US20100256066A1 - Active soluble post-translationally modified neuregulin isoforms - Google Patents

Active soluble post-translationally modified neuregulin isoforms Download PDF

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US20100256066A1
US20100256066A1 US12/742,983 US74298308A US2010256066A1 US 20100256066 A1 US20100256066 A1 US 20100256066A1 US 74298308 A US74298308 A US 74298308A US 2010256066 A1 US2010256066 A1 US 2010256066A1
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neuregulin
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André Schrattenholz
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MIND-NRG SA
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Definitions

  • the present invention refers to Neuregulin-1 isoforms soluble in physiological solutions representing posttranslational Neuregulin-1 modifications or splice variants as medication in cognition-related neurological disorders, in particular schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
  • NRG Neuregulins
  • These transmembrane proteins are encoded by four genes (NRG-1, -2, -3 and -4), and their diversity is further increased by alternate RNA splicing and promoter usage and in particular by posttranslational modifications like proteolytic processing which leads to release of soluble isoforms from membrane-bound holoproteins.
  • phosphorylation and glycosylation (Buonanno and Fischbach 2001). They are characterized by different extracellular domains and are ligands of ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases, which have downstream connotations to neuroinflammation and gene transcription (Holbro and Hynes 2004).
  • soluble isoforms of NRG-1 are produced from the transmembrane form of NRG through proteolytic cleavage during electrical stimulation and subsequently secreted as activity-dependent synaptic modulators (Ozaki et al. 2004).
  • NRG-1 N-terminal extracellular domain
  • NRG-1 has a central role in human neurological diseases due to NRG-dependent regulation of NMDA receptors (Schrattenholz and Soskic 2006), and subsequent downstream events like excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation and apoptosis (see FIG. 1 for summary).
  • NRG 1 plays a pivotal role in conditions ranging from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson' disease, to stroke and schizophrenia (Britsch 2007).
  • NRG-1 represents a crucial neurotrophic factor in regeneration of neuronal tissue after a variety of lesions, in a variety of specific brain regions and cell types. Obviously it is the crucial factor for maintenance and repair of the integrity of neuronal circuitry: neuroprotective and with roles in correct regeneration after loss of function, as well as in the formation of activity-dependent neuronal plasticity.
  • Neuregulin 1 ⁇ The interest in Neuregulin 1 ⁇ was further fueled considerably when Kastin et al., 2004, showed that Neuregulin 1 ⁇ is able to cross the blood-brain barrier. That opened the perspective for the therapeutic usage of Neuregulin 1 ⁇ .
  • Neuregulin 1 is also a substrate of BACE ( ⁇ -secretase, ⁇ -amyloid converting enzyme), which indicates the relevance of Neuregulin 1 in Alzheimer's disease (Glabe 2006; Schubert 2006).
  • BACE ⁇ -secretase, ⁇ -amyloid converting enzyme
  • neuregulin-1 increases the transcription of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme-A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis in Schwann cells (Pertusa et al. 2007). This has far reaching implications for all conditions where the myelin sheath is affected, e.g. schizophrenia and multiple sclerosis, or cognition-related functions, where so-called “cholesterol-rich rafts” are involved (Schrattenholz and Soskic 2006).
  • Schwann cell surrounding axons express NRG1 receptors ErbB2/ErbB3 and soluble NRG1 ⁇ and ⁇ under physiological conditions Following denervation, adult Schwann cells leave the contact with axon, change their morphology, stop expressing NRG1 ⁇ , and upregulate NRG1 ⁇ and ErbB2/ErbB3 expression (Geuna et al. 2007; Karoutzou et al. 2007).
  • NRG-1-SNP's are associated with Alzheimer and schizophrenia (Go et al. 2005; Scolnick et al. 2006; Ross et al. 2006; Meeks et al. 2006; Farmer et al. 2007).
  • the implications of these findings are related to other proteins of the functional NRG-containing complex depicted in FIG. 1 (ErbB receptor: (Benzel et al. 2007; Thomson et al. 2007; Hahn et al. 2006).
  • NRG-1 in multiple sclerosis
  • Neuregulin-1 ⁇ isoforms show pharmaceutical efficacy in animal models for learning and memory, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. After i.v. administration, Neuregulin-1 ⁇ isoforms were active at concentrations which are significantly lower than concentrations of control medicaments.
  • a first aspect of the present invention is the use of a recombinant soluble Neuregulin-1 isoform for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of neurological conditions, particularly of cognition-related neurological conditions.
  • a further aspect of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition or kit comprising (i) a recombinant soluble Neuregulin-1 isoform and (ii) a further medicament particularly for the treatment of neurological conditions, particularly of cognition-related neurological conditions.
  • Still a further aspect of the present invention is the use of a recombinant soluble Neuregulin-1 isoform for memory and cognition enhancement for the manufacture of a medicament.
  • Still a further aspect of the present invention is a method of treating a neurological condition comprising administering a recombinant soluble Neuregulin-1 isoform in a pharmaceutically effective amount to a subject in need thereof.
  • Still a further aspect of the present invention is a method for enhancing memory and cognition comprising administering a recombinant soluble Neuregulin-1 isoform in a pharmaceutically effective amount to a subject in need thereof.
  • Still a further aspect of the present invention is a co-administration of a recombinant soluble Neuregulin-1 isoform together with a further medicament.
  • soluble Neuregulin-1 isoforms have been found to be effective for the treatment of neurological conditions, particularly conditions, such as psychotic disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression, neurodegenerative disorders, like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), or Amylotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), epilepsy or neurological injury like stroke, traumatic brain injury and spinal chord injury.
  • neurological conditions particularly conditions, such as psychotic disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression, neurodegenerative disorders, like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), or Amylotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), epilepsy or neurological injury like stroke, traumatic brain injury and spinal chord injury.
  • schizophrenia in particular cognition-related aspects of schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
  • the invention also refers to the use of recombinant soluble Neuregulin-1 isoforms for memory and cognition enhancement, particularly for reducing and/or inhibiting memory and cognition loss associated with a neurological condition such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.
  • the recombinant soluble Neuregulin-1 isoform is preferably a human Neuregulin-1 isoform, i.e. a recombinant isoform comprising the primary amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring human Neuregulin-1 isoform or a sequence which has a identity of at least 90%, preferably at least 95% and most preferably of at least 98% based on the total length of the recombinant isoform.
  • the soluble recombinant Neuregulin-1 isoform of the present invention preferably comprises at least a portion of the extracellular domain of the corresponding Neuregulin-1, e.g. at least a portion of the extracellular domain of a human Neuregulin, e.g. human Neuregulin-1 ⁇ .
  • the recombinant soluble Neuregulin isoform of the present invention preferably has a length of up to 250 amino acids, e.g. 150 to 250 amino acids.
  • the molecular weight of the Neuregulin isoform is preferably of about 15 to about 35 KD, particularly about 25 to about 32 KD, as measured e.g. by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis (PAGE).
  • the recombinant soluble Neuregulin-1 isoform, particularly the recombinant Neuregulin-1 ⁇ isoform has an isoelectric point (pl) of about 4 to about 9.5, preferably of about 4 to about 6.
  • the isoform may be an unmodified polypeptide which consists of an unmodified amino acid sequence or a modified polypeptide, wherein the modification may be selected from phosphorylation, glycosylation, methylation, myristylation, oxidation and any combination thereof.
  • the Neuregulin-1 isoform comprises at least one phosphorylated amino acid residue.
  • the present invention encompasses conjugation to heterologous moieties such as poly(alkyleneoxide) moieties, particularly polyethylene glycol moieties.
  • the recombinant soluble isoforms may be administered according to any route by which effective delivery into the target tissue, e.g. the nervous system, particulary the central nervous system, such as brain and/or spinal chord, is achieved. It was found that pharmaceutically effective concentrations of Neuregulin isoforms may be achieved by systemic administration.
  • the isoforms may be administered by injection or infusion, e.g. by intravenous injection.
  • the isoforms are preferably administered in an amount of 0.1 to 5000 ng/kg body weight, particularly in an amount of 2 to 1000 ng/kg body weight and more particularly in an amount of 3 to 600 ng/kg body weight of the subject to be treated, depending on the type and severity of the condition to be treated.
  • the soluble isoforms may also be administered locally, e.g. by direct administration into the central nervous system, e.g. into the spinal chord and/or into the brain. Also administration at higher dosages of up to 500 ⁇ g/kg by i.p. or s.c. injections, or inhalation devices are may be considered.
  • the subject to be treated is a mammal, more preferably a human patient.
  • the soluble recombinant Neuregulin-1 isoforms may be administered as a stand-alone medication, i.e. as a monotherapy or as a co-medication, i.e. in combination with a further medicament, particularly with a further medicament which is suitable for the treatment of a neurological condition.
  • Examples of further medicaments are compounds affecting catecholamine metabolism, acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, MAO-B- or COMT-inhibitors, Memantine-type channel blockers, dopamine or serotonine receptor agonists or antogonists, catecholamine or serotonine reuptake inhibitors or any type of antipsychotic medicaments like clozapine or olanzapine or gabapentin-like drugs, particularly in the treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression or other neurological conditions.
  • Additional examples of further medicaments are neuroprotective agents such as PARP-1 inhibitors, e.g. as disclosed in WO 2006/008118 and WO 2006/008119, which are herein incorporated by reference.
  • an embodiment of the present invention refers to the combination of a recombinant soluble Neuregulin-1 isoform as described herein with a medicament for the treatment of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorders and depression, e.g. olanzapine or clozapine.
  • a further embodiment refers to the combination of a recombinant soluble Neuregulin-1 isoform and a medicament for the treatment of a neurodegenerative disease such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, MS or ALS.
  • Still a further embodiment refers to the combination of a recombinant soluble Neuregulin-1 isoform and a medicament for the treatment of neurological injury, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury or spinal chord injury.
  • the combination therapy may be effected by co-administering the recombinant soluble Neuregulin-1 isoform and the further medicament in the form of a pharmaceutical composition or kit, wherein the individual medicaments are administered by separate or common administration.
  • the Neuregulin-1 isoform may be a Neuregulin-1 Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV, Type V or Type VI isoform, preferably a Neuregulin-1 ⁇ isoform, a Neuregulin-1 ⁇ isoform or a Sensory and motor neuron-derived factor (SMDF) isoform, particularly a Neuregulin-1 ⁇ isoform and more particularly a human Neuregulin-1 ⁇ isoform.
  • SMDF Sensory and motor neuron-derived factor
  • Neuregulin 1 ⁇ isoforms are actively transported through the blood brain barrier.
  • the present application encompasses the use of unmodified and modified Neuregulin-1 isoforms, particularly Neuregulin-1 ⁇ isoforms.
  • Neuregulin-1 ⁇ isoforms There is evidence that posttranslational modifications like proteolytic processing, phosphorylation and glycosylation take place at certain amino acid residues of the Neuregulin-1, and in particular its extracellular domain.
  • posttranslational modifications like proteolytic processing, phosphorylation and glycosylation take place at certain amino acid residues of the Neuregulin-1, and in particular its extracellular domain.
  • the release of soluble fragments of Neuregulin-1 has been reported (Buonanno and Fischbach 2001; Fischbach 2007). Potential oxidation has been reported as well (Nadri et al. 2007).
  • preferred physiologically active Neuregulin-1 ⁇ isoforms comprise the extracellular domain of Neuregulin-1 ⁇ or a part thereof which has been post-translationally modified.
  • the isoforms have been modified by phosphorylation, wherein 1, 2, 3 or more amino acid side chain residues, particularly side chain residues having an OH-group such as Tyr, Ser or Thr, have been phosphorylated.
  • Preferred phosphorylation sites are located at amino acid positions 79-82, 133-136 and/or 158-161 (nomenclature according to Falquet et al., 2002). Further preferred phosphorylation sites are located at amino acids 12-14, 30-32 and/or 85-87.
  • Further potential modification sites are amidation sites, preferably located at positions 22-25 and/or 30-33, glycosylation sites at positions 150-153, 156-159 and/or 204-207, and myristylation sites, preferably located at positions 94-99, 149-154, 168-173, 175-180 and/or 202-207 according to the nomenclature of Falquet et al. 2002.
  • Schizophrenia is a serious and disabling mental disorder with symptoms such as auditory hallucinations, disordered thinking and delusions, avolition, anhedonia, blunted affect and apathy.
  • symptoms such as auditory hallucinations, disordered thinking and delusions, avolition, anhedonia, blunted affect and apathy.
  • Epidemiological, clinical, neuropsychological, and neurophysiological studies have provided substantial evidence that abnormalities in brain development and ongoing neuroplasticity play important roles in the pathogenesis of the disorder (Arnold et al. 2005).
  • Schizophrenia is thought to include a disorder of dopaminergic neurotransmission, but modulation of the dopaminergic system by glutamatergic neurotransmission seems to play a key role.
  • This view is supported by genetic findings of the neuregulin- and dysbindin genes, which have functional impact on the glutamatergic system (Muller and Schwarz 2006).
  • neuregulins include neuregulins
  • Neuregulin-1 which is a psychosis susceptibility gene with effects on neuronal migration, axon guidance and myelination that could potentially explain findings of abnormal anatomical and functional connectivity in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (McIntosh et al. 2007).
  • NRG1 plays an outstanding role, has triggered suggestions that genes implicated in these psychoses such as NRG-1 may eventually provide the basis for classification based on biology rather than symptoms, and lead to novel treatment strategies for these complex brain disorders (Blackwood et al. 2007; Bertram et al. 2007).
  • the experimental data of the present application demonstrate the effectiveness of administration of a soluble recombinant Neuregulin-1 ⁇ isoform in an experimental model of schizophrenia.
  • the enzyme, BACE1 (beta-site amyloid precursor protein—cleaving enzyme 1), is required to cleave amyloid- from a larger precursor. (After BACE1-mediated cleavage, the presenilin-containing complex ⁇ -secretase makes the final cleavage, liberating amyloid- ⁇ tilde over ( ) ⁇ .
  • NRG nerve myelination
  • neuregulin 1 is also cleaved by ⁇ -secretase.
  • Proteolytic cleavage of neuregulin 1 by ⁇ -secretase is critical for peripheral nerve myelination by Schwann cells. Drugs that target ⁇ -secretase could affect peripheral nerve development and function.
  • the experimental data of the present application demonstrate the effectiveness of administration of a soluble recombinant Neuregulin-1 ⁇ isoform in an experimental model of Alzheimer's disease.
  • NRG-1 reduces neuronal damage and improves neurological outcome after middle cerebral artery occlusion (a common stroke model) (Xu et al. 2005b; Xu et al. 2004; Xu et al. 2006; Guo et al. 2006).
  • NRG-1 is antiapoptotic.
  • NRG-1 (3.0 ng/kg) was applied intravascularly 10 min before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and subsequent focal cerebral ischemia for 90 min and reperfusion for 24 h.
  • MCAO middle cerebral artery occlusion
  • the data of the present invention demonstrate that administration of recombinant soluble Neuregulin-1 isoforms at low concentration has a significant pharmacological effect and thus is assumed to be effective in models of stroke and traumatic brain injury.
  • FIG. 1 Various reviews and numerous research articles on Neuregulin 1 show the key functional position of NRG 1 as an upstream regulatory principle of mechanisms thought to be pivotal in neurodegenerative diseases, neurological disorders, as well as physiological function:
  • NRG are key parts of functional complexes, consisting at least of neuregulins (NRG), receptor tyrosine kinases (ErbB receptors), heparansulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) and NMDA receptors (NMDAR), which are transiently and activity-dependent assembled together in cholesterol (CHO)-rich membrane microdomains.
  • NRG neuregulins
  • ErbB receptors receptor tyrosine kinases
  • HSPG heparansulfate proteoglycans
  • NMDAR NMDA receptors
  • the shaping of calcium signals is important for the interaction with subsynaptic scaffolding proteins by posttranslational modifications (PSD-95, by interaction with certain phosphorylated domains, like PDZ- or SH-domains on partner proteins).
  • the PSD-95 complex directly regulates pro-inflammatory enzymes like nitric oxide synthase (NOS, iNOS is inducible, nNOS is neuronal) and Cox-2 (cyclooxygenase-2), which promote their effects in a complex relationship with related, but not necessarily downstream mechanisms, involving NAD + -dependent enzymes like PARP-1 (poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-) and Sir-2 (sirtuin-2); PARG is poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase the complementary and antagonistic enzyme to PARP-1, HDAC are histone deacetylases, the general class of enzymes which includes Sir-2.
  • MPTP stands for the mitochondrial permeability transition pore.
  • DRP-2 is dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2. Also other important membrane proteins, like certain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR ⁇ 7), GABA A receptors (GABA A R) amyloid precursor protein (APP) and proteases (PS) are transiently organized in lipid rafts and acquire different functional properties outside the usual phospholipid (PL) environment, details in (Schrattenholz and Soskic 2006).
  • nAChR ⁇ 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
  • GABA A receptors GABA A receptors
  • APP amyloid precursor protein
  • PS proteases
  • FIG. 2 Summary of learning experiments in Morris water maze: animals treated with a daily dose of 3 ng/kg (i.v.) of the soluble extracellular domain of neuregulins-1 beta (NRG-1 beta-ECD) were significantly better in learning than vehicle treated animals; IAE: inner area entry; IAEF inner area entry frequency; TS: time spent in inner area; DT: distance traveled in inner area.
  • NSG-1 beta-ECD neuregulins-1 beta
  • FIG. 3 Reduction of Amphetamine-induced hyperactivity by NRG-1 beta-ECD, a widely accepted model for schizophrenia. Concentrations ranged from 15 to 600 ng/kg (i.v. injection 15 minutes prior to amphetamine application). A positive control of 0.125 mg/kg Haloperidol was included.
  • NRG-1 beta-ECD reduction asymptotically approaches control levels of activity, but does not cause further reduction.
  • the low effective concentrations of NRG-1 beta-ECD and the absence of negative effects (reduction of activity below vehicle control levels) are the outstanding properties in this model. The effects are significant with p ⁇ 0.05;
  • FIG. 4 Summary of learning experiments with APPPS mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis and Alzheimer's disease in a Morris water maze: animals treated with a daily dose of 200 ng/kg i.p. NRG-1 beta-ECD were significantly better in learning than vehicle treated animals; IAE: inner area entry; IAEF inner area entry frequency; TS: time spent in inner area; DT: distance traveled in inner area.
  • FIG. 5 HPLC quantification of dopamine and its metabolites: The columns labelled with asterisks are highly significant.
  • FIG. 6 Metabolism of dopamine by MAO-B and COMT.
  • FIG. 8 Two representative images of 2D-Western blots of brain proteins of APPPS mice stained for Neuregulin-1 ⁇ are shown of each, a treated and good learning animal (top) and non-treated animal with inferior learning performance (below).
  • the numbers in the upper part are pl values of the 2D gel.
  • FIG. 9 A Western blot experiment compares the abundance of the NRG-1 ⁇ ECD-fragment in post mortem cortical material from Alzheimer patients and controls.
  • FIG. 10 2D-PAGE shows, that the acidic isoform of NRG-1 ⁇ -ECD, with a pl of approx. 5-5.5 and a molecular weight of approx 25-32 kD in these experiments is clearly diminished in Alzheimer's patients brains.
  • the physiologically active form of Neuregulin-1 isoform has a pl of approx. 5.5.
  • the physiologically active form has an pl of approx. 5.5 (most of the experiments were carried through with a commercially available isoform produced in E. coli , with a molecular weight of 26 kD and an pl of approx. 9.0)
  • This isoform is a recombinant soluble human NRG-1 beta fragment consisting of the first 245 amino acids of NRG-1 ⁇ , purchased from R & D Systems, Inc. (Catalog No. 377-HB-CF). It will be named NRG-1 beta-ECD in the following.
  • This active isoform has a pl of approx. 9.0
  • NRG-1 ⁇ NRG-1 ⁇ with 8 kD, only comprising the EGF domain, purchased from R&D Systems (Catalog No. 396-HB). This fragment appears to be neuroprotective as well in vitro and in vivo, but was not investigated in depth because of much higher proliferative properties, which raised concerns about cancerogenity.
  • NRG1 ⁇ ECD
  • concentrations were ranging from 3-600 ng/kg.
  • the Morris Water Maze assesses spatial learning. It requires animals to swim in a water-filled pool and to find a rescue platform submerged just below the surface. It is obligatory that the platform is placed away from the walls of the maze and that animals have reference points visible from the water surface that permit estimation of location, but are not close enough to the target to permit associative learning. The animals are trained that rescue only comes via the platform meaning that all animals which do not find the platform, are guided to the platform and allowed to rest before being removed from the set-up. Therefore, one of the most important reference points for the mouse is the human operator.
  • the experiment aims at determining two key parameters associated with murine spatial recall:
  • the study is performed with two groups of APP/PS mice (Meyer-Luehmann et al. 2006; Radde et al. 2006), one of which is treated by a daily dose of NRG-1 beta-ECD and the other one is sham treated as a control.
  • Each group consists of 8 males which are nine weeks old at the beginning of their first series of experiments.
  • the first series of experiments started with two subgroups of 8 treated and 8 untreated mice on week 42 and will last for 15 days. Further series of identical experiments will be performed 6, 12, etc. weeks later.
  • a pool of 120 cm diameter is used which is placed at an exactly reproducible position in the lab with always identical orientation.
  • a white, translucent, circular platform of 15, 10, or 5 cm diameter is placed that extends to just below the water surface (so it is invisible to the mice) and that the animals can climb on—which is the only means to rest out of the water.
  • the platform is coated with a gauze grip surface (see FIG. 11 ).
  • the platform In order to perform the rescue procedure in probe trials as detailed below, the platform is equipped with a mechanism that allows for automatically raising and lowering it without direct operator intervention. Thus, depending on its height the platform is accessible to the swimming mice or not “On-demand platform” (Buresova et al. 1985).
  • Platform locations are always situated in a ring shaped, concentric region of the pool with inner and outer diameters ⁇ 40 cm and ⁇ 80 cm, respectively.
  • Four quadrants are defined such that the platform occupies the central region of one of them (the target quadrant). For further details on platform sizes and positions see below.
  • a socket will be firmly affixed to the floor of the pool on which the platform can be mounted with a minimum of spatial tolerance.
  • a brief video recording will be taken without an animal but with the cue plugged into the platform whenever the platform or the video camera have been manipulated with in any way.
  • the water is made opaque using low fat milk powder.
  • the water temperature should be cold enough to encourage searching for an exit but not so cold that the animals suffer or are exhausted.
  • water temperature is monitored at the start of each experiment and modulated with either warm water or ice flakes to 18° C. Between individual trials, temperature is readjusted as needed.
  • a video camera is firmly mounted at an exactly vertical position above the center of the pool, such that the pool completely fills the video image.
  • Video recordings are taken at PAL resolution (720 ⁇ 576 pixels, 25 frames per second), at the least.
  • the videos are evaluated by an automatic tracking system that allows for flawless detection of the animals movements with time.
  • Mice are placed into the water using a special devise that is mounted on a stick, so they can be watered at exactly defined spots along the rim of the pool without the operator entering the cabin made up of the translucent curtain.
  • mice are placed into the pool at predefined sites and are allowed to swim for 60 s.
  • mice are subjected to three different kinds of tasks:
  • mice are treated daily with either 5 ng/kg NRG-1 beta-ECD (suspended in black 6 mouse serum and provided i.v. in a volume of 20 ⁇ L per mouse) or with 20 ⁇ L of vehicle i.v., respectively.
  • mice in the study receive sham treatment only. Thereafter, mice are assigned to the Neuregulin and the control groups such that the distributions of escape latencies match in both groups.
  • the rate of learning is assessed by monitoring each training/test session and noting the success of the animals in finding the platform as well as the evolution of the search strategy from skirting the sides of the pool to moving away from the sides to search in the near to central area where the platform lies.
  • each mouse's motion track is extracted and exported as a series of x, y, and time coordinates for further processing. Care needs to be taken to reliably identify each track's staring point and to avoid tracking errors. Simultaneously, a number of parameters are computed from which conclusions regarding the animals' learning aptitude can be drawn (see below). Parameter recordings are halted after 60 s or if the mouse has found the platform (whichever happens earlier).
  • the method which detects antipsychotic and anti-Parkinson activity, follows that described by Costall et al. 1978 and uses an activity meter similar to that described by Boissier and Simon 1966.
  • Amphetamine induces hyperactivity in this test situation. Hyperactivity is antagonized by classical and atypical antipsychotics acting on dopaminergic systems at the limbic level, and is potentiated by anti-Parkinson drugs.
  • Rats are injected with d-amphetamine (3 mg/kg i.p.) and are immediately placed in the activity meter.
  • the activity meter consists of 12 covered Plexiglass cages (40 ⁇ 25 ⁇ 25 cm) contained within a darkened cabinet. Each cage is equipped with two photocell assemblies at each end of the cage, 3 cm above the floor, in order to measure the number of movements by each animal (one per cage) from one end of the cage to the other. Two additional photocell assemblies are placed at 20 cm above the floor to record rearing. The scores for activity and rearing are recorded by computer over 10-minute intervals and cumulated over a 30-minute period.
  • test substance was evaluated at 8 doses, administered i.v. 15 minutes before amphetamine, and compared with a vehicle control group. The experiment also included a control group not treated with amphetamine. Haloperidol (0.125 mg/kg i.v.), administered under the same experimental conditions, was used as reference substance.
  • the experiment therefore included 16 groups.
  • NRG-1 beta-ECD in a dose-dependent manner inhibits the amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in an animal model for schizophrenia.
  • NRG-1 beta-ECD showed a general trend towards re-establishment of PPI (+26%, +23% and +36%, at 150, 300 and 600 ng/kg respectively), although the effect did not reach statistical significance and was not observed at 115 dB. It had no effects on spontaneous movements in the absence of stimulus at 150 or 300 ng/kg but significantly decreased spontaneous movements in the absence of stimulus at 600 ng/kg ( ⁇ 20% and ⁇ 29%, on average and peak intensities respectively, p ⁇ 0.05, this is similar to aripiprazole). NRG-1 beta-ECD had no effects on the reaction to the pre-pulse alone.
  • the reference substance aripiprazole
  • NRG-1 beta-ECD appears to affect PPI at higher concentrations around 600 ng/kg.
  • Brain tissue is dissected (Substantia Nigra, Striatum, Cortex) of 10 weeks old male C57BI6 mice (N 10 per group) at different times after treatment (0, 1, 3, 7, 21 days) with NaCl (controls) or MPTP (acute and subchronic models).
  • NaCl controls
  • MPTP acute and subchronic models
  • MPTP is dissolved as a powder in 0.9% NaCl and is injected intraperitoneal (acute application: 4 ⁇ 20 mg/kg, each at 2 hour intervals; chronic application: 5 ⁇ 30 mg/kg, each at 24 hour intervals). These injections take approx. 10 seconds, animals were sacrificed at defined time points (see table) by cervical dislocation. The procedures follow published protocols (Hoglinger et al. 2007; Hoglinger et al. 2004; Liberatore et al. 1999; Przedborski and Vila 2003; Vila and Przedborski 2003).
  • NRG-1 beta-ECD causes a significant increase of homovanillic acid (HVA), an effect, which is even more pronounced in the absence of MPTP-insult.
  • HVA homovanillic acid
  • NRG-1 beta-ECD is also highly neuroprotective in this model. Given the ip injection during this series of experiments, the clear efficacy also proves again that NRG-1 beta-ECD is highly efficient in passing the blood brain barrier.
  • FIG. 6 shows the metabolic scheme which appears to be affected by NRG-1 beta-ECD administration: dopamine is converted by MAO-B to DOPAC and by COMT to 3-MT; homovanillic acid is subsequently generated form both metabolites by COMT from DOPAC and by MAO-B from 3-MT; NRG-1 beta-ECD administration is obviously regulating activities of both enzymes.
  • Neuregulin-1 (H-210) is recommended for detection of Neuregulin-1 isoforms HRG- ⁇ , HRG- ⁇ 1A, HRG- ⁇ 2B, HRG- ⁇ 3, HRG- ⁇ 1, HRG- ⁇ 2, HRG- ⁇ 3 (GGF), GGF2 and SMDF of mouse, rat and human origin by Western Blotting (starting dilution 1:200, dilution range 1:100-1:1000), immunoprecipitation [1-2 ⁇ g per 100-500 ⁇ g of total protein (1 ml of cell lysate)] and immunofluorescence (starting dilution 1:50, dilution range 1:50-1:500).
  • FIG. 8 two representative images are shown of each, a treated good learning animal (top) and non-treated animal with inferior learning performance. (below).
  • FIG. 9 shows the results of a Western Blot experiment using post mortem cortical material from each 9 Alzheimer patients and age-matched controls. It clearly reveals, that the NRG-1 ⁇ -ECD fragment is significantly less abundant in the Alzheimer cases. As an internal control the abundance of NRG-12 was measured, which appears not to be affected by the memory-loss associated with the disease.
  • NRG-1-ECD fragment with EGF domains of SMDF, NRG-1 alpha, but in particular NRG-1 beta might be useful as a stand-alone or co- medication for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression.
  • neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, stroke, traumatic brain and spinal chord injuries.
  • Soluble NRG-1-ECD proteins have these very broad effects due to a central role in neuronal signal transduction, in particular mediating glutamate signalling and excitotoxicity, which plays a central role in all indications mentioned above (Schrattenholz and Soskic 2006).
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