US20110236310A1 - Labeling composition for intraocular tissue, labeling method of intraocular tissue, and screening method - Google Patents

Labeling composition for intraocular tissue, labeling method of intraocular tissue, and screening method Download PDF

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US20110236310A1
US20110236310A1 US13/133,357 US200913133357A US2011236310A1 US 20110236310 A1 US20110236310 A1 US 20110236310A1 US 200913133357 A US200913133357 A US 200913133357A US 2011236310 A1 US2011236310 A1 US 2011236310A1
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group
general formula
hydrogen atom
labeling
tissue
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Inventor
Kohei Watanabe
Taichi Shintou
Tsuyoshi Nomoto
Takeshi Miyazaki
Toshio Tanaka
Yuhei Nishimura
Yasuhito Shimada
Norihiro Nishimura
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Canon Inc
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Canon Inc
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Assigned to CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA reassignment CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NISHIMURA, NORIHIRO, NISHIMURA, YUHEI, SHIMADA, YASUHITO, TANAKA, TOSHIO, MIYAZAKI, TAKESHI, NOMOTO, TSUYOSHI, SHINTOU, TAICHI, WATANABE, KOHEI
Publication of US20110236310A1 publication Critical patent/US20110236310A1/en
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    • A61K49/0019—Fluorescence in vivo characterised by the fluorescent group, e.g. oligomeric, polymeric or dendritic molecules
    • A61K49/0021—Fluorescence in vivo characterised by the fluorescent group, e.g. oligomeric, polymeric or dendritic molecules the fluorescent group being a small organic molecule
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    • C07D311/82—Xanthenes
    • C07D311/84—Xanthenes with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 9
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
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    • G01N33/5082—Supracellular entities, e.g. tissue, organisms
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    • G01N33/582—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances with fluorescent label
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    • G01N2333/4603—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans from vertebrates from fish

Definitions

  • the present invention relates a labeling composition for an intraocular tissue, which is used for noninvasively labeling an intraocular tissue of a living sample, a labeling method of the intraocular tissue, and a screening method.
  • a method of imaging and staining the ocular tissue using a staining compound has heretofore been known.
  • a method of visualizing a choroidal vessel and a retinal vessel using a fluorescent pigment such as indocyanine green or fluorescein (Ophthalmologic Photograph, 23, pp. 3-10 (2007)).
  • a staining method of the cornea a method of using rose Bengal or fluorescein is also known (EYE CONTACT LENS, 34, pages 61 to 64 (2008)).
  • a method of administering a stain composition to a vitreous cavity mainly at surgical operation is disclosed.
  • a composition for staining a retinal membrane in a vitreous retina surgery Japanese Patent No. 3469198. It is also disclosed that a transmission substance injected into the vitreous body remains in the retina (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-262078).
  • a drug to act on the retina or retinal nerve tissue is administered by intravenous injection or orally.
  • the quantity of the drug transferred to the retina is extremely small.
  • drug administration to the vitreous cavity enables a large quantity of the drug transferred to the retinal tissue compared with the intravenous injection or oral administration.
  • an advanced technique is required, and a burden on a patient is also great, and so it is extremely difficult to use it except for the case of surgery or curing, and such administration has been unable to be used for the morphological or functional evaluation of the fundus retina.
  • the present invention provides a labeling composition, which can label the intraocular tissue in vivo.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of noninvasively labeling an intraocular tissue of a living individual without need of an invasive operation such as exposure of an ocular tissue or needling into the ocular tissue or a nerve tissue linking to the ocular tissue.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide a screening method using the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue.
  • the present inventors have carried out an extensive investigation for achieving the above objects. As a result, a group of compounds, which provide new use of labeling an intraocular tissue of a living individual, has been found. In other words, the group of compounds, which can label the intraocular tissue of the living individual, has been found to succeed in providing a labeling composition for an intraocular tissue.
  • the present inventors have also established a method for noninvasively labeling the intraocular tissue.
  • the present inventors have further developed an imaging method of the intraocular tissue using the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention, a screening method using the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue, which can label the intraocular tissue, and a diagnostic drug for the intraocular tissue, thus leading to completion of the present invention.
  • the present invention is as follows.
  • the present invention provides a labeling composition for an intraocular tissue of a living individual, which comprises a compound capable of labeling at least a photoreceptor cell layer of a retina, wherein the compound is a staining compound having a structure represented by the following general formula (I) or general formula (II) as a partial structure thereof,
  • R 1 and R 2 are, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an aryl group, R 1 and R 2 may bond to each other to form a ring, and A is a structure represented by any one of the following general formulae (III) to (IX) and (VIII′)
  • R 6 is an aryl group
  • R 7 , R 8 , R 10 and R 11 are, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a halogen atom
  • R g is an ammonium salt group having a counter anion
  • R 12 and R 13 are, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group
  • R 14 to R 16 are, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group, a halogen atom or an amino group
  • R 17 and R 18 are, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an alkoxy group
  • R 19 and R 20 are, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a hydroxyl group or a cyano
  • R 31 and R 32 are individually a sulfonic group or a salt thereof, and R 33 and R 34 are individually a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group or a halogen atom, with the proviso that R 1 and R 2 in the general formula (I) bond to each other to form one substituent group ⁇ N—R 30 , and R 30 is an aryl group or a heterocyclic group, further wherein in the general formula (II), R 3 and R 4 are, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, an alkenyl group, a cyano group, a carboxyl group, a carboxylate group, a sulfonic group, an acyl group or a heterocyclic group, R 3 and R 4 may bond to each other to form a ring, and R 5 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group, with the proviso that one of R 3 and R 4
  • R 35 is an alkyl group or an aryl group
  • R 36 to R 39 are, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, a carboxyl group, a sulfonic group, a heterocyclic group, an amino group or a halogen atom
  • R 36 and R 37 , R 37 and R 38 , or R 38 and R 39 may bond to each other to form a ring
  • X ⁇ is an anionic group
  • Q 1 is a sulfur atom, oxygen atom, —C(R 40 )(R 41 )—, —CH ⁇ CH— or —N(R 42 )—, in which R 40 to R 42 are individually a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an aryl group, and R 40 and R 41 may bond to each other to form a ring
  • R 43 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group
  • R 44 is an alkyl group, an aryl group, a carboxyl group, a carboxylate group, a hydroxyl group or an amino group
  • Q 2 is an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or —N(R 52 )—
  • R 45 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group
  • R 46 is a sulfur atom, an oxygen atom, ⁇ NR 53 , a heterocyclic group or a dicyanomethylene group
  • R 52 and R 53 are individually a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group
  • R 49 and R 50 are, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an aryl group
  • R 51 is an oxygen
  • R 54 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aralkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group or an acyl group
  • R 55 to R 58 are, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a carboxyl group, a carboxylate group or an acyl group
  • R 55 and R 57 may bond to each other to form a ring
  • R 59 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group or a halogen atom
  • R 60 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an aryl group
  • R 61 to R 64 are, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, a carboxyl group, a sulfonic group, a heterocyclic group, an amino group or a
  • the present invention also provides a labeling composition for labeling an intraocular tissue of a living individual, which comprises a compound capable of labeling at least a photoreceptor cell layer of the retina.
  • the present invention further provides a staining agent for an intraocular tissue, which comprises the above-described labeling composition for the intraocular tissue.
  • the present invention still further provides a diagnostic composition comprising, as an active agent, the above-described labeling composition or staining agent for the intraocular tissue.
  • the present invention yet still further provides a staining method of an ocular tissue, which comprises a step of bringing the above-described labeling composition or staining agent for the intraocular tissue into contact with the ocular tissue.
  • the present invention yet still further provides a multiple staining method of an ocular tissue, which comprises using plural kinds of labeling compositions including at least one of the above-described labeling composition and staining agent for the intraocular tissue.
  • the present invention yet still further provides an imaging method of an intraocular tissue, which comprises a step of irradiating the intraocular tissue with excitation light to observe fluorescence, and comprises staining by the above-described staining method.
  • the present invention yet still further provides an evaluating method of the condition of the retina, which comprises using the above-described imaging method of the intraocular tissue.
  • the present invention yet still further provides a screening method comprising using a model animal labeled with the above-described labeling composition for the intraocular tissue.
  • the present invention yet still further provides a screening method of a disease curing medicine or disease preventing medicine, which comprises a step of administering a test substance to a model animal, a step of administering the above-described labeling composition for the intraocular tissue to the model animal, and a step of checking the condition of the labeling of the intraocular tissue of the model animal with the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue.
  • the present invention provides a labeling composition for an intraocular tissue, whereby noninvasive labeling of the intraocular tissue, which has heretofore been impossible to conduct, becomes feasible, and so it is possible to image the condition of a layer structure of the intraocular tissue and the cell morphology thereof in a simple and easy way and with high definition. It is thereby possible to conduct evaluation and analysis of the intraocular tissue with high precision.
  • the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention is combined with an observing and analyzing apparatus for intraocular tissues, whereby the condition of an intraocular tissue, or the retina in particular, of a living individual, which has heretofore been difficult to be observed, can be grasped with accuracy and high sensitivity, and so a new tool effective for researches and diagnoses in an ophthalmic field can be provided.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates labeling of a retinal tissue observed in Example 4.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates labeling of a retinal tissue observed in Example 2.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a fluorescent observation image of a retinal tissue observed in Comparative Example 1.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an observation image of a retinal tissue in a living body observed in Example 118.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a labeled image of a frozen section of a Zebrafish eyeball observed in Example 120.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a labeled image of a frozen section of a man eyeball observed in Example 122.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a labeled image of a frozen section of a mouse eyeball observed in Example 123.
  • the labeling of an intraocular tissue means that a pigment composition, which is an active agent in the above-described composition, is held in an intraocular tissue, or on the surface thereof, or at the periphery thereof, thereby becoming a state capable of detecting at least one of the form, position and function of the intraocular tissue.
  • Detections include a method of acquiring a fluorescent image or labeled image by an image acquiring unit, which will be described subsequently, and a visually observing method.
  • a typical example of the labeling is staining, and the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue, by which the so-called cell staining or tissue staining becomes feasible, is provided by the present invention.
  • the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention labels a specific intraocular tissue is not known.
  • the group of compounds provided by the present invention is easy to permeate a cell membrane and migrate because they are stable compounds with a low molecular weight and have a structure easy to be held in a specific cell, thereby being held in the specific tissue of the cell.
  • the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention favorably labels the intraocular tissue immediately after administration to a living body. However, it may take a certain period of time to label the intraocular tissue according to a method of administration. From this point of view, the composition favorably contains a staining compound capable of labeling within several minutes or several hours after the administration.
  • a living individual the intraocular tissue of which can be labeled with the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention.
  • vertebrate animals include bony fishes such as T. rubripes, T. niphobles, T. nigrovirides , Japanese killifish and Zebrafish; Amphibia such as X. laevis ; birds such as domestic fowl and quail; small animals such as rat, mouse and hamster; large animals such as goat, pig, dog, cat, cattle and horse; monkey; chimpanzee; and human.
  • the intraocular tissues of these living individuals can be labeled in a living state.
  • the human may be excluded from the living samples.
  • Zebrafish main organs are formed in 6 and 7 days after fertilization, and the histological form of an eyeball is also almost completed. Therefore, the use of a 7-day-old embryo makes it possible to conduct a test almost without having an influence of individual differences.
  • Zebrafish at least about 200 fertilized ova are obtained in one spawning, and so there is a merit of obtaining Zebrafishes having the same genetic background to be a good convenience to screening.
  • an intraocular tissue which can be labeled with the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention, so far as it is an intraocular tissue forming an intraocular structure being in no direct contact with the outside in an eyeball and is a tissue present in the eye, excluding tissues on the surface of the eyeball.
  • Examples thereof include a retinal tissue comprising retinal pigment epithelium layer, photoreceptor cell layer, outer limiting membrane, outer granular layer, outer reticular layer, internal granular layer, internal reticular layer, ganglion cell layer and internal limiting membrane, iris, ciliary body, choroid, lens, vitreous body, lacrimal gland, optic nerve, optic disk, optic tract, retinal blood vessel, diseased-condition tissues of these tissues, and neogenetic tissues and cancer tissues caused by diseases.
  • a retinal tissue comprising retinal pigment epithelium layer, photoreceptor cell layer, outer limiting membrane, outer granular layer, outer reticular layer, internal granular layer, internal reticular layer, ganglion cell layer and internal limiting membrane, iris, ciliary body, choroid, lens, vitreous body, lacrimal gland, optic nerve, optic disk, optic tract, retinal blood vessel, diseased-condition tissues of these tissues, and neogenetic tissues and cancer tissues caused by diseases.
  • the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention is favorably used in staining of a retinal tissue in particular.
  • a retinal tissue in particular, one or more tissues including the photoreceptor cell layer among the above-described plural layers forming the retinal tissue or cells thereof may be stained, so that availability becomes high in uses such as visualization of a retinal disease.
  • the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention can favorably stain one or more cells of the rod cells and plural kinds of cone cells different in the sensitivity to a wavelength region.
  • to stain the cell morphology of the retina means that at least one of cells making up the retinal cells is stained to become a state that the cell morphology can be clearly determined one by one.
  • to label the intraocular tissue without damaging the ocular tissue or the nerve tissue linking to the ocular tissue means labeling the intraocular tissue with the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue without applying a surgical damage such as incision of the ocular tissue or needling into the ocular tissue or the nerve tissue linking to the ocular tissue to the ocular tissue.
  • examples thereof include a method of exposing a part or the whole of a living individual to the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue, a method by oral contact, a method by pneumonic contact, a method by nasal contact, a method by transgastrointestinal contact, a method by transmucosal contact, a method by transhumoral contact, a method by hypoglossal contact, a method by intravascular contact such as intravenous or intra-arterial contact, a method by intra-abdominal contact, an intra-abdominal, subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravesical or endotracheal (intrabronchial) injection method, and a method by contact with the interior of a living body by a device such as spraying or coating.
  • the nerve tissue linking to the ocular tissue means a nerve tissue histologically linking to the ocular tissue.
  • examples thereof include an optic nerve tissue and a cranial nerve tissue though not particularly limited thereto.
  • administering form, administering route and dose thereof are suitably selected according to the body weight and condition of the subject animal.
  • the compound contained in the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention includes a compound capable of labeling at least a photoreceptor cell layer of the retina.
  • the compound includes a compound selectively labeling one or more cells selected from rod cells present in the photoreceptor cell layer of the retina and plural kinds of cone cells or a part of the cell bodies of these cells.
  • Selective labeling in the present invention means a state that at least a specific cell or a part thereof is labeled, and unlabeled cells or a part thereof exist in the retinal tissue.
  • the compound contained in the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention is favorably a low-molecular weight compound because the compound is caused to migrate to the intraocular tissue as an object of labeling, in particular, the retinal tissue, and so a compound having a molecular weight of 2,000 or less is selected.
  • the compound is favorably a compound having a molecular weight of favorably 1,500 or less, particularly 1,000 or less.
  • the compound of the present invention is favorably a fluorescent compound having fluorescence. Since the fluorescent compound is high in sensitivity, labeling becomes feasible at a low concentration, and so a necessary amount of the compound can be relatively reduced. Compounds different in labeling sites and fluorescent spectrum are combined and selected, whereby multiple labeling of plural tissues becomes feasible, so that information on a plurality of tissues can be obtained in one observation, and so availability becomes high.
  • the compound used in the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention is favorably a staining compound having a structure represented by the following general formula (I) or general formula (II) as a partial structure thereof.
  • R 1 and R 2 are, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an aryl group, and R 1 and R 2 may bond to each other to form a ring.
  • alkyl group in R 1 and R 2 No particular limitation is imposed on the alkyl group in R 1 and R 2 .
  • examples thereof include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl groups.
  • aryl group in R 1 and R 2 No particular limitation is imposed on the aryl group in R 1 and R 2 .
  • examples thereof include 6- to 14-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracenyl groups.
  • R 1 and R 2 may additionally have substituent(s), and no particular limitation is imposed on the substituent(s) so far as the storage stability of the staining compound is not markedly impaired.
  • substituent(s) include alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl groups; aryl groups such as phenyl and naphthyl groups; alkoxy groups such as methoxy, ethoxy and butoxy groups; aryloxy groups such as phenoxy and naphtyloxy groups; alkylsulfanyl groups such as thiomethyl, thioethyl, thiopropyl, thiobutyl and thiophenyl groups; mono-substituted amino groups such as methylamino and butylamino groups; di-substituted amino groups such as dimethylamino, N-
  • the groups favorably have a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • Particularly favorable examples of such a substituent include carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate and sulfonate groups though not limited thereto. Description of these substituents exemplified above is hereinafter omitted as described as “favorable examples of additional substituents” in the present specification.
  • A is a structure represented by any one of the following general formulae (III) to (IX) and (VIII′).
  • R 6 is an aryl group.
  • R 7 , R 8 , R 10 and R 11 are, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a halogen atom.
  • R 9 is an ammonium salt group having a counter anion.
  • aryl group in R 6 No particular limitation is imposed on the aryl group in R 6 .
  • examples thereof include 6- to 14-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracenyl groups.
  • the ring may additionally have substituent(s), and no particular limitation is imposed on the substituent(s) so far as the storage stability of the staining compound is not markedly impaired. Examples thereof include substituents described as “favorable examples of additional substituents” above.
  • the group favorably has a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • Particularly favorable examples of such a substituent include carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate and sulfonate groups though not limited thereto.
  • R 6 is favorably a phenyl or naphthyl group.
  • a phenyl group having a water-soluble substituent such as a carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate or sulfonate group is favorable from the viewpoint of improving the water solubility of the compound.
  • alkyl group in R 7 , R 8 , R 10 and R 11 examples thereof include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl groups.
  • linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, do
  • aryl group in R 7 , R 8 , R 10 and R 11 No particular limitation is imposed on the aryl group in R 7 , R 8 , R 10 and R 11 .
  • examples thereof include 6- to 14-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracenyl groups.
  • halogen atom in R 7 , R 8 , R 10 and R 11 examples include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms.
  • R 7 , R 8 , R 10 and R 11 are each favorably a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogen atom, and the hydrogen atom is particularly favorable from the viewpoint of stability of the compound.
  • ammonium salt group having a counter anion in R 9 examples thereof include amino groups obtained by converting an amino group to a quaternary salt.
  • examples thereof include halide ions such as fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide ions; inorganic acid ions such as sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate ions; Lewis-acid-containing ions such as tetrachloroaluminate ion; and organic acid ions such as acetate, lactate, methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, trifluoromethanesulfonate and tetraphenylborate ions.
  • R 6 in the molecular structure represented by the general formula (III) is an aromatic ring having a sulfonic or carboxyl group at an ortho position
  • a tautomer of the following general formula (III′) or (III′′) exists.
  • R 7 to R 11 in the general formulae (III′) and (III′′) have the same meanings as R 7 to R 11 in the general formulae (III).
  • R 12 and R 13 are, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group.
  • R 14 to R 16 are, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group, a halogen atom or an amino group.
  • alkyl group in R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 to R 16 examples thereof include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl groups.
  • linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl,
  • aryl group in R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 to R 16 No particular limitation is imposed on the aryl group in R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 to R 16 .
  • examples thereof include 6- to 14-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracenyl groups.
  • heterocyclic group in R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 to R 16 No particular limitation is imposed on the heterocyclic group in R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 to R 16 .
  • examples thereof include 4- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 4 atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • Examples of these groups include pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, pyranyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzofuryl and benzothienyl groups.
  • R 12 and R 13 are each favorably an alkyl group, with a methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl group being particularly favorable.
  • halogen atom in R 14 to R 16 examples include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms.
  • amino group in R 14 to R 16 examples thereof include an unsubstituted amino group; mono-substituted amino groups such as N-methylamino, N-butylamino, N-hexylamino, N-tetradecylamino, N-phenylamino and N-naphthylamino groups; di-substituted amino groups such as N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-diethylamino, N,N-diphenylamino and N,N-methylpropylamino groups; carbonylamino groups such as acetylamino, ethylcarbonylamino, tert-butylcarbonylamino, benzoylamino, naphthoylamino and methoxycarbonylamino groups; and sulfonylamino groups such methylsulfonylamino, ethylsulfony
  • R 14 to R 16 are each favorably a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a halogen atom or an amino group, with the hydrogen atom being particularly favorable.
  • R 17 and R 18 are, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an alkoxy group.
  • R 19 and R 20 are, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a hydroxyl group or a cyano group.
  • R 21 is a heterocyclic group or —CH ⁇ C(R 22 )(R 23 ).
  • R 22 and R 23 are, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, a heterocyclic group, a carboxyl group or a carboxylate group.
  • R 1 and R 17 , R 2 and R 18 , and R 22 and R 23 may, independently of one another, bond to each other to form a ring.
  • alkyl group in R 17 to R 20 No particular limitation is imposed on the alkyl group in R 17 to R 20 .
  • examples thereof include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl groups.
  • alkoxy group in R 17 to R 20 No particular limitation is imposed on the alkoxy group in R 17 to R 20 .
  • examples thereof include alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, heptyloxy, octyloxy, nonyloxy, decyloxy, dodecyloxy and octadecyloxy groups.
  • R 17 to R 20 are each favorably a hydrogen atom or an alkoxy group, with the hydrogen atom being particularly favorable from the viewpoint of stability of the compound.
  • heterocyclic group in R 21 to R 23 examples thereof include 4- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 4 atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • examples of these groups include pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, pyranyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzofuryl and benzothienyl groups.
  • the heterocyclic group in R 21 is favorably an oxazolyl, thiazolyl or imidazolyl group, with the oxazolyl group being particularly favorable from the viewpoint of staining ability.
  • carboxylate group in R 21 to R 23 No particular limitation is imposed on the carboxylate group in R 21 to R 23 .
  • examples thereof include methyl carboxylate, ethyl carboxylate, propyl carboxylate and butyl carboxylate groups.
  • R 21 to R 23 are each favorably a pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl or pyrazolyl group, with the oxazolyl, thiazolyl or imidazolyl group being particularly favorable from the viewpoint of stability of the compound.
  • examples thereof include aromatic rings having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, such as benzene and naphthalene rings; saturated rings such as cyclooctane, cycloheptane, cyclohexane, cyclopentane and cyclobutane rings; partially saturated rings such as cyclopentene and cyclohexene rings; and heterocycles such as pyridine, tetrahydropyridine and pyrimidine rings.
  • These rings may additionally have substituent(s), and no particular limitation is imposed on the substituent(s) so far as the storage stability of the staining compound is not markedly impaired. Examples thereof include substituents described as “favorable examples of additional substituents” above.
  • the ring favorably has a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • substituents include carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate and sulfonate groups though not limited thereto.
  • the ring formed by bonding, independently of one another, R 1 and R 17 , R 2 and R 18 , and R 22 and R 23 to each other is favorably a heterocycle, with a tetrahydropyridine ring being particularly favorable.
  • R 24 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group.
  • alkyl group in R 24 No particular limitation is imposed on the alkyl group in R 24 .
  • examples thereof include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl groups.
  • the group may additionally have substituent(s), and no particular limitation is imposed on the substituent(s) so far as the storage stability of the staining compound is not markedly impaired. Examples thereof include substituents described as “favorable examples of additional substituents” above.
  • the group favorably has a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • Particularly favorable examples of such a substituent include carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate and sulfonate groups though not limited thereto.
  • aryl group in R 24 No particular limitation is imposed on the aryl group in R 24 .
  • examples thereof include 6- to 14-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracenyl groups.
  • heterocyclic group in R 24 examples thereof include 4- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 4 atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • examples of these groups include pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, pyranyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzofuryl and benzothienyl groups.
  • R 24 is favorably an alkyl group, with a methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl group being particularly favorable from the viewpoint of stability of the compound.
  • R 25 is an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or N(R 27 ).
  • R 26 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group or a sulfonic group.
  • R 27 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an aryl group.
  • R 25 is favorably an oxygen atom or N(R 27 ), with NH being particularly favorable from the viewpoint of staining ability.
  • alkyl group in R 26 and R 27 examples thereof include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl groups.
  • linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridec
  • alkoxy group in R 26 No particular limitation is imposed on the alkoxy group in R 26 .
  • examples thereof include alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, heptyloxy, octyloxy, nonyloxy, decyloxy, dodecyloxy and octadecyloxy groups.
  • R 26 is favorably a hydrogen atom or a sulfonic group, with the hydrogen atom being particularly favorable.
  • aryl group in R 27 No particular limitation is imposed on the aryl group in R 27 .
  • examples thereof include 6- to 14-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracenyl groups.
  • R 28 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an aryl group.
  • alkyl group in R 28 No particular limitation is imposed on the alkyl group in R 28 .
  • examples thereof include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl groups.
  • the group may additionally have substituent(s), and no particular limitation is imposed on the substituent(s) so far as the storage stability of the staining compound is not markedly impaired. Examples thereof include substituents described as “favorable examples of additional substituents” above.
  • the group favorably has a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • Particularly favorable examples of such a substituent include carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate and sulfonate groups though not limited thereto.
  • aryl group in R 28 No particular limitation is imposed on the aryl group in R 28 .
  • examples thereof include 6- to 14-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracenyl groups.
  • R 28 ′ is a halogen atom, an alkoxy group or an aryloxy group.
  • the halogen atom in R 28 ′ is a chlorine, bromine or iodine atom.
  • alkoxy group in R 28 ′ No particular limitation is imposed on the alkoxy group in R 28 ′.
  • examples thereof include alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentyloxy, decyloxy, hexyloxy, heptyloxy, octyloxy, nonyloxy, decyloxy, dodecyloxy and octadecyloxy groups.
  • the group may additionally have substituent(s), and no particular limitation is imposed on the substituent(s) so far as the storage stability of the staining compound is not markedly impaired. Examples thereof include substituents described as “favorable examples of additional substituents” above.
  • the group favorably has a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • Particularly favorable examples of such a substituent include carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate and sulfonate groups though not limited thereto.
  • aryl group in R 28 ′ No particular limitation is imposed on the aryl group in R 28 ′.
  • examples thereof include 6- to 14-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracenyl groups.
  • R 29 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an aryl group.
  • alkyl group in R 29 No particular limitation is imposed on the alkyl group in R 29 .
  • examples thereof include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl groups.
  • the group may additionally have substituent(s), and no particular limitation is imposed on the substituent(s) so far as the storage stability of the staining compound is not markedly impaired. Examples thereof include substituents described as “favorable examples of additional substituents” above.
  • the group favorably has a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • Particularly favorable examples of such a substituent include carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate and sulfonate groups though not limited thereto.
  • aryl group in R 29 No particular limitation is imposed on the aryl group in R 29 .
  • examples thereof include 6- to 14-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracenyl groups.
  • R 1 and R 2 in the general formula (I) bond to each other to form one substituent group: ⁇ N—R 30 .
  • R 30 is an aryl group or a heterocyclic group.
  • R 31 and R 32 are individually a sulfonic group or a salt thereof.
  • R 33 and R 34 are individually a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group or a halogen atom.
  • alkyl group in R 33 and R 34 examples thereof include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl groups.
  • linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridec
  • alkoxy group in R 33 to R 34 No particular limitation is imposed on the alkoxy group in R 33 to R 34 .
  • examples thereof include alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentyloxy, decyloxy, hexyloxy, heptyloxy, octyloxy, nonyloxy, decyloxy, dodecyloxy and octadecyloxy groups.
  • halogen atom in R 33 and R 34 examples include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms.
  • R 33 to R 34 are each favorably a hydrogen atom, an alkoxy group or a halogen atom, with the hydrogen atom being particularly favorable.
  • aryl group in R 30 No particular limitation is imposed on the aryl group in R 30 .
  • examples thereof include 6- to 14-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracenyl groups.
  • R 30 is favorably an aryl group, with a naphthyl group being particularly favorable.
  • R 3 and R 4 are, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, an alkenyl group, a cyano group, a carboxyl group, a carboxylate group, a sulfonic group, an acyl group or a heterocyclic group. R 3 and R 4 may bond to each other to form a ring.
  • R 5 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group.
  • alkenyl group in R 3 and R 4 of the general formula (II) No particular limitation is imposed on the alkenyl group in R 3 and R 4 of the general formula (II).
  • examples thereof include alkenyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, such as vinyl, 2,2-diphenylvinyl, 3-butenyl and cyclohexenyl groups.
  • carboxylate group in R 3 and R 4 No particular limitation is imposed on the carboxylate group in R 3 and R 4 .
  • examples thereof include methyl carboxylate, ethyl carboxylate, propyl carboxylate and butyl carboxylate groups.
  • acyl group in R 3 and R 4 No particular limitation is imposed on the acyl group in R 3 and R 4 .
  • examples thereof include acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, pentanoyl, benzoyl, 1-naphthoyl and 2-naphthoyl groups.
  • heterocyclic group in R 3 and R 4 examples thereof include 4- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 4 atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • examples of these groups include pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, pyranyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzofuryl and benzothienyl groups.
  • R 3 and R 4 is favorably a cyano, carboxyl or heterocyclic group from the viewpoint of ease of synthesis of the compound, and either one of R 3 and R 4 is particularly favorably a cyano group.
  • R 3 and R 4 are favorably such that one of them is a hydrogen atom and the other is a heterocyclic group of the general formula (XI).
  • R 35 is an alkyl group or an aryl group
  • R 36 to R 39 are, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, a carboxyl group, a sulfonic group, a heterocyclic group, an amino group or a halogen atom
  • R 36 and R 37 , R 37 and R 38 , or R 38 and R 39 may bond to each other to form a ring
  • X ⁇ is an anionic group
  • Q 1 is a sulfur atom, an oxygen atom, —C(R 40 )(R 41 )—, —CH ⁇ CH— or —N(R 42 )—, in which R 40 to R 42 are individually a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an aryl group, and R 40 and R 41 may bond to each other to form a ring.
  • alkyl group in R 35 , and R 36 to R 39 examples thereof include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl groups.
  • linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecy
  • aryl group in R 35 , and R 36 to R 39 No particular limitation is imposed on the aryl group in R 35 , and R 36 to R 39 .
  • examples thereof include 6- to 14-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracenyl groups.
  • R 35 may additionally have substituent(s), and no particular limitation is imposed on the substituent(s) so far as the storage stability of the staining compound is not markedly impaired. Examples thereof include substituents described as “favorable examples of additional substituents” above.
  • the group favorably has a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • Particularly favorable examples of such a substituent include carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate and sulfonate groups though not limited thereto.
  • R 35 is favorably an alkyl group, and it is favorable that the alkyl group additionally has a substituent such as a carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate or sulfonate group, since the water solubility of the resulting compound is increased, and the fluorescence intensity thereof is also increased.
  • a substituent such as a carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate or sulfonate group
  • alkoxy group in R 36 to R 39 No particular limitation is imposed on the alkoxy group in R 36 to R 39 .
  • examples thereof include alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentyloxy, decyloxy, hexyloxy, heptyloxy, octyloxy, nonyloxy, decyloxy, dodecyloxy and octadecyloxy groups.
  • heterocyclic group in R 36 to R 39 examples thereof include 4- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 4 atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • examples of these groups include pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, pyranyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzofuryl and benzothienyl groups.
  • amino group in R 36 to R 39 examples thereof include an unsubstituted amino group; mono-substituted amino groups such as N-methylamino, N-butylamino, N-hexylamino, N-tetradecylamino, N-phenylamino and N-naphthylamino groups; di-substituted amino groups such as N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-diethylamino, N,N-diphenylamino and N,N-methylpropylamino groups; carbonylamino groups such as acetylamino, ethylcarbonylamino, tert-butylcarbonylamino, benzoylamino, naphthoylamino and methoxycarbonylamino groups; and sulfonylamino groups such methylsulfonylamino, ethylsulfony
  • halogen atom in R 36 to R 39 examples include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms.
  • R 36 to R 39 are each favorably a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, a sulfonic group, an amino group or a halogen atom, and a hydrogen atom or a sulfonic group is particularly favorable because the water solubility of the resulting compound is improved.
  • examples thereof include aromatic rings having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, such as benzene and naphthalene rings; saturated rings such as cyclooctane, cycloheptane, cyclohexane, cyclopentane and cyclobutane rings; partially saturated rings such as cyclopentene and cyclohexene rings; and heterocycles such as pyridine and pyrimidine rings.
  • the ring may additionally have substituent(s), and no particular limitation is imposed on the substituent(s) so far as the storage stability of the staining compound is not markedly impaired. Examples thereof include substituents described as “favorable examples of additional substituents” above.
  • the ring favorably has a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • substituents include carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate and sulfonate groups though not limited thereto.
  • the ring formed by bonding R 36 and R 37 , R 37 and R 38 , or R 38 and R 39 to each other is favorably a benzene ring because the storage stability of the resulting compound is improved.
  • X ⁇ is an anionic group.
  • anionic group examples thereof include halide ions such as fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide ions; inorganic acid ions such as sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate ions; Lewis-acid-containing ions such as tetrachloroaluminate ion; and organic acid ions such as acetate, lactate, methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, trifluoromethanesulfonate and tetraphenylborate ions.
  • halide ions such as fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide ions
  • inorganic acid ions such as sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, tetrafluoroborate and he
  • the anionic group of X ⁇ is favorably a chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, nitrate or methanesulfonate ion and more favorably a bromide or iodide ion from the viewpoint of ease of synthesis of the compound.
  • Q 1 is a sulfur atom, oxygen atom, —C(R 40 )(R 41 )—, —CH ⁇ CH— or —N(R 42 )—.
  • alkyl group in R 40 to R 42 examples thereof include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl groups.
  • linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridec
  • aryl group in R 40 to R 42 No particular limitation is imposed on the aryl group in R 40 to R 42 .
  • examples thereof include 6- to 14-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracenyl groups.
  • R 40 and R 41 in Q 1 may bond to each other to form a ring, and examples thereof include cyclohexane, piperidine and piperidinium rings.
  • Q 1 is particularly favorably an oxygen atom, sulfur atom or —C(CH 3 )(CH 3 )— because the storage stability of the compound is improved.
  • the ring formed by bonding R 3 and R 4 in the general formula (II) to each other is represented by any one of the following general formulae (XII), (XIII) and (XV).
  • R 43 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group
  • R 44 is an alkyl group, an aryl group, a carboxyl group, a carboxylate group, a hydroxyl group or an amino group.
  • alkyl group in R 43 and R 44 examples thereof include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl groups.
  • linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridec
  • aryl group in R 43 and R 44 No particular limitation is imposed on the aryl group in R 43 and R 44 .
  • examples thereof include 6- to 14-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracenyl groups.
  • the ring may additionally have substituent(s), and no particular limitation is imposed on the substituent(s) so far as the storage stability of the staining compound is not markedly impaired. Examples thereof include substituents described as “favorable examples of additional substituents” above.
  • the ring favorably has a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • substituents include carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate and sulfonate groups though not limited thereto.
  • heterocyclic group in R 43 examples thereof include 4- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 4 atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • examples of these groups include pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, pyranyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzofuryl and benzothienyl groups.
  • R 43 is favorably an aryl group from the viewpoint of stability of the compound. It is also favorable that the aryl group has a water-soluble substituent such as a carboxyl group, since the water solubility of the compound is improved.
  • carboxylate group in R 44 No particular limitation is imposed on the carboxylate group in R 44 .
  • examples thereof include methyl carboxylate, ethyl carboxylate, propyl carboxylate and butyl carboxylate groups.
  • amino group in R 44 No particular limitation is imposed on the amino group in R 44 .
  • examples thereof include an unsubstituted amino group; mono-substituted amino groups such as N-methylamino, N-butylamino, N-hexylamino, N-tetradecylamino, N-phenylamino and N-naphthylamino groups; di-substituted amino groups such as N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-diethylamino, N,N-diphenylamino and N,N-methylpropylamino groups; carbonylamino groups such as acetylamino, ethylcarbonylamino, tert-butylcarbonylamino, benzoylamino, naphthoylamino and methoxycarbonylamino groups; and sulfonylamino groups such methylsulfonylamino, ethylsul
  • R 44 is favorably an alkyl, aryl, carboxyl or amino group from the viewpoint of easy of synthesis of the compound, with the alkyl or carboxyl group being particularly favorable.
  • Q 2 is an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or —N(R 52 )—.
  • R 45 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group
  • R 46 is a sulfur atom, an oxygen atom, ⁇ NR 53 , a heterocyclic group or a dicyanomethylene group
  • R 52 and R 53 are individually a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group.
  • alkyl group in R 45 , R 52 and R 53 No particular limitation is imposed on the alkyl group in R 45 , R 52 and R 53 .
  • examples thereof include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl groups.
  • the group may additionally have substituent(s), and no particular limitation is imposed on the substituent(s) so far as the storage stability of the staining compound is not markedly impaired. Examples thereof include substituents described as “favorable examples of additional substituents” above.
  • the group favorably has a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • Particularly favorable examples of such a substituent include carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate and sulfonate groups though not limited thereto.
  • aryl group in R 45 , R 52 and R 53 No particular limitation is imposed on the aryl group in R 45 , R 52 and R 53 .
  • examples thereof include 6- to 14-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracenyl groups.
  • heterocyclic group in R 45 , R 52 and R 53 examples thereof include 4- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 4 atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • examples of these groups include pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, pyranyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzofuryl and benzothienyl groups.
  • R 45 is favorably an alkyl group, and it is favorable that the alkyl group additionally has a substituent such as a carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate or sulfonate group, since the water solubility of the resulting compound is increased, and the fluorescence intensity thereof is also increased.
  • a substituent such as a carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate or sulfonate group
  • R 46 is favorably a sulfur atom, oxygen atom or heterocycle.
  • R 46 is a sulfur atom, since the compound tends to improve the staining ability thereof, and that R 46 is 2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one having a substituent at the 3-position, since detection of a maximum fluorescence wavelength is often conducted in such a larger wavelength region as a near-infrared wavelength region, so that the compound can be used in near-infrared applications.
  • R 49 and R 50 are, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an aryl group, and R 51 is an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom.
  • alkyl group in R 49 and R 50 examples thereof include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl groups.
  • linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridec
  • aryl group in R 49 and R 50 No particular limitation is imposed on the aryl group in R 49 and R 50 .
  • examples thereof include 6- to 14-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracenyl groups.
  • B is a structure represented by any one of the following general formulae (XVI) to (XVIV) and (XVII′)
  • R 54 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aralkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group or an acyl group.
  • R 55 to R 58 are, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a carboxyl group, a carboxylate group or an acyl group, and R 55 and R 57 may bond to each other to form a ring.
  • R 59 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group or a halogen atom.
  • alkyl group in R 54 , R 55 to R 58 , and R 59 examples thereof include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl groups.
  • linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecy
  • R 54 No particular limitation is imposed on the aralkyl group in R 54 .
  • examples thereof include benzyl and phenethyl groups.
  • alkenyl groups in R 54 include alkenyl groups having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, such as vinyl, 2,2-diphenylvinyl, 3-butenyl and cyclohexenyl groups.
  • aryl group in R 54 , and R 55 to R 58 examples thereof include 6- to 14-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracenyl groups.
  • heterocyclic group in R 54 examples thereof include 4- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 4 atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • examples of these groups include pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, pyranyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzofuryl and benzothienyl groups.
  • acyl group in R 54 , and R 55 to R 58 No particular limitation is imposed on the acyl group in R 54 , and R 55 to R 58 .
  • examples thereof include acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, pentanoyl, benzoyl, 1-naphthoyl and 2-naphthoyl groups.
  • R 54 , and R 55 to R 58 may additionally have substituent(s), and no particular limitation is imposed on the substituent(s) so far as the storage stability of the staining compound is not markedly impaired. Examples thereof include substituents described as “favorable examples of additional substituents” above.
  • the groups favorably have a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved include carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate and sulfonate groups though not limited thereto.
  • R 54 , and R 55 to R 58 may be selected independently of one another and arbitrarily from the substituents mentioned above.
  • the aralkyl, alkenyl or aryl group is favorable because the fluorescence intensity of the resulting compound becomes strong.
  • Favorable specific examples thereof include phenyl, bromophenyl, benzyl, bromobenzyl, methylthiophenyl, methoxyphenyl, methoxynaphthyl, benzylphenyl, 2,2-diphenylvinyl and 2,2-diphenylvinylphenyl groups.
  • More favorable examples thereof include phenyl, bromophenyl, benzyl, methylthiophenyl, methoxyphenyl and methoxynaphthyl groups, with the methylthiophenyl group being particularly favorable because a tendency for a Stokes shift (a difference between maximum excitation wavelength and maximum fluorescence wavelength) to remarkably become large is recognized.
  • carboxylate group in R 55 to R 58 No particular limitation is imposed on the carboxylate group in R 55 to R 58 .
  • examples thereof include methyl carboxylate, ethyl carboxylate, propyl carboxylate and butyl carboxylate groups.
  • examples thereof include saturated aliphatic rings such as cyclooctane, cycloheptane, cyclohexane, cyclopentane and cyclobutane rings; and partially saturated aliphatic rings such as cyclopentene and cyclohexene rings.
  • These rings may additionally have substituent(s), and no particular limitation is imposed on the substituent(s) so far as the storage stability of the staining compound is not markedly impaired. Examples thereof include substituents described as “favorable examples of additional substituents” above.
  • the ring favorably has a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • substituents include carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate and sulfonate groups though not limited thereto.
  • R 55 to R 58 are, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, alkyl group or aryl group, and R 55 and R 57 bond to each other to form a ring. It is more favorable that R 55 and R 57 bond to each other to form a ring, since the resulting compound becomes stable in chemical structure.
  • Specific examples of the ring include cyclooctane, cycloheptane, cyclohexane, cyclopentane and cyclobutane rings, and the cyclopentane ring is more favorable from the viewpoint of storage stability.
  • alkoxy group in R 59 No particular limitation is imposed on the alkoxy group in R 59 .
  • examples thereof include alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, heptyloxy, octyloxy, nonyloxy, decyloxy, dodecyloxy and octadecyloxy groups.
  • halogen atom in R 59 examples include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms.
  • R 59 is favorably a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkoxy group, with the hydrogen or halogen atom being more favorable.
  • R 60 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an aryl group.
  • R 61 to R 64 are, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, a carboxyl group, a sulfonic group, a heterocyclic group, an amino group or a halogen atom.
  • R 61 and R 62 , R 62 and R 63 , or R 63 and R 64 may bond to each other to form a ring.
  • alkyl group in R 60 , and R 61 to R 64 examples thereof include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl groups.
  • linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodec
  • aryl group in R 60 and R 61 to R 64 .
  • examples thereof include 6- to 14-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracenyl groups.
  • R 60 may additionally have substituent(s), and no particular limitation is imposed on the substituent(s) so far as the storage stability of the staining compound is not markedly impaired. Examples thereof include substituents described as “favorable examples of additional substituents” above.
  • the group favorably has a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • Particularly favorable examples of such a substituent include carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate and sulfonate groups though not limited thereto.
  • R 60 is favorably an alkyl group, and it is favorable that the alkyl group additionally has a substituent such as a carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate or sulfonate group, since the water solubility of the resulting compound is increased, and the fluorescence intensity thereof is also increased.
  • a substituent such as a carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate or sulfonate group
  • alkoxy group in R 61 to R 64 No particular limitation is imposed on the alkoxy group in R 61 to R 64 .
  • examples thereof include alkoxy groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, heptyloxy, octyloxy, nonyloxy, decyloxy, dodecyloxy and octadecyloxy groups.
  • heterocyclic group in R 61 to R 64 examples thereof include 4- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 4 atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • examples of these groups include pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, pyranyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzofuryl and benzothienyl groups.
  • R 61 to R 64 No particular limitation is imposed on the amino group in R 61 to R 64 .
  • examples thereof include an unsubstituted amino group; mono-substituted amino groups such as N-methylamino, N-butylamino, N-hexylamino, N-tetradecylamino, N-phenylamino and N-naphthylamino groups; di-substituted amino groups such as N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-diethylamino, N,N-diphenylamino and N,N-methylpropylamino groups; carbonylamino groups such as acetylamino, ethylcarbonylamino, tert-butylcarbonylamino, benzoylamino, naphthoylamino and methoxycarbonylamino groups; and sulfonylamino groups such methylsulfonylamino, e
  • halogen atom in R 61 to R 64 examples include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms.
  • R 61 to R 64 are each favorably a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, a sulfonic group, an amino group or a halogen atom, and a hydrogen atom or a sulfonic group is particularly favorable because the water solubility of the resulting compound is improved.
  • R 61 and R 62 , R 62 and R 63 , or R 63 and R 64 examples thereof include aromatic rings having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, such as benzene and naphthalene rings; saturated rings such as cyclooctane, cycloheptane, cyclohexane, cyclopentane and cyclobutane rings; partially saturated rings such as cyclopentene and cyclohexene rings; and heterocycles such as pyridine and pyrimidine rings.
  • the ring may additionally have substituent(s), and no particular limitation is imposed on the substituent(s) so far as the storage stability of the staining compound is not markedly impaired. Examples thereof include substituents described as “favorable examples of additional substituents” above.
  • the ring favorably has a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • substituents include carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate and sulfonate groups though not limited thereto.
  • the ring formed by bonding R 61 and R 62 , R 62 and R 63 , or R 63 and R 64 to each other is favorably a benzene ring because the storage stability of the resulting compound is improved.
  • Q 3 is a sulfur atom, an oxygen atom, —C(R 65 )(R 66 )— or —CH ⁇ CH—, in which R 65 and R 66 bond to each other to form a ring.
  • Examples of the ring formed by bonding R 65 and R 66 in Q 3 to each other include cyclohexane, piperidine and piperidinium rings.
  • Q 3 is favorably a sulfur atom, oxygen atom or —C(R 65 )(R 66 )—, and particularly favorably an oxygen atom or sulfur atom.
  • R 60 ′ is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an aryl group
  • Q 3 ′ is a sulfur atom or an oxygen atom.
  • Dotted lines in the general formula (XVII′) represent the case where a benzene ring is present or absent.
  • alkyl group in R 60 ′ No particular limitation is imposed on the alkyl group in R 60 ′.
  • examples thereof include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl groups.
  • aryl group in R 60 ′ No particular limitation is imposed on the aryl group in R 60 ′.
  • examples thereof include 6- to 14-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracenyl groups.
  • R 60 ′ may additionally have substituent(s), and no particular limitation is imposed on the substituent(s) so far as the storage stability of the staining compound is not markedly impaired. Examples thereof include substituents described as “favorable examples of additional substituents” above.
  • the group favorably has a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • Particularly favorable examples of such a substituent include carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate and sulfonate groups though not limited thereto.
  • R 60 ′ is favorably an alkyl group, and it is favorable that the alkyl group additionally has a substituent such as a carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate or sulfonate group, since the water solubility of the resulting compound is increased, and the fluorescence intensity thereof is also increased.
  • a substituent such as a carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate or sulfonate group
  • R 68 and R 69 are, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an aryl group.
  • R 70 is an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom.
  • alkyl group in R 68 and R 69 No particular limitation is imposed on the alkyl group in R 68 and R 69 .
  • examples thereof include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl groups.
  • aryl group in R 68 and R 69 No particular limitation is imposed on the aryl group in R 68 and R 69 .
  • examples thereof include 6- to 14-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracenyl groups.
  • R 68 and R 69 may additionally have substituent(s), and no particular limitation is imposed on the substituent(s) so far as the storage stability of the staining compound is not markedly impaired. Examples thereof include substituents described as “favorable examples of additional substituents” above.
  • the groups favorably have a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved, among these substituents.
  • a substituent having such a nature that the water solubility is improved include carboxyl, sulfonic, polyethylene glycol, carboxylate and sulfonate groups though not limited thereto.
  • R 71 is an alkyl group.
  • alkyl group in R 71 No particular limitation is imposed on the alkyl group in R 71 .
  • examples thereof include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl groups.
  • a compound of the general formulae (I) to (XVIV), (VIII′), and (XVII′) has at least one of carboxyl, sulfonic and polyethylene glycol groups, since the water solubility of the compound is improved.
  • a salt of the carboxyl or sulfonic group is also usable in the present invention. No particular limitation is imposed on the salt of the carboxyl or sulfonic group.
  • alkali metal salts such as sodium and potassium salts
  • alkaline earth salts such as magnesium and calcium salts
  • amine salts such as ammonium, pyridinium, piperidinium and triethylammonium salts
  • amino acid salts such as tryptophan, lysine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine and arginine salts.
  • alkali metal salts such as sodium and potassium salts
  • alkaline earth salts such as magnesium and calcium salts
  • amine salts such as ammonium, pyridinium, piperidinium and triethylammonium salts
  • amino acid salts such as tryptophan, lysine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine and arginine salts.
  • alkali metal salts such as sodium and potassium salts
  • alkaline earth salts such as magnesium and calcium salts
  • amine salts such as ammonium, pyridinium, piperidinium
  • the staining compound s according to the present invention which are represented by any one of the general formulae (I) to (XVIV), (VIII′), and (XVII′), may be commercially available and can be obtained with ease.
  • the compounds can also be easily synthesized according to publicly known respective processes.
  • a staining compound in which A in the general formula (I) is represented by the general formula (III) can be easily synthesized by referring to, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-94897.
  • a staining compound in which A in the general formula (I) is represented by the general formula (V) or (VII) can be synthesized according to the process described in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open 2001-315437.
  • a staining compound in which B in the general formula (II) is represented by the general formula (XVI) can be easily synthesized by referring to, for example, Chem. Comm., Vol. 24, pp. 3036-3037 (2003).
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 6 to R 11 in the above scheme have the same meanings as described above.
  • a compound (A) and an amine derivative are heated and condensed in the presence of a condensing agent (or in the absence of the condensing agent) in an organic solvent (or in the absence of a solvent) to obtain a compound (B).
  • the compound (B) is then heated and condensed again with the above-described amine derivative.
  • a staining compound (III) according to the present invention is obtained.
  • examples thereof include ethylene glycol, N-methylpyrrolidone, N,N-dimethyl-acetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene and nitrobenzene.
  • the reaction in Condensation (1) step is conducted in a temperature range of from 0 to 200° C., favorably from 10 to 150° C., more favorably from 20 to 100° C.
  • the reaction in Condensation (2) step is conducted in a temperature range of from 50 to 250° C., favorably from 100 to 230° C., more favorably from 150 to 220° C.
  • the same amine derivatives may be used, so that the staining compound of the general formula (III) can be obtained through a one-stage condensation step.
  • the reaction temperature follows the condition of Condensation (2) step.
  • the condensing agent used in the condensation step may be chosen for use from, for example, magnesium oxide, zinc chloride and aluminum chloride.
  • the resultant staining compound (III) may be subjected to an ordinary isolation/purification process for organic compounds.
  • a reaction mixture is acidified with hydrochloric acid and subjected to aciding-out, thereby separating solids by filtration, and then subjected to neutralization with sodium hydroxide or the like and concentration, thereby obtaining a crude product.
  • the crude product is further purified by recrystallization with acetone or methanol, column purification using silica gel, or the like. These methods may be used singly or in combination of two or more methods thereof to conduct purification, thereby obtaining the compound with higher purity.
  • the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention may also be used as a probe labeled with a radioactive nuclide.
  • radioactive nuclide used in labeling, and it may be suitably selected according to the mode of use.
  • the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue labeled with the radioactive nuclide may be used in imaging by, for example, autoradiography, positron emission tomography (PET) using a positron emission nuclide, or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using various kinds of gamma-ray emission nuclides. Detection may also be made by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) making good use of an MR signal derived from a fluorine atomic nucleus, or 13 C. In addition, imaging may also be conducted by a Compton camera (GREI) capable of coincidentally imaging a plurality of molecules as a next-generation molecular imaging apparatus. It may also be possible to quantify a probe for a retinal tissue using, for example, a liquid scintillation counter, X-ray film or imaging plate.
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • GREI Compton camera
  • a labeling composition for the intraocular tissue labeled with a radioactive isotope such as 14 C permits measuring a concentration in blood (or urine or feces) by an accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) or the like to obtain pharmacokinetic information (area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC), blood concentration half-life period (T 1/2 ), maximum drug concentration (C max ), maximum drug concentration time (T max ), distribution volume, first-pass effect, biological utilization factor, excretion rates in feces and urine, etc.) of the parent compound and metabolite of the substance labeled.
  • AMS accelerator mass spectrometry
  • radioactive nuclide No particular limitation is imposed on the radioactive nuclide, and it may be suitably selected according to the mode of use.
  • a 11 C, 14 C, 13 N, 15 O, 18 F, 19 F, 62 Cu, 68 Ga or 78 Br may be used.
  • 11 C, 13 N, 15 O or 18 F positron emission nuclide of, for example, is favorable, with 11 C or 18 F being particularly favorable.
  • a ⁇ -ray emission nuclide of, for example, 99m Tc, 111 In, 67 Ga, 201 Tl, 123 I or 133 Xe may be used. 99m Tc or 123 I is favorable.
  • a radioactive nuclide longer in half-life period such as, for example, 125 I may be used.
  • 131 I, 85 Sr or 65 Zn may be used.
  • the radioactive nuclide may be either contained in or bonded to the compound represented by any one of the general formulae (I) to (XVIV), (VIII′), and (XVII′).
  • the compound represented by any one of the general formulae (I) to (XVIV), (VIII′), and (XVII′) is labeled with the radioactive nuclide
  • the compound favorably has a radioactivity of about 1 to 100 ⁇ Ci per mM.
  • the dose of the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue used may be suitably selected according to the kind of the compound and the kind of the radioactive nuclide used in labeling.
  • concentration of the compound contained in the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention so far as the intraocular tissue can be detected.
  • concentration may be suitably adjusted according to the target site and the compound used.
  • the compound is used at a concentration of generally 0.001 ng/mL or more and 100 ⁇ g/mL or less, favorably 0.001 ng/mL or more and 10 ⁇ g/mL or less, more favorably 0.001 ng/mL or more and 5 ⁇ la/mL or less.
  • the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention is used by dissolving at least one of the staining compound s represented by any one of the general formulae (I) to (XVIV), (VIII′), and (XVII′) in a proper solvent.
  • a proper solvent No particular limitation is imposed on the solvent so far as it does not affect a living body.
  • an aqueous liquid high in affinity for the living body is favorable.
  • Examples thereof include water; physiological saline; buffer solutions such as phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and Tris; alcoholic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, ethylene glycol and glycerol; organic solvents such as N,N-dimethyl sulfoxide (hereinafter abbreviated as DMSO) and N,N-dimethylformamide (hereinafter abbreviated as DMF); cell culture media such as D-MEM and HBSS; and infusions such as lactate Ringer solution. It is particularly favorable to contain at least 50% of water. These solvents may also be used in combination of two or more thereof.
  • buffer solutions such as phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and Tris
  • alcoholic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, ethylene glycol and glycerol
  • organic solvents such as N,N-dimethyl sulfoxide (hereinafter abbreviated as DM
  • the composition may be prepared by diluting a thick solution of the compound dissolved in such a solvent as described above.
  • the compound may be dissolved in a proper solvent and then diluted with purified water to use it.
  • the proper solvent is particularly favorably methanol, ethanol or DMSO.
  • additives may be added to the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention either singly or in combination of two or more thereof.
  • additives used in the present invention so far as they do not affect the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue.
  • examples thereof include humectants, surface tension adjustors, thickeners, salts such as sodium chloride, various kinds of pH adjustors, pH buffers, preservatives, antibacterial agents, sweetening agents, and perfume bases.
  • the pH adjustors favorably adjust the pH to be 5 to 9, and no particular limitation is imposed on the pH adjustors.
  • examples thereof include hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, malic acid, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogencarbonate.
  • the compound contained in the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue in the present invention is favorably a compound with a maximum luminance ratio (La/Lb) of 3 or more when the following testing method is performed. Details of the testing method for selecting the compound used in the present invention are described below.
  • An aqueous solution of a test compound is prepared to give a concentration of 1 ⁇ g/mL, and three Zebrafish 7-day-old embryos are exposed to the aqueous solution for one hour. Thereafter, the embryos are washed twice with purified water and immobilized with a 4% paraformaldehyde solution to provide immobilized sections a1 to a3 of one eyeball of the respective Zebrafishes. On the other hand, three untreated Zebrafish 7-day-old embryos are immobilized with a 4% paraformaldehyde solution to provide immobilized sections b1 to b3 of one eyeballs of the respective Zebrafishes. In this testing method, an immobilized section containing the entire layer structures of at least vitreous body and retina is used.
  • the immobilized sections a1 to a3 are used to adjust the magnification of an observation apparatus to a magnification capable of observing a retinal section of each eyeball, thereby setting the excitation wavelength and the fluorescence wavelength to those at which the fluorescence intensity in the retinal tissue becomes maximum.
  • the magnification capable of observing the retinal section is not required to be strictly adjusted so far as the layer structures of the vitreous body and retina can be identified. However, the magnification is favorably such that the whole tissue section of the eye is included.
  • the structure of the retinal tissue can be visualized by setting the magnification to from 10 times to 400 times, favorably from 40 times to 200 times.
  • the average value of maximum luminance values in arbitrarily-sized retinal regions between the retinal pigment epithelium and vitreous body of the immobilized sections b1 to b3 is regarded as Lb to set the intensity of excitation light and photographic sensitivity such that the value Lb falls within a range of from 2 to 6.
  • the average value of maximum luminance values in arbitrarily-sized retinal regions between the retinal pigment epithelium and vitreous body of the immobilized sections a1 to a3 is regarded as La to calculate the value La/Lb.
  • the exposure to the solution of the test compound can be conducted by putting a Zebrafish 7-day-old embryo in an arbitrary well in, for example, a 24-well plate together with breeding water, and taking the breeding water out of the well to be replaced by the solution of the test compound, thereby bringing the solution into contact with the embryo.
  • a method of adding a proper amount of a thick solution of the test compound to a Zebrafish embryo put in a well together with distilled water in such a manner that the final concentration is 1 ⁇ g/mL may also be used.
  • the compound migrating to the intraocular tissue without damaging the ocular tissue or the nerve tissue linking to the ocular tissue can label the intraocular tissue by exposing the Zebrafish 7-day-old embryo to the solution of the test compound for 1 hour.
  • observation can be made by observing an immobilized section of an ocular tissue of Zebrafish, which has been exposed to the solution of the test compound.
  • the section can be prepared by embedding Zebrafish in a low-temperature fused agarose gel and slicing it by a commercially available microtome.
  • microtome No particular limitation is imposed on the commercially available microtome so far as a section can be prepared.
  • examples thereof include Vibratome and Linear Slicer.
  • Linear Slicer is favorably used because a section is prepared more satisfactorily.
  • the immobilized section prepared by such a microtome is placed on a slide glass to observe it.
  • cryostat microtome it may also be possible to embed Zebrafish in a compound for a frozen tissue section, rapidly freeze it with liquid nitrogen, and then prepare a section by a cryostat microtome. No particular limitation is imposed on the cryostat microtome. However, a commercially available Cryostat may be favorably used. The frozen section prepared in such a manner is placed on a slide glass and then dried to observe it.
  • a thickness of a section upon preparation of the section so far as the thickness is fixed upon testing.
  • a thickness of 5 ⁇ m or more is favorable because its morphology is easily kept upon its transfer to a slide glass.
  • the control to the excitation wavelength and fluorescence wavelength at which the fluorescence intensity in the retinal tissue becomes maximum can be made by changing the set of fluorescent light filters in such a manner that when a section sample exposed to an aqueous solution containing a test compound is observed, the sample is irradiated with excitation light of an arbitrary wavelength, and fluorescence of a wavelength longer by at least 10 nm or more, favorably 20 nm or more than the excitation wavelength is detected, the excitation light is scarcely visible and the fluorescence intensity becomes highest.
  • the excitation wavelength and fluorescence wavelength of the observation apparatus For the measurement of the maximum luminance value in the region including the retinal tissue, it is necessary to set the excitation wavelength and fluorescence wavelength of the observation apparatus according to the test compound used.
  • observation apparatus No particular limitation is imposed on the observation apparatus used so far as it permits fluorescence observation.
  • examples thereof include a stereoscopic fluorescence microscope, a fluorescence microscope and a confocal laser-scanning fluorescence microscope.
  • the maximum luminance value is measured by means of a software or the like. It is favorable to measure the value by converting the image to a gray scale. No particular limitation is imposed on the software used in the measurement of the maximum luminance value so far as the maximum luminance value in the arbitrary region is determined. However, examples thereof may include NIH Image, Scion Image and Image J.
  • Such software is used to control the intensity of excitation light and photographic sensitivity in such a manner that the maximum luminance values of the immobilized sections b1 to b3 fall within a range of from 2 to 6, thereby obtaining the average value Lb of the maximum luminance values of the immobilized sections b1 to b3.
  • An image containing the retinal region of each of the immobilized sections a1 to a3 is then obtained under the conditions set above, whereby the average value La of the maximum luminance values of the immobilized sections a1 to a3 can be obtained in the same manner as described above.
  • the compound contained in the labeling composition for intraocular tissue according to the present invention is favorably such that the ratio (La/Lb) of La to Lb obtained in the above-described testing method is 3 or more.
  • the compound that the ratio La/Lb is 3 or more can clearly label the intraocular tissue without damaging the ocular tissue or the nerve tissue linking to the ocular tissue.
  • the ratio La/Lb is favorably 5 or more, more favorably 10 or more, because the intraocular tissue is stained in a clearly distinguishable state even when the concentration of the compound is low.
  • the labeling method for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention can be conducted by using the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue containing at least one of the staining compound s represented by any one of the general formulae (I) to (XVIV), (VIII′), and (XVII′).
  • the method for labeling the intraocular tissue of a living individual is to label with the labeling composition without causing a surgical damage such as incision of an ocular tissue or needling into the ocular tissue or a nerve tissue linking to the ocular tissue.
  • examples thereof include a method of exposing a part or the whole of a living individual to the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue, a method by oral contact, a method by pneumonic contact, a method by nasal contact, a method by transgastrointestinal contact, a method by transmucosal contact, a method by transhumoral contact, a method by hypoglossal contact, a method by intravascular contact such as intravenous or intra-arterial contact, a method by intra-abdominal contact, an intra-abdominal, subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravesical or endotracheal (intrabronchial) injection method, and a method by contact with the interior of a living body by a device such as spraying or coating.
  • the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention may also be injected directly into an eye to label the intraocular tissue.
  • No particular limitation is imposed on the method of injecting directly into the eye.
  • the method is performed by making a hole by sclerotomy, filling a posterior portion of a vitreous body with air and then injecting several drops, generally 1 mL or less, of the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention into the eye.
  • the observing method of the present invention uses the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention.
  • the measuring and detecting methods thereof are performed by methods publicly known by a person with ordinary skill in the art.
  • the method is a method for capturing the condition and change of a living sample as images. Examples thereof include visible light observation, near-infrared light observation and infrared light observation performed by irradiating an ocular tissue with visible light, near-infrared light and infrared light, respectively, and observing the ocular tissue by a camera or CCD; laser microscope observation; fluorescence observation, fluorescence microscope observation, fluorescence endoscope observation, confocal microscope observation, multiple photon-excited fluorescence microscope observation, and narrow-band light observation performed by irradiating a living sample with excitation light from an excitation light source like a fluorescence endoscope to observe fluorescence of the living sample causing emission; optical coherence tomographic (OCT) observation; and observation by a soft X-ray microscope.
  • OCT optical coherence tomographic
  • the wavelength is generally from 200 to 1,010 nm, favorably from 400 to 900 nm, more favorably from 480 to 800 nm. In the case of using light in a near-infrared region, a wavelength of generally from 600 to 1,000 nm, favorably from 680 to 900 nm, is used.
  • the light source for fluorescence excitation used in the present invention No particular limitation is imposed on the light source for fluorescence excitation used in the present invention.
  • various kinds of laser beam sources may be used. Examples thereof include dye lasers, semiconductor lasers, ion lasers, fiber lasers, halogen lamps, xenon lamps and tungsten lamps.
  • Various kinds of optical filters may be used to obtain a favorable wavelength for excitation or to detect fluorescence alone.
  • an intraocular tissue When an intraocular tissue is imaged in a state of causing emission in the interior of an ocular tissue by irradiating a living individual with excitation light in the above-described manner, an emitting site can be easily detected.
  • the intraocular tissue can be observed in more detail by combining a bright field image obtained by irradiation of visible light with a fluorescent image obtained by irradiation of excitation light by an image processing unit.
  • the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention, general characteristics with respect to staining of an intraocular tissue can be screened in a living state, i.e., in vivo, by using a living individual, for example, Zebrafish that is a small bony fish.
  • a living individual for example, Zebrafish that is a small bony fish.
  • the safety of the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue may also be screened at the same time.
  • Zebrafish has been acknowledged as the third model animal following mouse and rat in the United States and Britain in recent years, and it has been found that compared with human the whole genome sequence thereof has 80% homology, the number of genes is also almost the same, and the geneses and structures of the main organs and tissues are also well similar.
  • the Zebrafish is characterized in that the processes of differentiating from a fertilized ovum to form respective parts (viscera and organs such as heart, liver, kidney and alimentary canal) can be observed through a transparent body, so that it is particularly favorable to use Zebrafish in screening as a model animal.
  • examples thereof include a method of administering the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue into breeding water in the case where the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue is water-soluble, and include, in the case where the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue is water-insoluble, a method of dispersing the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue in breeding water by itself, a method of administering the composition together with a trace quantity of a surfactant or DMSO, a method of mixing the composition with a feed for Zebrafish to orally administering it, and a method of parenterally administering the composition by injection or the like.
  • the method of administering the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue into breeding water is favorable because of its easiness.
  • the staining compound represented by any one of the general formulae (I) to (XVIV), (VIII′), and (XVII′) is desirably water-soluble, and a carboxyl group or sulfonic is desirably contained in the compound.
  • One or more labeling compositions for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention can be utilized as active agents to conduct in vivo screening for influence on a living body, such as effects, side effects or safety of a chemical substance in an intraocular tissue, using a living individual, for example, Zebrafish.
  • the labeling compositions for the intraocular tissue can be selected as needed according to target sites, objects, inspection methods and/or the like.
  • applied developments such as high-precision diagnoses of diseases and development of curing methods are expected from the staining ability of the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue, and so this composition may be used as a diagnostic composition.
  • the chemical substance means a generic name of a compound having chemical action and is not particularly limited. However, examples thereof include pharmaceuticals, organic compounds, curing medicines, investigational drugs, agricultural chemicals, cosmetics, environmental pollutants and endocrine disruptors.
  • Zebrafish is not limited to wild type Zebrafish, and Zebrafishes of various disease type models may be used according to the object of screening.
  • a disease type model the effects of a proposed new medicine compound can be found by observation to apply them to conduct screening of a disease curing or preventing medicine.
  • the screening method according to the present invention can use small bony fishes.
  • small bony fishes used in the screening method according to the present invention include Zebrafish, globefish, goldfish, killifish and giant rerio.
  • the small bony fishes are favorably used because they are excellent in speed and cost compared with mouse and rat.
  • Zebrafish is favorable because decoding of genome has been almost completed, its breeding and propagation are easy, circulation cost is also cheap, and the basic structures of main organs and tissues are formed in 48 to 72 hours after fertilization.
  • the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention can be used in measures for specifically and selectively labeling, for example, a diseased cellular tissue at ophthalmic surgery or a site of a test substance suspected to be a tumor, thereby ascertaining a difference from normal cells, or in observation of a change of a tissue by a disease.
  • the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention can specifically label an intraocular tissue of a living individual without need of an invasive operation such as exposure of an ocular tissue or injection of a staining agent into the ocular tissue or a nerve tissue linking to the ocular tissue. Accordingly, the composition can be applied to a diagnostic agent making good use of these identification abilities.
  • the composition can be used as, for example, a diagnostic agent for inspecting the functions of the eyes and a diagnostic agent of ophthalmic diseases.
  • the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention may also be applied to human.
  • the extrapolability to human is confirmed by overall approximation in recognition of analogy and points of difference of intraocular tissues between human and a laboratory animal. Examples are given below though not limited thereto.
  • Intraocular tissues of human and another living sample than human are labeled to confirm analogy therebetween.
  • Examples of other living samples than human include mammals such as mouse, hamster, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, dog, pig, cat and monkey; and bony fishes such as Zebrafish.
  • An immobilized tissue section of said another living sample than human is used to confirm staining characteristics of intraocular tissues.
  • An immobilized tissue section of human is used to confirm staining characteristics of intraocular tissues.
  • the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention may also be applied to human.
  • the extrapolability to human it can be confirmed by radiolabeling the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention, administering a trace quantity of the labeled composition into a body of human and confirming localization of the compound in an intraocular tissue. This method is called a microdosing test.
  • a target biomolecule or labeling mechanism of the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention is identified in an intraocular tissue of another living sample than human.
  • a human biomolecule or labeling mechanism homologous to said target biomolecule or labeling mechanism is identified.
  • Said human biomolecule or staining mechanism is introduced into another laboratory animal than human by a genetic modification.
  • Zebrafish may be particularly favorably used. Eyes are very well preserved anatomically, histologically and biochemically among many vertebrate animals, and the same applies to the genesis.
  • the retina of Zebrafish is made up of 7 main cell types like many presently existing vertebrate animals (Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 27, pp. 89-110 (2008)), and comparison of retinal tissue section images between human and Zebrafish shows very high commonality though different in scale (Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 4, 504-512 (2004)).
  • the use of Zebrafish has high advantage of low breeding cost and small amount of the compound used compared with mouse.
  • Distilled water was added to a 1 mg/mL DMSO solution of Staining compound 1 to obtain Staining Liquid 1 containing Staining compound 1 at a concentration of 1 ⁇ g/mL.
  • Staining Liquid 1 containing Staining compound 1 at a concentration of 1 ⁇ g/mL.
  • a 24-well multiplate product of IWAKI
  • a process of removing Staining Liquid 1 in the well and replacing it by 1 mL of distilled water was then performed 3 times.
  • Sections were prepared by the same process as in Example 1 except that Staining compound 1 in Example 1 was changed to staining compound s described in Table 1, and observed.
  • Sections were prepared by the same process as in Example 1 except that Staining compound 1 in Example 1 was not used or changed to indocyanine green (ICG) or fluorescein (FLU) as described in Table 1, and observed.
  • ICG indocyanine green
  • FLU fluorescein
  • Examples 1 to 106, and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 staining ability (+++: intraocular tissue including photoreceptor cell layer being strongly stained; ++: photoreceptor cell layer being stained; ⁇ : not stained), and stained sites (1: layer structure including photoreceptor cell layer in retinal tissue being visualized by 1 to 5 layers thereof; 2: retinal tissue being wholly visualized; 3: L: vitreous body being stained) were evaluated.
  • the excitation wavelengths and fluorescence wavelengths of the staining compound s in Examples 1 to 106 were determined by subjecting an aqueous solution obtained by diluting a 10 mg/mL DMSO solution to 1/500 with purified water to measurement using a fluorescence spectrometer FL4500 (manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation).
  • a fluorescence spectrometer FL4500 manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation.
  • values in a chloroform solution are shown.
  • the labeling compositions for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention are excellent in fluorescence sensitivity and able to stain living intraocular tissues, so that the staining ability thereof is excellent.
  • the stained sites varied according to the staining compound s used. Some of the compositions strongly stained the photoreceptor cell layer, while some of them exhibited staining ability to the whole retinal tissue. In addition, screening can be cheaply performed by using Zebrafish as a model animal.
  • Distilled water was added to a 1 mg/mL DMSO solution of Staining compound 5 so as to give a concentration of 1 ⁇ g/mL to obtain Staining Liquid 2.
  • DMSO solution of Staining compound 5 so as to give a concentration of 1 ⁇ g/mL to obtain Staining Liquid 2.
  • a process of removing Staining Liquid 2 in the well and replacing it by 1 mL of distilled water was then performed 3 times.
  • the fry was then put in a 0.7% agarose solution and placed on a slide glass to observe the fundus of the fry through a confocal microscope.
  • staining ability (+++: both photoreceptor cell layer and further inner layer structure of retina comprised of plural layers being stained; ++: only photoreceptor cell layer of retina comprised of plural layers being mainly stained; ⁇ : not observed) was evaluated.
  • Examples 107 to 119 fluorescence was observed at the fundus of Zebrafish. Specifically, as illustrated in, for example, FIG. 4 , it is understood that the labeling compositions for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention noninvasively migrate to the intraocular tissue to clearly image the intraocular tissue.
  • the slide glass was treated with a blocking solution (Blocking One, product of Nakarai Co.) for 30 minutes at room temperature, and an anti-Zpr-1 antibody (which stains red and green cone cells) diluted with PBS was mounted as a primary antibody on the slide glass and treated for 12 hours at 4° C.
  • the slide glass was then washed 3 times with PBST for 10 minutes, and a secondary antibody (Alexa 488-anti-mouse IgG antibody) and 1 ⁇ g/mL of Compound 5 were diluted with PBS and mounted on the slide glass for 1 hour at room temperature.
  • the slide glass was washed 3 times with PBST for 10 minutes, Fluoromount G (product of Southern Biotechnology Co.) was mounted thereon, and a cover glass was placed thereon.
  • Fluoromount G product of Southern Biotechnology Co.
  • a stained slide of a tissue section of a Zebrafish eye ball was prepared according to the same process as in Example 120 except that the primary antibody used in Example 120 was changed to an anti-Zpr-3 antibody (which stains rod cells), and observed through a confocal microscope.
  • a stained slide of a tissue section of a human normal retina was prepared according to the same process as in Example 120 except that the tissue section slide of the Zebrafish eyeball was changed to a tissue section slide (product of US Biomax Co.) of the human normal retina, and the primary antibody and secondary antibody were changed to anti-mGluR5 antibody (which stains cone cells) and Alexa 488-anti-rabbit IgG antibody, respectively, and observed through a confocal microscope.
  • Example 120 the stained images with Compound 5 and anti-Zpr-1 antibody in the photoreceptor cell layer did not overlap ( FIG. 5 ), but in Example 121, the stained images with Compound 5 and anti-Zpr-3 antibody in the photoreceptor cell layer partially overlapped. This fact indicates that Compound 5 has staining ability to the photoreceptor cell layer but does not stain the red and green cone cells in the photoreceptor cell layer, or non-stained portions exist in cell bodies existing in the photoreceptor cell layer. On the other hand, the result of Example 121 reveals that Compound 5 has stained the rod cells and at least one kind of cell type of blue or ultraviolet cone cells. From this fact, it was confirmed that Compound 5 selectively stains a part of the cell types in the photoreceptor cell layer or of the cell bodies existing in the photoreceptor cell layer.
  • Example 122 it was confirmed that the photoreceptor cell layer common to the retina of Zebrafish in the frozen section of the human normal retina is stained. It was also confirmed that the stained site by the anti-mGluR5 antibody is different, and so a part of the cell types in the photoreceptor cell layer or of the cell bodies existing in the photoreceptor cell layer is selectively stained even in human. From the above results, it was confirmed that the retinas of human and Zebrafish are approximate in staining characteristics, and the labeling composition for the intraocular tissue according to the present invention is high in extrapolability to human.
  • Staining compound 81 was added to an equimolar amount of a NaOH solution so as to give a concentration of 10 mg/mL, and the resultant mixture was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 14 krpm to obtain a supernatant.
  • a supernatant To an abdominal cavity of a 3-month-old B10 mouse, was administered 0.2 mL of this supernatant at one time. After 1 hour, the thus-treated animal was sacrificed under anesthesia by diethyl ether, and an eyeball thereof was taken out. The eyeball taken was embedded in an OCT compound and frozen in isopentane chilled with liquid nitrogen.
  • This eyeball was sliced into a thickness of about 5 ⁇ m in a cryostat chilled to ⁇ 20° C., and this slice was placed on a slide glass and dried to prepare a section of an ocular tissue.
  • the thus-prepared ocular tissue section was observed through a confocal microscope (Pascal Exciter, manufactured by Zeiss Co.). As a result, it was confirmed that Compound 81 has staining ability to the retina by administration to the abdominal cavity of the mouse.
  • the staining compound s used in Examples 15 to 20, 24, 53 to 58, 65, 67, 82, and 83 stain hair cells in vivo in addition to the effect of staining the intraocular tissues.
  • the compound represented by Compound Nos. 15, 17, 19 to 22, 27, 60 to 65, 72, 74, 90, and 94 have an effect of coincidentally staining both intraocular tissues and hair cells.
  • the present invention provide labeling compositions for intraocular tissues, which can stain intraocular tissues of living samples and can image cell morphologies of the intraocular tissues with high sensitivity, so that the compositions become materials essential to researches in the ophthalmic field and ophthalmologic imaging techniques.
  • evaluation with time becomes feasible in drug discovery relating to ophthalmic diseases, high-throughput and high-precision screening can be conducted at low cost, and development of new diagnosing methods and curing methods for diseases as well as ophthalmologic researches are significantly advanced.
  • the present invention becomes an extremely effective platform technology from industrial and practical points of view.

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