US20120002968A1 - System and methods for quantum key distribution over wdm links - Google Patents
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- US20120002968A1 US20120002968A1 US13/180,860 US201113180860A US2012002968A1 US 20120002968 A1 US20120002968 A1 US 20120002968A1 US 201113180860 A US201113180860 A US 201113180860A US 2012002968 A1 US2012002968 A1 US 2012002968A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0227—Operation, administration, maintenance or provisioning [OAMP] of WDM networks, e.g. media access, routing or wavelength allocation
- H04J14/0241—Wavelength allocation for communications one-to-one, e.g. unicasting wavelengths
- H04J14/0242—Wavelength allocation for communications one-to-one, e.g. unicasting wavelengths in WDM-PON
- H04J14/0245—Wavelength allocation for communications one-to-one, e.g. unicasting wavelengths in WDM-PON for downstream transmission, e.g. optical line terminal [OLT] to ONU
- H04J14/0246—Wavelength allocation for communications one-to-one, e.g. unicasting wavelengths in WDM-PON for downstream transmission, e.g. optical line terminal [OLT] to ONU using one wavelength per ONU
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
- H04B10/2581—Multimode transmission
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/70—Photonic quantum communication
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
- H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
- H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0227—Operation, administration, maintenance or provisioning [OAMP] of WDM networks, e.g. media access, routing or wavelength allocation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0227—Operation, administration, maintenance or provisioning [OAMP] of WDM networks, e.g. media access, routing or wavelength allocation
- H04J14/0254—Optical medium access
- H04J14/0256—Optical medium access at the optical channel layer
- H04J14/0257—Wavelength assignment algorithms
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0278—WDM optical network architectures
- H04J14/0279—WDM point-to-point architectures
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- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
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Abstract
A system and a method for quantum key distribution between a transmitter and a receiver over wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) link are disclosed. The method includes providing one or more quantum channels and one or more conventional channels over the WDM link; assigning a different wavelength to each of the one or more quantum channels and each of the one or more conventional channels; transmitting single photon signals on each of the one or more quantum channels; and transmitting data on each of the one or more conventional channels. The data comprises either conventional data or trigger signals for synchronizing the transmission of the single photon signals on the quantum channels. All channels have wavelengths around 1550 nm. The WDM link can be a 3-channel WDM link comprising two quantum channels for transmitting single photon signals and one conventional channel for transmitting conventional data or triggering signals.
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/231,084, filed Sep. 19, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference.
- The present invention relates to a communication system and a method for communicating encrypted data. In particular, the present invention relates to the technique known as quantum key distribution over wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) links.
- The purpose of cryptography is to exchange messages in perfect privacy between a transmitter and a receiver by using a secret random bit sequence known as a key. Once the key is established, subsequent messages can be transmitted safely over a conventional channel. For this reason, secure key distribution is a fundamental issue in cryptography. Unfortunately, the conventional cryptography provides no tools to guarantee the security of the key distribution because, in principle, classical signals can be monitored passively. The transmitter and receiver have no idea when the eavesdropping has taken place.
- However, secure key distribution is possibly realized by using the technology of quantum key distribution (QKD). Quantum key distribution is believed to be a natural candidate to substitute conventional key distribution because it can provide ultimate security by the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics, namely, any eavesdropping activities made by an eavesdropper will inevitably modify the quantum state of this system. Therefore, although an eavesdropper can get information out of a quantum channel by a measurement, the transmitter and the receiver will detect the eavesdropping and hence can change the key.
- A variety of systems for carrying out QKD over an optical fiber system have been developed. Quantum cryptography has already been applied to the point-to-point distribution of quantum keys between two users. As shown in
FIG. 1 , quantum cryptography system in the prior art employs two distinct links. Of them, one is used for transmission of a quantum key by an optical fiber, while the other carries all data by internet or another optical fiber. - However, it is desirable to apply quantum cryptography in currently deployed commercial optical network. Yet only several studies on quantum key distribution over 1,300 nm network have been reported to date. One problem of the reported system is that it is difficult to transmit signals over a long distance at 1,300 nm in standard single mode fibers. Thus, quantum key distribution with wavelengths around 1,550 nm over the long distance is preferred. In addition, it is considered that no strong signals (e.g. conventional data) should exist in network with quantum channels or that a large spacing of wavelengths between a quantum channel and a conventional channel is needed to lower the interference from the strong signal.
- However, this is not true in the installed commercial optical network because there are many strong signals that can cause severe interference to the quantum channel in the current optical fiber communications network employing WDM transmission.
- It is an objective of the present invention to provide a communication system for quantum key distribution in which the quantum key distribution can be implemented in current commercial optical links by simply adding a wavelength for a quantum channel as quantum key distribution.
- The present invention provides a method of quantum key distribution between a plurality of transmitting units and a plurality of receiving units over a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) link, which comprises: 1) providing a plurality of WDM channels over the WDM link for coupling the transmitting units and the receiver units, respectively, the WDM channels comprising a plurality of quantum channels and a plurality of conventional channels; 2) assigning a different wavelength to each of the WDM channels; 3) transmitting single photon signals on each of the quantum channels; and 4) transmitting data on each of the conventional channels, the data comprising either conventional data or trigger signals for synchronizing the transmission of the single photon signals on the quantum channels.
- In preferred embodiments of the invention, the wavelengths assigned to the WDM channels are at around 1,550 nm.
- The present invention further provides a communication system for quantum key distribution at wavelengths around 1,550 nm over a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical link, which comprises a plurality of transmitting units comprising a plurality of quantum transmitting units and a plurality of conventional transmitting units; a plurality of receiving units comprising a plurality of quantum receiving units and a plurality of conventional receiving units; and a WDM link linking the transmitting units to the receiving units. Moreover, the WDM link comprises a plurality of WDM channels, and the WDM channels may further comprise a plurality of quantum channels for communicating single photon signals between the quantum transmitting units and the quantum receiving units, respectively; and a plurality of conventional channels for communicating data between the conventional transmitting units and the conventional receiving units, respectively.
- In some embodiments of the invention, the data transmitted on the conventional channels comprises either conventional data or trigger signals for synchronizing the transmission of the single photon signals on the quantum channels. Furthermore, each of the WDM channels is assigned a wavelength different from others so that the WDM channels are multiplexed in wavelengths over the WDM link.
- According to an aspect of the present invention, it is possible to realize quantum key distribution between specific users (e.g. between a transmitter and a receiver) over a WDM link by using WDM technology. The transmitter may comprise one or more quantum transmitting units and one or more conventional transmitting units, the receiver may comprise one or more quantum receiving units corresponding to the one or more quantum transmitting units, respectively, and one or more conventional receiving units corresponding to the one or more conventional transmitting units, respectively. Moreover, the WDM link linking the transmitter and the receiver may comprise one or more quantum channels for communicating single photon signals between the one or more quantum transmitting units and the one or more quantum receiving units, respectively, and one or more conventional channels for communicating data between the one or more conventional transmitting units and the one or more conventional receiving units, and the data comprising either conventional data or trigger signals for synchronizing the transmission of the single photon signals on the quantum channels. Furthermore, each of the conventional channels and the quantum channels may be assigned a wavelength different from others so that the conventional channels and the quantum channels can be multiplexed in wavelengths over the WDM link.
- According to another aspect of the present invention, the WDM link of the communication system may be a 3-channel WDM link, which comprises two quantum channels and a conventional channel. The data transmitted over the conventional channel may include trigger signals for synchronizing the quantum channels. Thus, the conventional channel can also serve as a trigger channel to synchronize the system. Each of the conventional channels and the quantum channels is assigned a wavelength different from others, and the conventional channel and the quantum channels are multiplexed by wavelength at around 1,550 nm over the WDM link, which is suitable for long-haul transmission.
- Based on the WDM technology which combines many different wavelengths into a single optical fiber provided by the WDM link, the quantum key distribution is easily conducted in the current commercial fiber links by sharing a common fiber with conventional communication signals.
- Moreover, a differential phase modulation technology is employed in the present invention to overcome an influence of temperature shifts and phase shifts on the system, which also makes the system stable.
-
FIG. 1 shows a communication system for quantum key distribution in the prior art. -
FIG. 2 shows a schematic view of a communication system for quantum key distribution over a multi-user WDM network according to the present invention. -
FIG. 3 shows a schematic view of quantum key distribution over a WDM link according to the present invention. -
FIG. 4 shows a schematic view of an embodiment of quantum key distribution over a 3-channel WDM link according to the present invention. -
FIG. 5 shows an auto-compensation structure using a differential phase modulation technology employed in a quantum channel of the present invention. -
FIGS. 6 a and 6 b show a detailed structure of the quantum key distribution over the 3-channel WDM link as shown inFIG. 4 . - The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
- WDM is the key technology adopted in the present invention, which makes use of the parallel property of light to combine many different wavelengths into a single optical fiber. Thus it is possible to fulfill quantum key distribution over multi-user WDM network according to the present invention. By virtue of WDM, the system can establish simultaneously as many distinct secret keys as allowed by the number of wavelengths supported by the WDM network.
- For example, a communication system for quantum key distribution over multi-user WDM network according to one embodiment of the present invention is shown in
FIG. 2 . - The communication system includes N quantum channels assigned with wavelengths from λ1 to λN for linking N
quantum transmitting units 130 and Nquantum receiving units 140 over a WDM link, and M conventional channels assigned with wavelengths from λN+1 to λN+M for linking Mconventional transmitting units 330 and Mconventional receiving units 340 over the WDM link (where N and M are positive integers). The WDM link comprises array waveguide gratings (AWG) 402 and 401 and a singleoptical fiber 500. In the embodiment, the quantum channels and the conventional channels with distinct wavelengths (from λ1 to λN+M) are multiplexed into the singleoptical fiber 500 by using the AWG 401 and the AWG 402. Thus, it is possible to realize quantum key distribution between specific quantum transmitting units and quantum receiving units by using WDM technology. -
FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of quantum key distribution between specific users (e.g. between a transmitter and an intended receiver) among a plurality of users over a WDM link according to the present invention. As shown in theFIG. 3 , thetransmitter 711 has one or more quantum transmitting units and one or more conventional transmitting units, and thereceiver 721 has one or more quantum receiving units, each of which corresponds to one of the one or more quantum transmitting units, respectively, and one or more conventional receiving units, each of which corresponds to one of the one or more conventional transmitting units. - The WDM link, linking the
transmitter 711 and thereceiver 721, comprises an AWG 401, anoptical fiber 501 and another AWG 402. The WDM link is provided for multiplexing one or more quantum channels between the quantum transmitting units and the corresponding quantum receiving units for communicating single photon signals, and one or more conventional channels between the conventional transmitting units and the conventional receiving units for communicating data. In the embodiment, the data further includes trigger signals for synchronizing the transmission of the single photon signals on the quantum channels. Moreover, each of the conventional channels and the quantum channels is assigned a wavelength different from others, and the conventional channels and the quantum channels are multiplexed by wavelengths at around 1,550 nm over the WDM link. -
FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of quantum key distribution between a transmitter and a receiver over a 3-channel WDM link. Thetransmitter 712 comprises a firstquantum transmitting unit 110, a secondquantum transmitting unit 210, and aconventional transmitting unit 310. Thereceiver 722 includes a firstquantum receiving unit 120 corresponding to the firstquantum transmitting unit 110, a secondquantum receiving unit 220 corresponding to the secondquantum transmitting unit 210, and a conventional receiving unit 320 corresponding to theconventional transmitting unit 310. The 3-channel WDM link comprises anAWG 401, anoptical fiber 502 and anotherAWG 402, for multiplexing twoquantum channels conventional channel 300. Thequantum channels quantum transmitting units quantum receiving units conventional channel 300 is provided between theconventional transmitting unit 310 and the conventional receiving unit 320 for transmitting data. In the embodiment, the data includes trigger signals S1 which is transmitted to thequantum transmitting units quantum receiving units quantum channels quantum channels conventional channel 300 are assigned with different wavelengths, λ1, λ2 and λ3, respectively, at around 1,550 nm which is compatible with the standard optical links. - In this manner, quantum key distribution can be conveniently implemented in the current commercial optical links by simply adding another wavelength thereto for the quantum channel as quantum key distribution. Furthermore, at the optical wavelength of 1,550 nm, the fiber losses are 0.2 dB/km, which translates into a large increase in transmission distance when compared with that at 1,300 nm at the same bit rate for a quantum cryptographic system.
- The BB84 protocol can be employed in the
quantum channels - From the wave functions, it is obvious that there is equal probability of 50% for phase shift 0 and π/2, respectively, for logic 0. So is
logic 1. - An auto-compensation structure using a differential phase modulation technology is employed in the quantum channels of the present invention. As shown in
FIG. 5 , for example, in a quantum channel 100 (which is similar to a quantum channel 200), at thetransmitter 712, a phase shift, ΔA, provided by aphase modulator 112, is added to a first pulse in two neighboring pulses both of which travel from thereceiver 722 to thetransmitter 712. Another phase shift, ΔB, provided by aphase modulator 122, at thereceiver 722 will be also added to a second pulse when both the pulses return to the receiver side after being reflected by aFaraday rotating mirror 111. When the first pulse and the second pulse delayed by a delay means 127 arrive at abeam splitter 123, interference will happen, and the phase difference will be ΔA-ΔB. Therefore, only the phase difference has been retained. T his arrangement enables the structure to compensate errors caused by temperature shifts, polarization changes and path variations experienced by the two pulses traveling in the interference section, because each of the two pulses, which will interfere at the receiver side of each quantum channel, experiences the same variations while traveling the same distance. Here we assume that another phase shift, δ, caused by the temperature shift, polarization variation and distance variations, is put on both of the pulses in the same channel. - The phase shift, δ, often changes at a different time for the variation by the factors mentioned above. However, it is nearly equal for the two neighboring pulses because they experience similar changes in the channel as those factors mentioned above vary relatively slowly within the time separation between the two neighboring pulses. For the first pulse, it has a phase shift, ΔA+δ, but there is a phase shift, δ+ΔB, for the second pulse. Hence, in the interfering section at the receiver side, the phase difference between the two returning pulses is ΔA-ΔB because the phase shift, δ, caused by the factors mentioned above will have been cancelled. Since the
quantum channel 200 is similar to thequantum channel 100, the scheme of thequantum channels - A detailed structure and principles of the quantum key distribution over a 3-channel WDM link are described with reference to
FIGS. 6 a and 6 b. - In the
quantum channel 100, at thereceiver 722, alaser 124 launches a pulse string with power of 0 dBm into the WDM link via acirculator 125. Each pulse in the pulse string will be split into two pulses through a 50/50beam splitter 123, a fist pulse and a second pulse. The first pulse passes through anupper path 1231 with a delay of 26 ns set by a delay means 127 (e.g. a delay line of an optical fiber) before hitting apolarization beam splitter 121. Aphase modulator 122 in theupper path 1231 is not used until a second pulse returns from the transmitter. A second pulse passes through a lower (shorter)path 1232 directly to the input port of thesplitter 121. - After passing through the
splitter 121, the two pulses with orthogonal polarizations and a delay of 26 ns between them are obtained. These two pulses then enter into an array waveguide grating (AWG) 402, propagate through a single-mode fiber 502 of e.g. 8.5 km, enter into another array waveguide grating (AWG) 401, and then exit from theAWG 401 inchannel 100 at thetransmitter 712. - The pulses are again split by a 90/10
beam splitter 115, and the photons coming out from the 90 percent port of thesplitter 115 are detected by adetector 113 for controlling a variable attenuator 114 to attenuate the returning pulses to obtain single-photon pulses. The two pulses coming out of the 10% port of thesplitter 115 will pass through the attenuator 114 first without attenuation. They will then arrive at aFaraday mirror 111 through aphase modulator 112. The polarizations of the two pulses are rotated by 90° after they are reflected by theFaraday rotating mirror 111. - A random phase shift of 0, π/2, π or 3π/2 generated by a random data signal generator (not shown) is then inserted into the first of the two return pulses by the
phase modulator 112. The two return pulses are next attenuated to yield a single photon within a pulse when they pass through the attenuator 114 again. A trigger signal S1 generated from adetector 313 is used to synchronize with thephase modulator 112 to modulate the first return pulse from theFaraday mirror 111 and with an attenuation control signal from thedetector 113 to attenuate both return pulses into single photons. Here the trigger signal S1 from thedetector 313 should have an appropriate delay to synchronize the phase shift single from the data signal generator with the first return pulse. Also, the signal fromdetector 113 used to control attenuator 114 has an electrical delay in order to attenuate both light pulses when they pass through it in their return trip. Finally the two pulses return to thereceiver 722 via opposite paths between thepolarization beam splitter 121 and thebeam splitter 123 after passing through theAWG 401, the 8.5 km standardsingle mode fiber 502 and theAWG 402. Hence, they can arrive at thebeam splitter 123 at the same time and generate constructive or destructive interference at thebeam splitter 123 to enable single photons to be detected by a single-photon detector 126. - The
receiver 722 can randomly and independently select a measurement basis through setting a phase shift of 0 or π/2 in thephase modulator 122, which is synchronized by a trigger signal S2 derived from the pulse returning from themirror 311 in theconventional data channel 300. The outcomes are stored in acomputer 600. All fibers on receiver's side are polarization-maintaining fibers, which is necessary for the system to guarantee the polarizations of the two single photon pulses that will interfere are invariant after passing through the different paths of the interferometer. - A second
quantum channel 200, similar to thequantum channel 100, comprises aFaraday mirror 211, aphase modulator 212, adetector 213, avariable attenuator 214, a 90/10beam splitter 215, anAWG 401, afiber 500, anAWG 402, apolarization beam splitter 221, aphase modulator 222, abeam splitter 223, alaser 224, acirculator 225, asingle photon detector 226 and a delay means 227. For the reason that the configuration and principles ofchannel 200 is similar to thequantum channel 100, except that a time delay set by the delay means 227 of thequantum channel 200 is 21 ns and an independent measurement basis and random phase shifts that are independent ofchannel 100, the detailed description of thequantum channel 200 is omitted. - In the
conventional channel 300, acommon laser 324 emits a pulse with the power of 2 dBm into a 50/50beam splitter 321, on receiver's side. The pulse then entersAWG 402 after passing the 50/50beam splitter 321, travels in the 8.5 km single-mode fiber 500 and then throughAWG 401, after which one-half of the pulse will be detected by adetector 313. The detected signal is used as a first trigger signal S1 to synchronize thephase modulators quantum channels mirror 311 to return to the receiver, and will be detected by adetector 326 to generate a second trigger signal S2 to trigger thesingle photon detectors phase modulators - The
data communication channel 300 may also function as a regular optical communication channel which has high laser powers, e.g., 2 dBm emitted by thelaser 324 in this embodiment. The wavelengths and the pulse widths of the three channels are listed in Table 1. -
TABLE 1 wavelength and pulse width Channel 100 200 300 Wavelength (nm) 1549.33 1551.18 1557.35 Pulse width (ns) 2.5 2.5 20 - BB84 protocol has been implemented in this system. We use 100 kHz signals for phase modulation and synchronization. The pulse widths are 2.5 ns for
quantum channels conventional channel 300, shown in Table 1. In order to reduce the crosstalk among the channels, especially between weakquantum channels quantum channel 100 andconventional channel 300 is about 8 nm, and that betweenquantum channel 200 andconventional channel 300 is about 6 nm. - The
single photon detectors single photon detectors single photon detectors -
TABLE 2 Experimental Results Channel 100 200 Key rate (kb/s) 0.75 0.49 Error probability (%) 2.2 4.396 - Experimentally, the count rate of the
single photon detector variable attenuators 114 and 214. According to the embodiment, the experimental count rate obtained is 7.67 k/s. After considering the transmission efficiency, error rate and detector efficiency, a 0.75 kbps quantum key has been obtained inchannel 100, where the crosstalk causes an error probability of 2.2 percent, mostly derived fromchannel 300 and much less fromchannel 200 because the single photon signal inchannel 200 is very weak. Similarly, inchannel 200, the quantum key rate is 0.49 kbps and the crosstalk also causes an error probability of 4.396%. The crosstalk inchannel 200 is larger than that inchannel 100 because its wavelength is closer to that of the conventional communication channel than is the wavelength ofchannel 100. - While this invention has been described in conjunction with a few embodiments thereof, it will be understood for those skilled in the art to put this invention into practice in various other manners. It is appreciated that the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and should not be restricted by the description discussed in the summary and/or the detailed description of the preferred embodiments.
Claims (20)
1. An apparatus comprising:
a transmitting unit comprising:
a detector configured to generate a first trigger signal in response to detection of a portion of a light pulse that triggers modulation of a single photon signal, the single photon signal being one of a plurality of modulated single photon signals indicative of quantum key information, and wherein the detector is further configured to generate the first trigger signal with a delay to synchronize a phase shift; and
a Faraday mirror configured to generate a reflected portion of the light pulse.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the detector is further configured to receive the light pulse via a conventional channel.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the transmitting unit further comprises a splitter configured to generate at least a portion of the light pulse from the light pulse received via the conventional channel.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the transmitting unit further comprises an attenuator configured to attenuate a laser signal into the one of the plurality of modulated single photon signals.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an array waveguide grating configured to multiplex a plurality of quantum channels and a conventional channel.
6. A method, comprising:
receiving, at a plurality of quantum receivers via a plurality of quantum channels, a plurality of modulated single photon signals, wherein the plurality of modulated single photon signals are indicative of quantum key information imposed by a plurality of modulators at a transmitter, and wherein the receiving the plurality of modulated single photon signals comprises compensating for errors.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the compensating comprises compensating for errors experienced during transmission of at least one of the plurality of modulated single photon signals.
8. The method of claim 6 , further comprising: multiplexing the plurality of quantum channels and a conventional channel in a wavelength division multiplexing link.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein wavelengths assigned to the plurality of quantum channels and a conventional channel range from approximately 1,475 nanometers (nm) to approximately 1,590 nm.
10. The method of claim 6 , further comprising:
initiating a first light pulse and a second light pulse; and
transmitting, via at least one of the plurality of quantum channels, the first light pulse and the second light pulse for use by a transmitter and to generate at least one of the plurality of modulated single photon signals.
11. The method of claim 6 , further comprising:
generating an interference signal in response to at least one of the plurality of modulated single photon signals.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising:
extracting a quantum key based on the interference signal.
13. An apparatus, comprising:
means for receiving, via a plurality of quantum channels, a plurality of modulated single photon signals, wherein the plurality of modulated single photon signals are indicative of quantum key information imposed by a plurality of modulators, and wherein the means for receiving the plurality of modulated single photon signals comprises means for compensating for errors experienced during transmission of at least one of the plurality of modulated single photon signals; and
means for multiplexing the plurality of quantum channels and a conventional channel.
14. The apparatus of claim 13 , further comprising:
means for receiving, via the conventional channel, a reflected portion of a light pulse that generates a trigger signal that triggers synchronization.
15. The apparatus of claim 13 , further comprising:
means for transmitting the plurality of quantum channels and the conventional channel at wavelengths ranging from approximately 1,475 nanometers (nm) to approximately 1,590 nm.
16. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the means for receiving includes means for receiving the plurality of quantum channels and the conventional channel at wavelengths ranging from approximately 1,475 nanometers (nm) to approximately 1,590 nm.
17. The apparatus of claim 13 , further comprising:
means for generating an interference signal based on at least one of the plurality of modulated single photon signals; and
means for extracting a quantum key based on the interference signal.
18. A computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon that, in response to execution, cause an apparatus to perform operations, comprising:
receiving, via a plurality of quantum channels, a plurality of modulated single photon signals indicative of quantum key information imposed by a plurality of modulators; and
compensating for errors experienced during transmission of at least one of the plurality of modulated single photon signals.
19. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 18 , the operations further comprising:
multiplexing, by wavelength, a conventional channel and the plurality of quantum channels.
20. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 18 , the operations further comprising:
attenuating a laser signal into the at least one of the plurality of modulated single photon signals.
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US13/180,860 US20120002968A1 (en) | 2005-09-19 | 2011-07-12 | System and methods for quantum key distribution over wdm links |
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US11/231,084 US7639947B2 (en) | 2005-09-19 | 2005-09-19 | System and methods for quantum key distribution over WDM links |
US12/619,448 US8050566B2 (en) | 2005-09-19 | 2009-11-16 | System and methods for quantum key distribution over WDM links |
US13/180,860 US20120002968A1 (en) | 2005-09-19 | 2011-07-12 | System and methods for quantum key distribution over wdm links |
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US12/619,448 Expired - Fee Related US8050566B2 (en) | 2005-09-19 | 2009-11-16 | System and methods for quantum key distribution over WDM links |
US13/180,860 Abandoned US20120002968A1 (en) | 2005-09-19 | 2011-07-12 | System and methods for quantum key distribution over wdm links |
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WO2007033561A1 (en) | 2007-03-29 |
JP2009509367A (en) | 2009-03-05 |
EP1927209A1 (en) | 2008-06-04 |
US7639947B2 (en) | 2009-12-29 |
HK1118652A1 (en) | 2009-02-13 |
KR20080034211A (en) | 2008-04-18 |
CN101204034A (en) | 2008-06-18 |
US20100074447A1 (en) | 2010-03-25 |
US20070065155A1 (en) | 2007-03-22 |
KR101003886B1 (en) | 2010-12-30 |
CN101204034B (en) | 2011-09-28 |
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US8050566B2 (en) | 2011-11-01 |
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