US20090304962A1 - Articles of Composite Construction and Methods of Manufacture Thereof - Google Patents

Articles of Composite Construction and Methods of Manufacture Thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090304962A1
US20090304962A1 US12/279,755 US27975507A US2009304962A1 US 20090304962 A1 US20090304962 A1 US 20090304962A1 US 27975507 A US27975507 A US 27975507A US 2009304962 A1 US2009304962 A1 US 2009304962A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
layer
mould
fibrous layer
article
composite
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US12/279,755
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
William Rodgers
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Omni Tanker Technology Pty Ltd (acn 135 294 772)
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from AU2006900786A external-priority patent/AU2006900786A0/en
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of US20090304962A1 publication Critical patent/US20090304962A1/en
Assigned to OMNI TANKER TECHNOLOGY PTY LTD (ACN 135 294 772) reassignment OMNI TANKER TECHNOLOGY PTY LTD (ACN 135 294 772) ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: WILLIAM RODGERS, DECEASED; DANIEL RODGERS, EXECUTOR
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D90/00—Component parts, details or accessories for large containers
    • B65D90/02—Wall construction
    • B65D90/022—Laminated structures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C33/00—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor
    • B29C33/56—Coatings, e.g. enameled or galvanised; Releasing, lubricating or separating agents
    • B29C33/60—Releasing, lubricating or separating agents
    • B29C33/62—Releasing, lubricating or separating agents based on polymers or oligomers
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    • B29C39/02—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor for making articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
    • B29C39/04—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor for making articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using movable moulds not applied
    • B29C39/08—Introducing the material into the mould by centrifugal force
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    • B29C39/02—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor for making articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
    • B29C39/10—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor for making articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. casting around inserts or for coating articles
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    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
    • Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
    • Y10T428/1362—Textile, fabric, cloth, or pile containing [e.g., web, net, woven, knitted, mesh, nonwoven, matted, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31511—Of epoxy ether
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/3154—Of fluorinated addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/3154—Of fluorinated addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
    • Y10T428/31544—Addition polymer is perhalogenated
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
    • Y10T428/31573—Next to addition polymer of ethylenically unsaturated monomer
    • Y10T428/31587—Hydrocarbon polymer [polyethylene, polybutadiene, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T428/31786—Of polyester [e.g., alkyd, etc.]
    • Y10T428/31797—Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3854—Woven fabric with a preformed polymeric film or sheet
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3854—Woven fabric with a preformed polymeric film or sheet
    • Y10T442/387—Vinyl polymer or copolymer sheet or film [e.g., polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl acetate, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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    • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3854—Woven fabric with a preformed polymeric film or sheet
    • Y10T442/3878—Fluorinated olefin polymer or copolymer sheet or film [e.g., Teflon@, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3854—Woven fabric with a preformed polymeric film or sheet
    • Y10T442/3886—Olefin polymer or copolymer sheet or film [e.g., polypropylene, polyethylene, ethylene-butylene copolymer, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/50—FELT FABRIC
    • Y10T442/59—At least three layers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to manufacture of articles from composite plastics materials and particularly to storage vessels of composite construction. More particularly, the invention relates to a method of manufacture of storage vessels in particular though not exclusively, for liquid storage and transport and which are manufactured from a layered plastics composite. The invention further relates to a method of joining plastics materials to form a composite structure for use in the manufacture of articles including storage vessels. The invention further relates to applications of vessels of composite construction to tanks for transport of fluids and fuel tanks including but not limited to aircraft tanks.
  • Known designs of storage vessels for transport vehicles typically comprise a single tank mounted on a chassis of a vehicle or trailer.
  • Most tanks are formed with an integral longitudinal sub-chassis by which the tank is secured to the chassis of the vehicle or trailer. This is intended to allow considerable flexing of the chassis, especially along its length, to accommodate variations in ground level.
  • the usual approach is to secure it using nuts and bolts connecting the chassis and the tank sub-chassis at several positions along its length.
  • a thin layer of rubber or felt may be positioned between respective chassis members to prevent rubbing due to metal to metal contact.
  • the assembly is considerably stiffer than the chassis itself.
  • Most known metal tanks are sub-divided into a series of separate compartments each with their own inlet and outlet, particularly when used for transporting petroleum products. This also enables different liquids to be carried. In the case of fuels or lubricants, different grades of fuels or lubricants can be carried in the one vehicle in different compartments.
  • the cracking is believed to arise because of the repeated stressing of the tank due to the motion of the vehicle in use. Since the vehicle chassis or trailer chassis is less rigid than the tank any forces which cause twisting of the chassis will be transferred into the tank. However, the metallic tanks are sometimes not able to resist these repeated twisting forces leading to cracking of the internal dividing walls and/or the external shell.
  • One of the known tanker arrangements provides a road or rail tanker comprising a wheeled chassis and a plurality of tanks disposed in series one behind the other.
  • the plurality of tanks are individually mounted on a chassis each using a plurality of flexible mounts.
  • a flexible mounting can be readily constructed to allow such amounts of movement while providing adequate support for the tank.
  • the individual tanks are spaced apart in the longitudinal direction by an amount necessary to accommodate the permissible range of movement of each tank as the chassis twists and bends.
  • Tanks that are at present made of steel to better withstand the imposition of bending and twisting forces can now be made of light alloys, such as aluminium. The reduction in weight enables the tanks to be larger, thereby permitting increased quantities of liquid to be carried without increasing the overall vehicle/trailer gross weight. This has economic benefits for operators and allows more pay load.
  • Heavy duty transport tanks have traditionally been constructed from metals such as steel or aluminium. Some tanks have been adapted with insulating liners such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,087 which discloses a resilient insulating structure on the interior surface of a railway freight car body.
  • the resilient insulating structure comprises a layer of polyurethane foam material having its outer surface secured to the inner surface of the metallic car body and an elastomeric inner liner secured to the inner surface of the polyurethane foam material.
  • the polyurethane foam material forms an intermediate cushioning layer for the elastomeric inner liner and is of a thickness at least around 1 inch and may be as great as around 8 inches.
  • the elastomeric inner liner is less than around 1 ⁇ 2 inch thickness and has a stiffness less than the stiffness of the foam material.
  • the traditional known road tankers typically have a cylindrical tank resiliently supported on a bed frame of rectangular configuration and disposed above the main frame of the truck with the tank being disposed partially within the horizontal plane of the bed frame and having the bed frame resiliently supported on the main frame of the truck.
  • a pair of saddle-shaped plates conforming to the outside of the cylindrical tank are secured thereto, one close to each end of the tank, and a pair of upper tank hold down brackets are secured to each saddle plate and in turn are resiliently bolted to corresponding lower tank hold down brackets which are rigidly secured to the bed frame.
  • the brackets secured to the bed frame are in turn bolted to corresponding brackets on the main truck frame.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,729,570 discloses a chassisless fiberglass tank trailer including a tank shell formed of a fiberglass reinforced isotholic resin, with fiberglass filaments bias-wound at an angle of approximately 45 degrees.
  • the tank shell has a forward head and a rear head for forming a fluid carrying container.
  • a forward cradle is attached to the tank shell with mounting portions used for mounting a fifth wheel member, and a rear cradle is attached to the tank shell and having mounting portions used for mounting a rear wheel carriage.
  • a plurality of circumferential reinforcing ribs are located between each of the mounting portions and at other desired locations longitudinally on the tank shell. The ribs are also molded in with fiberglass reinforced resin.
  • Each rib has an enlarged upper portion for providing rollover protection.
  • circumferential bands Prior to applying the fiberglass resin to the cradles and ribs, circumferential bands are positioned thereon for providing additional strength. Openings in the trailer include overflow protection. Baffles may be provided for preventing undesired fluid movement in the trailer.
  • plastics are lightweight that is a desirable material to contemplate but the vast difference in properties between steel and plastics particularly in relation to in use load response and the difficulties in manufacture of plastics products is a challenge which must first be overcome whilst recognizing that there were numerous structural and manufacturing difficulties to be overcome in making a transition from steel to plastics not the least of which is the production of a tank which could withstand the high static and dynamic loadings to which such tanks subject to in normal operation. Also, in the case of fluids carriage and storage such as petroleum products the internal skin of the tank must be chemically inert and non reactive.
  • plastics tank which is chemically inert and non reactive, has high durability and capacity to withstand internal load from contents and externally applied loads.
  • Another technical problem is use of plastics is to achieve satisfactory bonding of layers in the case of a laminated structure. Some plastics do not naturally bond.
  • Thermoplastics are a known class of materials, solid at ambient temperature, which soften and melt at high temperatures to be suitable for moulding articles which recover their original properties at ambient temperatures.
  • Thermoset resins are known liquids which when mixed with the appropriate curative or catalyst gel and harden after an appropriate time. They are used to build laminated structures reinforced with fibres.
  • thermoplastics have better chemical resistance than the thermosets, so that a dual construction with both these materials combines their chemical resistance and structural capability. These two material types are not compatible in a laminated construction. In particular the thermosets will not bond to the thermoplastics. It is a part of known art to form thermoplastic sheets with woven cloth pressed into one of the surfaces while the plastic is still soft so that the fibres are partly embedded. Thermoset resin and fibres are then laminated onto these cloth fibres which then form a mechanical coupling between the two non-bondable materials. The weaknesses of these procedures are that it is difficult to form a strong embedment and the cloth is prone to pull out of the thermoplastic in service. The sheet material is flat and can only be formed into containers by the process of fabrication by cutting and welding.
  • the present invention provides an alternative to the known art of storage tank constructions and particularly mobile storage vessels of composite construction. More particularly, the invention provides a method of manufacture of storage vessels in particular though not exclusively, for liquid storage and transport and which are manufactured from a layered plastics composite. The invention further relates to applications of vessels of composite construction to tanks for road and rail transport of fluids and fuel tanks including but not limited to aircraft tanks and aircraft wing tanks.
  • the materials are preferably mechanically coupled together by the fibres which traverse the interface between the two materials.
  • the invention further provides a structural matrix for construction of such articles as storage tanks and includes a first thermoplastic material which is liquid and flowable at a temperature above its melting point, a fibrous layer and a second layer of a thermosetting resin which is applied to the fibrous layer after cooling of said thermoplastic layer.
  • Thermoplastics have excellent chemical resistance to a wide range of pH oxidative and solvent conditions and large elongation without damage.
  • the thermosetting resins when reinforced by structural fibres have high strength and stiffness. Both have low density, so the combination is best suited to the situations benefiting from light weight structures in aggressive chemical environments.
  • the present invention is particularly advantageous used in and with vehicles and containers for the transport of hazardous materials and in the construction of fuel and cargo tanks for the transport vehicles.
  • Specific applications of the matrix method of the present invention include:
  • the present invention comprises:
  • a mobile storage tank manufactured from a mould, the tank comprising a wall defining an internal space for holding tank contents; wherein, the wall is formed from at least two layers of plastics material and a reinforcing layer engaging each said layers, a first of said layers being a thermoplastics material and a second layer comprising a resin, wherein the reinforcing layer is interposed between said layers to form a plastics composite.
  • the present invention comprises:
  • a method of manufacture of a composite for use in the construction of a hollow vessel comprising the steps of:
  • the method comprises the further step of applying at least one additional fibrous layer and thermosetting resin to the second layer.
  • the fibrous layer is initially formed into a predetermined required shape following which the thermoplastic layer is melted around the fibrous layer causing it to flow part way through the thickness of the fibrous layer.
  • the composite thus far is allowed to cool and return to its ambient temperature properties.
  • a thermosetting resin is then applied to those fibres which were not incorporated into the thermoplastic. Further layers of fibres and thermosetting resin may be applied depending upon the structural characteristics of the required article or structure to be manufactured from the composite matrix.
  • the tank is mounted on a vehicle. According to another embodiment the tank is mounted in an aeroplane wing.
  • the invention comprises:
  • the method comprises the further step of prior to introduction of said fibrous layer into said mould, applying a primer to the fibrous layer
  • the primer increases penetrability of the thermoplastics material into said fibres during rotation of said mould.
  • the primer is preferably sprayed as a paste onto the fibrous layer and according to one embodiment comprises polystyrene dissolved in styrene.
  • the primer may be pre mixed with a suspension of thermoplastics powder allowing the primer to fix fibres of the fibrous layer in place for engagement with flowable heat melted thermoplastics.
  • the method includes the further step of applying at least one additional fibrous layer and thermosetting resin to the second layer.
  • the fibrous layer may be initially formed into a predetermined required shape prior to heating the thermoplastics layer wherein, the thermoplastic layer is melted around the fibrous layer causing it to flow at least part way through the thickness of the fibrous layer.
  • the method comprises the further preliminary step of applying a release agent to the mould prior introduction of the fibrous layer.
  • the article when released form the mould it has a smooth inner surface.
  • the fibrous material which has sufficient strength to carry the structural loads applied to the finished article is moulded to a particular shape whereupon it is subject to a time temperature cycle allowing the thermoplastic to flow through the fibrous materials and form smooth interior and exterior surfaces on the article. If sufficient thermoplastic is supplied there will be an inner portion of the article which contains no fibres. In this way an article will be formed with a thermoplastic interior which will protect the structural fibres from any environmental attack by the contents of the article in service.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of the moulding regime for preparing the thermoplastic layer with a first degree of penetration of the fibrous layer within the thermoplastic layer providing smooth inner and outer layers.
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic view of the moulding regime for preparing the thermoplastic layer with a second degree of penetration of the fibrous layer within the thermoplastic layer.
  • FIG. 3 is an example of an iso-tensoid curve which can be joined to its mirror image by to form a closed membrane with uniform tension.
  • FIG. 4 shows a cross sectional view of a tank made in accordance with the methodology of the invention.
  • FIG. 5 shows an end view of a tank made in accordance with the methodology of the invention with partial abbreviation to reveal wall structure.
  • FIG. 6 shows a side elevation of a trailer manufactured in accordance with the method of the invention with inner compartments exposed to view.
  • FIG. 7 shows a side elevation of a trailer manufactured in accordance with the method of the invention with outer structural skin and partial view of inner compartments exposed to view.
  • FIG. 8 shows a cross sectional elevation of a mould assembly and aerofoil shaped vessel manufactured from the mould.
  • FIG. 9 shows the aerofoil shaped vessel extracted from the mould.
  • FIG. 10 shows a cross sectional elevation of an aerofoil vessel.
  • FIG. 11 shows a perspective view of an aircraft wing incorporating vessels made in accordance with the method of the invention.
  • the present invention provides a method of coupling two dissimilar plastic materials which do not naturally form a bond by allowing one of the materials to flow partially through a fibrous layer and then to wet the remaining fibres with the second material.
  • the materials are mechanically coupled together by the fibres which traverse the interface between the two materials.
  • Many structural and non structural articles may be constructed from the so formed composite.
  • thermoplastic which flows at a temperature above its melting point into the fibrous layer and the second is a thermosetting resin which is applied to the unoccupied fibres after the thermoplastic has cooled.
  • the invention is founded on a technique providing a layered composite comprising a first thermoplastic layer in which is embedded a layer of fibrous material.
  • the thermoplastic layer is melted to at least partially envelop the fibrous layer.
  • the composite includes at least a second thermosetting resin layer which is disposed over the fibrous layer.
  • the methodology embodied in the invention employs rotational moulding normally employed for the manufacture of hollow plastic articles in a split mould.
  • a thermoplastic powder is loaded into the mould which is heated in an oven while it is rotated about two axes simultaneously. The powder melts and coats the inside of the mould uniformly. As the mould rotates the flowable thermoplastic material conforms to the internal shape of the mould. After cooling the moulded piece is removed from the split mould.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a schematic view of the moulding regime for preparing the thermoplastic layer with a first degree of penetration of the fibrous layer within the thermoplastic layer.
  • Mould 1 has an inner surface 2 and outer surface 3 .
  • a fibre layer 4 is laid on inner surface 2 following application of a release agent.
  • a thermoplastic powder represented by layer 5 is introduced into the mould.
  • the thermoplastic 5 flows against fibre layer 4 and at least partially penetrates into the interstices of the fibre layer.
  • the penetration of the fibre layer by the thermoplastic layer is usually partial but can be fully enveloped.
  • inner surface 6 is a smooth melted thermoplastic surface and the exterior is the fibrous material layer 4 partly immersed in the thermoplastic.
  • moulding gas pressure is used to hold the composite against the mould wall.
  • FIG. 2 shows with corresponding numbering, a schematic view of the moulding regime for preparing the thermoplastic layer with a second degree of penetration of the fibrous layer within the thermoplastic layer.
  • the main difference between the arrangement of FIG. 1 and that of FIG. 2 is the lesser extent of thermoplastic penetration into the fibre layer 4 .
  • the exterior part of the fibrous layer is wetted with a liquid catalysed resin which hardens and is coupled to the interior thermoplastic by the fibres which bridge the interface between the two layers. Further layers of fibres and resin can be laminated onto the exterior to carry the structural loads imposed by the contents and the service.
  • Glass and carbon fibres are the preferred materials to form the fibrous layer 4 and to reinforce both the thermoplastic and thermosetting layers.
  • the preferred form of the fibrous layer is a woven cloth so that the alternate strands of the warp and the weft traverse the thickness of the cloth.
  • Other forms of the fibrous layer may be mat or felt provided that there are a substantial portion of the fibres which traverse the thickness of the layer.
  • the fibrous layer 4 is placed into the open parts of the mould which is then closed with the load of thermoplastic powder placed therein.
  • the rotational moulding is completed by rotating the mould about two axes during a thermal cycle of heating and cooling.
  • the fibrous layer can be made as a preform of fibres held in shape with a binder. The preform is then inserted into the mould.
  • the fibrous layer can be formed in situ in the mould by wetting the fibres with a binder solution and allowing the solvent to evaporate before closing the mould.
  • the binder may be polystyrene or polymethylmethacrylate dissolved in their respective monomers styrene and methyl methacrylate as the solvent.
  • thermoplastics which melts and forms a copolymer with the thermoplastic powder and is also soluble in the styrene monomer of the thermoset resin thus ensuring complete compatibility throughout the dual construction.
  • binder and solvent may be used.
  • the aforesaid step addresses the problem of high viscosity materials which do not penetrate sufficiently to ensure satisfactory bonding. Unsatisfactory boding can result in delamination of layers and hence failure of the article constructed using the methodology.
  • the binder penetrates the fibres of the fibrous layer and enhances bonding of the melting thermoplastics and fibres of the fibrous layer. The fibres are held in place once the binder evaporates and this greatly enhances bonding between layers.
  • the fibrous layer can be held in position against the interior of the mould by supplying a gas flow into the interior of the mould so that a pressure drop across the fibrous layer forces it against the mould.
  • the powdered thermoplastic is introduced into the mould after the fibrous material is in place.
  • the powdered thermoplastic is distributed uniformly and begins to melt as the mould is heated from the outside
  • the conditions of temperature, time and thermoplastic powder volume can be adjusted so that the article can be produced from this moulding process with a smooth thermoplastic interior and exterior with the fibres adjacent to the exterior as is shown in FIG. 1 or with a smooth thermoplastic interior and a fibrous exterior ready for joining to a Thermoset layer as shown in FIG. 2 .
  • thermoplastic powder melts and flows into the fibrous material, a flow resistance to the gas supplied to the mould interior increases until all the pores are sealed and the gas pressure acts on the smooth molten interior thermoplastic surface This pressure is maintained during the cooling phase to prevent any movements due to differential thermal contractions.
  • thermoplastics are but not limited to: polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), ethylene chloro tri fluoro ethylene (ECTFE).
  • Suitable thermosetting resins are, but not limited to polyester, vinylester, epoxy and polyurethane.
  • thermoplastics have excellent chemical resistance to a wide range of pH oxidative and solvent conditions and large elongation without damage.
  • the thermosetting resins, when reinforced by structural fibres have high strength and stiffness. Both have low density, so the combination is best suited to the situations benefiting from light weight structures in aggressive chemical environments.
  • Examples of the applications of the method and apparatus aspects of the invention includes storage tanks for vehicles and containers for the transport of hazardous materials and the construction of fuel and cargo tanks for the transport vehicles.
  • Other non limiting examples of practical applications include: fuel tanks for marine, road, rail, air and space vehicles and craft; cargo tanks for the carriage of hazardous chemicals, fuels, milk and beverages (wine beer and fruit juices) by the various transportation modes; cargo tanks for all these applications where the tanks are mounted on wheeled systems and cargo tanks which are mounted in standardised ISO intermodal container frames.
  • a liquid or gas contained by a flexible tensile tanks forming membrane will assume a shape in which the membrane is stressed in uniform tension without any bending stress.
  • Examples in nature of these shapes are liquids contained by surface tension such as a water drop hanging from a leaf tip, water pooling on a leaf and mercury on a flat surface.
  • a flexible canvas water bag forms itself into a rectangular tank with uniform tension in its wall. This iso-tensoid shape carries the loads due to the contents without bending stresses in the walls which results minimum composite wall thickness required to carry loads.
  • FIG. 3 is an example of an iso-tensoid curve which can be joined to its mirror image by to form a closed membrane with uniform tension.
  • the iso-tensoid shape as a horizontal rectangular tank for hydrostatic loading is defined by the following calculations:
  • the total tension is the sum of the se two:
  • X ⁇ 0 d ⁇ ( dx ) ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ x ⁇ ⁇ is ⁇ ⁇ the ⁇ ⁇ horizontal ⁇ ⁇ increment of ⁇ ⁇ the ⁇ ⁇ membrane ⁇ ⁇ coordinate
  • Y ⁇ 0 d ⁇ ( dy ) ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ y ⁇ ⁇ is ⁇ ⁇ the ⁇ ⁇ vertical ⁇ ⁇ increment of ⁇ ⁇ the ⁇ ⁇ membrane ⁇ ⁇ coordinate
  • the applications of this combined shape are closed tanks with a hydrostatic loading and an additional applied pressure.
  • Non limiting examples are:
  • Tank 20 comprises a composite wall 21 having an outer skin 22 , an inner surface 23 defining an isotensoid shaped void 29 .
  • Wall 21 further preferably comprises integrated carbon fibre coamings 25 and 26 , 27 and 28 disposed as four bars which carry applied tension and compression loads.
  • the coamings are formed by introducing appropriate cavities in the mould from which the tank is produced. The coamings are set a maximum distance apart so that the areas required for the bars to carry the loads are minimised and since the Moment of Inertia is very large, this results in a strong stiff structure and minimum wall and overall body deflections.
  • the lower coamings 27 and 28 are integrally formed to provide mountings for the running gear, landing legs, spare wheels and king pin plate.
  • the Tank 20 of FIG. 4 may be employed in the transport of hazardous materials and as fuel and cargo tanks for transport vehicles.
  • the iso-tensoid shape applied to tank 20 carries contents loads resisting applied bending stresses in the walls which is designed with a minimum thickness required to carry the applied loads.
  • the iso-tensoid shape as a horizontal rectangular tank for hydrostatic loading and superimposed uniform pressure is defined by mathematical calculations mentioned earlier.
  • FIG. 5 shows with corresponding numbering an end view of a tank 20 made in accordance with the methodology of the invention with partial abbreviation to reveal wall structure 22 and end formation 30 .
  • FIG. 6 shows a side elevation of a trailer manufactured in accordance with the method of the invention tank 20 at rear and with additional longitudinally disposed inner compartments 31 , 32 and 33 exposed to view.
  • Compartments 31 , 32 and 33 have thermoplastic compartment interiors and are suitable for transport of such products as fuels, food and chemicals.
  • the moulded structural shell with smooth exterior gel coat surface is easy to clean with an attractive appearance.
  • Structural foam insulation is placed in spaces 34 , 35 , 36 and 37 adjacent compartments 31 , 32 and 33 to provide protection for the compartments against penetrating damage, punching shear and other unwanted impact loadings. Foam insulation enables carriage of perishable foods.
  • FIG. 7 shows a side elevation of a trailer 40 manufactured in accordance with the method of the invention with outer structural skin 41 and partial view of inner compartments 42 and 43 exposed to view. Adjacent compartments 42 and 43 is a foam filled structural interspace 44 .
  • Continuous structural fibres in an outer shell layer provide roll-over protection.
  • the thermoplastic elongation at break of greater than 50% gives protection against rupture in the case of accident.
  • the shape of the inner compartments generated by the condition for uniform tension has a lower centre of gravity than a comparable circle or ellipse and the structural shell design allows the tank shell to be set as low as possible towards the suspension. This lowered centre of gravity improves vehicle stability and reduces the risk of a roll-over accident.
  • a result of the iso tensoid compartment shape and the design efficiency in using the structural fibres is that the mass of the road tanker is substantially less than those of comparable existing metal and composite road tankers.
  • the procedure for rotational moulding a tank incorporating a thermoplastic sheet with fibre backing suitable for use in a road tanker employs a two piece mould which can be separated after moulding is complete.
  • the part is produced by rotational moulding of a thermoplastic powder into a hollow mould with a fibrous layer in contact with the interior surface of the mould.
  • the mould is a cylindrical, non circular cross section with domed ends.
  • the cylindrical part may be formed by rolling.
  • the non circular, the domed half-ends and are preferably made on a former generated by “CAD CAM” procedures to produce a male profile shape.
  • CAD CAM CAD developed shape of woven wire of suitable gauge and aperture is stabilised with flanges and reinforcing ribs.
  • the flanged ends are preferably bolted onto the cylindrical section to form one half of the mould.
  • This half mould is composed of woven wire mesh reinforcing and stabilized with flanges and ribs.
  • This mould half is placed in a plenum chamber with an extraction fan which will draw air through the wire mesh.
  • a fibrous layer preferably in the form of a woven cloth is then draped into the mould half and held in place by the pressure drop caused by the fan air flow.
  • a thermoplastic binder carried in a solvent is then applied to the layer which will hold the fibres in place when the solvent has evaporated.
  • the second half mould is treated in the same way and the two half moulds are then bolted together ready for the rotational moulding process.
  • an air supply is arranged to pass through the fibrous layer and the mesh mould to keep the fibrous layer in close contact with the mould.
  • the powder and the binder melt and flow into the layer and partially penetrate this fibrous layer and form a smooth fused surface on the interior of the moulding.
  • the mould and its contents are allowed to cool and the mould is split and the part removed.
  • the composite of the present invention may be applied to aircraft for example as wing fuel tanks.
  • Plastics layered composites may be used as iso tensoid tanks as multi compartment structural members for aircraft wings complete with integral fuel tanks.
  • This shape can be approximated by the iso tensoid shape. Deviations from this shape approximation at the leading and trailing edges of wing structure 61 can be arranged to accommodate leading and trailing edge high lift devices in region 62 such as flaps (as shown in FIG. 10 ).
  • a typical aircraft wing section is an aerofoil comprising a curved upper surface and a lower surface with substantially lower curvature.
  • FIG. 8 shows a cross sectional elevation of a mould assembly 50 and aerofoil shaped vessel manufactured from the mould. Mould 50 comprises two parts 51 and 52 defining an aerofoil shaped opening 53 .
  • FIG. 9 shows the aerofoil shaped vessel 54 extracted from the mould 50 . Vessel 54 comprises an integral outer structural skin 55 and inner cell 56 .
  • FIG. 10 shows a cross sectional elevation of an aerofoil vessel 60 incorporated in a wing structure 61 . Vessel 60 may be reinforced with metal baffle inserts at locations of stress application particularly when the tank an wing are integrally attached.
  • FIG. 11 shows a perspective view of an aircraft wing 70 incorporating vessels made in accordance with the method of the invention.
  • Wing 70 is constructed from leading edge vessels 71 , 72 and 73 and trailing edge compartments 74 , 75 and 76 .
  • Wing 70 further comprises webs 77 and 78 .
  • the two surfaces must be connected to carry the shear and peeling stresses generated by the loading. These webs run longitudinally with transverse webs at intervals along the wing. In this way the structural member can be built up by an assembly of individual dual construction compartments of iso tensoid cross section and straight walls to match the wing profile as shown in FIG. 11 .
  • each one is preferably fitted with integrally formed connections to allow the functions of filling and supply to the engines and venting to control the pressure in the tanks.
  • These connections may be used in the assembly of these compartments into position for the construction of the structural member.
  • the loading due to the fuel in the compartments is carried by tension in the curved isotensoid surfaces and is balanced across the vertical web walls as the fuel level is equalised by flow through the connections between the compartments.
  • the short vertical web walls are designed to carry any imbalanced fuel load.
  • the compartments may be assembled to become the core of the wing structural member by drawing the compartments into position with hollow fasteners sealing into the connections which thus forms the fuel supply and venting systems.
  • An external mould as shown in FIG. 11 is provided to form the external shape and surface of the wing.
  • Using the known techniques for reinforced plastic construction resin and the structural fibres are placed in the mould which is then closed around the assembly of compartments.
  • the space inside the interconnected compartments is then inflated to press the compartment walls against the resin and fibres in the mould. This inflation pressure is held until the resin cures by catalyzation or heat or combination of both.
  • Metallic inserts may be placed between the compartment walls as attachment points for concentrated loads.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
  • Wrappers (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
  • Cooling, Air Intake And Gas Exhaust, And Fuel Tank Arrangements In Propulsion Units (AREA)
US12/279,755 2006-02-17 2007-02-17 Articles of Composite Construction and Methods of Manufacture Thereof Abandoned US20090304962A1 (en)

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WO2014135459A1 (en) * 2013-03-05 2014-09-12 Total Research & Technology Feluy Multilayered rotomoulded articles
WO2022081606A1 (en) * 2020-10-13 2022-04-21 Venture Aerospace, Llc Aerospace structure methods of manufacturing
CN114434834A (zh) * 2020-10-20 2022-05-06 河北工业大学 一种纤维金属层板热介质变能率面力加载成形方法
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WO2014135459A1 (en) * 2013-03-05 2014-09-12 Total Research & Technology Feluy Multilayered rotomoulded articles
US9676170B2 (en) 2013-03-05 2017-06-13 Total Research & Technology Feluy Multilayered rotomoulded articles
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WO2022081606A1 (en) * 2020-10-13 2022-04-21 Venture Aerospace, Llc Aerospace structure methods of manufacturing
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CA2640568A1 (en) 2007-08-23
KR20080108243A (ko) 2008-12-12
MX2008010543A (es) 2008-10-29
AU2007215389B2 (en) 2012-04-26
EP1991413A1 (en) 2008-11-19
US20170166393A1 (en) 2017-06-15
AU2007215389A1 (en) 2007-08-23
EP1991413B1 (en) 2017-07-12
WO2007093006A1 (en) 2007-08-23
BRPI0708078A2 (pt) 2011-05-17
CN101460299A (zh) 2009-06-17
US11059665B2 (en) 2021-07-13
JP2009533238A (ja) 2009-09-17
HUE034701T2 (en) 2018-02-28
JP5579391B2 (ja) 2014-08-27
PT1991413T (pt) 2017-10-06
PL1991413T3 (pl) 2018-10-31
HK1135353A1 (zh) 2010-06-04
ZA200807931B (en) 2009-11-25
US11713187B2 (en) 2023-08-01
EA200801857A1 (ru) 2009-04-28
US20210300675A1 (en) 2021-09-30
NZ571295A (en) 2011-10-28
KR101433961B1 (ko) 2014-08-26
DK1991413T3 (en) 2017-10-30
EA035152B1 (ru) 2020-05-06
ES2642198T3 (es) 2017-11-15
US20130156981A1 (en) 2013-06-20
CN101460299B (zh) 2016-03-09
CA2640568C (en) 2019-09-03
BRPI0708078B1 (pt) 2018-04-03
EP1991413A4 (en) 2012-09-19

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Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:WILLIAM RODGERS, DECEASED; DANIEL RODGERS, EXECUTOR;REEL/FRAME:047902/0017

Effective date: 20180823

Owner name: OMNI TANKER TECHNOLOGY PTY LTD (ACN 135 294 772),

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:WILLIAM RODGERS, DECEASED; DANIEL RODGERS, EXECUTOR;REEL/FRAME:047902/0017

Effective date: 20180823