US20090306608A1 - Ophthalmic devices for the controlled release of active agents - Google Patents

Ophthalmic devices for the controlled release of active agents Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090306608A1
US20090306608A1 US12/437,163 US43716309A US2009306608A1 US 20090306608 A1 US20090306608 A1 US 20090306608A1 US 43716309 A US43716309 A US 43716309A US 2009306608 A1 US2009306608 A1 US 2009306608A1
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Prior art keywords
active agent
containing material
reservoir
plug
release
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Abandoned
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US12/437,163
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English (en)
Inventor
Zhigang Li
II Michael J. Trezza
Maureen J. Borgia
Aruna Nathan
Bret A. Coldren
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Individual
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Individual
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Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US12/437,163 priority Critical patent/US20090306608A1/en
Publication of US20090306608A1 publication Critical patent/US20090306608A1/en
Priority to US12/779,238 priority patent/US8377042B2/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M35/00—Devices for applying media, e.g. remedies, on the human body
    • A61M35/003—Portable hand-held applicators having means for dispensing or spreading integral media
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting-in contact lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
    • A61F9/0008—Introducing ophthalmic products into the ocular cavity or retaining products therein
    • A61F9/0017—Introducing ophthalmic products into the ocular cavity or retaining products therein implantable in, or in contact with, the eye, e.g. ocular inserts
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0048—Eye, e.g. artificial tears
    • A61K9/0051—Ocular inserts, ocular implants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
    • A61L27/58—Materials at least partially resorbable by the body
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P23/00—Anaesthetics
    • A61P23/02—Local anaesthetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2250/00—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2250/0058—Additional features; Implant or prostheses properties not otherwise provided for
    • A61F2250/0067—Means for introducing or releasing pharmaceutical products into the body
    • A61F2250/0068—Means for introducing or releasing pharmaceutical products into the body the pharmaceutical product being in a reservoir
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting-in contact lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
    • A61F9/007—Methods or devices for eye surgery
    • A61F9/00772—Apparatus for restoration of tear ducts
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0043—Nose

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to devices suitable for delivering substances to one or more of the eye, nose and throat.
  • the invention relates to devices capable of delivering one or more active agents in a controlled manner over a period time.
  • Active agents frequently are administered to the eye for the treatment of ocular diseases and disorders.
  • Conventional means for delivering active agents to the eye involve topical application to the surface of the eye.
  • the eye is uniquely suited to topical administration because, when properly constituted, topically applied active agents can penetrate through the cornea and rise to therapeutic concentration levels inside the eye.
  • Active agents for ocular diseases and disorders may be administered orally or by injection, but such administration routes are disadvantageous in that, in oral administration, the active agent may reach the eye in too low a concentration to have the desired pharmacological effect and their use is complicated by significant, systemic side effects and injections pose the risk of infection.
  • ocular active agents are currently delivered topically using eye drops which, though effective for some applications, are inefficient.
  • a drop of liquid When a drop of liquid is added to the eye, it overfills the conjunctival sac, the pocket between the eye and the lids, causing a substantial portion of the drop to be lost due to overflow of the lid margin onto the cheek.
  • a substantial portion of the drop that remains on the ocular surface is drained into the lacrimal puncta, diluting the concentration of the drug.
  • FIG. 1 is a first embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a second embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a third embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph of the active agent release over time.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph of concentration and flux for a uniform concentration.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph of concentration and flux for a punctal plug with two fibers.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph of concentration and flux for a punctal plug with three fibers.
  • FIG. 8 is a fourth embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a graph of concentration and flux for a punctal plug as in FIG. 8 .
  • the present invention provides devices, and methods for their manufacture, that can be used to deliver active agents to the eye in a controlled manner.
  • the invention comprises an ophthalmic device comprising, consisting essentially of, and consisting of: a body having a first end and a second end; a surface extending between the two ends; a reservoir contained within the body wherein the reservoir comprises, consists essentially of, and consists of at least one opening, an active agent-containing material and an active agent, wherein the active agent is present in a continuous or discontinous concentration gradient within the active agent-containing material.
  • the invention provides punctal plugs that may be used to deliver active agents to one or both of the nasolacrimal duct and to the tear fluid of the eye.
  • a punctal plug comprising, consisting essentially of, and consisting of: a body having a first end and a second end; a surface extending between the two ends; a reservoir contained within the body wherein the reservoir comprises, consists essentially of and consists of at least one opening, an active agent-containing material and an active agent, wherein the active agent is present in a continuous or discontinous concentration gradient within the active agent-containing material.
  • active agent refers to an agent capable of treating, inhibiting, or preventing a disorder or a disease.
  • exemplary active agents include, without limitation, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals.
  • Preferred active agents are capable of treating, inhibiting, or preventing a disorder or a disease of one or more of the eye, nose and throat.
  • the term “punctal plug” refers to a device of a size and shape suitable for insertion into the inferior or superior lacrimal canaliculus of the eye through, respectively, the inferior or superior lacrimal punctum.
  • opening refers to an opening in the body of a device of the invention of a size and shape through which the active agent can pass. Preferably, only the active agent can pass through the opening.
  • the opening may be covered with a membrane, mesh, grid or it may be uncovered.
  • the membrane, mesh, or grid may be one or more of porous, semi-porous, permeable, semi-permeable, and biodegradable.
  • the devices of the invention have a reservoir in which is found an active agent-containing material and an active agent therein.
  • the active agent may be dispersed throughout the active agent-containing material or dissolved within the material.
  • the active agent may be contained in inclusions, particulates, droplets, or micro-encapsulated within the material.
  • the active agent may be covalently bonded to the material and released by hydrolysis, enzymatic degradation and the like.
  • the active agent may be in a reservoir within the material.
  • the active agent may be released in a controlled manner, meaning over a period of time by using an active agent-containing material in which the agent is present in a continuous concentration gradient throughout the material or by using a discontinuous concentration gradient. This is in contrast to a device that exhibits a “burst” or immediate release upon insertion of an amount of active agent that is greater than the average release rate over time.
  • an active agent-containing material that does not undergo significant chemical degradation during the time desired for the release of active agent will release the agent by diffusion through the matrix to a device's release surfaces, meaning surfaces of the active agent-containing material in contact with a person's body fluid.
  • the diffusive transport or flux, J, of the agent through the active agent-containing material is governed at each point and each time by the local concentration gradient, the diffusivity of the active agent with the material D, and the spatial variation of the cross-sectional geometry of the device.
  • the local gradient may be controlled by placing more active agent at one location in the active agent-containing material relative to another location.
  • the concentration profile can be a continuous gradient from one end of the material to the other.
  • the matrix may be have a discontinuous gradient, meaning that one section of the material has a first concentration and the concentration abruptly changes to a second, different concentration in an adjacent section of the matrix.
  • the diffusivity for the active agent may also be spatially controlled by varying one or more of the chemical composition, porosity, and crystallinity of the active agent-containing material
  • the spatial variation of the material's cross-sectional geometry may be used to control diffusivity.
  • diffusivity will be reduced when the area at the open end of the material is significantly smaller than the average of the entire material.
  • the material area at the open end of the device is no more than one-half of the average cross sectional area of the material, meaning the cross section determined perpendicular to the primary dimension of active agent transport use.
  • a variety of release profiles may be obtained including, without limitation first order, second order, biphasic, pulsatile and the like.
  • the active agent concentration and diffusivity may increase from the surface to the center of the active agent-containing material in order to achieve more initial release.
  • either or both may be increased or decreased and then increased again within the material to achieve a pulsatile release profile.
  • the ability to achieve a variety of release profiles by varying local concentration gradient, the diffusivity of the active agent, and the spatial variation of the cross-sectional geometry may eliminate the need for rate-limiting membranes in the device.
  • the devices of the invention contain a reservoir within the body, and the reservoir contains at least one active agent-containing material.
  • the body is preferably impermeable to the active agent, meaning only an insubstantial amount of active agent can pass therethrough, and the body has at least one opening through which the active agent is released.
  • the active agent-containing material useful in the devices of the invention is any material that is capable of containing the active agent, does not alter the chemical characteristics of the active agent, and does not significantly chemically degrade or physically dissolve when placed in contact with ocular fluids.
  • the active agent-containing material is non-biodegradable, meaning that it does not degrade to a substantial degree upon exposure to biologically active substances typically present in mammals.
  • the active agent-containing material is capable of releasing the active agent by one or more of diffusion, degradation, or hydrolyzation.
  • the active agent-containing material is a polymeric material, meaning that it is a material made of one or more types of polymers.
  • the material may also contain one or more materials that are insoluble in water and non-biodegradable, but from which the active agent can diffuse.
  • the active agent-containing material is a polymeric material
  • the material may be composed of one or more polymers that are insoluble in water and non-biodegradable.
  • Suitable polymeric materials for the active agent-containing material include, without limitation, hydrophobic and hydrophilic absorbable and non-absorbable polymers.
  • Suitable hydrophobic, non-absorbable polymers include, without limitation, ethylene vinyl alcohol (“EVA”), fluorinated polymers including without limitation, polytetrafluoroethylene (“PTFE”) and polyvinylidene fluoride (“PVDF”), polypropylene, polyethylene, polyisobutylene, nylon, polyurethanes, polyacrylates and methacrylates, polyvinyl palmitate, polyvinyl stearates, polyvinyl myristate, cyanoacrylates, epoxies, silicones, copolymers thereof with hydrophobic or hydrophilic monomers, and blends thereof with hydrophilic or hydrophobic polymers and excipients.
  • EVA ethylene vinyl alcohol
  • PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • Hydrophilic, non-absorbable polymers useful in the invention include, without limitation, cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene glycol), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate or methacrylate), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), polyacrylic acid, poly(ethyloxazoline), and poly(dimethyl acrylamide), copolymers thereof with hydrophobic or hydrophilic monomers, and blends thereof with hydrophilic or hydrophobic polymers and excipients.
  • Hydrophobic, absorbable polymers that may be used include, without limitation, aliphatic polyesters, polyesters derived from fatty acids, poly(amino acids), poly(ether-esters), poly(ester amides), polyalkylene oxalates, polyamides, poly(iminocarbonates), polycarbonates, polyorthoesteres, polyoxaesters, polyamidoesters, polyoxaesters containing amine groups, phosphoesters, poly)anhydrides), polypropylene fumarates, polyphosphazenes, and blends thereof.
  • hydrophilic, absorbable polymers include, without limitation, polysaccharides and carbohydrates including, without limitation, crosslinked alginate, hyaluronic acid, dextran, pectin, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose, gellan gum, guar gum, keratin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, proteins including, without limitation, collagen, gelatin, fibrin, albumin and ovalbumin, and phospholipids including, without limitation, phosphoryl choline derivatives and polysulfobetains.
  • polysaccharides and carbohydrates including, without limitation, crosslinked alginate, hyaluronic acid, dextran, pectin, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose, gellan gum, guar gum, keratin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, proteins including, without limitation, collagen, gelatin
  • the active agent-containing material is a polymeric material that is polycaprolactone. Still more preferably, the material is poly(epsilon-caprolactone), and ethylene vinyl acetate of molecular weights between about 10,000 and 80,0000. About 0 to about 100 weight percent polycaprolactone and about 100 to about 0 weight percent of the ethylene vinyl acetate are used based on the total weight of the polymeric material and, preferably, about 50% each of polycaprolactone and ethylene vinyl acetate is used.
  • the polymeric material used is preferably greater than about 99% pure and the active agents are preferably greater than about 97% pure.
  • the polycaprolactone and ethylene vinyl acetate preferably are combined with the desired active agent or agents, micro-compounded, and then extruded.
  • the active agent-containing material is a polymeric material that is combined with at least one active agent to form one or more fiber or fiber-like structures, the dimensions of the fiber which may be substantially the dimensions of the reservoir or smaller than such dimensions.
  • One or more of the fibers or fiber-like structures may be inserted into the reservoir through the opening in the body and, thus, the fibers or fiber-like structures may be of a size and a shape suitable for insertion into the opening.
  • the fibers or fiber-like structures preferably are about 0.5 to about 5 mm in length and 0.05 to about 2 mm in diameter.
  • the dimensions of the fibers are such that the fibers fit securely into the reservoir and remains in the reservoir when the device is in use in a wearer's eye.
  • the fibers may be symmetrical or asymmetrical, depending upon the shape of the reservoir.
  • the internal walls of the reservoir may be substantially smooth or may include features that aid in maintaining the fiber within the reservoir including, without limitation, surfaces with grooves, indentations, roughness or the like in the interior walls.
  • the fibers containing the active agent or agents may be formed and the device cast around the fibers.
  • the fibers and active agent may be dosed into the plug reservoir as a melt and allowed to solidify.
  • the polymer and active agent may be introduced as a solution.
  • the solution may contain monomers, pre-polymers and the like suitable for cross-linking via one or more of irradiation, redox, and thermal radical polymerization.
  • the fibers may simply be soaked in the active agent before or after insertion in the device. In the case in which more than one fiber is used, each of the fibers can have a different cross-sectional shape or diameter than one or more of the other fibers.
  • Plug 10 has body 11 with a reservoir 12 therein that contains at least one opening 16 .
  • the bottom of the plug is the portion of the plug inserted first into the lacrimal canaliculus on insertion and the top portion is the opposite end of the plug.
  • the bottom of the plug will include an enlarged portion.
  • the top portion may include a collarette 14 .
  • the collarette is a portion of the punctal plug that extends radially outwardly from one end of the body to a degree sufficient, and having a size and a shape, such that at least a portion of the collarette will extend beyond and be exterior to the lacrimal punctum after insertion of the punctal plug into the lacrimal canaliculus.
  • the collarette will extend about 0.2 to about 1 mm beyond the plug body.
  • the portion of the punctal plug below the collarette is inserted into one of the inferior lacrimal punctum or the superior lacrimal punctum. The enlarged portion and collarette facilitate the top of the plug remaining at or above the opening of the canaliculus on insertion.
  • the punctal plugs may not have a collarette so that they may be inserted at a sufficient depth within one or both of the lacrimal canaliculi such that the active agent is released into the lacrimal sac.
  • Active agent 18 is contained within active agent-containing material 15 and release surface 17 is shown.
  • active agent-containing material 15 contains a gradient of active agent with the highest concentration of the active agent located at the bottom of the reservoir, meaning the portion of the reservoir located at or near the bottom of the plug. The concentration gradually and continuously increases within the active agent-containing material as one moves from the release surface located at the top of plug 10 toward the bottom of the plug.
  • the discontinuous gradient may be formed in any convenient manner.
  • more than one active agent-containing material may be used.
  • each of the active agent-containing materials may be made from the same or different material as each of the other materials and may be the same size and shape or of a different size and shape than one or more of the other materials.
  • the concentrations of active agent in each of the materials may, and preferably will, differ from each other, but there must be an abrupt change in concentration as one moves from one active agent-containing material to another. Alternatively, the active agent concentration may abruptly vary within the same active agent-containing material.
  • a first area of a material may have a high concentration
  • another and adjacent area of the same material may have a lower concentration
  • a third area, adjacent to only the second area may have a concentration higher than that of the second area.
  • the difference in concentration will be about 5%, more preferably 25%, and most preferably 50%.
  • FIG. 2 a second embodiment of the invention in which there is a discontinuous gradient.
  • punctal plug 20 has reservoir 22 with an opening 23 therein.
  • a first active agent-containing material 21 containing active agent 28 in a first concentration is located at the topmost portion of the reservoir and a second active agent-containing material 24 containing the active agent 28 in a second concentration, higher than that of the first material 21 , is provided in the bottom portion of reservoir 22 .
  • the first active agent-containing material may have an active agent therein that differs from the active agent within the second active agent-containing material.
  • a release-modulating component may be included.
  • the release-modulating component may be any component that acts to modulate the release of the active agent from the plug.
  • Suitable modulating component include, without limitation, one or more biodegradable of non-biodegradable semi-permeable membrane, one or more pores, or combinations thereof.
  • FIG. 3 is shown a third embodiment of the invention in which there is a discontinuous gradient and a modulating component.
  • punctal plug 30 has reservoir 32 with an opening 34 therein.
  • a first active agent-containing material 33 containing active agent 35 in a first concentration is located at the topmost portion of the reservoir and a second active agent-containing material 36 containing the active agent 35 in a second concentration is provided in the bottom portion of reservoir 32 .
  • Membrane 31 which is located adjacent to and, with respect to the top of plug 30 , superior to first active agent-containing material 33 is shown.
  • release of the active agent is controlled by use of one or both of active agent loading and release enhancers.
  • two or more fiber sections may be melted or otherwise adhered together.
  • the fibers may be melted or adhered together by any convenient method.
  • one poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and ethylene vinyl acetate fiber having a length of about 0.75 to about 1.25 mm with an active agent concentration of about 50 percent by weight may be inserted into a punctal plug.
  • a second poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and ethylene vinyl acetate fiber having a length of about 1.25 to about 1.75 mm and a drug concentration of about 35% is subsequently inserted into the plug so that it rests on top of the first fiber.
  • the plug is then placed in an oven and heated at a temperature between about 57 to 62° C. for about 60 seconds
  • the release kinetics may be controlled via spatial gradients of the properties of degradability and drug permeability of the active agent-containing material.
  • a spatial degradation in the material chemistry including, without limitation, polylactide-glycolide copolymers of differing monomer ratios, adjacent polyglycolide and polycaprolactone layers and the like, results in spatial gradients and varied release rates as the material degradation front moves through the device.
  • a material my erode more slowly initially in a first, outer material and more quickly in a second, inner material to achieve phased release kinetics.
  • the spatial gradients in biodegradability or permeability may be combined with continuous or step-wise gradients in the active agent loading profile.
  • a punctal plug material core having an outer segment loaded with a low active agent concentration and with a relatively low active agent permeability may be adjacent to an inner material segment loaded with a high agent concentration and with a relatively high active agent permeability, which combination achieves release kinetics unobtainable with a homogeneous material ad homogeneous active agent loading.
  • the initial burst release is reduced and the release of the last active agent content is accelerated relative to a conventional homogeneous active agent loaded device.
  • Phase-separated inclusions may be used to control one or both of diffusive and degradative kinetics of the active agent-containing material.
  • water soluble polymers, water soluble salts, materials with a high diffusivity for the active agent and the like may be used as destabilizing inclusion to enhance degradation or diffusion rates.
  • the hydrolysis front reaches an inclusion, the inclusion rapidly dissolves and increases porosity of the active agent-containing material.
  • the inclusions may be incorporated as gradients or layers that allow additional tailoring of the release profile.
  • a percolated network of destabilizing inclusions may be used.
  • these inclusions When used in a non-biodegradable active agent-containing material, these inclusions form islands within the material that can possess high diffusivity for the active agent.
  • Useful inclusions will have a higher diffusivity for the active agent than the active agent-containing material.
  • examples of such inclusions include, without limitation, propylene glycol, silicone oil, immiscible dispersed solids such as a polymer or wax and the like.
  • an inclusion that acts to adsorb water, swell the active agent-containing material and increase local diffusion kinetics may be used.
  • stabilizing inclusions that have a low active agent diffusivity are used. These inclusions act to form a barrier that slows diffusive transport of the active agent in the vicinity of the inclusion. The overall effect is a reduction of active agent permeability in a base material that is otherwise the same.
  • Example of such inclusions include, without limitation, micro to nano-sized silicate particles dispersed through the base material of one or both of polycaprolactone and ethylenecovinylacetate homogeneously or in continuous step-wise gradients.
  • the present invention encompasses numerous devices for the delivery of active agents to the eye each having various features and advantages.
  • certain devices may have a body with a first end, a second end, and a lateral surface extending between the two ends.
  • the lateral surface preferably has an outer diameter that is substantially circular in shape and, thus, the body preferably has a cylindrical shape.
  • a portion of the lateral surface of certain of the devices preferably has an outer diameter that is greater than the outer diameter of the remainder of the lateral surface as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the enlarged portion can be any size or shape, and can be present on any part of the lateral surface,
  • the enlarged portion is of a size so that it at least partially anchors the punctal plug in the lacrimal canaliculus and preferably, the enlarged portion is at one end of the plug.
  • the enlarged portion may take the shape of an inverted triangle having a flattened apex, as shown in FIG. 1 , may have an untapered, body rounded at the end, or may have a tapered shape at one end with a rounded point as shown in FIG. 10 .
  • FIG. 10 One ordinarily skilled in the art will recognize that any of a wide variety of shapes are possible.
  • the body of the punctal plugs of the invention may take any shape and size, Preferably, the body is in the shape of an elongated cylinder.
  • the body will be about 0.8 to about 5 mm in length, preferably about 1.2 to about 2.5 mm in length.
  • the width of the body will be about 0.2 to about 3, preferably 0.3 to about 1.5 mm.
  • the size of the opening will be from about 1 nm to about 2.5 mm and preferably about 0.15 mm to about 0.8 mm. Instead of one large opening at any one location, multiple small openings may be used.
  • the body of the plug may be wholly or partially transparent or opaque.
  • the body may include a tint or pigment that makes the plug easier to see when it is placed in a punctum.
  • the body of the devices of the invention may be made of any suitable biocompatible material including, without limitation, silicone, silicone blends, silicone co-polymers, such as, for example, hydrophilic monomers of polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (“pHEMA”), polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and glycerol, and silicone hydrogel polymers such as, for example, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,962,548, 6,020,445, 6,099,852, 6,367,929, and 6,822,016, incorporated herein in their entireties by reference.
  • HEMA polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate
  • silicone hydrogel polymers such as, for example, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,962,548, 6,020,445, 6,099,852, 6,367,929, and 6,822,016, incorporated herein in their entireties by reference.
  • biocompatible materials include, for example: polyurethane; polymethylmethacrylate; poly(ethylene glycol); poly(ethylene oxide); poly(propylene glycol); poly(vinyl alcohol); poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate); poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (“PVP”); polyacrylic acid; poly(ethyloxazoline); poly(dimethyl acrylamide); phospholipids, such as, for example, phosphoryl choline derivatives; polysulfobetains; acrylic esters, polysaccharides and carbohydrates, such as, for example, hyaluronic acid, dextran, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxyl propyl cellulose, gellan gum, guar gum, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, heparin, and alginate; proteins such as, for example, gelatin, collagen, albumin, and ovalbumin; polyamino acids; fluorinated polymers, such as, for example, a
  • the surface of the devices may be wholly or partially coated.
  • the coating may provide one or more of lubriciousness to aid insertion, muco-adhesiveness to improve tissue compatibility, and texture to aid in anchoring the device.
  • suitable coatings include, without limitation, gelatin, collagen, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, PVP, PEG, heparin, chondroitin sulphate, hyaluronic acid, synthetic and natural proteins, and polysaccharides, thiomers, thiolated derivatives of polyacrylic acid and chitosan, polyacrylic acid, carboxymethyl cellulose and the like and combinations thereof.
  • Certain embodiments of the devices of the invention have a body made of a flexible material that conforms to the shape of whatever it contacts.
  • a collarette formed of either a less flexible material than that of the body or material that too conforms to the shape of whatever it contacts.
  • the collarette rests on the exterior of the lacrimal punctum and the body of the punctal plug conforms to the shape of the lacrimal canaliculus.
  • the reservoir and the body of such punctal plugs are preferably coterminous. That is, the reservoir of such punctal plugs preferably make up the entirety of the body, except for the collarette.
  • the flexible body and flexible collarette can be made of materials that include, without limitation, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”), polybutylene terephthalate (“PBT”), polyethylene, polyurethane, silicone, PTFE, PVDF, and polyolefins. Punctal plugs made of nylon, PET, PBT, polyethylene, PVDF, or polyolefins are typically manufactured for example and without limitation, extrusion, injection molding, or thermoforming. Punctal plugs made of latex, polyurethane, silicone, or PTFE are typically manufactured using solution-casting processes.
  • the devices are manufactured by injection molding, cast molding, transfer molding or the like.
  • the reservoir is filled with one or both of at least one active agent and the active agent-containing material subsequent to the manufacture of the device.
  • one or more excipients may be combined with the active agent alone or in combination with the polymeric material.
  • the amount of active agent used in the devices of the invention will depend upon the active agent or agents selected, the desired doses to be delivered via the device, the desired release rate, and the melting points of the active agent and active agent-containing material.
  • the amount used is a therapeutically effective amount meaning an amount effective to achieve the desired treatment, inhibitory, or prevention effect.
  • amounts of about 0.05 to about 8,000 micrograms of active agents may be used.
  • the reservoir can be refilled with a material after substantially all of the active agent-containing material has dissolved or degraded and the active agent is released.
  • the new active agent-containing material can be the same as, or different from, the previous polymeric material, and can contain at least one active agent that is the same as, or different from the previous active agent.
  • Certain punctal plugs used for particular applications can preferably be refilled with a material while the punctal plugs remain inserted in the lacrimal canaliculus, while other punctal plugs are typically removed from the lacrimal canaliculus, a new material is added, and the punctal plugs are then reinserted into the lacrimal canaliculus.
  • the plug is sterilized by any convenient method including, without limitation, ethylene oxide, autoclaving, irradiation, and the like and combination thereof.
  • sterilization is carried out through gamma radiation or use of ethylene oxide.
  • the devices described herein can be used to deliver various active agents for the one or more of the treatment, inhibition, and prevention of numerous diseases and disorders.
  • Each device may be used to deliver at least one active agent and can be used to deliver different types of active agents.
  • the devices can be used to deliver azelastine HCl, emadastine difumerate, epinastine HCl, ketotifen fumerate, levocabastine HCl, olopatadine HCl, pheniramine maleate, and antazoline phosphate for one or more of the treatment, inhibition, and prevention of allergies.
  • the devices can be used to deliver mast cell stabilizers, such as, for example, cromolyn sodium, lodoxamide tromethamine, nedocromil sodium, and permirolast potassium.
  • the devices can be used to deliver mydriatics and cycloplegics including, without limitation, atropine sulfate, homatropine, scopolamine HBr, cyclopentolate HCl, tropicamide, and phenylephrine HCl.
  • the devices can be used to deliver ophthalmic dyes including, without limitation, rose begal, sissamine green, indocyanine green, fluorexon, and fluorescein.
  • the devices can be used to deliver corticosteroids including, without limitation, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, dexamethasone, fluoromethalone, fluoromethalone acetate, loteprednol etabonate, prednisolone acetate, prednisolone sodium phosphate, medrysone, rimexolone, and fluocinolone acetonide.
  • the devices can be used to deliver non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents including, without limitation, flurbiprofen sodium, suprofen, diclofenac sodium, ketorolac tromethamine, cyclosporine, rapamycin methotrexate, azathioprine, and bromocriptine.
  • the devices can be used to deliver anti-infective agents including, without limitation, tobramycin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, gatifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, sulfisoxazolone diolamine, sodium sulfacetamide, vancomycin, polymyxin B, amikacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, sulfisoxazole diolamine, sodium sulfacetamide tetracycline, doxycycline, dicloxacillin, cephalexin, amoxicillin/clavulante, ceftriaxone, cefixime, erythromycin, ofloxacin, azithromycin, gentamycin, sulfadiazine, and pyrimethamine.
  • anti-infective agents including, without limitation, tobramycin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, gatifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamic
  • the devices can be used to deliver agents for the one or more of the treatment, inhibition, and prevention of glaucoma including, without limitation, epinephrines, including, for example: dipivefrin; alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, including, for example, aproclonidine and brimonidine; betablockers including, without limitation, betaxolol, carteolol, levobunolol, metipranolol, and timolol; direct miotics, including, for example, carbachol and pilocarpine; cholinesterase inhibitors, including, without limitation, physostigmine and echothiophate; carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, including, for example, acetazolamide, brinzolamide, dorzolamide, and methazolamide; prostoglandins and prostamides including, without limitation, latanoprost, bimatoprost, uravoprost, and unoprostone cid
  • the devices can be used to deliver antiviral agents, including, without limitation, fomivirsen sodium, foscarnet sodium, ganciclovir sodium, valganciclovir HCl, trifluridine, acyclovir, and famciclovir.
  • the devices can be used to deliver local anesthetics, including, without limitation, tetracaine HCl, proparacaine HCl, proparacaine HCl and fluorescein sodium, benoxinate and fluorescein sodium, and benoxnate and fluorexon disodium.
  • the devices can be used to deliver antifungal agents, including, for example, fluconazole, flucytosine, amphotericin B, itraconazole, and ketocaonazole.
  • the devices used to deliver analgesics including, without limitation, acetaminophen and codeine, acetaminophen and hydrocodone, acetaminophen, ketorolac, ibuprofen, and tramadol.
  • the devices can be used to deliver vasoconstrictors including, without limitation, ephedrine hydrochloride, naphazoline hydrochloride, phenylephrine hydrochloride, tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride, and oxymetazoline.
  • the devices can be used to deliver vitamins, antioxidants, and nutraceuticals including, without limitation, vitamins A, D, and E, lutein, taurine, glutathione, zeaxanthin, fatty acids and the like.
  • the active agents delivered by the devices can be formulated to contain excipients including, without limitation, synthetic and natural polymers, including, for example, polyvinylalcohol, polyethyleneglycol, PAA (polyacrylic acid), hydroxymethyl cellulose, glycerine, hypromelos, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carbopol, propyleneglycol, hydroxypropyl guar, glucam-20, hydroxypropyl cellulose, sorbitol, dextrose, polysorbate, mannitol, dextran, modified polysaccharides and gums, phosolipids, and sulphobetains.
  • synthetic and natural polymers including, for example, polyvinylalcohol, polyethyleneglycol, PAA (polyacrylic acid), hydroxymethyl cellulose, glycerine, hypromelos, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carbopol, propyleneglycol, hydroxypropyl guar, glucam-20,
  • a punctal plug known in the art was formed as follows. 1.50 g amount of epsilon polycaprolactone with an average M n of approximately 80,000 by GPC (available from Aldrich) was combined with 1.50 g EVA (EVATANETM, Arkema), and 3.00 g of bimatoprost (Cayman Chemicals), each with a purity of greater than approximately 97%. The mixture was then placed in a twin-screw micro-compounder Model No. 2000 from DACA Industries, Inc. that was fitted with a 0.25 mm die and compounded for 15 min. at 120 rpm and 65° C. Following compounding, the mixture was extruded into fibers at 75° C.
  • each plug was positioned under a stereomicroscope and tweezers were used to insert a fiber into the opening of each of the plugs.
  • Each plug was then placed in a glass vial containing 1 cc of phosphate-buffered saline having a pH of 7.4. The vials were then placed into a water bath at 37° C. and gently agitated. Aliquots if 1 cc were collected at intervals of 3, 8 and 24 hours and then weekly for 3 weeks and analyzed for drug content via HPLC. In the graph in FIG. 4 , the release is depicted as “Plug with Rod I”.
  • a first fiber was prepared by taking a 1.50 g amount of epsilon polycaprolactone with an average M n of approximately 80,000 by GPC and combined with 1.50 g EVA and 3.00 g of bimatoprost (Cayman Chemicals), each with a purity of greater than approximately 97%. The mixture was then placed in a twin-screw micro-compounder that was fitted with a 0.25 mm die and compounded for 15 min. at 120 rpm and 65° C. Following compounding, the mixture was extruded into fibers at 75° C. and cut into rods of 0.75 mm in length.
  • a second fiber was prepared by taking 4.50 g amount of epsilon polycaprolactone with an average M n of approximately 42,000 by GPC and combined with 1.50 g of bimatoprost with a purity of greater than approximately 97%. The mixture was then placed in a twin-screw micro-compounder that was fitted with a 0.25 mm die and compounded for 15 min. at 120 rpm and 60° C. Following compounding, the mixture was extruded into fibers at 60° C. and cut into rods of 0.75 mm in length.
  • FIG. 5 is depicted the time course for spatial drug concentrations and fluxes along the axis of a one-dimensional matrix, meaning a single active agent-containing fiber that has no gradient.
  • the calculations were performed using MIT 3.091 Diffusion Simulation software available at http://web.mit.edu/course/3/3.091/www/diffusion/.
  • the model non-dimensionalizes length scales, permeability concentration and time and, thus, specific release curves for specific materials, drugs, and time scales were not calculated.
  • a series of 6 time points are shown with corresponding profiles in the matrix.
  • Three of the points are flux, F(t, x), as a function of time and position along the fiber.
  • F(t, x) as a function of time and position along the fiber.
  • concentration, C(t, x) as a function of time and position along the fiber.
  • the value for the single rod is approximately 2.3.
  • FIG. 6 is depicted release profiles for a punctal plug with two fibers of equal length, the outermost fiber having an initial active agent load concentration that is 25% of that of the other fiber. As seen in FIG. 6 , a significant reduction in the initial release is shown. The burst release of the active agent is ⁇ 10% and the relative burst factor
  • FIG. 7 are shown release profiles for the same points along three rods of equal length wherein the initial ratio of active agent loading concentration is 8:4:1 for the inner, middle and outer fibers, respectively.
  • the burst release of the active agent is ⁇ 5% and the relative burst factor
  • a bimatoprost formulation masterbatch was formed by combining 2.20 g of epsilon polycaprolactone (PCL) with an average M n of approximately 80,000 by GPC (available from Aldrich) with 2.2 g EVA (EVATANETM 3325, Arkema), and 0.4 g of bimatoprost (Johnson Matthey Pharma Services), each with a purity of greater than approximately 97%.
  • PCL epsilon polycaprolactone
  • EVA EVA
  • bimatoprost Johnson Matthey Pharma Services
  • a punctal plug with a tapered reservoir was designed and produced and compared to those having a straight cylindrical central reservoir (for example, Sharpoint ULTRATM plug, available from Surgical Specialties, Inc.) This tapered plug is substantially as shown in FIG. 8 .
  • Those used in this example had a tapered central reservoir of approximately 1.6 mm in length and a circular cross-sectional diameter that tapers from about 0.4 mm ID at the end distal to the reservoir opening to about 0.2 mm ID at the reservoir opening.
  • the tapered plugs were translated into a mold and manufactured by Kipe Molds, Inc (Placentia, Calif.) using commercial liquid silicone injection-molding.
  • the liquid silicone elastomer was a thermoset material of nominal durometer of about 60 Shore A on an Arburg injection-molding machine at about 160° C.
  • Plugs were also made having a straight cylindrical reservoir of about 0.4 mm ID, and comparable external dimensions to the tapered reservoir plug, was also produced at Kipe Molds, Inc. Additionally, Sharpoint ULTRATM plugs commercially available from Surgical Specialties, Inc. were used. These had a straight cylindrical internal reservoir of about 0.2 mm ID, and exterior dimensions comparable to the tapered plug.
  • Plugs with straight cylindrical cavities comprising a 0.2 mm ID reservoir and plugs comprising a 0.4 mm ID reservoir were filled with the same formulation batch under comparable melt dispensing conditions as the tapered-reservoir plugs.
  • Each plug was placed in a glass vial containing 1 cc of phosphate-buffered saline having a pH of 7.4. The vials were then placed into an incubator at 37° C. and gently agitated. Aliquots of 1 cc were collected and replaced at intervals of 0.33, 1, 3, 7 days, and then weekly for 7 weeks and analyzed for bimatoprost content via HPLC. The active agent released at each time point was then analyzed in terms of the active agent release rate, in micrograms per day, as a function of time.
  • the amount of formulation protruding from the open end of the punctal plug reservoir was not, on average, different between the tapered plugs and the straight cylinder plugs. (increased protrusion of active agent core can otherwise increase the amount of initial “burst” of active agent release)
  • the plugs with 0.2 mm ID cylindrical reservoir and 0.4 mm ID cylindrical reservoir differ by 2-fold in reservoir diameter, equating to a 4-fold difference in formulation volume and mass in the reservoir.
  • both release rate curves have a similar overall shape, with a significant initial burst release of active agent followed by a continual decline in release rate over time.
  • the tapered-reservoir plugs contain half as much active agent formulation as the 0.4 mm ID cylindrical-reservoir punctal plug yet twice that of the 0.2 mm ID cylindrical-reservoir plug.
  • the tapered-reservoir plug's active agent release rate curve is distinct from the plugs having straight cylinder designs with the tapered plugs curves being flatter and more extended.
  • the initial rate of active agent release being about 4 mcg/day, is much smaller than that of the 0.4 mm ID plug, being about 15 mcg/day, and is comparable to the 0.2 mm cylindrical plug, being about 3 mcg/day.
  • the tapered-reservoir plug affords a larger and more consistent post-burst release rate of active agent than the 0.2 mm cylindrical-reservoir plug over the duration of study, about 0.2 to 0.3 mcg/day versus about 0.03 to 0.1 mcg/day. Beyond day 21, the tapered-reservoir release rate also greatly exceeds the release rate of the larger 0.4 mm cylindrical reservoir plug, which has fallen to less than 0.1 mcg/day.
  • the gradient of cross-sectional area along the axis of the tapered reservoir affords a more extended and consistent delivery of active agent than either cylindrical reservoir comparator achieves using the same formulation masterbatch.
  • stepwise or continuous gradients in cross-sectional area available for diffusion of active agent within the reservoir.
  • the stepwise or continuous gradients disclosed herein can reduce potentially intolerable initial burst release of active agent from a punctal plug whilst delivering efficacious rates of active agent to the ocular tissues for a longer period of time.

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EP2285321B1 (en) 2013-04-03
BRPI0912252A2 (pt) 2017-06-13
CN102014817B (zh) 2014-06-04
ES2408163T3 (es) 2013-06-18
EP2285321A1 (en) 2011-02-23
TWI542338B (zh) 2016-07-21
RU2010150095A (ru) 2012-06-20
AR071691A1 (es) 2010-07-07
US20110022007A1 (en) 2011-01-27
AU2009244191A1 (en) 2009-11-12
CA2723361A1 (en) 2009-11-12
CN102014817A (zh) 2011-04-13
US8377042B2 (en) 2013-02-19
PL2285321T3 (pl) 2013-09-30
HK1153636A1 (en) 2012-04-05
JP2011522575A (ja) 2011-08-04
WO2009137673A1 (en) 2009-11-12
AU2009244191B2 (en) 2015-05-14
TW201006452A (en) 2010-02-16
KR20110015587A (ko) 2011-02-16

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