011109071A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20160302760A1 (en) * | 2013-12-17 | 2016-10-20 | Koninkligke Philips N.V. | System and instrument for delivering an object and method for detecting delivery |
US20170203386A1 (en) * | 2016-01-14 | 2017-07-20 | Arconic Inc. | Methods for producing forged products and other worked products |
CN107282838A (en) * | 2017-07-17 | 2017-10-24 | 中原特钢股份有限公司 | The production method of small dimension hollow pipe is forged using diameter forging machine |
CN114178452A (en) * | 2021-12-08 | 2022-03-15 | 四川大学 | Seamless steel tube radial forging equipment and forging method thereof |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102014000461B4 (en) * | 2014-01-14 | 2017-01-05 | Hua Guo | Inner tool for the production of seamless steel tubes |
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- 2011-07-30 DE DE102011109071A patent/DE102011109071A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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2012
- 2012-07-20 EP EP12005323A patent/EP2554293A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2012-07-27 US US13/560,083 patent/US20130025338A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-07-30 CN CN201210266573XA patent/CN102896265A/en active Pending
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US7181847B2 (en) * | 2000-10-24 | 2007-02-27 | Boehler Edelstahl Gmbh & Co. Kg | Process for manufacturing a cylindrical hollow body and hollow body made thereby |
US7434434B2 (en) * | 2003-12-30 | 2008-10-14 | Gfm Beteiligungs- Und Management Gmbh & Co Kg | Method and apparatus for producing a cylindrical hollow body from a blank |
US20090158799A1 (en) * | 2005-02-17 | 2009-06-25 | Yoshiaki Takeishi | Metal Pipe and Manufacturing Method Thereof |
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Cited By (5)
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US20160302760A1 (en) * | 2013-12-17 | 2016-10-20 | Koninkligke Philips N.V. | System and instrument for delivering an object and method for detecting delivery |
US20170203386A1 (en) * | 2016-01-14 | 2017-07-20 | Arconic Inc. | Methods for producing forged products and other worked products |
US11554443B2 (en) * | 2016-01-14 | 2023-01-17 | Howmet Aerospace Inc. | Methods for producing forged products and other worked products |
CN107282838A (en) * | 2017-07-17 | 2017-10-24 | 中原特钢股份有限公司 | The production method of small dimension hollow pipe is forged using diameter forging machine |
CN114178452A (en) * | 2021-12-08 | 2022-03-15 | 四川大学 | Seamless steel tube radial forging equipment and forging method thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN102896265A (en) | 2013-01-30 |
DE102011109071A1 (en) | 2013-01-31 |
EP2554293A1 (en) | 2013-02-06 |
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