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  • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D417/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
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  • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

• This invention pertains generally to the field of therapeutic compounds, and more particularly, to certain bicyclosulfonyl acid (BCSA) compounds which act as inhibitors of Tumour Necrosis Factor- ⁇ Converting Enzyme (TACE).
• BCSA bicyclosulfonyl acid
• TACE Tumour Necrosis Factor- ⁇ Converting Enzyme
• the compounds are useful in the treatment of conditions mediated by TNF- ⁇ , such as such as rheumatoid arthritis; inflammation; psoriasis; septic shock; graft rejection; cachexia; anorexia; congestive heart failure; post-ischaemic reperfusion injury; inflammatory disease of the central nervous system; inflammatory bowel disease; insulin resistance; HIV infection; cancer; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); and asthma.
• the present invention also pertains to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, and the use of such compounds and compositions, both in vitro and in vivo, in the inhibition of T
• Ranges are often expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by the use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment.
• TNF- ⁇ Converting Enzyme catalyses the formation of TNF- ⁇ from the membrane bound TNF- ⁇ precursor protein.
• TNF- ⁇ is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is believed to have a role in numerous diseases, including the following:
• Rheumatoid arthritis see, e.g., Shire et al., 1998; Isomaki et al., 1997; Camussi et al., 1998).
• Inflammatory disease of the central nervous system see, e.g., Grau et al., 1987).
• Insulin resistance see, e.g., Hotamisligil et al., 1993.
• HIV infection see, e.g., Peterson et al., 1992; Pallares-Trujillo et al., 1995).
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• asthma see e.g. Trifilieff et al., 2002.
• osteoarthritis include: osteoarthritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, and degenerative cartilage loss.
• hydroxamic acid compounds comprising a sulfonamide group as potential anti-proliferative or anti-inflammatory agents (see, e.g., Levin et al, 1999; Ohtani et al, 1993; Owen et al, 2000, Yu et al, 2006).
• TACE inhibitors Although a number of TACE inhibitors are known, many of these compounds are peptidic or peptide-like which suffer from problems in bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile. Additionally, many of these compounds display non-selectivity, being potent inhibitors of matrix metalloproteases, and in particular MMP-1 (collagenase 1). MMP-1 inhibition has been postulated to cause joint pain in clinical trials of metalloproteases inhibitors (see, e.g., Scrip, 1988).
• BCSA bicyclosulfonyl acid
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a BCSA compound, as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition
• a method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising admixing a BCSA compound, as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a BCSA compound, as described herein, for use in a method of treatment (e.g., of a disease or disorder) of the human or animal body by therapy.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to use of a BCSA compound, as described herein, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment (e.g., of a disease or disorder) of the human or animal body.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method of treatment (e.g., of a disease or disorder) comprising administering to a patient in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a BCSA compound, as described herein, preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.
• the treatment is treatment of a disease or disorder that is mediated by TACE, for example, a disease or disorder that is known to be mediated by TACE.
• the treatment is treatment of a disease or disorder that is ameliorated by the inhibition of TACE, for example, a disease or disorder that is known to be ameliorated by the inhibition of TACE.
• the treatment is treatment of a disease or disorder that is treated by a TACE inhibitor, for example, a disease or disorder that is known to be treated by a TACE inhibitor.
• the treatment is treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; inflammation; psoriasis; septic shock; graft rejection; cachexia; anorexia; congestive heart failure; post-ischaemic reperfusion injury; inflammatory disease of the central nervous system; inflammatory bowel disease; insulin resistance; HIV infection; cancer; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); or asthma.
• the treatment is treatment of: osteoarthritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, or degenerative cartilage loss.
• the treatment is treatment of inflammation.
• the treatment is treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
• the treatment is treatment of psoriasis.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method of inhibiting TACE in a cell, in vitro or in vivo, comprising contacting said cell with an effective amount of a BCSA compound, as described herein.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method of regulating (e.g., inhibiting) cytokine release (e.g., TNF- ⁇ release) in a cell, in vitro or in vivo, comprising contacting said cell with an effective amount of a BCSA compound, as described herein.
• cytokine release e.g., TNF- ⁇ release
• kits comprising (a) a BCSA compound, as described herein, preferably provided as a pharmaceutical composition and in a suitable container and/or with suitable packaging; and (b) instructions for use, for example, written instructions on how to administer the compound/composition.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds obtainable by a method of synthesis as described herein, or a method comprising a method of synthesis as described herein.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds obtained by a method of synthesis as described herein, or a method comprising a method of synthesis as described herein.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to novel intermediates, as described herein, which are suitable for use in the methods of synthesis described herein.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of such novel intermediates, as described herein, in the methods of synthesis described herein.
• BCSA bicyclosulfonyl acid
• W is independently —N ⁇ or —CR PW ⁇ ;
• X is independently —N ⁇ or —CR PZ ⁇ ;
• Y is independently —N ⁇ or —CR PY ⁇ ;
• Z is independently —N ⁇ or —CR PZ ⁇ ;
• each of —R PW , —R PX , —R PY , and —R PZ , if present, is independently —H or —R RS1 ; wherein each —R RS1 , if present, is independently a ring substituent; and wherein z is 0 or 1;
• -J ⁇ is independently —N ⁇ or —CH ⁇ ; and wherein: -R AK - is independently: a covalent bond,
• each -R AK1 - is independently saturated aliphatic C 1-6 alkylene, and is optionally substituted;
• -R AK2 - is independently aliphatic C 2-6 alkenylene, and is optionally substituted;
• -R AK3 - is independently aliphatic C 2-6 alkynylene, and is optionally substituted;
• each -R AK4 - is independently saturated C 3-6 cycloalkylene, and is optionally substituted;
• each -R AK5 - is independently C 3-6 cycloalkenylene, and is optionally substituted; and
• -R N is independently —H, —R NN , -R NNN or -L N -R NNN ; wherein: -L N - is independently saturated aliphatic C 1-6 alkylene, and is optionally substituted;
• -R NN is independently C 1-6 alkyl, and is optionally substituted; and
• -R NNN is
• the ring carbon atom adjacent to the group J i.e., the atom marked with an asterisk (*)
• the ring carbon atom adjacent to the group J i.e., the atom marked with an asterisk (*)
• the ring carbon atom adjacent to the group J i.e., the atom marked with an asterisk (*) is in the (R) configuration.
• the ring carbon atom adjacent to the group J i.e., the atom marked with an asterisk (*) is in the (S) configuration.
• W is independently —N ⁇ or —CR PW ⁇
• X is independently —N ⁇ or —CR PX ⁇
• Y is independently —N ⁇ or —CR PY ⁇
• Z is independently —N ⁇ or —CR PZ ⁇ ; wherein exactly one or exactly two of W, X, Y, and Z is —N ⁇ .
• W is independently —N ⁇ or —CR PW ⁇
• X is independently —N ⁇ or —CR PX ⁇
• Y is independently —N ⁇ or —CR PY ⁇
• Z is independently —N ⁇ or —CR PZ ⁇ ; wherein exactly one of W, X, Y, and Z is —N ⁇ .
• W is independently —CR PW ⁇
• X is independently —CR PX ⁇
• Y is independently —CR PY ⁇
• Z is independently —CR PZ ⁇ .
• W is independently —N ⁇
• X is independently —CR PX ⁇
• Y is independently —CR PY ⁇
• Z is independently —CR PZ ⁇ .
• W is independently —CR PW ⁇
• X is independently —N ⁇
• Y is independently —CR PY ⁇
• Z is independently —CR PZ ⁇ .
• W is independently —CR PW ⁇
• X is independently —CR PX ⁇
• Y is independently —N ⁇
• Z is independently —CR PZ ⁇ .
• W is independently —CR PW ⁇
• X is independently —CR PX ⁇
• Y is independently —CR PY ⁇
• Z is independently —N ⁇ .
• each of —R PW , —R PX , —R PY , and —R PZ if present, is independently —H.
• z is independently 1.
• z is independently 0.
• -J ⁇ is independently —N ⁇ .
• -J ⁇ is independently —CH ⁇ .
• -R AK - is independently:
• -R AK - is independently:
• -R AK - is independently:
• -R AK - is independently -R AK1 -, -R AK2 -, or -R AK3 -.
• -R AK - is independently -R AK1 - or -R AK2 -.
• -R AK - is independently -R AK1 -.
• -R AK - is independently -R AK2 -.
• -R AK - is independently -R AK3 -.
• -R AK - is independently -R AK1 - or a covalent bond.
• -R AK - is independently a covalent bond.
• -R AK - is independently:
• -R AK - is independently -R AK4 -.
• -R AK - is independently -R AK1 -R AK4 .
• -R AK - is independently -R AK4 -R AK1 -.
• -R AK - is independently -R AK1 -R AK4 -R AK1 -.
• each -R AK1 - is independently saturated aliphatic C 1-6 alkylene; and is optionally substituted.
• each -R AK1 - is independently saturated aliphatic C 1-4 alkylene; and is optionally substituted.
• each -R AK1 - is independently unsubstituted or substituted, for example, with one or more substitutents, for example, with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3) substituents -R G1 .
• each -R AK1 - is independently unsubstituted.
• each -R AK1 - is independently —(CH 2 ) q —, wherein q is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
• each -R AK1 - is independently —(CH 2 )—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 3 —, or —(CH 2 ) 4 —.
• each -R AK1 - is independently —(CH 2 )—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —, or —(CH 2 ) 3 —.
• each -R AK1 - is independently —(CH 2 )— or —(CH 2 ) 2 —.
• each —R AK1 — is independently —(CH 2 )—.
• -R AK2 - is independently aliphatic C 2-6 alkenylene; and is optionally substituted.
• C 2-6 alkenylene refers to a divalent bidentate aliphatic hydrocarbyl group having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond, but no carbon-carbon triple bonds.
• -R AK2 - is independently aliphatic C 2-4 alkenylene; and is optionally substituted.
• -R AK2 - is independently unsubstituted or substituted, for example, with one or more substitutents, for example, with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3) substituents -R G1 .
• —R AK2 — is independently unsubstituted.
• R AK2 is independently:
• -R AK3 - is independently aliphatic C 2-6 alkynylene; and is optionally substituted.
• C 2-6 alkynylene refers to a divalent bidentate aliphatic hydrocarbyl group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, and, optionally also one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
• -R AK3 - is independently aliphatic C 2-4 alkynylene; and is optionally substituted.
• -R AK3 - is independently unsubstituted or substituted, for example, with one or more substitutents, for example, with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3) substituents —R G1 .
• -R AK3 - is independently unsubstituted.
• -R AK3 - is independently:
• each -R AK4 - is independently saturated C 3-6 cycloalkylene; and is optionally substituted.
• saturated C 3-6 cycloalkylene refers to a divalent bidentate saturated carbocyclic group having from 3 to 6 ring atoms, wherein said ring atoms are carbon atoms, and wherein one or two of said ring atoms are points of attachment.
• each -R AK4 - is independently saturated C 3-5 cycloalkylene; and is optionally substituted.
• each -R AK4 - is independently saturated C 3-4 cycloalkylene; and is optionally substituted.
• each -R AK4 - is independently saturated C 4-6 cycloalkylene; and is optionally substituted.
• each -R AK4 - is independently saturated C 5-6 cycloalkylene; and is optionally substituted.
• each -R AK4 - is independently unsubstituted or substituted, for example, with one or more substitutents, for example, with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3) substituents —R G1 .
• each -R AK4 - is independently unsubstituted.
• each -R AK4 - is independently: cyclopropyl-di-yl, cyclobutyl-di-yl, cyclopentyl-di-yl, or cyclohexyl-di-yl.
• each -R AK4 - is independently cyclopropyl-di-yl.
• each -R AK4 - is independently cyclopropyl-1,1-di-yl.
• each -R AK1 -R AK4 - is independently: methylene-cyclopropyl-di-yl, methylene-cyclobutyl-di-yl, methylene-cyclopentyl-di-yl, or methylene-cyclohexyl-di-yl.
• each -R AK4 -R AK1 - is independently: cyclopropyl-di-yl-methylene, cyclobutyl-di-yl-methylene, cyclopentyl-di-yl-methylene, or cyclohexyl-di-yl-methylene.
• -R AK1 -R AK4 -R AK1 - is independently: methylene-cyclopropyl-di-yl-methylene, methylene-cyclobutyl-di-yl-methylene, methylene-cyclopentyl-di-yl-methylene, or methylene-cyclohexyl-di-yl-methylene.
• each -R AK5 - is independently C 3-6 cycloalkenylene; and is optionally substituted.
• C 3-6 cycloalkenylene pertains to a divalent bidentate carbocyclic group having from 3 to 6 ring atoms and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring, but no carbon-carbon triple bonds in the ring, wherein said ring atoms are carbon atoms, and wherein one or two of said ring atoms are points of attachment.
• each -R AK5 - is independently C 3-6 cycloalkenylene; and is optionally substituted.
• each -R AK5 - is independently C 3-4 cycloalkenylene; and is optionally substituted.
• each -R AK5 - is independently C 4-6 cycloalkenylene; and is optionally substituted.
• each -R AK5 - is independently C 5-6 cycloalkenylene; and is optionally substituted.
• each -R AK5 - is independently unsubstituted or substituted, for example, with one or more substitutents, for example, with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3) substituents -R G1 .
• each -R AK5 - is independently unsubstituted.
• each -R AK5 - is independently: cyclopropenyl-di-yl, cyclobutenyl-di-yl, cyclopentenyl-di-yl, or cyclohexenyl-di-yl.
• each -R AK1 -R AK5 - is independently: methylene-cyclopropenyl-di-yl, methylene-cyclobutenyl-di-yl, methylene-cyclopentenyl-di-yl, or methylene-cyclohexenyl-di-yl.
• each -R AK5 -R AK1 - is independently: cyclopropenyl-di-yl-methylene, cyclobutenyl-di-yl-methylene, cyclopentenyl-di-yl-methylene, or cyclohexenyl-di-yl-methylene.
• -R AK1 -R AK5 -RAK 1 - is independently: methylene-cyclopropenyl-di-yl-methylene, methylene-cyclobutenyl-di-yl-methylene, methylene-cyclopentenyl-di-yl-methylene, or methylene-cyclohexenyl-di-yl-methylene.
• each -R G1 is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR A1 , —OCF 3 , —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)OR A1 , —NH 2 , —NHR A1 , —NR Al 2 , —NR A2 R A3 , —C( ⁇ O)—NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)—NHR A1 , —C( ⁇ O)—NR Al 2 , —C( ⁇ O)—NR A2 R A3 , phenyl, or benzyl; wherein each R A1 is independently C 1-4 alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl; and each —NR A2 R A3 is independently pyrrolidino, piperidino, piperizino, or morpholino, and is independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups selected from C 1-3
• each —R G1 is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OMe, —OEt, or —OCF 3 .
• -R N is independently —H, -R NN , -R NNN , or -L N -R NNN .
• -R N is independently —H, -R NNN , or -L N -R NNN .
• -R N is independently —H or -R NN .
• -R N is independently -R NNN or -L N -R NNN .
• -R N is independently —H.
• -R N is independently -R NN .
• -R N is independently -R NNN .
• —R N is independently -L N -R NNN .
• -L N - is independently saturated aliphatic C 1-6 alkylene, and is optionally substituted.
• -L N - is independently saturated aliphatic C 1-3 alkylene, and is optionally substituted.
• -L N - is independently unsubstituted or substituted, for example, with one or more substitutents, for example, with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3) substituents -R G2 .
• -L N - is independently unsubstituted.
• -L N - is independently —CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 —, or —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —.
• -L N - is independently —CH 2 — or —CH 2 CH 2 —.
• -L N - is independently —CH 2 —.
• each -R G2 is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR A1 , —OCF 3 , —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)OR A1 , —NH 2 , —NHR A1 , —NR Al 2 , —NR A2 R A3 , —C( ⁇ O)—NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)—NHR A1 , —C( ⁇ O)—NR A1 2 , —C( ⁇ O)—NR A2 R A3 , phenyl, or benzyl; wherein each R A1 is independently C 1-4 alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl; and each —NR A2 R A3 is independently pyrrolidino, piperidino, piperizino, or morpholino, and is independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups selected from C
• each -R G2 is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OMe, —OEt, or —OCF 3 .
• -R NN if present, is independently C 1-6 alkyl, and is optionally substituted.
• -R NN if present, is independently C 1-4 alkyl, and is optionally substituted.
• -R NN if present, is independently unsubstituted or substituted, for example, with one or more substitutents, for example, with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3) substituents -R G3 .
• -R NN if present, is independently unsubstituted.
• -R NN if present, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr.
• each -R G3 is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OR A1 , —OCF 3 , —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)OR A1 , —NH 2 , —NHR A1 , —NR Al 2 , —NR A2 R A3 , —C( ⁇ O)—NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)—NHR A1 , —C( ⁇ O)—NR A1 2 , —C( ⁇ O)—NR A2 R A3 ; wherein each R A1 is independently C 1-4 alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl; and each —NR A2 R A3 is independently pyrrolidino, piperidino, piperizino, or morpholino, and is independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups selected from C 1-3 alkyl and —CF 3 .
• each —R G3 is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —OMe, —OEt, or —OCF 3 .
• -R NNN is independently C 3-6 cycloalkyl, C 3-7 heterocyclyl, C 6-10 carboaryl, or C 6-10 heteroaryl; and is optionally substituted.
• -R NNN is independently cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperizinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, azepinyl, diazepinyl, phenyl, naphthyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazoyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthyrid
• -R NNN is independently C 6-10 carboaryl or C 6-10 heteroaryl, and is optionally substituted.
• -R NNN is independently phenyl, naphthyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazoyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, indoyl, isoindolyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl, acridinyl, phenoxazinyl, or phenothiazinyl; and is optionally substituted.
• -R NNN is independently phenyl, naphthyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazoyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, or pyridazinyl; and is optionally substituted.
• -R NNN is independently phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, or pyrazolyl; and is optionally substituted.
• -R NNN is independently phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, or pyrazolyl; and is optionally substituted.
• -R NNN if present, is independently phenyl or naphthyl; and is optionally substituted.
• -R NNN if present, is independently phenyl; and is optionally substituted.
• -R NNN is independently unsubstituted or substituted, for example, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3) substituents.
• -R NNN if present, is independently phenyl; and is optionally substituted at the para position; and is unsubstituted at all other positions.
• each substituent on -R NNN is independently -R S .
• -R NNN if present, is independently unsubstituted.
• each -R RS1 if present, is independently as defined for -R S .
• each —R RS1 is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —R A1 , —CF 3 , —OH, —OR A1 , —OCF 3 , —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)OR A1 , —NH 2 , —NHR A1 , —NR A1 2 , —NR A2 R A3 , —C( ⁇ O)—NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)—NHR A1 , —C( ⁇ O)—NR A1 2 , —C( ⁇ O)—NR A2 R A3 , phenyl, or benzyl; wherein each R A1 is independently C 1-4 alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl; and each —NR A2 R A3 is independently pyrrolidino, piperidino, piperazino, or morpholino, and is independently unsubsti
• each -R RS1 is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, -Me, -Et, —CF 3 , —OH, —OMe, —OEt, —OCF 3 , or phenyl; and additionally, two adjacent groups -R RS1 , if present, may form —OCH 2 CH 2 O—.
• each -R RS1 is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, -Me, —CF 3 , —OMe, —OEt, or phenyl; and additionally, two adjacent groups —R RS1 , if present, may form —OCH 2 CH 2 O—.
• each -R S is independently:
• two ring adjacent groups -R S may together form a group —O-L 2 -O—;
• each -R D1 is independently:
• each -R E1 is independently saturated aliphatic C 1-6 alkyl
• each -R E2 is independently aliphatic C 2-6 alkenyl
• each -R E3 is independently aliphatic C 2-6 alkynyl
• each -R E4 is independently saturated C 3-6 cycloalkyl
• each -R E6 is independently C 3-6 cycloalkenyl
• each -R E6 is independently non-aromatic C 3-7 heterocyclyl
• each -R E7 is independently C 6-14 carboaryl
• each -R E8 is independently C 5-14 heteroaryl
• each -L 3 - is independently saturated aliphatic C 1-3 alkylene
• each C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkenyl, non-aromatic C 3-7 heterocyclyl, C 6-14 -carboaryl, C 5-14 heteroaryl, and C 1-3 alkylene is optionally substituted, for example, with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3) substituents -R G4 , wherein each -R G4 is independently:
• each —R F1 is independently saturated aliphatic C 1-4 alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl;
• each -L 4 - is independently saturated aliphatic C 1-5 alkylene
• each -R S is independently:
• two ring adjacent groups -R S may together form a group —O-L 2 -O—.
• each -R S if present, is independently —OR D1 .
• each group —NR N1 R N2 is independently pyrrolidino, imidazolidino, pyrazolidino, piperidino, piperizino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, azepino, or diazepino, and is independently unsubstituted or substituted, for example, with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3) groups selected from C 1-3 alkyl and —CF 3 .
• each group —NR N1 R N2 is independently pyrrolidino, piperidino, piperizino, or morpholino, and is independently unsubstituted or substituted, for example, with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3) groups selected from C 1-3 alkyl and —CF 3 .
• each -R D1 is independently:
• each -R D1 is independently:
• each -R D1 if present, is independently -L 3 -R E7 or -L 3 -R E8 .
• each -R D1 if present, is independently -R E3 .
• each -R E1 is independently methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, or t-butyl, and is optionally substituted.
• each -R E2 if present, is independently aliphatic C 2-4 alkenyl, and is optionally substituted.
• each -R E2 if present, is independently —CH 2 —CH ⁇ CH 2 , and is optionally substituted.
• each -R E3 is independently aliphatic C 3-5 alkynyl, and is optionally substituted.
• each -R E3 is independently —CH 2 —C ⁇ CH, —CH(CH 3 )—C ⁇ CH, —CH 2 —C ⁇ C—CH 3 , —CH(CH 3 )—C ⁇ C—CH 3 , —CH 2 —C ⁇ C—CH 2 —CH 3 , or —CH 2 —CH 2 —C ⁇ CH, and is optionally substituted.
• each -R E4 is independently cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, and is optionally substituted.
• each -R E6 is independently azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, azepinyl, diazepinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dioxanyl, and is optionally substituted.
• each -R E6 is independently pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, or tetrahydropyranyl, and is optionally substituted.
• each -R E7 is independently phenyl or naphthyl; and is optionally substituted.
• each -R E7 if present, is independently phenyl; and is optionally substituted.
• each -R E8 is independently furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazoyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl, acridinyl, phenoxazinyl, or phenothiazinyl; and is optionally substituted.
• each -R E8 is independently furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl; and is optionally substituted.
• each -R E8 is independently furanyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl; and is optionally substituted.
• each -L 1 - is independently saturated aliphatic C 1-5 alkylene or aliphatic C 2-5 alkynylene.
• each -L 1 - is independently saturated aliphatic C 1-5 alkylene.
• each -L 1 - is independently saturated aliphatic C 2-5 alkylene.
• each -L 2 - is independently —CH 2 — or —CH 2 CH 2 —.
• each -L 2 - is independently —CH 2 CH 2 —.
• each -L 3 - is independently —CH 2 —.
• each —R G4 is independently selected from:
• each —R G4 is independently selected from:
• each group —NR N3 R N4 is independently pyrrolidino, imidazolidino, pyrazolidino, piperidino, piperizino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, azepino, or diazepino, and is independently unsubstituted or substituted, for example, with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3) groups selected from C 1-3 alkyl and —CF 3 .
• each group —NR N3 R N4 is independently pyrrolidino, piperidino, piperizino, or morpholino, and is independently unsubstituted or substituted, for example, with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3) groups selected from C 1-3 alkyl and —CF 3 .
• each —R F1 if present, is independently saturated aliphatic C 1-4 alkyl.
• each -L 4 - is independently saturated aliphatic C 2-5 alkylene.
• W is independently —CR PW ⁇ ;
• X is independently —CR PX ⁇ ;
• Y is independently —CR PY ⁇ ;
• Z is independently —CR PZ ⁇
• each of -R PW , -R PX , -R PY , and -R PZ if present, is independently —H or -R RS1 ;
• -J ⁇ is independently —N ⁇ ;
• -R AK - is independently -R AK1 -;
• R N is independently -R NNN .
• each -R RS1 is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, -Me, -Et, —CF 3 , —OH, —OMe, —OEt, —OCF 3 , or phenyl; and additionally, two adjacent groups —R RS1 , if present, may form —OCH 2 CH 2 O—
• -R NNN is independently phenyl; and is optionally substituted, for example, with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3) substituents —R S .
• -R NNN is independently phenyl; and is optionally substituted at the para position, for example, with a substituent -R S ; and is unsubstituted at all other positions.
• -R NNN is independently phenyl; and is optionally substituted with a substituent -R S , wherein -R S is independently —OR D1 .
• -R NNN is independently phenyl; and is optionally substituted at the para position with a substituent -R S , and is unsubstituted at all other positions, wherein -R S is independently —OR D1 .
• -R NNN is independently phenyl; and is optionally substituted with a substituent -R S , wherein -R S is independently —OR D1 , wherein -R D1 is independently -L 3 -R E7 or -L 3 -R E8 , wherein -L 3 - is independently —CH 2 —.
• -R NNN is independently phenyl; and is optionally substituted at the para position with a substituent -R S , and is unsubstituted at all other positions, wherein -R S is independently —OR D1 , wherein —R D1 is independently -L 3 -R E7 or -L 3 -R E8 , wherein -L 3 - is independently —CH 2 —.
• -R NNN is independently phenyl; and is optionally substituted with a substituent -R S , wherein -R S is independently —OR D1 , wherein -R D1 is independently -R E3 .
• -R NNN is independently phenyl; and is optionally substituted at the para position with a substituent -R S , and is unsubstituted at all other positions, wherein -R S is independently —OR D1 , wherein -R D1 is independently -R E3 .
• the BCSA compound has a molecular weight of from 227 to 1200.
• the bottom of range is from 240, 250, 275, 300, or 350.
• the top of range is 1100, 1000, 900, 800, 700, or 600.
• the range is 240 to 600.
• the compounds are selected from compounds of the following formulae and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates thereof:
• the compounds are selected from compounds of the following formulae and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates thereof:
• the compounds are selected from compounds of the following formulae and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates thereof:
• the compounds are selected from compounds of the following formulae and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates thereof:
• the compounds are selected from compounds of the following formulae and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates thereof:
• the compounds are selected from compounds of the following formulae and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates thereof:
• the compounds are selected from compounds of the following formulae and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates thereof:
• the compounds are selected from compounds of the following formulae and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates thereof:
• the compounds are selected from compounds of the following formulae and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and solvates thereof:
• One aspect of the present invention pertains to BCSA compounds, as described herein, in substantially purified form and/or in a form substantially free from contaminants.
• the substantially purified form is at least 50% by weight, e.g., at least 60% by weight, e.g., at least 70% by weight, e.g., at least 80% by weight, e.g., at least 90% by weight, e.g., at least 95% by weight, e.g., at least 97% by weight, e.g., at least 98% by weight, e.g., at least 99% by weight.
• the substantially purified form refers to the compound in any stereoisomeric or enantiomeric form.
• the substantially purified form refers to a mixture of stereoisomers, i.e., purified with respect to other compounds.
• the substantially purified form refers to one stereoisomer, e.g., optically pure stereoisomer.
• the substantially purified form refers to a mixture of enantiomers.
• the substantially purified form refers to a equimolar mixture of enantiomers (i.e., a racemic mixture, a racemate).
• the substantially purified form refers to one enantiomer, e.g., optically pure enantiomer.
• the contaminants represent no more than 50% by weight, e.g., no more than 40% by weight, e.g., no more than 30% by weight, e.g., no more than 20% by weight, e.g., no more than 10% by weight, e.g., no more than 5% by weight, e.g., no more than 3% by weight, e.g., no more than 2% by weight, e.g., no more than 1% by weight.
• the contaminants refer to other compounds, that is, other than stereoisomers or enantiomers. In one embodiment, the contaminants refer to other compounds and other stereoisomers. In one embodiment, the contaminants refer to other compounds and the other enantiomer.
• the substantially purified form is at least 60% optically pure (i.e., 60% of the compound, on a molar basis, is the desired stereoisomer or enantiomer, and 40% is the undesired stereoisomer or enantiomer), e.g., at least 70% optically pure, e.g., at least 80% optically pure, e.g., at least 90% optically pure, e.g., at least 95% optically pure, e.g., at least 97% optically pure, e.g., at least 98% optically pure, e.g., at least 99% optically pure.
• 60% optically pure i.e., 60% of the compound, on a molar basis, is the desired stereoisomer or enantiomer, and 40% is the undesired stereoisomer or enantiomer
• at least 70% optically pure e.g., at least 80% optically pure, e.g., at least 90% optically pure, e
• Certain compounds may exist in one or more particular geometric, optical, enantiomeric, diasteriomeric, epimeric, atropic, stereoisomeric, tautomeric, conformational, or anomeric forms, including but not limited to, cis- and trans-forms; E- and Z-forms; c-, t-, and r-forms; endo- and exo-forms; R—, S—, and meso-forms; D- and L-forms; d- and l-forms; (+) and ( ⁇ ) forms; keto-, enol-, and enolate-forms; syn- and anti-forms; synclinal- and anticlinal-forms; ⁇ - and ⁇ -forms; axial and equatorial forms; boat-, chair-, twist-, envelope-, and halfchair-forms; and combinations thereof, hereinafter collectively referred to as “isomers” (or “isomeric forms”).
• isomers are structural (or constitutional) isomers (i.e., isomers which differ in the connections between atoms rather than merely by the position of atoms in space).
• a reference to a methoxy group, —OCH 3 is not to be construed as a reference to its structural isomer, a hydroxymethyl group, —CH 2 OH.
• a reference to ortho-chlorophenyl is not to be construed as a reference to its structural isomer, meta-chlorophenyl.
• a reference to a class of structures may well include structurally isomeric forms falling within that class (e.g., C 1-7 alkyl includes n-propyl and iso-propyl; butyl includes n-, iso-, sec-, and tert-butyl; methoxyphenyl includes ortho-, meta-, and para-methoxyphenyl).
• C 1-7 alkyl includes n-propyl and iso-propyl
• butyl includes n-, iso-, sec-, and tert-butyl
• methoxyphenyl includes ortho-, meta-, and para-methoxyphenyl
• keto/enol (illustrated below), imine/enamine, amide/imino alcohol, amidine/amidine, nitroso/oxime, thioketone/enethiol, N-nitroso/hydroxyazo, and nitro/aci-nitro.
• H may be in any isotopic form, including 1 H, 2 H (D), and 3 H (T); C may be in any isotopic form, including 12 C, 13 C, and 14 C; O may be in any isotopic form, including 16 O and 18 O; and the like.
• a reference to a particular compound includes all such isomeric forms, including mixtures (e.g., racemic mixtures) thereof.
• Methods for the preparation (e.g., asymmetric synthesis) and separation (e.g., fractional crystallisation and chromatographic means) of such isomeric forms are either known in the art or are readily obtained by adapting the methods taught herein, or known methods, in a known manner.
• a corresponding salt of the compound for example, a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts are discussed in Berge et al., 1977, “Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts,” J. Pharm. Sci ., Vol. 66, pp. 1-19.
• a salt may be formed with a suitable cation.
• suitable inorganic cations include, but are not limited to, alkali metal ions such as Na + and K + , alkaline earth cations such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , and other cations such as Al +3 .
• Suitable organic cations include, but are not limited to, ammonium ion (i.e., NH 4 + ) and substituted ammonium ions (e.g., NH 3 R + , NH 2 R 2 + , NFIR 3 + , NR 4 + ).
• suitable substituted ammonium ions are those derived from ethylamine, diethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, triethylamine, butylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine, benzylamine, phenylbenzylamine, choline, meglumine, and tromethamine, as well as amino acids, such as lysine and arginine.
• An example of a common quaternary ammonium ion is N(CH 3 ) 4 + .
• a salt may be formed with a suitable anion.
• suitable inorganic anions include, but are not limited to, those derived from the following inorganic acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric, sulfurous, nitric, nitrous, phosphoric, and phosphorous.
• Suitable organic anions include, but are not limited to, those derived from the following organic acids: 2-acetyoxybenzoic, acetic, ascorbic, aspartic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, cinnamic, citric, edetic, ethanedisulfonic, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, glucheptonic, gluconic, glutamic, glycolic, hydroxymaleic, hydroxynaphthalene carboxylic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauric, maleic, malic, methanesulfonic, mucic, oleic, oxalic, palmitic, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic, phenylsulfonic, propionic, pyruvic, salicylic, stearic, succinic, sulfanilic, tartaric, toluenesulfonic, and valeric.
• a reference to a particular compound also includes salt forms thereof.
• solvate is used herein in the conventional sense to refer to a complex of solute (e.g., compound, salt of compound) and solvent. If the solvent is water, the solvate may be conveniently referred to as a hydrate, for example, a mono-hydrate, a di-hydrate, a tri-hydrate, etc.
• a reference to a particular compound also includes solvate and hydrate forms thereof.
• chemically protected form is used herein in the conventional chemical sense and pertains to a compound in which one or more reactive functional groups are protected from undesirable chemical reactions under specified conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, radiation, solvent, and the like).
• specified conditions e.g., pH, temperature, radiation, solvent, and the like.
• well known chemical methods are employed to reversibly render unreactive a functional group, which otherwise would be reactive, under specified conditions.
• one or more reactive functional groups are in the form of a protected or protecting group (also known as a masked or masking group or a blocked or blocking group).
• a wide variety of such “protecting,” “blocking,” or “masking” methods are widely used and well known in organic synthesis.
• a compound which has two nonequivalent reactive functional groups both of which would be reactive under specified conditions, may be derivatized to render one of the functional groups “protected,” and therefore unreactive, under the specified conditions; so protected, the compound may be used as a reactant which has effectively only one reactive functional group.
• the protected group may be “deprotected” to return it to its original functionality.
• a hydroxy group may be protected as an ether (—OR) or an ester (—OC( ⁇ O)R), for example, as: a t-butyl ether; a benzyl, benzhydryl (diphenylmethyl), or trityl (triphenylmethyl)ether; a trimethylsilyl or t-butyldimethylsilyl ether; or an acetyl ester (—OC( ⁇ O)CH 3 , —OAc).
• ether —OR
• an ester —OC( ⁇ O)R
• an aldehyde or ketone group may be protected as an acetal (R—CH(OR) 2 ) or ketal (R 2 C(OR) 2 ), respectively, in which the carbonyl group (>C ⁇ O) is converted to a diether (>C(OR) 2 ), by reaction with, for example, a primary alcohol.
• the aldehyde or ketone group is readily regenerated by hydrolysis using a large excess of water in the presence of acid.
• an amine group may be protected, for example, as an amide (—NRCO—R) or a urethane (—NRCO—OR), for example, as: a methyl amide (—NHCO—CH 3 ); a benzyloxy amide (—NHCO—OCH 2 C 6 H 5 , —NH-Cbz); as a t-butoxy amide (—NHCO—OC(CH 3 ) 3 , —NH-Boc); a 2-biphenyl-2-propoxy amide (—NHCO—OC(CH 3 ) 2 C 6 H 4 C 6 H 5 , —NH-Bpoc), as a 9-fluorenylmethoxy amide (—NH-Fmoc), as a 6-nitroveratryloxy amide (—NH-Nvoc), as a 2-trimethylsilylethyloxy amide (—NH-Teoc), as a 2,2,2-trichloroethyloxy amide (—NH-Troc),
• a carboxylic acid group may be protected as an ester for example, as: an C 1-7 alkyl ester (e.g., a methyl ester; a t-butyl ester); a C 1-7 haloalkyl ester (e.g., a C 1-7 trihaloalkyl ester); a triC 1-7 alkylsilyl-C 1-7 alkyl ester; or a C 5-20 aryl-C 1-7 alkyl ester (e.g., a benzyl ester; a nitrobenzyl ester); or as an amide, for example, as a methyl amide.
• an C 1-7 alkyl ester e.g., a methyl ester; a t-butyl ester
• a C 1-7 haloalkyl ester e.g., a C 1-7 trihaloalkyl ester
• a thiol group may be protected as a thioether (—SR), for example, as: a benzyl thioether; an acetamidomethyl ether (—S—CH 2 NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3 ).
• SR thioether
• benzyl thioether an acetamidomethyl ether (—S—CH 2 NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3 ).
• prodrug refers to a compound which, when metabolised (e.g., in vivo), yields the desired active compound.
• the prodrug is inactive, or less active than the desired active compound, but may provide advantageous handling, administration, or metabolic properties.
• a reference to a particular compound also includes prodrugs thereof.
• some prodrugs are esters of the active compound (e.g., a physiologically acceptable metabolically labile ester). During metabolism, the ester group (—C( ⁇ O)OR) is cleaved to yield the active drug.
• esters may be formed by esterification, for example, of any of the carboxylic acid groups (—C( ⁇ O)OH) in the parent compound, with, where appropriate, prior protection of any other reactive groups present in the parent compound, followed by deprotection if required.
• prodrugs are activated enzymatically to yield the active compound, or a compound which, upon further chemical reaction, yields the active compound (for example, as in ADEPT, GDEPT, LIDEPT, etc.).
• the prodrug may be a sugar derivative or other glycoside conjugate, or may be an amino acid ester derivative.
• the BCSA compounds described herein are useful, for example, in the treatment of diseases and conditions that are ameliorated by the inhibition of TACE.
• One aspect of the present invention pertains to a method of inhibiting TACE in a cell, in vitro or in vivo, comprising contacting said cell with an effective amount of a BCSA compound, as described herein.
• Suitable assays for determining TACE inhibition are known in the art and/or are described herein.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method of regulating (e.g., inhibiting) cytokine release (e.g., TNF- ⁇ release) in a cell, in vitro or in vivo, comprising contacting said cell with an effective amount of a BCSA compound, as described herein.
• cytokine release e.g., TNF- ⁇ release
• Suitable assays for determining regulation (e.g., inhibition) of cytokine release are known in the art and/or are described herein.
• the method is performed in vitro.
• the method is performed in vivo.
• the BCSA compound is provided in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable composition.
• Any type of cell may be treated, including but not limited to, lung, gastrointestinal (including, e.g., bowel, colon), breast (mammary), ovarian, prostate, liver (hepatic), kidney (renal), bladder, pancreas, brain, and skin.
• gastrointestinal including, e.g., bowel, colon
• breast mammary
• ovarian prostate
• liver hepatic
• kidney renal
• bladder pancreas
• brain and skin.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a BCSA compound as described herein for use in a method of treatment (e.g., of a disease or disorder) of the human or animal body by therapy.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to use of a BCSA compound, as described herein, in the manufacture of a medicament for use in treatment (e.g., of a disease or disorder).
• the medicament comprises the BCSA compound.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method of treatment (e.g., of a disease or disorder) comprising administering to a patient in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a BCSA compound, as described herein, preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.
• the treatment is treatment of a disease or disorder that is mediated by TACE, for example, a disease or disorder that is known to be mediated by TACE.
• a disease or disorder that is mediated by TACE is, for example, a disease or disorder in which TACE and/or the action of TACE is important or necessary, e.g., for the onset, progress, expression, etc. of that disease or disorder.
• the treatment is treatment of a disease or disorder that is ameliorated by the inhibition of TACE, for example, a disease or disorder that is known to be ameliorated by the inhibition of TACE.
• the treatment is treatment of a disease or disorder that is treated by a TACE inhibitor, for example, a disease or disorder that is known to be treated by a TACE inhibitor.
• the treatment is treatment of: rheumatoid arthritis; inflammation; psoriasis; septic shock; graft rejection; cachexia; anorexia; congestive heart failure; post-ischaemic reperfusion injury; inflammatory disease of the central nervous system; inflammatory bowel disease; insulin resistance; HIV infection; cancer; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); or asthma.
• rheumatoid arthritis inflammation
• psoriasis septic shock
• graft rejection cachexia
• anorexia congestive heart failure
• post-ischaemic reperfusion injury inflammatory disease of the central nervous system
• inflammatory bowel disease insulin resistance
• HIV infection cancer
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• the treatment is treatment of: osteoarthritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, or degenerative cartilage loss.
• the treatment is treatment of inflammation.
• the treatment is treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
• the treatment is treatment of psoriasis.
• the treatment is treatment of: cancer.
• the treatment is treatment of: lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, stomach cancer, bowel cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal cancer, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, brain cancer, glioma, sarcoma, osteosarcoma, bone cancer, skin cancer, squamous cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, melanoma, malignant melanoma, lymphoma, or leukemia.
• the treatment is treatment of:
• a carcinoma for example a carcinoma of the bladder, breast, colon (e.g., colorectal carcinomas such as colon adenocarcinoma and colon adenoma), kidney, epidermal, liver, lung (e.g., adenocarcinoma, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung carcinomas), oesophagus, gall bladder, ovary, pancreas (e.g., exocrine pancreatic carcinoma), stomach, cervix, thyroid, prostate, skin (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma);
• a hematopoietic tumour of lymphoid lineage for example leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, hairy cell lymphoma, or Burkett's lymphoma;
• hematopoietic tumor of myeloid lineage for example acute and chronic myelogenous leukemias, myelodysplastic syndrome, or promyelocytic leukemia;
• tumour of mesenchymal origin for example fibrosarcoma or habdomyosarcoma
• a tumor of the central or peripheral nervous system for example astrocytoma, neuroblastoma, glioma or schwannoma;
• melanoma melanoma
• seminoma teratocarcinoma
• osteosarcoma xenoderoma pigmentoum
• keratoctanthoma thyroid follicular cancer
• Kaposi's sarcoma Kaposi's sarcoma
• the treatment is treatment of solid tumour cancer.
• the treatment is treatment of: a hyperproliferative skin disorder.
• the treatment is treatment of: psoriasis, actinic keratosis, and/or non-melanoma skin cancer.
• the treatment is treatment of: an inflammatory disease.
• the treatment is treatment of: an inflammatory disease involving pathological activation of T- and B-cell lymphocytes, neutrophils, and/or Mast cells.
• the treatment is treatment of: an inflammatory disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid spondylitis, gouty arthritis, traumatic arthritis, rubella arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and other arthritic conditions; Alzheimer's disease; toxic shock syndrome, the inflammatory reaction induced by endotoxin or inflammatory bowel disease; tuberculosis; atherosclerosis; muscle degeneration; Reiter's syndrome; gout; acute synovitis; sepsis; septic shock; endotoxic shock; gram negative sepsis; adult respiratory distress syndrome; cerebral malaria; chronic pulmonary inflammatory disease; silicosis; pulmonary sarcoisosis; bone resorption diseases; reperfusion injury; graft versus host reaction; allograft rejections; fever and myalgias due to infection, such as influenza, cachexia, in particular cachexia secondary to infection or malignancy, cachexia secondary to acquired immune de
• the treatment is treatment of: an arthritic condition, including rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatoid spondylitis; inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
• an arthritic condition including rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatoid spondylitis
• inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• the treatment is treatment of: an inflammatory disorder characterized by T-cell proliferation (T-cell activation and growth), for example, tissue graft rejection, endotoxin shock, and glomerular nephritis.
• an inflammatory disorder characterized by T-cell proliferation for example, tissue graft rejection, endotoxin shock, and glomerular nephritis.
• treatment pertains generally to treatment and therapy, whether of a human or an animal (e.g., in veterinary applications), in which some desired therapeutic effect is achieved, for example, the inhibition of the progress of the condition, and includes a reduction in the rate of progress, a halt in the rate of progress, alleviation of symptoms of the condition, amelioration of the condition, and cure of the condition.
• Treatment as a prophylactic measure i.e., prophylaxis
• treatment is also included. For example, use with patients who have not yet developed the condition, but who are at risk of developing the condition, is encompassed by the term “treatment.”
• treatment of cancer includes the prophylaxis of cancer, reducing the incidence of cancer, alleviating the symptoms of cancer, etc.
• terapéuticaally-effective amount pertains to that amount of a compound, or a material, composition or dosage form comprising a compound, which is effective for producing some desired therapeutic effect, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, when administered in accordance with a desired treatment regimen.
• treatment includes combination treatments and therapies, in which two or more treatments or therapies are combined, for example, sequentially or simultaneously.
• the BCSA compounds described herein may also be used in combination therapies, e.g., in conjunction with other agents, for example, other TACE inhibitors, other cytotoxic agents, other anticancer agents, etc.
• treatments and therapies include, but are not limited to, chemotherapy (the administration of active agents, including, e.g., drugs, antibodies (e.g., as in immunotherapy), prodrugs (e.g., as in photodynamic therapy, GDEPT, ADEPT, etc.); surgery; radiation therapy; photodynamic therapy; gene therapy; and controlled diets.
• BCSA compound as described herein with one or more other (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4) agents or therapies that regulates cell growth or survival or differentiation via a different mechanism, thus treating several characteristic features of cancer development.
• other agents or therapies that regulates cell growth or survival or differentiation via a different mechanism
• One aspect of the present invention pertains to a BCSA compound as described herein, in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents, as described below.
• the agents may be administered simultaneously or sequentially, and may be administered in individually varying dose schedules and via different routes.
• the agents can be administered at closely spaced intervals (e.g., over a period of 5-10 minutes) or at longer intervals (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4 or more hours apart, or even longer periods apart where required), the precise dosage regimen being commensurate with the properties of the therapeutic agent(s).
• agents i.e., the BCSA compound described here, plus one or more other agents
• the agents may be formulated together in a single dosage form, or alternatively, the individual agents may be formulated separately and presented together in the form of a kit, optionally with instructions for their use.
• the BCSA compounds described herein may also be used as cell culture additives to inhibit TACE, to inhibit cytokine release (e.g., TNF- ⁇ release), etc.
• the BCSA compounds described herein may also be used as part of an in vitro assay, for example, in order to determine whether a candidate host is likely to benefit from treatment with the compound in question.
• the BCSA compounds described herein may also be used as a standard, for example, in an assay, in order to identify other compounds, other TACE inhibitors, etc.
• kits comprising (a) a BCSA compound as described herein, or a composition comprising a compound as described herein, e.g., preferably provided in a suitable container and/or with suitable packaging; and
• instructions for use e.g., written instructions on how to administer the compound or composition.
• the written instructions may also include a list of indications for which the active ingredient is a suitable treatment.
• the BCSA compound or pharmaceutical composition comprising the BCSA compound may be administered to a subject by any convenient route of administration, whether systemically/peripherally or topically (i.e., at the site of desired action).
• Routes of administration include, but are not limited to, oral (e.g., by ingestion); buccal; sublingual; transdermal (including, e.g., by a patch, plaster, etc.); transmucosal (including, e.g., by a patch, plaster, etc.); intranasal (e.g., by nasal spray); ocular (e.g., by eyedrops); pulmonary (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation therapy using, e.g., via an aerosol, e.g., through the mouth or nose); rectal (e.g., by suppository or enema); vaginal (e.g., by pessary); parenteral, for example, by injection, including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intracardiac, intrathecal, intraspinal, intracapsular, subcapsular, intraorbital, intraperitoneal, intratracheal, subcuticular
• the subject/patient may be a chordate, a vertebrate, a mammal, a placental mammal, a marsupial (e.g., kangaroo, wombat), a rodent (e.g., a guinea pig, a hamster, a rat, a mouse), murine (e.g., a mouse), a lagomorph (e.g., a rabbit), avian (e.g., a bird), canine (e.g., a dog), feline (e.g., a cat), equine (e.g., a horse), porcine (e.g., a pig), ovine (e.g., a sheep), bovine (e.g., a cow), a primate, simian (e.g., a monkey or ape), a monkey (e.g., marmoset, baboon), an ape (e.g
• the subject/patient may be any of its forms of development, for example, a foetus.
• the subject/patient is a human.
• the BCSA compound While it is possible for the BCSA compound to be administered alone, it is preferable to present it as a pharmaceutical formulation (e.g., composition, preparation, medicament) comprising at least one compound, as described herein, together with one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients well known to those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients, adjuvants, fillers, buffers, preservatives, anti-oxidants, lubricants, stabilisers, solubilisers, surfactants (e.g., wetting agents), masking agents, colouring agents, flavouring agents, and sweetening agents.
• the formulation may further comprise other active agents, for example, other therapeutic or prophylactic agents.
• the present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions, as defined above, and methods of making a pharmaceutical composition comprising admixing at least one BCSA compound, as described herein, together with one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients well known to those skilled in the art, e.g., carriers, diluents, excipients, etc. If formulated as discrete units (e.g., tablets, etc.), each unit contains a predetermined amount (dosage) of the compound.
• pharmaceutically acceptable pertains to compounds, ingredients, materials, compositions, dosage forms, etc., which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of the subject in question (e.g., human) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• Each carrier, diluent, excipient, etc. must also be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation.
• Suitable carriers, diluents, excipients, etc. can be found in standard pharmaceutical texts, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th edition, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1990; and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 2nd edition, 1994.
• the formulations may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the compound with a carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the compound with carriers (e.g., liquid carriers, finely divided solid carrier, etc.), and then shaping the product, if necessary.
• carriers e.g., liquid carriers, finely divided solid carrier, etc.
• the formulation may be prepared to provide for rapid or slow release; immediate, delayed, timed, or sustained release; or a combination thereof.
• Formulations may suitably be in the form of liquids, solutions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), suspensions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), emulsions (e.g., oil-in-water, water-in-oil), elixirs, syrups, electuaries, mouthwashes, drops, tablets (including, e.g., coated tablets), granules, powders, losenges, pastilles, capsules (including, e.g., hard and soft gelatin capsules), cachets, pills, ampoules, boluses, suppositories, pessaries, tinctures, gels, pastes, ointments, creams, lotions, oils, foams, sprays, mists, or aerosols.
• solutions e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous
• suspensions e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous
• Formulations may suitably be provided as a patch, adhesive plaster, bandage, dressing, or the like which is impregnated with one or more compounds and optionally one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients, including, for example, penetration, permeation, and absorption enhancers. Formulations may also suitably be provided in the form of a depot or reservoir.
• the compound may be dissolved in, suspended in, or admixed with one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients.
• the compound may be presented in a liposome or other microparticulate which is designed to target the compound, for example, to blood components or one or more organs.
• Formulations suitable for oral administration include liquids, solutions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), suspensions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), emulsions (e.g., oil-in-water, water-in-oil), elixirs, syrups, electuaries, tablets, granules, powders, capsules, cachets, pills, ampoules, boluses.
• Formulations suitable for buccal administration include mouthwashes, losenges, pastilles, as well as patches, adhesive plasters, depots, and reservoirs.
• Losenges typically comprise the compound in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth.
• Pastilles typically comprise the compound in an inert matrix, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia.
• Mouthwashes typically comprise the compound in a suitable liquid carrier.
• Formulations suitable for sublingual administration include tablets, losenges, pastilles, capsules, and pills.
• Formulations suitable for oral transmucosal administration include liquids, solutions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), suspensions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), emulsions (e.g., oil-in-water, water-in-oil), mouthwashes, losenges, pastilles, as well as patches, adhesive plasters, depots, and reservoirs.
• solutions e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous
• suspensions e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous
• emulsions e.g., oil-in-water, water-in-oil
• mouthwashes e.g., losenges, pastilles, as well as patches, adhesive plasters, depots, and reservoirs.
• Formulations suitable for non-oral transmucosal administration include liquids, solutions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), suspensions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), emulsions (e.g., oil-in-water, water-in-oil), suppositories, pessaries, gels, pastes, ointments, creams, lotions, oils, as well as patches, adhesive plasters, depots, and reservoirs.
• solutions e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous
• suspensions e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous
• emulsions e.g., oil-in-water, water-in-oil
• suppositories e.g., pessaries, gels, pastes, ointments, creams, lotions, oils, as well as patches, adhesive plasters, depots, and reservoirs.
• Formulations suitable for transdermal administration include gels, pastes, ointments, creams, lotions, and oils, as well as patches, adhesive plasters, bandages, dressings, depots, and reservoirs.
• Tablets may be made by conventional means, e.g., compression or moulding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
• Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the compound in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with one or more binders (e.g., povidone, gelatin, acacia, sorbitol, tragacanth, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose); fillers or diluents (e.g., lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc, silica); disintegrants (e.g., sodium starch glycolate, cross-linked povidone, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose); surface-active or dispersing or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate); preservatives (e.g., methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl
• Moulded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
• the tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the compound therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile.
• Tablets may optionally be provided with a coating, for example, to affect release, for example an enteric coating, to provide release in parts of the gut other than the stomach.
• Ointments are typically prepared from the compound and a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base.
• Creams are typically prepared from the compound and an oil-in-water cream base.
• the aqueous phase of the cream base may include, for example, at least about 30% w/w of a polyhydric alcohol, i.e., an alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups such as propylene glycol, butane-1,3-diol, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol and mixtures thereof.
• the topical formulations may desirably include a compound which enhances absorption or penetration of the compound through the skin or other affected areas. Examples of such dermal penetration enhancers include dimethylsulfoxide and related analogues.
• Emulsions are typically prepared from the compound and an oily phase, which may optionally comprise merely an emulsifier (otherwise known as an emulgent), or it may comprises a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil.
• an emulsifier also known as an emulgent
• a hydrophilic emulsifier is included together with a lipophilic emulsifier which acts as a stabiliser. It is also preferred to include both an oil and a fat.
• the emulsifier(s) with or without stabiliser(s) make up the so-called emulsifying wax
• the wax together with the oil and/or fat make up the so-called emulsifying ointment base which forms the oily dispersed phase of the cream formulations.
• Suitable emulgents and emulsion stabilisers include Tween 60, Span 80, cetostearyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate and sodium lauryl sulfate.
• suitable oils or fats for the formulation is based on achieving the desired cosmetic properties, since the solubility of the compound in most oils likely to be used in pharmaceutical emulsion formulations may be very low.
• the cream should preferably be a non-greasy, non-staining and washable product with suitable consistency to avoid leakage from tubes or other containers.
• Straight or branched chain, mono- or dibasic alkyl esters such as di-isoadipate, isocetyl stearate, propylene glycol diester of coconut fatty acids, isopropyl myristate, decyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate or a blend of branched chain esters known as Crodamol CAP may be used, the last three being preferred esters. These may be used alone or in combination depending on the properties required. Alternatively, high melting point lipids such as white soft paraffin and/or liquid paraffin or other mineral oils can be used.
• Formulations suitable for intranasal administration, where the carrier is a liquid include, for example, nasal spray, nasal drops, or by aerosol administration by nebuliser, include aqueous or oily solutions of the compound.
• Formulations suitable for intranasal administration, where the carrier is a solid include, for example, those presented as a coarse powder having a particle size, for example, in the range of about 20 to about 500 microns which is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, i.e., by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close up to the nose.
• Formulations suitable for pulmonary administration include those presented as an aerosol spray from a pressurised pack, with the use of a suitable propellant, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichoro-tetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide, or other suitable gases.
• a suitable propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichoro-tetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide, or other suitable gases.
• Formulations suitable for ocular administration include eye drops wherein the compound is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent for the compound.
• Formulations suitable for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base comprising, for example, natural or hardened oils, waxes, fats, semi-liquid or liquid polyols, for example, cocoa butter or a salicylate; or as a solution or suspension for treatment by enema.
• a suitable base comprising, for example, natural or hardened oils, waxes, fats, semi-liquid or liquid polyols, for example, cocoa butter or a salicylate; or as a solution or suspension for treatment by enema.
• Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the compound, such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
• Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous or non-aqueous, isotonic, pyrogen-free, sterile liquids (e.g., solutions, suspensions), in which the compound is dissolved, suspended, or otherwise provided (e.g., in a liposome or other microparticulate).
• sterile liquids e.g., solutions, suspensions
• Such liquids may additional contain other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients, such as anti-oxidants, buffers, preservatives, stabilisers, bacteriostats, suspending agents, thickening agents, and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood (or other relevant bodily fluid) of the intended recipient.
• excipients include, for example, water, alcohols, polyols, glycerol, vegetable oils, and the like.
• suitable isotonic carriers for use in such formulations include Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Solution, or Lactated Ringer's Injection.
• concentration of the compound in the liquid is from about 1 ng/ml to about 10 ⁇ g/ml, for example from about 10 ng/ml to about 1 ⁇ g/ml.
• the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, for example, ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilised) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use.
• sterile liquid carrier for example water for injections, immediately prior to use.
• Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets.
• appropriate dosages of the BCSA compounds, and compositions comprising the BCSA compounds can vary from patient to patient. Determining the optimal dosage will generally involve the balancing of the level of therapeutic benefit against any risk or deleterious side effects.
• the selected dosage level will depend on a variety of factors including, but not limited to, the activity of the particular compound, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the compound, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds, and/or materials used in combination, the severity of the condition, and the species, sex, age, weight, condition, general health, and prior medical history of the patient.
• the amount of compound and route of administration will ultimately be at the discretion of the physician, veterinarian, or clinician, although generally the dosage will be selected to achieve local concentrations at the site of action which achieve the desired effect without causing substantial harmful or deleterious side-effects.
• Administration can be effected in one dose, continuously or intermittently (e.g., in divided doses at appropriate intervals) throughout the course of treatment. Methods of determining the most effective means and dosage of administration are well known to those of skill in the art and will vary with the formulation used for therapy, the purpose of the therapy, the target cell(s) being treated, and the subject being treated. Single or multiple administrations can be carried out with the dose level and pattern being selected by the treating physician, veterinarian, or clinician.
• a suitable dose of the BCSA compound is in the range of about 100 ⁇ g to about 250 mg (more typically about 100 ⁇ g to about 25 mg) per kilogram body weight of the subject per day.
• the compound is a salt, an ester, an amide, a prodrug, or the like
• the amount administered is calculated on the basis of the parent compound and so the actual weight to be used is increased proportionately.
• Cyclic sulphonamide derivatives (5.1)-(5.68) were prepared as follows (Scheme 1). Sulphonylation of amines (2.1)-(2.61) with sulphonylchlorides (1.1)-(1.8) was followed by heating to enable the cyclization. Some esters (3) were isolated and hydrolyzed under acidic conditions to provide the corresponding carboxylic acids (4). Some intermediate esters (3) were transformed to carboxylic acids (4) without isolation by prolonged heating in the same reaction pot that led to hydrolysis of ester functionality. Carboxylic acids (4.1)-(4.68) were converted to the corresponding hydroxamic acids (5.1)-(5.68) by using one of the three methods (Conditions A-C, Scheme 1).
• Sulphonylchlorides (1.2)-(1.6) needed for the synthesis of sulphonamides (5.62)-(5.66) were prepared by regioselective chlorosulphonylation of the known unsaturated esters (7.1)-(7.5) (see e.g., Imashiro, 2004; Westman et al., 2001; E1-Batta et al., 2007; Mahajan et al., 2005; Skretas et al., 2007).
• Sulphonylchlorides (1.7)-(1.8) needed for the synthesis of sulphonamides (5.67)-(5.68) were prepared starting from aminobenzenesulphonic acids (8.1)-(8.2) (Scheme 3). These were transformed to diazonium salts (9.1)-(9.2) that were subsequently used for the Heck reaction to give unsaturated esters (10.1)-(10.2). The intermediates (10.1)-(10.2) were transformed to sulphonylchlorides (1.7)-(1.8) by the reaction with thionylchloride.
• Amines (2.1)-(2.42) used for the synthesis of compounds (5.1)-(5.42) were commercially available.
• Amines (2.43)-(2.44) needed for the synthesis of sulphonamides (5.43)-(5.44) were obtained by O-alkylation of para-hydroxyaniline (11) with but-2-yn-1-yl methanesulphonate (12) (see, e.g., Brummond et al., 2004) and 4-chloromethyl-2-methylquinoline (13) (see, e.g., Duan et al., 2002) to give anilines (2.43) and (2.44), respectively (Scheme 4).
• Amines (2.45)-(2.61) needed for the synthesis of sulphonamides (5.45)-(5.61) were obtained by O-alkylation of para-hydroxynitrobenzene (14) with alkylating agents (15.1)-(15.17) and subsequent reduction of the nitro group in the resulting intermediates (16.1)-(16.17) by using one of the three conditions for the reduction (Scheme 5, Conditions A-C).
• Alkylating agents (15.1)-(15.7) needed for the synthesis of anilines (2.45)-(2.51) were commercially available.
• Alkylating agents (15.8)-(15.11) needed for the synthesis of anilines (2.52)-(2.55) were prepared according to the literature procedures (see e.g., White et al., 1982; Jackson et al., 1988; Thibault et al., 2006; Marshall et. al., 2000).
• Alkylating agent (15.12) needed for the synthesis of aniline (2.56) was prepared according to the method shown in Scheme 6.
• 2-Methyl-4-hydroxymethylquinoline (17) was oxidized with Dess-Martin periodinane to give aldehyde.
• Methylmagnesium bromide addition to intermediate aldehyde provided a secondary alcohol that was treated with methanesulphonylchloride to give alkylating agent (15.12).
• alkylating agents (15.14) and (15.15) needed for the preparation of anilines (2.58) and (2.59) were started from carboxylic acids (19.1) and (19.2) that were prepared according to the literature procedures (see, e.g., Yen et. al., 1958; Buchman et al., 1946) (Scheme 8).
• Carboxylic acids (19.1) and (19.2) were transformed to their esters that were subsequently reduced to alcohols. These intermediates were transformed to the required chloromethylquinolines (15.14) and (15.15) by the reaction with thionylchloride.
• hydroxamic acid (24) sulphonylchloride (1.1) was first transformed to unsaturated ester (23) in the reaction of with substituted aniline (22) (Scheme 10). The reaction of ester (23) with hydroxylamine under basic conditions led to intramolecular cyclization and formation of hydroxamic acid (24).
• Hydroxamic acid (36) was prepared according to the Scheme 12.
• Known unsaturated ester (30) (see, e.g., Eberbach et al., 1986) was regioselectively chlorosulphonylated and the product (31) used for the reaction with aniline (2.1) to give the cyclic ester (32).
• Phenolic hydroxy group was sulphonylated with triflic anhydride and the resulting product (33) used for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling with phenylboronic acid.
• the ester functionality in the intermediate (34) was hydrolyzed and carboxylic acid (35) transformed to hydroxamic acid (36).
• Hydroxamic acid (39) was prepared from cyclic ester (32). This was O-alkylated and the product (37) was hydrolyzed to give carboxylic acid (38) that in turn was transformed to hydroxamic acid (39).
• Hydroxamic acids (48.1) and (48.2) were prepared starting from commercially available sulphonamides (44.1) and (44.2) (Scheme 15). These were lithiated at the ortho-position to sulfonamide functionality (see, e.g., MacNeil et al., 2001) followed by iodination that led to intermediates (45.1) and (45.2). Heck reaction of aryliodides (45.1) and (45.2) with methyl acrylate provided cyclic esters (46.1) and (46.2). These were hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids (47.1) and (47.2) that were further transformed to hydroxamic acids (48.1) and (48.2).
• Sulphonamides (50.1)-(50.9) were obtained from commercially available sulphonylchlorides (49.1)-(49.9) and used for directed ortho-lithiation, formylation reaction sequence to provide intermediates (51.1)-(51.9). Olefination reaction of these intermediates gave cyclic esters (52.1)-(52.9) that were hydrolyzed to acids (53.1)-(53.9) and these were further transformed to hydroxamic acids (54.1)-(54.9).
• Sulphonamide (50.10) was prepared from sulphonylchloride (49.10) and was used for ortho-lithiation, formylation reaction sequence. This gave dehalogenated product (51.10) that was further transformed to hydroxamic acid (54.10) by using already established synthetic route (Scheme 17).
• Hydroxamic acid (54.11) was obtained according to the Scheme 18.
• Sulphonamide (50.11) was prepared from sulphonylchloride (49.11) and subjected to ortho-lithiation, formylation reaction sequence to give intermediate (51.11). The latter was used for olefination reaction giving product 52.11 with fluoro group replaced to methoxy group. This was further transformed to hydroxamic acid (54.11) using established procedures.
• Cyclic intermediate (51.5) gave product (52.12) having fluoro group replaced with metoxygroup besides the product (52.5) in the olefination reaction (Scheme 19). Cyclic ester (52.12) was transformed to hydroxamic acid (54.12) using established procedures.
• Hydroxamic acid (57) was prepared starting from ester (3.1) (Scheme 20). This was reduced and the resulting primary alcohol transformed to chloride. Chloride was replaced with cyanide to give intermediate (55) that was hydrolyzed and the resulting carboxylic acid (56) further transformed to hydroxamic acid (57).
• hydroxamic acids (62.1)-(62.2) The synthesis of hydroxamic acids (62.1)-(62.2) was performed according to the Scheme 21.
• Sulphonamides (59.1)-(59.2) prepared from sulphonylchlorides (58.1)-(58.2) were transformed to carboxylic acid esters (60.1)-(60.2) according to the published route (see, e.g., Takahashi et al., 2003).
• Esters (60.1)-(60.2) were hydrolyzed and the resulting carboxylic acids (61.1)-(61.2) were transformed to hydroxamic acids (62.1)-(62.2).
• Stereoisomers of cyclic sulphonamides (5.1), (5.43) and (5A4) were prepared in enantiomerically pure form (Scheme 22).
• (R)-phenylglycinol was acylated with racemic acids (4.1), (4.43) and (4.44) to give the corresponding amides as a mixture of diastereomers (S,R)-(63.1),(63.2),(63.3) and (R,R)-(63.1),(62.3),(63.3) that were separated by means of chromatography.
• Hydroxamic acid (72) was prepared as follows (Scheme 23). Salicylaldehyde (64) was treated with N,N-dimethylthiocarbamoylchloride to give thiocarbamate (65). This was subjected to the Newman-Kwart rearrangement providing S-carbamoyl thiosalicylaldehyde (66). Carbamoyl group in (66) was cleaved with MeONa and the resulting thiolate in situ alkylated with benzyl bromide to give S-benzylthiosalicylaldehyde (67). Subsequent Wittig reaction of aldehyde (67) gave unsaturated ester (68).
• ester (68) Sulphide group in ester (68) was oxidised to give sulphone (69) that was transformed to cyclic product (70) as a result of NaHCO 3 promoted intramolecular Michael reaction. Hydrolysis of the ester (70) under acidic conditions gave acid (71) that was transformed to hydroxamic acid (72).
• Hydroxamic acid (77) was prepared starting from known sulphonamide (73) (see, e.g., Goulaouic-Dubois et al., 1995). Orhto-lithiation, iodination reaction sequence provided iodide (74) that was used for the Heck reaction with methyl acrylate giving cyclic ester (75). This was hydrolyzed to carboxylic acid (76) that was further transformed to hydroxamic acid (77).
• Method A Chlorosulphonic acid (3.5 mL, 52 mmol) was cooled in an ice bath and to this added was unsaturated ester (7) (1.0 g, 5.2 mmol). The mixture was stirred while cooling starting material disappeared (TLC control, 30 minutes to 6 hours) and thoroughly poured into ice water. In the case the precipitate has formed, it was collected on a filter, washed with water and dried in vacuo to give the products (1). In the case no precipitate has formed, the aqueous phase was extracted with CHCl 3 , combined organic phase was dried over Na 2 SO 4 and the solvent removed in vacuo to give crude product (1) that was used for the next step without additional purification.
• anilines (2.45) and (2.46)
• intermediates (16.1) and (16.2) (6.5 mmol) were dissolved in EtOH (15 mL) and 10% Pd/C (95 mg) was added to the solution.
• the mixture was stirred under H 2 atmosphere until full conversion of the starting material (ca 4 h).
• the mixture was passed trough celite column and the solvent removed in vacuo to give anilines (2.45) and (2.46) as crude products.
• Raney Nickel was used as a hydrogenation catalyst.
• Method D To a solution of suphonylchloride (1) (1 mmol) and amine (2) (1 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) added was 1M aqueous solution of NaHCO 3 (3 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and then refluxed for 2 hours. After cooling to room temperature, water (20 mL) and EtOAc (20 mL) was added. The organic phase was separated and washed with brine (20 mL) and dried over Na 2 SO 4 . The solution was filtered and evaporated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with a mixture of light petroleum ether and EtOAc.
• Method F From sulphonylchlorides (1) and amines (2).
• sulphonylchloride (1) (1 mmol) and amine (2) (1 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) added was 1 M aqueous solution of NaHCO 3 (3 mL).
• the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and then refluxed for 8 hours.
• water (20 mL) and EtOAc (20 mL) were added.
• the aqueous phase was separated and acidified to pH ⁇ 2 with concentrated aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL).
• the organic phase was washed with brine (20 mL) and dried over Na 2 SO 4 .
• the solution was filtered and evaporated to give the residue with product (4) content ⁇ 30-80%. In most cases it was used for further transformation without purification.
• Method G To a solution of carboxylic acid (4) (1 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (10 mL) added was oxalylchloride (0.43 mL, 5 mmol) and a drop of DMFA. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature and evaporated. To the residue, added was a mixture prepared by dissolving hydroxylamine hydrochloride (347 mg, 5 mmol) in a mixture of THF (5 mL) and 1M aqueous NaHCO 3 (5 mL). The resulting suspension was stirred for 15 minutes and partitioned between EtOAc (50 mL) and water (30 mL).
• Method I A mixture of carboxylic acid (4) (0.24 mmol), O-tritylhydroxylamine (66 mg, 0.24 eq), EDCl (33 mg, 0.24 mg) and HOBt (46 mg, 0.24 mmol) in DMFA (2.4 mL) was stirred overnight and then diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (25 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 20 mL) and the combined organic phase washed with brine (20 mL). The extract was dried over Na 2 SO 4 filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with a mixture of light petroleum ether and EtOAc.
• Method K A solution of 4-methylpiridine derivative (20.1) or (20.2) (40 mmol) in dry THF was cooled to ⁇ 70° C. under inert atmosphere and to this 1.6 M n-BuLi in hexanes (28 mL, 44 mmol) was added dropwise. After addition was complete, the solution was stirred for additional 30 min at ⁇ 70° C. and DMFA (6.2 mL, 80 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred for additional 1 h 30 min at ⁇ 70° C. and quenched with saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl (10 mL) and warmed to room temperature.
• Nitrobenzene derivative (25) (182 mg, 0.6 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (5 mL) and to the solution Na 2 S ⁇ 9H 2 O (576 mg, 2.4 mmol) was added and the mixture was set to reflux for 3 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue partitioned between the water and Et 2 O (30 mL). The organic phase was extracted with 1 M aqueous HCl. Acidic aqueous extract was separated and made alkaline with 5 M aqueous NaOH to pH ⁇ 10. The mixture was extracted with Et 2 O (3 ⁇ 30 mL) and combined organic phase washed with brine (30 mL). The extract was dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and evaporated to give title compound (26) (40 mg) as a crude product.
• Method L A solution of sulphonamide (44) (3.7 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was cooled to 0° C. under argon atmosphere. 1.4 M n-BuLi in hexanes (5.7 mL, 7.9 mmol) was added dropwise and the mixture was allowed to reach room temperature. After stirring at room temperature for 1 h, the temperature of the mixture was set to ⁇ 78° C. and a solution of I 2 (1.04 g, 4.11 mmol) in THF (12 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at ⁇ 78° C. for 1 h and then allowed to reach room temperature.
• Method M A mixture of 2-iodo-N-phenylbenzenesulfonamide (45) (1.3 mmol), Pd(OAc) 2 (28 mg, 0.13 mmol), tri-o-tolylphosphine (77.3 mg, 0.25 mmol), triethylamine (1 mL, 7.2 mmol) and methyl acrylate (2.37 mL, 25.4 mmol) in DMFA (3 mL) was heated at 110° C. for 3 h. After cooling to room temperature, water (50 mL) was added and the mixture extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 30 mL). The combined organic phase was dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by means of flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with a mixture of light petroleum ether and EtOAc (5:1) to give (46).
• Method N Aniline (2.1) (0.70 g, 7.5 mmol) was suspended in 1 M aqueous NaHCO 3 (15 mL). A solution of sulphonylchloride (49) (5 mmol) in dioxane (15 mL) was added to the suspension and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 22 h. This was diluted with 5% aqueous KHSO 4 (40 mL). The precipitate formed was collected on a filter and washed with large amount of water. The material was well dried in vacuo over P 2 O 5 to give (50).
• Method O A solution of sulphonamide (50) (2.5 mmol) in THF (25 mL) was cooled (to 0° C. for the synthesis of compounds 51.1, 51.3, or to ⁇ 78° C. for the synthesis of compounds 51.2, 51.4-51.11).
• 1.6 M n-BuLi in hexanes (3.5 mL, 5.5 mmol) was added dropwise and the mixture kept while cooling for up to 2 h.
• the temperature of the mixture was set to ⁇ 78° C. and DMFA (0.39 mL, 5.0 mmol) was added in one portion.
• the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was allowed to reach room temperature and stirred for 2 h.
• Diastereomeric amides were separated by rotating disc chromatography on silica gel, eluting with hexane-ethyl acetate (1:2) to give amide (S,R)-(63.1) as fast eluting diastereomer (structure determined by X-ray spectroscopy) and (R,R)-(63.1) as slow eluting diastereomer.
• Diastereomeric amides were separated by flash chromatography on silica gel, eluting with EtOAc to give amide E1-(63.2) as fast eluting diastereomer (0.67 g) and E2-(63.2) (0.56 g) as slow eluting diastereomer.
• Each of diastereomeric amides E1-(63.2) (343 mg) and E2-(63.2) (343 mg) was hydrolyzed in a mixture of 1 M aqueous H 2 SO 4 (12 mL) and dioxane (12 mL) at reflux temperature for 30 h. Dioxane was removed in vacuo and water (30 ml) was added.
• Diastereomeric amides were separated by flash chromatography on silica gel, eluting with EtOAc to give amide E1463.3) as fast eluting diastereomer (0.30 g) and E2-(63.3) (0.27 g) as slow eluting diastereomer.
• Each of diastereomeric amides E1-(63.3) (140 mg) and E2-(63.3) (150 mg) was hydrolyzed in a mixture of 10% aqueous HCl (0.92 mL) and dioxane (0.92 mL) at 110° C. for 2 h. Dioxane was removed in vacuo and water (4 mL) was added.
• N,N-Dimethylthiocarbamoylchloride (7.42 g, 60 mmol) was added to a solution of salicylaldehyde (64 (4.89 g, 40 mmol) and DABCO (8.96 g, 80 mmol) in DMFA (80 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and poured into water (250 mL). The precipitate was collected on a filter and washed with a large amount of water. After drying over NaOH in vacuo, compound (65) (7.34 g, 87%) was obtained as slightly grey crystals.
• ester (70) (175 mg, 0.55 mmol) in a mixture of dioxane (3.3 mL) and concentrated aqueous HCl (1.1 mL) was stirred in room temperature for 2 days. Solvents were evaporated and replaced with fresh dioxane (3.3 mL) and concentrated aqueous HCl (3.3 mL). Stirring was continued for additional 2 days, until complete disappearance of starting material. Solvents were removed in vacuo and the residue portioned between EtOAc (30 mL) and saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (30 mL). Aqueous phase was separated and acidified with concentrated aqueous HCl.

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