US20120083447A1 - Novel Therapeutic Treatments Using Centhaquin - Google Patents

Novel Therapeutic Treatments Using Centhaquin Download PDF

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US20120083447A1
US20120083447A1 US13/266,205 US201013266205A US2012083447A1 US 20120083447 A1 US20120083447 A1 US 20120083447A1 US 201013266205 A US201013266205 A US 201013266205A US 2012083447 A1 US2012083447 A1 US 2012083447A1
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centhaquin
clonidine
endothelin
pain
antagonist
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Anil Gulati
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Midwestern University Glendale
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A61K31/4025—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. cromakalim
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/42—Oxazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/04—Antihaemorrhagics; Procoagulants; Haemostatic agents; Antifibrinolytic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00

Definitions

  • centhaquin is used in conjunction with an endothelin antagonist in the treatment of hypertension.
  • centhaquin is used as an analgesic in the treatment of pain.
  • centhaquin is used in the treatment of resuscitative hemorrhagic shock.
  • Hypertension is a serious disease that afflicts many people all over the world. It is estimated that one in three Americans suffer from high blood pressure, with as much as one-third of them are unaware of the problem. Beyond lifestyle changes such as exercise, losing weight, and reducing salt intake, most antihypertensive therapy involves the use of one or more antihypertensive drugs. In addition to diuretics, Ca ++ -channel blockers, adrenergic blockers, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin-II receptor blockers, centrally acting hypotensive drugs are available for the treatment of moderate to severe hypertension.
  • Clonidine N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine, is a widely used antihypertensive drug that mediates its hypotensive effects via stimulation of central ⁇ 2 -adrenergic receptors (Kobinger, 1978; Guyenet and Cabot, 1981). It has an approximately 10-fold higher binding affinity for the ⁇ 2 -adrenergic receptors than the ⁇ 1 -adrenoreceptors (U'Prichard et al., 1977). Centrally acting antihypertensive drugs are used to treat uncontrolled or refractory hypertension. However, use is limited due to dual action.
  • Centhaquin (2-[2-(4-(3-methyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl)ethyl-quinoline) is a centrally acting antihypertensive drug.
  • the structure of centhaquin was determined (Bajpai et al., 2000) and the conformation of centhaquin was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (Carpy and Saxena, 1991).
  • centhaquin produces a fall in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) similar to that seen with clonidine in anesthetized cats and rats (Srimal et al., 1990).
  • MAP mean arterial pressure
  • HR heart rate
  • centhaquin In mice, it has LD50 of 600 mg/kg intraperitoneal and produces a dose-dependent fall in MAP in various species. Centhaquin (0.05 to 0.2 mg/kg, iv) produced a dose-dependent decrease in MAP and HR in urethane anesthetized rats. However, in cervical sectioned rats, intravenously administered centhaquin did not produce any effect on MAP or HR (Gulati et al., 1991a). Intrathecal administration of centhaquin did not produce any effect on MAP or HR (Gulati et al., 1991a).
  • centhaquin Intraduodenal administration of centhaquin (1.0 to 2.5 mg/kg) produced a 40 to 50 mmHg fall in MAP, which was not affected by pretreatment with antihistaminics and atropine (Murthi et al., 1976; Srimal et al., 1990).
  • centhaquin In spontaneously hypertensive rats, centhaquin (0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg) was effective in lowering the MAP by 50 to 60 mmHg. Repeated administration of centhaquin once a day for 15 days did not produce any potentiation or tolerance (Murthi et al., 1976).
  • Centhaquin (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 ⁇ g/ml) was found to produce an initial increase followed by decrease of spontaneous release of norepinephrine (NE) and inhibited norepinephrine release evoked by potassium chloride and dimethyl phenyl piperazinium chloride indicating that centhaquin inhibits norepinephrine release (Bhatnagar et al., 1985).
  • both centhaquin and clonidine produced hypotension and bradycardia associated with an up-regulation in ⁇ -adrenergic receptors in the hypothalamus and medulla (Gulati et al., 1991a; Gulati et al., 1991b). It is possible that a decrease in release of norepinephrine in the synapse leads to an increase in the density of ⁇ -adrenergic receptors.
  • ET endogenous 21-residue peptide
  • ET endothelin
  • ET B1 receptors are found on the vascular endothelium where they mediate vasorelaxation via the synthesis and release of nitric oxide and prostacyclin (Sakamoto et al., 1993; Shetty et al., 1993).
  • ET is present in the brain, and central ET has been shown to regulate sympathetic nervous system (Gulati et al., 1997a; Gulati et al., 1997b).
  • ET can modify the cardiovascular effects of clonidine.
  • Pre-treatment with ET in rats produced an antagonistic effect on the hypotension and bradycardia induced by clonidine.
  • a postulated mechanism is that ET increased the sensitivity of peripheral ⁇ -adrenergic receptors, leading to potentiation of the peripheral hypertensive effects of clonidine (Gulati, 1992; Gulati and Srimal, 1993).
  • ET agonist ET-1 and antagonists (BMS-182874 (ET A -specific antagonist) and TAK-044 (ET A/B non-specific antagonist)) to investigate their effect on clonidine and centhaquin induced changes in MAP, pulse pressure (PP), and HR.
  • BMS-182874 ET A -specific antagonist
  • TAK-044 ET A/B non-specific antagonist
  • Analgesics are agents that relieve pain by acting centrally to elevate pain threshold, preferably without disturbing consciousness or altering other sensory functions.
  • a mechanism by which analgesic drugs obtund pain (i.e., raise the pain threshold) has been formulated.
  • opioids are the most commonly used analgesics for the clinical management of acute and chronic pain.
  • opioids There are various side effects associated with the long-term use of opioids including the development of tolerance, which results in inadequate pain relief.
  • NSAIDS nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  • additional opioids additional opioids
  • non-opioids in combination with opioid therapy.
  • the present invention is directed to administration of an endothelin antagonist in combination with centhaquin or other adrenergic agents to an individual in need thereof. More particularly, administration of centhaquin or other adrenergic agents in combination with an endothelin antagonist potentiates the antihypertensive effect of the centhaquin.
  • Adrenergic agents useful in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to, centhaquin, clonidine, guanfacine, guanabenz, guanoxbenz, methyldopa, prazosin, tamsulosin, doxazosin, terazosin, phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine, mirtazapine, and mixtures thereof.
  • the adrenergic agent is administered in conjunction with an endothelin antagonist in the treatment of hypertension.
  • the adrenergic agents can be administered individually or in any combination, together with one or more endothelin antagonist to treat hypertension.
  • centhaquin is administered to an individual in need thereof as an analgesic to treat pain.
  • the centhaquin is coadministered with an opiate analgesic to an individual in need thereof in a treatment for pain.
  • Still another aspect of the present invention is administration of centhaquin to an individual in need thereof to treat resuscitative hemorrhagic shock.
  • Yet another aspect of the present invention is to provide an article of manufacture for human pharmaceutical use comprising (a) a package insert, (b) a container, and either (c1) a packaged composition comprising centhaquin or (c2) a packaged composition comprising an endothelin antagonist and a packaged composition comprising centhaquin.
  • the package insert includes instructions either for treating pain or resuscitative hemorrhagic shock (c1) or for treating hypertension (c2).
  • FIG. 1 contains graphs of Mean Blood Pressure (mmHz) vs. time (min), Pulse Pressure (mmHz) vs. time (min), and Heart Rate (beats/min) for administration of 10, 30, and 90 ug/kg of clonidine to rats;
  • FIG. 2 contains graphs of Mean Blood Pressure (mmHz) vs. time (min), Pulse Pressure (mmHz) vs. time (min), and Heart Rate (beats/min) for administration of clonidine (10 ⁇ g/kg) alone and with 100, 300, or 900 ⁇ g/kg of ET-1;
  • FIG. 3 contains graphs of Mean Blood Pressure (mmHz) vs. time (min), Pulse Pressure (mmHz) vs. time (min), and Heart Rate (beats/min) for administration of clonidine (10 ⁇ g/kg) and with TAK-044 or BMS-182874;
  • FIG. 4 contains graphs of Mean Blood Pressure (mmHz) vs. time (min), Pulse Pressure (mmHz) vs. time (min), and Heart Rate (beats/min) for administration of clonidine (10 ⁇ g/kg) alone and with ET-1, prazosin, and centhaquin or clonodine;
  • FIG. 5 contains graphs of Mean Blood Pressure (mmHz) vs. time (min), Pulse Pressure (mmHz) vs. time (min), and Heart Rate (beats/min) for administration of 0.05, 0.15, and 0.45 mg/kg of centhaquin;
  • FIG. 6 contains graphs of Mean Blood Pressure (mmHz) vs. time (min), Pulse Pressure (mmHz) vs. time (min), and Heart Rate (beats/min) for administration of centhaquin (0.15 mg/kg) alone and with 100, 300, and 900 mg/kg of ET-1;
  • FIG. 7 contains graphs of Mean Blood Pressure (mmHz) vs. time (min), Pulse Pressure (mmHz) vs. time (min), and Heart Rate (beats/min) for administration of centhaquin (0.15 mg/kg) alone and with TAK-044 or BMS182874;
  • FIG. 8 contains graphs of Mean Blood Pressure (mmHz) vs. time (min), Pulse Pressure (mmHz) vs. time (min), and Heart Rate (beats/min) for administration of centhaquin (0.15 mg/kg) alone or with ET-1(300 mg/kg) and prazosin (0.1 mg/kg);
  • FIG. 9 contains graphs of tail-flick latency (sec) vs. time (min) for vehicle and centhaquin (0.1, 0.3, or 0.9 mg/kg);
  • FIG. 10 contains graphs of temperature (° C.) vs. time (min) for rats treated with vehicle, centhaquin, morphine, or centhaquin and morphine;
  • FIGS. 11-13 contain graphs of tail-flick latency (sec) vs. time (min) for rats treated with vehicle, centhaquin, morphine, or centhaquin and morphine;
  • FIG. 14A contains an immunoblot showing ET A receptor expression in rat brain after 1 hour of centhaquin treatment
  • FIG. 14B contains bar graphs of fold change in the expression of ET A receptor normalized to ⁇ -actin, as assessed by densitometry;
  • FIG. 15 contains graphs of blood lactate (mmol/L) vs. time (min) in rats resuscitated with Ringer lactate alone or with centhaquin in the hemorrhagic shock model;
  • FIG. 16 contains graphs of standard base deficit (mEq/L) vs. time (min) in rats resuscitated with Ringer's lactate alone or with centhaquin in the hemorrhagic shock model;
  • FIG. 17 contains bar graphs showing survival time (min) in rats resuscitated with Ringer's lactate alone or with centhaquin in the hemorrhagic shock model;
  • FIGS. 18 and 19 contain pressure-volume loops for rats resuscitated with Ringer's lactate.
  • FIG. 20 contains pressure-volume loops for rats resuscitated with Ringer's lactate and centhaquin.
  • the present invention is directed to the administration of centhaquin or other adrenergic agents and an endothelin antagonist to treat hypertension.
  • the present invention also is directed to administration of centhaquin to treat pain or resuscitative hemorrhagic shock.
  • the methods described herein benefit from the use of an adrenergic agent, like centhaquin, and an endothelin antagonist in the treatment of hypertension.
  • an adrenergic agent like centhaquin
  • an endothelin antagonist in the treatment of hypertension.
  • the adrenergic agent and the endothelin antagonist can be administered simultaneously or sequentially to achieve the desired effect.
  • treatment includes lowering, ameliorating, or eliminating pain, hypertension, or resuscitative hemorrhagic shock, and associated symptoms of each conditions.
  • treatment includes medical therapeutic administration and, in the treatment of pain, a prophylactic administration.
  • tainer means any receptacle and closure therefore suitable for storing, shipping, dispensing, and/or handling a pharmaceutical product.
  • insert means information accompanying a product that provides a description of how to administer the product, along with the safety and efficacy data required to allow the physician, pharmacist, and patient to make an informed decision regarding use of the product.
  • the package insert generally is regarded as the “label” for a pharmaceutical product.
  • adrenergic agent means a compound that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, e.g., that mimic the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine.
  • adrenergic agent is singular or plural.
  • ET is an extremely potent endothelium derived vasoconstriction factor (Hickey et al., 1985) that was isolated, sequenced, and cloned (Yanagisawa et al., 1988).
  • Endothelins are 21 amino acid, highly potent vasoconstrictive peptides with two disulfide bonds. Endothelins are produced biologically by enzymatically cleaving preproendothelin to proendothelin, then to endothelin by endothelin-converting enzymes. ET exerts biological effects by binding to cell surface receptors, which are 7-transmembrane receptors coupled to G-proteins.
  • ET-1 selective ET A receptors primarily found on vascular smooth muscle and responsible for vasoconstriction
  • ET B receptors nonselective ET B receptors primarily found in vascular endothelium and responsible for vasodilation.
  • ET-1 The vasoconstrictive effects of ET-1 are mediated predominantly by G-protein coupled ET A receptors. ET-1 also is made in high concentrations by prostate, metastatic cancers, and CNS. ET in the CNS is produced by endothelial cells and nonendothelial cells, such as neurons, astrocytes, and glial cells.
  • ET Endothelin
  • BQ-123 and BMS-182874 are specific antagonists of ET A receptors (Stein et al., 1994). Endothelin antagonists have profound effects on the pulmonary vasculature and the right heart, whereas ACE inhibitors primarily affect the peripheral vessel and the left heart.
  • Intracerebroventricular administration of ET-1 produces a transient rise followed by sustained fall in the mean arterial blood pressure (BP).
  • BP mean arterial blood pressure
  • the pressor effect was accompanied by an increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity and plasma levels of catecholamines and arginine-vasopressin.
  • ET-1 central administration of ET-1
  • Intracisternal administration of ET-1 elicited a transient increase in BP, renal sympathetic nerve activity, and phrenic nerve activity.
  • a subsequent fall in BP was accompanied by a decrease in renal sympathetic nerve activity and phrenic nerve activity.
  • phenoxybenzamine Ouchi et al., 1989
  • An endothelin antagonist utilized in the present invention can be any of the endothelin receptor antagonists known in the art.
  • the term “endothelin receptor antagonist” and “endothelin antagonist” are synonymous and are used interchangeably, and refer to administration of one or more of the antagonists.
  • Endothelin is a potent vasoconstrictor.
  • Endothelin antagonists are used to treat acute heart failure, congestive/chronic heart failure, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary edema, subarachnoid hemorrhage, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, myocardial infarction, acute cerebral ischemia, acute coronary syndromes, acute renal failure, post-operative treatment in liver operations, and prostate cancer. No adverse effects are expected when a patient is administered an endothelin antagonist.
  • ET antagonists are antagonists selective for endothelin A (ET A ) receptors or are balanced ET A /endothelin B (ET B ) antagonists. Such ET antagonists are set forth in Appendices A and B herein. However, endothelin B antagonists and miscellaneous endothelin antagonists, as set forth in Appendices C and D herein, also can be used in a composition or method of the present invention. Additional useful endothelin antagonists can be found in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. US 2002/0082285 and US 2003/0232787, and in Wu, Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents (2000), 10(11), pages 1653-1668, each incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • endothelin antagonists useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, atrasentan, tezosentan, bosentan, sitaxsentan, enrasentan, BMS-207940 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), BMS-193884, BMS-182874, J-104132 (Banyu Pharmaceutical), VML 588/Ro 61-1790 (Vanguard Medica), T-0115 (Tanabe Seiyaku), TAK-044 (Takeda), BQ-788, BQ123, YM-598, LU 135252, PD 145065, A-127722, ABT-627, A-192621, A-182086, TBC3711, BSF208075, S-0139, TBC2576, TBC3214, PD156707, PD180988, ABT-546, ABT-627, Z1611, RPR118031A, SB247083, SB217242, S-Lu302872, T
  • BQ123 is a specific endothelin A antagonist, and is the sodium salt of cyclo(-D-Trp-D-Asp-Pro-D-Val-Leu-).
  • BQ-788 is a specific endothelin B antagonist, and is the sodium salt of N-cis-2,6-dimethylpiperidinocarbonyl-L-gamma-methylleucyl-D-1-methoxycarbonyl triptophanyl-DNIe (see Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, pp. 4892-4896 (1994)).
  • a compound that inhibits the formation of endogenous endothelin also can be used as the endothelin antagonist in the present invention.
  • Such compounds are useful because they prevent endothelin formation, and, therefore, decrease the activity of endothelin receptors.
  • One class of such compounds is the endothelin converting enzyme (ECE) inhibitors.
  • ECE inhibitors include, but are not limited to, CGS34225 (i.e., N-((1-((2(S)-(acetylthio)-1-oxopentyl)-amino)-1-cyclopentyl)-carbonyl-S-4-phenylphenyl-alanine methyl ester) and phosphoramidon (i.e., N-(a-rhamnopyranosyloxyhydroxyphosphinyl)-Leu-Trp).
  • CGS34225 i.e., N-((1-((2(S)-(acetylthio)-1-oxopentyl)-amino)-1-cyclopentyl)-carbonyl-S-4-phenylphenyl-alanine methyl ester
  • phosphoramidon i.e., N-(a-rhamnopyranosyloxyhydroxyphosphinyl)-Leu-Trp
  • Tests were conducted to illustrate the effects of an endothelin antagonist on an adrenergic agent, like clonidine and centhaquin, administered to a mammal, including humans. Tests also were conducted to illustrate the effects of centhaquin on analgesia and resuscitative hemorrhagic shock.
  • the tests and data show that a combination of an adrenergic agent, like centhaquin or clonidine, and an endothelin antagonist can be administered to mammals in methods of treating hypertension.
  • the tests and data also show that centhaquin can be administered to mammals, alone or with an opiate analgesic, in methods of treating pain, and in methods of treating resuscitative hemorrhagic shock.
  • the adrenergic agent and endothelin antagonist, or the centhaquin alone can be formulated in suitable excipients for oral administration, or for parenteral administration. Such excipients are well known in the art.
  • the active agents typically are present in such a composition in an amount of about 0.1% to about 75% by weight, either alone or in combination.
  • compositions containing the active agents of the present invention are suitable for administration to humans or other mammals.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions are sterile, and contain no toxic, carcinogenic, or mutagenic compounds that would cause an adverse reaction when administered.
  • the method of the invention can be accomplished using the active agents as described above, or as a physiologically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the active agents, salts, or solvates can be administered as the neat compounds, or as a pharmaceutical composition containing either or both entities.
  • the active agents can be administered by any suitable route, for example by oral, buccal, inhalation, sublingual, rectal, vaginal, intracisternal through lumbar puncture, transurethral, nasal, percutaneous, i.e., transdermal, or parenteral (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intracoronary) administration.
  • Parenteral administration can be accomplished using a needle and syringe, or using a high pressure technique, like POWDERJECTTM.
  • Administration of the active agents can be performed before, during, or after the onset of pain.
  • compositions include those wherein the active ingredients are administered in an effective amount to achieve their intended purpose. More specifically, a “therapeutically effective amount” means an amount effective to eliminate or to alleviate pain or hypertension. Determination of a therapeutically effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed disclosure provided herein.
  • a “therapeutically effective dose” refers to the amount of the active agents that results in achieving the desired effect. Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such active agents can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., determining the LD 50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED 50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, which is expressed as the ratio between LD 50 and ED 50 . A high therapeutic index is preferred. The data obtained from such data can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage of the active agents preferably lies within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED 50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage can vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, and the route of administration utilized.
  • the exact formulation, route of administration, and dosage is determined by an individual physician in view of the patient's condition. Dosage amounts and intervals can be adjusted individually to provide levels of active agents that are sufficient to maintain therapeutic effects.
  • the amount of active agents administered is dependent on the subject being treated, on the subject's weight, the severity of the affliction, the manner of administration, and the judgment of the prescribing physician.
  • oral dosages of the adrenergic agent and the endothelin antagonist individually generally are about 0.01 to about 200 mg daily for an average adult patient (70 kg), typically divided into two to three doses per day.
  • individual tablets or capsules contain about 0.1 to about 200 mg centhaquin and about 0.1 to about 50 mg endothelin antagonist, in a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle or carrier, for administration in single or multiple doses, once or several times per day.
  • Dosages for intravenous, buccal, or sublingual administration typically are about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg per single dose as required.
  • the physician determines the actual dosing regimen that is most suitable for an individual patient, and the dosage varies with the age, weight, and response of the particular patient.
  • the above dosages are exemplary of the average case, but there can be individual instances in which higher or lower dosages are merited, and such are within the scope of this invention.
  • the active agents of the present invention can be administered alone, or in admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier selected with regard to the intended route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions for use in accordance with the present invention thus can be formulated in a conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries that facilitate processing of the active agents into preparations that can be used pharmaceutically.
  • compositions can be manufactured in a conventional manner, e.g., by conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping, or lyophilizing processes. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.
  • the composition typically is in the form of a tablet, capsule, powder, solution, or elixir.
  • the composition can additionally contain a solid carrier, such as a gelatin or an adjuvant.
  • the tablet, capsule, and powder contain about 5% to about 95% of an active agent of the present invention, and preferably from about 25% to about 90% of an active agent of the present invention.
  • a liquid carrier such as water, petroleum, or oils of animal or plant origin
  • the liquid form of the composition can further contain physiological saline solution, dextrose or other saccharide solutions, or glycols.
  • the composition When administered in liquid form, the composition contains about 0.5% to about 90% by weight of active agents, and preferably about 1% to about 50% of an active agents.
  • compositions When a therapeutically effective amount of the active agents is administered by intravenous, cutaneous, or subcutaneous injection, the composition is in the form of a pyrogen-free, parenterally acceptable aqueous solution.
  • parenterally acceptable aqueous solution having due regard to pH, isotonicity, stability, and the like, is within the skill in the art.
  • a preferred composition for intravenous, cutaneous, or subcutaneous injection typically contains, in addition to a compound of the present invention, an isotonic vehicle.
  • Suitable active agents can be readily combined with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well-known in the art. Such carriers enable the active agents to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions and the like, for oral ingestion by a patient to be treated.
  • Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained by adding the active agents with a solid excipient, optionally grinding the resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores.
  • Suitable excipients include, for example, fillers and cellulose preparations. If desired, disintegrating agents can be added.
  • the active agents can be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
  • Formulations for injection can be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampules or in multidose containers, with an added preservative.
  • the compositions can take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and can contain formulatory agents, such as suspending, stabilizing, and/or dispersing agents.
  • compositions for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active agent in water-soluble form.
  • suspensions of the active agents can be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions.
  • Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils or synthetic fatty acid esters.
  • Aqueous injection suspensions can contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension.
  • the suspension also can contain suitable stabilizers or agents that increase the solubility of the compounds and allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
  • a present composition can be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
  • the active agents also can be formulated in rectal compositions, such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases.
  • the active agents also can be formulated as a depot preparation.
  • Such long-acting formulations can be administered by implantation (for example, subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.
  • the active agents can be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example, as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
  • the active agents can be administered orally, buccally, or sublingually in the form of tablets containing excipients, such as starch or lactose, or in capsules or ovules, either alone or in admixture with excipients, or in the form of elixirs or suspensions containing flavoring or coloring agents.
  • excipients such as starch or lactose
  • capsules or ovules either alone or in admixture with excipients, or in the form of elixirs or suspensions containing flavoring or coloring agents.
  • Such liquid preparations can be prepared with pharmaceutically acceptable additives, such as suspending agents.
  • An active agent also can be injected parenterally, for example, intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intrathecally, intracisternally, or intracoronarily.
  • the active agent is best used in the form of a sterile aqueous solution which can contain other substances, for example, salts, or monosaccharides, such as mannitol or glucose, to make the solution isotonic with blood.
  • a sterile aqueous solution which can contain other substances, for example, salts, or monosaccharides, such as mannitol or glucose, to make the solution isotonic with blood.
  • the active agents are administered as a suitably acceptable formulation in accordance with normal veterinary practice.
  • the veterinarian can readily determine the dosing regimen and route of administration that is most appropriate for a particular animal.
  • Clonidine is an antihypertensive agent that acts through central ⁇ 2 -adrenergic receptors to lower mean arterial pressure (MAP), but it also acts on peripheral ⁇ -adrenergic receptors ( ⁇ -ARs) to produce vasoconstriction. Endothelin (ET) has been shown to modulate the action of peripheral adrenergic receptors. The present tests show the involvement of ET in the cardiovascular effects of clonidine and centhaquin. Clonidine (10, 30, and 90 ⁇ g/kg, i.v.) produced a dose-dependent fall in mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP), and a decrease in heart rate (HR).
  • MAP mean arterial pressure
  • PP pulse pressure
  • HR heart rate
  • centhaquin also studied was the interaction of ET with centhaquin which produces a fall in MAP similar to clonidine. Centhaquin (0.05, 0.15, and 0.45 mg/kg, i.v.) produced a dose-dependent fall in MAP, and a decrease in HR. It did not affect arterial blood pH, pO 2 , and pCO 2 . Neither plasma ET-1 levels were altered. Treatment with ET-1(100, 300, and 900 ng/kg) significantly attenuated centhaquin (0.15 mg/kg, i.v.)-induced fall in MAP in a dose-dependent manner. In rats treated with 900 ng/kg dose of ET-1, centhaquin produced 33.48% increase in MAP compared to untreated rats.
  • Centhaquin produced 21.44% increase in HR in rats treated with ET-1 compared to untreated rats.
  • the hypotensive effect of centhaquin was significantly potentiated in rats treated with TAK-044 (1 mg/kg) by 16.48% or BMS-182874 (9 mg/kg) by 30.67% compared to untreated rats.
  • Centhaquin-induced bradycardia was significantly potentiated in rats treated with TAK-044 by 12.74% or BMS-182874 by 29.00% compared to untreated rats.
  • Centhaquin 2-[2-(4-(3-methyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl)ethyl-quinoline (Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India), clonidine, prazosin, urethane (Sigma-Aldrich St Louis, Mo., USA), BMS-182874 hydrochloride: (5-Dimethylamino)-N-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-1-naphthalene sulfonamide hydrochloride) an ET A -specific antagonist (Tocris Bioscience, Ellisville, Mo., USA); TAK-044: cyclo [D-a-aspartyl-3-[(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl) carbonyl]-L-alanyl-L- ⁇ -aspartyl-D-2-(2-thienyl) glycyl-L-leu-Cyl-D-tryptOphyljdisodium salt) an ET A/B non
  • Rats were anaesthetized with urethane (1.5 g/kg i.p.) and prepared for the determination of hemodynamic parameters (Gulati and Srimal, 1993; Gulati et al., 1997b).
  • the anesthetized rats were shaved and immobilized to prepare for cannulation.
  • a 2-3 cm incision was made above the femoral vein and artery, and the vessels were dissected and cleaned.
  • the left femoral vein was cannulated (PE-50 tubing, Clay Adams, Parsipanny, N.J.) and secured for drug administration.
  • ET-1 level was estimated using Assay's Design's Endothelin-1 Enzyme Immunometric Assay Kit (Nowicki et al., 2005; Brondani et al., 2007).
  • the abdominal aorta was isolated and dissected out from urethane (1.5 g.kg ⁇ 1 i.p.) anesthetized rats and was transferred to Krebs bicarbonate buffer pH 7.4 (composition in mM, NaCl, 112.0; KCl, 4.7; KH 2 PO 4 , 1.2; MgSO 4 , 1.2; CaCl 2 , 2.5; NaHCO 3 , 25.0; glucose, 11.0) with continuous supply of 95% O 2 and 5% CO 2 at 37 ⁇ 1° C.
  • the tissue was cut into ring segments (3 mm in length) and mounted in organ baths using 10 mm Radnoti glass ring supports. Extra care was taken while cutting and mounting the ring segment to prevent loss of endothelial layer.
  • Brain and abdominal aorta isolated from vehicle and clonidine treated rats were homogenized in RIPA buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 120 mM NaCl, 1.0% Triton X100, 0.1% SDS, 1% sodium deoxycholate, 10% glycerol, 1 mM EDTA and 1 ⁇ protease inhibitor, Roche). Proteins were isolated in solubilized form and concentrations were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent.
  • Solubilized protein (10 ⁇ g) was denatured in Laemmli sample buffer (Bio-Rad), resolved in 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred on nitrocellulose membrane followed by blocking of membrane with 5% BSA (w/v) in TBST (10 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% Tween 20). The membranes were incubated with rabbit polyclonal anti-ETA antibodies (1:1000), followed by HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (1:1000) and visualized by ECL Plus western blotting detection system (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire UK). Stripped membranes were re-probed with ⁇ -actin primary antibody (1:1000) for a protein loading control.
  • the animals were allowed to stabilize for at least 20 min following surgical procedures.
  • Group 1 Clonidine (10 ⁇ g/kg, i.v.); Group 2: Clonidine (30 ⁇ g/kg, i.v.); and Group 3: Clonidine (90 ⁇ g/kg, i.v.)
  • Group 1 ET-1 (100 ng.kg ⁇ 1 ); Group 2: ET-1 (300 ng.kg ⁇ 1 ); Group 3: ET-1 (900 ng.kg ⁇ 1 ); Group 4: Vehicle (1 ml.kg ⁇ 1 )+clonidine (10 ⁇ g.kg ⁇ 1 ); Group 5: ET-1 (100 ng.kg ⁇ 1 )+clonidine (10 ⁇ g.kg ⁇ 1 ); Group 6: ET-1 (300 ng.kg ⁇ 1 )+clonidine (10 ⁇ g.kg ⁇ 1 ); and Group 7: ET-1 (900 ng.kg ⁇ 1 )+clonidine (10 ⁇ g.kg ⁇ 1 ).
  • Group 1 TAK-044 (1 mg.kg ⁇ 1 ); Group 2: BMS-182874 (9 mg.kg ⁇ 1 ); Group 3: Vehicle (1 ml.kg ⁇ 1 )+clonidine (10 ⁇ g.kg ⁇ 1 ); Group 4: TAK-044 (1 mg.kg ⁇ 1 )+clonidine (10 ⁇ g.kg ⁇ 1 ); and Group 5: BMS-182874 (9 mg.kg ⁇ 1 )+clonidine (10 ⁇ g.kg ⁇ 1 ).
  • Group 1 Vehicle (1 ml.kg ⁇ 1 )+clonidine (10 ⁇ g.kg ⁇ 1 );
  • Group 2 Prazosin (0.1 mg.kg ⁇ 1 )+clonidine (10 ⁇ g.kg ⁇ 1 ); and
  • Group 3 ET-1 (300 ng.kg ⁇ 1 )+prazosin (0.1 mg.kg ⁇ 1 )+clonidine (10 ⁇ g.kg ⁇ 1 ).
  • Group 1 Vehicle (1 ml/kg, i.v.); Group 2: Clonidine (10 ⁇ g/kg, i.v.); and Group 3: Clonidine (90 ⁇ g/kg, i.v.)
  • Group 1 Centhaquin (0.05 mg/kg, i.v.); Group 2: Centhaquin (0.15 mg/kg, i.v.); and Group 3: Centhaquin (0.45 mg/kg, i.v.)
  • Group 1 ET-1 (100 ng.kg ⁇ 1 ); Group 2: ET-1 (300 ng.kg ⁇ 1 ); Group 3: ET-1 (900 ng.kg ⁇ 1 ); Group 4: Vehicle (1 ml.kg ⁇ 1 )+centhaquin (0.15 mg.kg ⁇ 1 ); Group 5: ET-1 (100 ng.kg ⁇ 1 )+centhaquin (0.15 mg.kg ⁇ 1 ); Group 6: ET-1 (300 ng.kg ⁇ 1 )+centhaquin (0.15 mg.kg ⁇ 1 ); and Group 7: ET-1 (900 ng.kg ⁇ 1 )+centhaquin (0.15 mg.kg ⁇ 1 ).
  • Group 1 TAK-044 (1 mg.kg ⁇ 1 )+vehicle (1 ml.kg ⁇ 1 );
  • Group 2 BMS-182874 (9 mg.kg ⁇ 1 )+vehicle (1 ml.kg ⁇ 1 );
  • Group 3 Vehicle (1 ml.kg ⁇ 1 )+centhaquin (0.15 mg.kg ⁇ 1 );
  • Group 4 TAK-044 (1 mg.kg ⁇ 1 )+centhaquin (0.15 mg/kg ⁇ 1 ); and Group 5: BMS-182874 (9 mg/kg ⁇ 1 )+centhaquin (0.15 mg.kg ⁇ 1 ).
  • Group 1 Vehicle (1 ml.kg')+centhaquin (0.15 mg.kg');
  • Group 2 Prazosin (0.1 mg.kg ⁇ 1 )+centhaquin (0.15 mg.kg ⁇ );
  • Group 3 ET-1 (300 ng.kg ⁇ 1 )+prazosin (0.1 mg.kg ⁇ 1 )+centhaquin (0.15 mg.kg ⁇ 1 ).
  • Group 1 Vehicle (1 ml/kg, i.v.); Group 2: centhaquin (0.15 mg/kg, i.v.); and Group 3: centhaquin (0.45 mg/kg, i.v.)
  • Table 1 summarizes arterial blood pH, pO 2 , pCO 2 , Na + , IC, lactate, and hematocrit levels before and after administration of clonidine (90 ⁇ g/kg) and centhaquin (0.45 mg/kg). It was found that there were no significant changes in these parameters with either clonidine or centhaquin
  • clonidine produced a significant reduction in PP.
  • the decrease in PP was 33.81% with 10 ⁇ g/kg, 36.39% with 30 ⁇ g/kg, and 34.27% with 90 ⁇ g/kg dose of clonidine.
  • the decrease in PP was statistically significant (p ⁇ 0.01) compared to respective baseline.
  • the decrease in PP was similar with all the doses of clonidine ( FIG. 1B ).
  • ET-1 treatment in the dose of 900 ng/kg produced significant attenuation (42.58%; p ⁇ 0.001) of clonidine-induced decrease in MAP, compared to vehicle treated rats receiving clonidine.
  • Statistical analysis showed that the attenuation of clonidine-induced decrease in MAP was similar in rats treated with different doses (100, 300, and 900 ng/kg) of ET-1 ( FIG. 2A ).
  • Clonidine-induced decrease in PP was attenuated by treatment with ET-1.
  • the dose of 100 ng/kg of ET-1 was most effective in attenuating (33.66%) clonidine induced fall in PP and was found to be statistically significant (p ⁇ 0.01).
  • the doses of 300 and 900 ng/kg showed attenuation, but did not reach the level of statistical significance ( FIG. 2B ).
  • ET-1 treatment in the dose of 100 ng/kg showed 18.01% attenuation of clonidine-induced decrease in HR, while 300 ng/kg dose of ET-1 showed 21.00% attenuation and 900 ng/kg dose of ET-1 produced 37.42% (p ⁇ 0.001) attenuation of HR compared to vehicle treated rats receiving clonidine ( FIG. 2C ).
  • clonidine produced a maximal decrease of 17.68% (p ⁇ 0.05) in MAP compared to vehicle treated rats receiving clonidine.
  • rats treated with BMS-182874 clonidine produced a maximal decrease of 4.81% in MAP compared to vehicle treated rats receiving clonidine ( FIG. 3A ).
  • rats treated with TAK-044 produced a maximal decrease of 31.42%, while those treated with BMS-182874 produced a 17.06% decrease in PP compared to vehicle treated rats receiving clonidine.
  • the decrease in PP in TAK-044 treated rats was significantly more compared to those treated with BMS-182874 ( FIG. 3B ).
  • the plasma levels of ET-1 at baseline was found to be 12.18 ⁇ 0.42 ⁇ g/ml and after 1 hour of vehicle treatment plasma ET-1 levels were found to be 11.97 ⁇ 1.29 ⁇ g/ml.
  • baseline line ET-1 levels were 12.39 ⁇ 0.62 ⁇ g/ml and 1 hour of treatment did not produce any change in plasma ET-1 level (13.45 ⁇ 0.68 ⁇ g/ml).
  • clonidine 90 ⁇ g/kg
  • the baseline ET-1 levels were 12.59 ⁇ 0.77 pg/ml and clonidine treatment did not produce any significant effect on plasma ET-1 levels (11.31 ⁇ 0.92 pg/ml).
  • the ED 50 value of clonidine was 2.64 ⁇ 0.02 ⁇ M in vehicle treated aorta, while in ET-1 treated aorta the ED 50 value of clonidine was 1.81 ⁇ 0.04 ⁇ M, indicating a significant potentiation (p ⁇ 0.001) of clonidine response by ET-1.
  • Centhaquin administered intravenously to rats produced significant dose-dependent decrease in MAP.
  • the doses of 0.05 mg.kg ⁇ 1 , 0.15 mg.kg ⁇ 1 , and 0.45 mg.kg ⁇ 1 centhaquin produced significant decrease of 15.64, 25.15, and 28.08% (p ⁇ 0.001), respectively, compared to baseline.
  • the decrease in MAP produced by 0.15 or 0.45 mg.kg ⁇ 1 doses was more significant compared to 0.05 mg.kg ⁇ 1 dose ( FIG. 5A ).
  • Rats administered with 0.05 mg.kg ⁇ 1 , 0.15 mg/kg, and 0.45 mg.kg ⁇ 1 doses of centhaquin showed 10.49, 12.57, and 13.34% (p ⁇ 0.01) reduction in HR, respectively, compared to baseline ( FIG. 5B ).
  • Rats treated with 100, 300, and 900 ng.kg ⁇ 1 doses of ET-1 showed a fall (p ⁇ 0.001) followed by significant rise (p ⁇ 0.001) in MAP ( FIG. 6A ), while no change in HR ( FIG. 6B ) was observed compared to baseline.
  • a middle dose of 0.15 mg.kg ⁇ 1 of centhaquin was used for subsequent studies.
  • Lower doses of ET-1 (100 and 300 ng.kg ⁇ 1 ) showed a small statistically insignificant attenuation of centhaquin-induced decrease in MAP, while a higher dose of 900 ng.kg ⁇ 1 showed significant (33.48%; p ⁇ 0.001) attenuation of centhaquin-induced decrease in MAP compared to vehicle treated rats receiving centhaquin ( FIG. 7A ).
  • centhaquin (0.15 mg.kg ⁇ 1 ) produced a decrease in HR.
  • the decrease in HR produced by centhaquin was similar in rats treated with vehicle or 100 ng.kg ⁇ 1 dose of ET-1.
  • centhaquin-induced decrease in HR was significantly attenuated.
  • the dose of 900 ng/kg of ET-1 produced a marked attenuation of 21.44% (p ⁇ 0.001) in centhaquin-induced decrease in HR compared to vehicle treated rats receiving centhaquin ( FIG. 7B ).
  • Centhaquin (0.15 mg/kg) produced a decrease in MAP.
  • centhaquin produced a marked decrease of 32.31% (p ⁇ 0.01) in MAP compared to baseline.
  • centhaquin produced even more significant decrease of 43.46% (p ⁇ 0.001) in MAP compared to baseline. It was found that treatment with TAK-044 produced potentiation of centhaquin effect by 16.48% (p>0.05), while treatment with BMS-182874 produced a potentiation of 30.67% (p ⁇ 0.001) compared to vehicle treated rats ( FIG. 7A ).
  • Centhaquin produced a decrease in PP.
  • centhaquin produced a decrease in PP by 46.49% (p ⁇ 0.001) compared to baseline.
  • centhaquin produced a decrease in PP by 49.68% (p ⁇ 0.001) compared to baseline.
  • the decrease in PP induced by centhaquin was similar in TAK-044 and BMS-182874 treated rats ( FIG. 7B ).
  • centhaquin In rats treated with ET-1 (300 ng/kg) and prazosin (0.1 mg/kg), centhaquin produced no change in MAP compared to baseline. Prazosin completely (p ⁇ 0.01) blocked the changes produced in MAP by centhaquin in ET-1 treated rats ( FIG. 8A ).
  • centhaquin produced no change in PP compared to baseline.
  • Prazosin significantly (p ⁇ 0.001) attenuated the decrease in PP induced by centhaquin in ET-1 treated rats ( FIG. 8B ).
  • centhaquin In rats treated with ET-1 and prazosin, centhaquin produced no significant change in HR compared to baseline. Prazosin significantly (p ⁇ 0.05) attenuated the decrease in HR induced by centhaquin in ET-1 treated rats ( FIG. 8C ).
  • Prazosin also blocked the changes in MAP and HR provided by centhaquin in vehicle treated rats ( FIGS. 8A and 8B ).
  • the baseline plasma ET-1 levels were 12.18 ⁇ 0.42 pg/ml, and after 1 hour of vehicle treatment were 11.97 ⁇ 1.29 pg/ml.
  • the plasma ET-1 levels did not show any change in vehicle treated rats.
  • baseline ET-1 levels were 10.89 ⁇ 1.77 pg/ml and 1 hour of treatment did not produce any change in plasma ET-1 level (10.39 ⁇ 1.75 pg/ml).
  • the baseline ET-1 levels were 11.83 ⁇ 1.04 pg/ml and centhaquin treatment did not produce any significant effect on plasma ET-1 level (11.67 ⁇ 1.41 pg/ml).
  • the present disclosure illustrates the interaction of ET agonists and antagonists with central acting antihypertensive drugs, clonidine and centhaquin.
  • Clonidine is an antihypertensive drug, which acts by stimulating a-adrenergic receptors in the brain (Schmitt, 1969; U′Prichard et al., 1977; Kobinger, 1978) leading to decrease in cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure. It has specificity towards the presynaptic a t -adrenergic receptors in the vasomotor center in the brainstem (Schmitt, 1969; Kobinger, 1978). This decreases presynaptic calcium levels, and inhibits the release of norepinephrine and the net effect is a decrease in sympathetic tone (Langer et al., 1980; van Zwieten et al., 1984; Chen et al., 1994).
  • Clonidine also has peripheral ⁇ 1 -adrenergic agonistic activity, which may produce transient vasoconstriction and hypertension when administered systemically in higher doses. It has an approximately 10-fold higher binding affinity for the ⁇ 2 -adrenergic receptors than the ⁇ 1 -adrenergic receptors, both in binding assays and in isolated organs (U′Prichard et al., 1977).
  • hypotensive effect of clonidine is mediated through the stimulation of ⁇ 2 -adrenergic receptors (Kobinger, 1978; Guyenet and Cabot, 1981), while the hypertensive effect is due to the vasoconstriction caused by stimulation of peripheral ⁇ 1 -adrenergic receptors (Timmermans and Van Zwieten, 1980; Bousquet and Schwartz, 1983).
  • centhaquin Although structurally different from clonidine, centhaquin produces a fall in MAP and HR similar to that seen with clonidine in anesthetized cats and rats (Srimal et al., 1990). Centhaquin, like clonidine, is thought to act mainly on the central ⁇ 2 -adrenoreceptors. Upon chronic administration in rats, both centhaquin and clonidine produced hypotension and bradycardia associated with an up-regulation in ⁇ -adrenergic receptors in the hypothalamus and medulla (Gulati et al., 1991a; Gulati et al., 1991b).
  • ET-1 treatment increased the sensitivity of peripheral ⁇ -adrenergic receptors to the extent that, when clonidine or centhaquin was administered, a marked hypertensive effect was produced such that their central hypotensive effect was masked and was not observed.
  • ET antagonists Two different ET antagonists were used: TAK-044 (non-selective ET A /ET B receptor blocker) (Ikeda et al., 1994) and BMS-18287 (selective ET A receptor blocker) (Stein et al., 1994). Rats pretreated with TAK-044 and BMS-182874 showed potentiation of the hypotensive effect of clonidine or centhaquin, indicating the involvement of endogenous ET in the peripheral hypertension caused by clonidine.
  • Table 2 summarizes the effect of non-selective ET A /ET B receptor antagonist TAK-044 and selective ET A receptor antagonist BMS182874 on clonidine (10 ⁇ g/kg) and centhaquin (0.33 mg/kg) induced changes in mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, and heart rate. A percent change is expressed compared to clonidine or centhaquin response in control rats.
  • ET-1 is an important modulator of vasomotor tone and it has been demonstrated that ET-1 is capable of amplifying the contractile response of several vasoactive compounds (Consigny, 1990; Nakayama et al., 1991; Gondre and Christ, 1998). Cross-talk between ET A receptors and ⁇ 1 -adrenergic receptors has been reported.
  • ⁇ 1 -adrenergic receptors mediate contractile responses to norepinephrine in femoral artery (Jarajapu et al., 2001).
  • Vascular ring preparations of the rabbit ear artery and rat thoracic aorta showed that subtypes of ⁇ 1 -adrenergic receptors are involved in the contractions (Fagura et al., 1997).
  • TAK-044 a non-selective ET A /ET B receptor antagonist, TAK-044, was significantly more effective in potentiating clonidine-induced hypotension and bradycardia compared to centhaquin.
  • a selective ET A receptor antagonist, BMS-182874 was more effective in potentiating the centhaquin-induced hypotension and bradycardia compared to clonidine.
  • TAK-044 produced more or less similar potentiation of MAP, PP, and HR responses of clonidine and centhaquin
  • BMS-182874 produced significantly more marked potentiation of centhaquin effect on MAP, PP and HR compared to clonidine (Table 2).
  • clonidine exerts its antihypertensive effect through agonist activity at central ⁇ 2 -adrenergic inhibitory receptors and the antidepressant mirtazepine acts as an antagonist at the same ⁇ 2 -adrenergic receptors (Troncoso and Gill, 2004).
  • the antidepressant mirtazepine acts as an antagonist at the same ⁇ 2 -adrenergic receptors (Troncoso and Gill, 2004).
  • ET antagonists may be of use to reduce the adverse effects of clonidine.
  • ET can modulate the cardiovascular effects mediated through vascular adrenergic receptors. This is the first report showing that ET antagonists can potentiate the antihypertensive effects of clonidine and centhaquin. An ET antagonist can therefore be useful in the treatment of toxic effects due to an overdose of clonidine. Since two ET antagonists already in US market for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, and several are in pipeline, it may important to explore the interaction of these agents with other antihypertensive drugs acting on the adrenergic system. Because the use of clonidine is limited due to its adverse effects, a combination of ET antagonist with clonidine or centhaquin can be a useful option to treat hypertension.
  • Table 3 summarizes the proposed mechanism by which ET-1 and ET receptor antagonist modulate clonidine- and centhaquin-induced changes in mean arterial pressure.
  • Clonidine and centhaquin act on central as well as peripheral adrenergic receptors. Stimulation of (a) peripheral receptors produces vasoconstriction, and (b) central receptors decreases the sympathetic drive producing vasodilatation, the net result is fall in blood pressure because central effect dominates over the peripheral effect.
  • Treatment with ET-1 markedly increases the peripheral vasoconstrictor effect and now the peripheral effect dominates over the central and net result is an increase in blood pressure.
  • treatment with ET antagonist decreases the peripheral vasoconstrictor effect, therefore the central effect over dominates and the net result is a marked hypotensive effect.
  • FIG. 2 shows the effect of ET-1 (100, 300 and 900 ng/kg) treatment on clonidine-induced cardiovascular responses in urethane anaesthetized rats.
  • FIG. 3 shows the effect of the non-selective ET A /ET B receptor antagonist TAK-044 (1 mg/kg) and the selective ET A receptor antagonist BMS-182874 (9 mg/kg) treatment on clonidine-induced cardiovascular responses in urethane anaesthetized rats.
  • FIG. 4 shows the effect of prazosin (0.1 mg/kg) on ET-1 (300 ng/kg) induced changes in cardiovascular responses of clonidine (10 ⁇ g/kg) in urethane anaesthetized rats.
  • FIG. 6 shows the effect of ET-1 (100, 300, and 900 ng/kg) treatment on centhaquin-induced cardiovascular responses in urethane anaesthetized rats.
  • FIG. 7 shows the effect of non-selective ET A /ET B receptor antagonist TAK-044 (1 mg/kg) and selective ET A receptor antagonist BMS-182874 (9 mg/kg) treatment on centhaquin-induced cardiovascular responses in urethane anaesthetized rats.
  • FIG. 8 shows the effect of prazosin (0.1 mg/kg) on ET-1 (300 ng/kg) induced changes in cardiovascular responses of centhaquin (0.15 mg/kg) in urethane anaesthetized rats.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of centhaquin as an analgesic to treat pain in a subject.
  • the invention provides a method of treating or preventing pain comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of centhaquin.
  • the centhaquin is coadministered with an opiate analgesic.
  • the centhaquin is administered in a dose range from about 10 ⁇ g to about 300 ⁇ g.
  • the subject to be treated is a mammal.
  • the mammalian subject is human, or any non-human animal model for human medical research, or an animal of importance as livestock or pets, for example, companion animals.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the pain to be treated is chronic pain or acute pain.
  • the pain is selected from the group consisting of causalgia, tactile allodynia, neuropathic pain, hyperalgesia, hyperpathia, inflammatory pain, post-operative pain, chronic lower back pain, cluster headaches, postherpetic neuralgia, phantom limb and stump pain, central pain, dental pain, neuropathic pain, opioid-resistant pain, visceral pain, surgical pain, bone injury pain, diabetic neuropathy pain, post-surgery or traumatic neuropathy pain, peripheral neuropathy pain, entrapment neuropathy pain, neuropathy caused by alcohol abuse, pain from HIV infection, multiple sclerosis hypothyroidism or anticancer chemotherapy pain, pain during labor and delivery, pain resulting from burns, including sunburn, post partum pain, migraine, angina pain, and genitourinary tract-related pain including cystitis.
  • centhaquin is useful to potentiate the analgesic effects of an opiate analgesic.
  • the invention provides a method of treating or preventing pain comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an opiate analgesic and a therapeutically effective amount of a centhaquin.
  • the opiate analgesic is selected from the group consisting of morphine, morphine sulfate, codeine, diacetylmorphine, dextromethorphan, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, hydromorphone, levorphanol, oxymorphone, oxycodone, levallorphan, and salts thereof.
  • the opiate analgesic and centhaquin are administered simultaneously. In a related embodiment, the opiate analgesic and centhaquin are administered from a single composition or from separate compositions. In a further embodiment, the opiate analgesic and centhaquin are administered sequentially.
  • the present invention relates to methods of treating pain using centhaquin which produces significant analgesia and relief from pain stimulation.
  • treatment refers to preventing, reducing or otherwise ameliorating or eliminating pain.
  • treatment includes both medical therapeutic and/or prophylactic administration, as appropriate.
  • Treatment and relief of pain symptoms may be measured using pain assessment scales known in the art.
  • Exemplary protocols include measurement of the subjective pain threshold (visual analog scale) and the objective nociceptive flexion reflex (R III) threshold.
  • pain refers to all types of pain.
  • the term refers to acute and chronic pains.
  • exemplary types of pain include, but are not limited to, causalgia, tactile allodynia, neuropathic pain, hyperalgesia, hyperpathia, inflammatory pain, post-operative pain, chronic lower back pain, cluster headaches, postherpetic neuralgia, phantom limb and stump pain, central pain, dental pain, neuropathic pain, opioid-resistant pain, visceral pain, surgical pain, bone injury pain, diabetic neuropathy pain, post-surgery or traumatic neuropathy pain, peripheral neuropathy pain, entrapment neuropathy pain, neuropathy caused by alcohol abuse, pain from HIV infection, multiple sclerosis hypothyroidism or anticancer chemotherapy pain, pain during labor and delivery, pain resulting from burns, including sunburn, post partum pain, migraine, angina pain, and genitourinary tract-related pain including cystitis.
  • analgesic refers to an active agent that relieves pain in a subject.
  • opioid analgesic or “opioid analgesic” refers to a narcotic analgesic used, for example, as an adjunct to anesthesia, or to alleviate pain.
  • non-opiate analgesic refers to a non-narcotic agent indicated for pain.
  • a “therapeutically effective dose” refers to that amount of the active agent or agents that results in achieving the desired effect. Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such active agents are determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., determining the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, which is expressed as the ratio between LD50 and ED50. A high therapeutic index is preferred. The data obtained from such data is used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage of the active agents, in one aspect, lies within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage varies within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, and the route of administration utilized.
  • compositions comprising two or more agents are administered concurrently to the subject being treated.
  • concurrently it is meant that each agent is administered at the same time or sequentially in any order at different points in time. However, if not administered at the same time, they are, in one aspect, administered sufficiently closely in time so as to provide the desired potentiation of treatment effect. Suitable dosing intervals and dosing order with such compounds will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. It is also contemplated that two or more agents are administered in separate compositions, and in one aspect, one composition is administered prior to or subsequent to administration of the first agent.
  • Prior administration refers to administration of the agents within the range of one day (24 hours) prior to treatment up to 30 minutes before treatment. It is further contemplated that one agent is administered subsequent to administration of the other agent. Subsequent administration is meant to describe administration from 30 minutes after administration of the first agent up to one day (24 hours) after administration of the first agent. Within 30 minutes to 24 hours may includes administration at 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 20, or 24 hours.
  • low dose refers to a dose of an active ingredient in a composition, wherein the amount of active ingredient in the composition is lower than that typically given in treatment of a subject.
  • the low dose of active agent may be administered in combination with a second active agent such that the active agents exhibit a synergistic effect, and the dose of each active agent in the combination treatment is lower than the dose necessary when the agent is administered not in combination with a second active ingredient.
  • opiate and opioid analgesics are derivatives of five chemical groups (i.e., phenanthrenes, phenylheptylamines, phenylpiperidines, morphinans, and benzomorphans).
  • Pharmacologically, opiates and nonopiates differ significantly in activity. Some are strong agonists (morphine), others are moderates-to-mild agonists (codeine).
  • morphine strong agonists
  • codeine moderates-to-mild agonists
  • some opiate derivatives exhibit mixed agonist-antagonist activity (nalbuphine), whereas others are opiate antagonists (naloxone).
  • Morphine is the prototype of the opiate and opioid analgesics, all of which have similar actions on the central nervous system.
  • Morphine is chemically derived from opium.
  • Other drugs such as heroin, are processed from morphine or codeine.
  • Such opiates have been used both medically and nonmedically for centuries.
  • morphine had been extracted in a pure form suitable for solution. With the introduction of the hypodermic needle, injection of a morphine solution became the common method of administration.
  • codeine and morphine are still in widespread clinical use.
  • narcotic drugs are among the most powerfully acting and clinically useful drugs producing depression of the central nervous system. Drugs of this group are used principally as analgesics, but possess numerous other useful properties. Morphine, for example, is used to relieve pain, induce sleep in the presence of pain, check diarrhea, suppress cough, ease dyspnea, and facilitate anesthesia.
  • morphine and related compounds When morphine and related compounds are administered over a long period of time, tolerance to the analgesic effect develops, and the dose then must be increased periodically to obtain equivalent pain relief. Eventually, tolerance and physical dependence develop, which, combined with euphoria, result in excessive use and addiction of those patients having susceptible personalities. For these reasons, morphine and its derivatives must be used only as directed by a physician (i.e., not in greater dose, more often, or longer than prescribed), and should not be used to treat pain when a different analgesic will suffice.
  • centhaquin is useful to potentiate the analgesic effects of an opiate analgesic.
  • Opiate analgesics include, but are not limited to, (a) opium; (b) opium alkaloids, such as morphine, morphine sulfate, codeine, codeine phosphate, codeine sulfate, diacetylmorphine, morphine hydrochloride, morphine tartrate, and diacetylmorphine hydrochloride; and (c) semisynthetic opiate analgesics, such as dextromethorphan hydrobromide, hydrocodone bitartrate, hydromorphone, hydromorphone hydrochloride, levorphanol tartrate, oxymorphone hydrochloride, and oxycodone hydrochloride.
  • the subject treated using the methods described herein is a mammalian subject.
  • the mammalian subject may be human, or any non-human animal model for human medical research, or an animal of importance as livestock or pets, for example, companion animals.
  • Administration of the pharmaceutical composition(s) can be performed before, during, or after the onset of pain.
  • the present invention provides methods for alleviating and treating symptoms that arise in a subject experiencing pain.
  • the invention provides a method of treating or preventing pain comprising administering to a mammal a therapeutically effective amount of centhaquin.
  • the causes of pain include, but are not limited to inflammation, injury, disease, muscle spasm and the onset of a neuropathic event or syndrome.
  • Acute pain is usually self-limited, whereas chronic pain generally persists for 3 months or longer and can lead to significant changes in a patient's personality, lifestyle, functional ability and overall quality of life.
  • Ineffectively treated pain can be detrimental to the person experiencing it by limiting function, reducing mobility, complicating sleep, and interfering with general quality of life.
  • Neuropathic pain is a persistent or chronic pain syndrome that can result from damage to the nervous system, the peripheral nerves, the dorsal root ganglion or dorsal root, or to the central nervous system.
  • Neuropathic pain syndromes include allodynia, various neuralgias such as post herpetic neuralgia and trigeminal neuralgia, phantom pain, and complex regional pain syndromes, such as reflex sympathetic dystrophy and causalgia.
  • Causalgia is characterized by spontaneous burning pain combined with hyperalgesia and allodynia.
  • Hyperalgesia is characterized by extreme sensitivity to a painful stimulus. (Meller et al., Neuropharmacol. 33:1471-8, 1994). This condition can include visceral hyperalgesia which generates the feeling of pain in internal organs. Neuropathic pain also includes hyperpathia, wherein a stimulus that is normally innocuous if given for a prolonged period of time results in severe pain.
  • Treatment of chronic pain in human patients is carried out generally as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,226.
  • a patient experiencing acute inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, spastic conditions, or other chronic pain from an injury is treated by intrathecal administration, for example by spinal tap to the lumbar region, with an appropriate dose of a composition described herein for use in a method of the invention.
  • compositions are administered intraarticularly.
  • the particular dose and site of injection, as well as the frequency of administrations depend upon a variety of factors within the skill of the treating physician.
  • Amelioration of pain symptoms is measured using methods known in the art, including the visual analog scale (VAS), the verbal rating scale (VRS) and the numerical rating scale (NRS) (Williamson et al., J Clin Nurs. 14:798-804, 2005; Carlsson, A., Pain. 1983 16:87-101, 1983).
  • VAS visual analog scale
  • VRS verbal rating scale
  • NRS numerical rating scale
  • Patients are asked to rate their pain on a numeric scale before and after pain stimulus.
  • Chronic pain is also assessed by an objective scaled test such as the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) Pain Scale (Bennett, M. Pain. 92:147-157, 2001).
  • a decrease in hypersensitivity to pain stimulus after treatment with a composition comprising an at adrenergic agonist and/or an endothelin receptor antagonist indicates that interfering with normal activity a ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptors and/or endothelin receptors alleviates symptoms associated with chronic pain.
  • the compositions described herein are administered in conjunction with another pain medications as described above, wherein the therapies provide a synergistic effect in relieving symptoms of chronic pain.
  • Improvement in pain is measured at varying timepoints after administration of analgesic is administered and the reduction in pain based on the measurement scale is assessed.
  • assessment of pain symptoms is carried out every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 8 weeks, or as determined by a treating physician.
  • the improvement in pain symptoms in a subject when compared to assessment of pain symptoms before treatment, may be at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% or 100% as measured using art-recognized pain scales.
  • kits which comprise one or more compounds or compositions packaged in a manner which facilitates their use to practice methods of the invention.
  • a kit includes a compound or composition described herein as useful for practice of a method of the invention (i.e., centhaquin), packaged in a container such as a sealed bottle or vessel, with a label affixed to the container or included in the package that describes use of the compound or composition to practice the method of the invention.
  • the compound or composition is packaged in a unit dosage form.
  • the kit may further include a device suitable for administering the composition according to a preferred route of administration.
  • FIGS. 9-13 show that:
  • centhaquin 0.1, 0.3 and 0.9 mg/kg, iv) produced dose-dependent analgesia
  • centhaquin 0.3 and 0.9 mg/kg, iv) potentiated morphine analgesia
  • the present invention also is directed to methods of treating resuscitative hemorrhagic shock comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of centhaquin to an individual in need thereof.
  • hemorrhagic shock is marked by a critical reduction in tissue perfusion, leading to tissue acidosis and hypoxia, compromising the cellular metabolic activity, and cellular and organ function. Hyporesponsiveness to vasoconstrictors during hemorrhagic shock has been documented. Hemorrhagic shock states ranging from mild to severe encompass a number of pathophysiologic, immunologic, and metabolic processes. An increase in base deficit during traumatic shock correlates well with multiple organ failure and a state of decompensation followed by mortality in humans. Base deficit paralleled the hemodynamic variables including mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output. The changes in the oxygen delivery and consumption during resuscitation that improved compensation of shock are accurately reflected in base deficit alterations. Whereas base deficit is an indicator of metabolic stress with onset and progression of shock, endothelial and smooth muscle cells in the blood vessels can release a number of vasomediators with injury and onset of blood loss.
  • FIG. 14 shows the fold change in the expression of ET A receptors normalized to ⁇ -action assessed by densitometry. The values are expressed as mean ⁇ SEM. *p ⁇ 0.05 compared to a vehicle control. More particularly, FIG. 14 is an immunoblot showing ET A r expression in rat brain (Lane-2 to Lane-4) and abdominal aorta (Lane-5 to lane-7) after 1 h of clonidine treatment.
  • Lane-1 Protein marker
  • Lane-2 Vehicle treatment
  • Lane-3 Clonidine (10 ⁇ g.ml ⁇ 1 ) treatment
  • Lane-4 clonidine (90 ⁇ g.ml ⁇ 1 ) treatment
  • Lane-5 Vehicle treatment
  • Lane-6 Clonidine (10 ⁇ g.ml ⁇ 1 ) treatment
  • Lane-7 Clonidine (90 ⁇ g.ml ⁇ 1 ) treatment.
  • FIG. 17 shows the improvement in survival time for rats resuscitated with Ringer lactate and centhaquin in the hemorrhagic shock model. Values are expressed as mean ⁇ SEM with n>5 rats/group. *p ⁇ 0.05 compared to LR-100. #p ⁇ 0.05 compared to LR-300. The data shows an increase in survival time when centhaquin is administered with LR-100.
  • FIGS. 18 and 19 are pressure volume loops for resuscitation of rats with LR-100 and LR-300 over time, respectively.
  • FIG. 20 contains pressure-volume loops showing the effect of resuscitating with LR-100 and centhaquin (0.05 mg/kg). The improvement by administering centhaquin in addition to LR-100 is observed by comparing the pressure-volume loops of FIG. 20 to the loops of FIG. 18 .

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