US20090288742A1 - Method for increasing the fatigue strength of a predominantly steel mechanical part of a wind turbine and/or for reducing the tendency to form what are called "white etching cracks" or "brittle flakes" in such steel mechanical parts - Google Patents

Method for increasing the fatigue strength of a predominantly steel mechanical part of a wind turbine and/or for reducing the tendency to form what are called "white etching cracks" or "brittle flakes" in such steel mechanical parts Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090288742A1
US20090288742A1 US12/437,802 US43780209A US2009288742A1 US 20090288742 A1 US20090288742 A1 US 20090288742A1 US 43780209 A US43780209 A US 43780209A US 2009288742 A1 US2009288742 A1 US 2009288742A1
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Prior art keywords
steel
hardened
mechanical part
wind turbine
hardening
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Abandoned
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US12/437,802
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English (en)
Inventor
Luyckx Johan
Broeders Ward
Van Geertsom Jan
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ZF Wind Power Antwerpen NV
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Hansen Transmissions International NV
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Assigned to HANSEN TRANSMISSIONS INTERNATIONAL reassignment HANSEN TRANSMISSIONS INTERNATIONAL ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BROEDERS, WARD, LUYCKX, JOHAN, Van Geertsom, Jan
Publication of US20090288742A1 publication Critical patent/US20090288742A1/en
Assigned to HANSEN TRANSMISSIONS INTERNATIONAL N.V. reassignment HANSEN TRANSMISSIONS INTERNATIONAL N.V. CHANGE OF ADDRESS Assignors: HANSEN TRANSMISSIONS INTERNATIONAL N.V.
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/36—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for balls; for rollers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/40—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for rings; for bearing races
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/34—Rollers; Needles
    • F16C33/36—Rollers; Needles with bearing-surfaces other than cylindrical, e.g. tapered; with grooves in the bearing surfaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/58—Raceways; Race rings
    • F16C33/62—Selection of substances
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/06—Surface hardening
    • C21D1/09—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2300/00—Application independent of particular apparatuses
    • F16C2300/10—Application independent of particular apparatuses related to size
    • F16C2300/14—Large applications, e.g. bearings having an inner diameter exceeding 500 mm
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2361/00—Apparatus or articles in engineering in general
    • F16C2361/61—Toothed gear systems, e.g. support of pinion shafts

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns a method for increasing the fatigue strength of a predominantly steel mechanical part of a wind turbine and/or for reducing the tendency to form what are called “white etching cracks” or “brittle flakes” in such steel mechanical parts.
  • Such a steel mechanical part may be for example a bearing of the gearbox of a wind turbine, for example a bearing ring or a roller element of such a bearing or the like.
  • a special form of such fatigue is known from certain ball bearings and roller bearings as are used for example in wind turbines to support the rotor shaft in the housing of the wind turbine in a rotating manner or for example in a planetary gear unit to support the planet wheels in relation to a planet carrier.
  • a sample is hereby taken of the machine part which has been exposed to rolling and/or sliding load for quite some time, after which this sample is etched with appropriate chemical products, such that cracks and transformed areas can be clearly observed.
  • a characteristic of the fatigue occurring as a result of said rolling and/or sliding is that in the brittle flakes or in the vicinity of the brittle flakes, cracks, areas, bands and/or layers can be observed in the microscope which colour white under the microscope.
  • the aforesaid characteristics which can be observed in the microscope are often indicated as white etching cracks, white etching area, white etching layer, white etching band, etc.
  • These transformed white etching areas and white etching cracks may be formed around an inclusion in the material from where they grow.
  • Known mechanical parts such as for example a planet bearing in the planetary gear unit of a gearbox or the like, or other mechanical parts that are subjected to similar loads, are made of a type of steel which is often hardened according to some method or other in order to improve its mechanical qualities.
  • hardened steel of one of the following types: what is called fully hardened steel, case-hardened steel, induction-hardened steel or laser-hardened steel.
  • Fully hardened steel has a carbon content that is typically situated between 0.9 and 1.1 percent by weight.
  • fully hardened steel is subjected to a heat treatment which consists in heating the steel up to the austenitic area of the iron/carbon diagram (825° to 950° C.), after which the steel is quickly cooled in cold water, oil or air.
  • An advantage of the use of such steel for manufacturing machine parts is that it has a high hardness and resistance to wear.
  • the carbon which is present to a large extent, is hereby partly included in the iron as a result of the fast cooling on the one hand, such that a metal matrix is formed out of a martensitic structure in which high inner strains are present which contribute to the high hardness of the metal matrix.
  • chromium and possibly also other elements improves or stabilises the binding of the available carbon with iron on the other hand, so as to form carbides providing additional hardness to the metal matrix.
  • the variation in temperature during the cooling may be controlled such that a metal matrix with a bainite structure instead of a martensitic structure is obtained.
  • Case-hardened steel has a lower overall carbon content, usually between 0.1 and 0.3 percent by weight, whereby this steel is subjected to a special heat treatment which is called case hardening.
  • the steel is carburized or carbonised by heating the steel and exposing it to a carbon and/or nitrogen-rich environment.
  • the outer layer of the heated steel hereby absorbs carbon and/or nitrogen, whereby the penetration depth increases as a function of the exposure length.
  • the steel After the carburization or carbonisation, the steel is also hardened by cooling it.
  • case-hardened steel is that the outer layer of the work piece, thanks to its higher carbon and/or nitrogen content and thanks to an appropriate hardening, will have a martensitic structure that is hard and resistant to wear, whereas the core of the work piece with a lower carbon content will have a higher tenacity and will be easier to work.
  • Case hardening may take several hours (10 to 150 hours), which is disadvantageous in that it is a costly process.
  • the outer surfaces are heated by means of a laser.
  • the work piece is quenched by quickly cooling it in an appropriate manner, for example in a tank filled with water, oil or the like.
  • induction-hardened steel and laser-hardened steel are advantageous in that the outer layer, thanks to an appropriate hardening, has a martensitic structure which is hard and resistant to wear, whereas the core of the work piece has a higher tenacity and is easier to work.
  • the present invention aims to remedy one or several of the above-mentioned and other disadvantages.
  • the present invention aims a practical and economically advantageous method with which the tendency of the steel mechanical parts of a wind turbine, such as a bearing, to form brittle flakes can be reduced and/or the general fatigue strength of such a mechanical part can be increased.
  • the present invention concerns a method for increasing the fatigue strength of predominantly steel mechanical parts of a wind turbine and/or for reducing the tendency to form what are called white etching cracks or brittle flakes of such steel mechanical parts, whereby this method consists in manufacturing the mechanical part at least partly out of a hardened steel with a carbon content situated between 0.4 and 0.8 percent by weight.
  • a hardened steel with a carbon content between 0.4 and 0.8 percent by weight surprisingly shows no or little tendency to form white etching cracks, white etching areas or the like under a rolling and/or sliding load and that, consequently, such steel also shows more resistance to the formation of brittle flakes or, in short, has a better fatigue strength.
  • an advantage of such a method according to the invention is that the machine parts of the wind turbine which are made out of a hardened steel with a carbon content between 0.4 and 0.8 percent by weight have a longer life.
  • the above-mentioned elements of the mechanical part of the wind turbine which are made of hardened steel are hardened by means of full hardening, and preferably said elements are even entirely full-hardened.
  • an improved fatigue strength can also be obtained by hardening the above-mentioned elements of the mechanical part of a wind turbine which are made of hardened steel with a carbon content between 0.4 and 0.8 percent by weight by means of induction hardening or laser hardening, for example over a certain hardening depth of their outer surface.
  • An advantage of such methods according to the invention is that a higher fatigue strength is obtained as a result of an appropriate selection of the carbon content, whereas the technique is nonetheless relatively inexpensive, since full hardening, induction hardening or laser hardening is many times cheaper than a production process whereby for example case hardening is applied.
  • the variation in temperature as a function of time is controlled such that a predominantly martensitic metal matrix is obtained with little or no carbide formation, for example a metal matrix which consists of at least 50% martensite, but preferably even 80% martensite with either or not a little residual austenite.
  • An advantage of such steel according to the present embodiment is that it is very hard and resistant to wear.
  • the large presence of martensite can be obtained by cooling the steel fast enough while hardening it.
  • the variation in temperature as a function of time is controlled such that a predominantly bainitic metal matrix is obtained with little or no carbide formation, for example a metal matrix consisting of at least 50% bainite, but better still of 80% bainite.
  • Such a bainitic structure is obtained by cooling the mechanical part to be hardened somewhat less fast than necessary during the quenching in order to obtain a metal matrix with a martensitic structure.
  • carbides is preferably restricted to less than 2% carbides measured as a portion of the surface with one of the above-mentioned methods according to the invention.
  • the steel to be hardened is alloyed with one of the following elements or a combination thereof: Cr, Mn, Si, Mo, V.
  • an alloyed steel with improved qualities can be obtained, for example as the presence of the element restricts the formation of carbides or the like.
  • the invention proves to be particularly useful when the method is applied to the bearings of a wind turbine, in particular to one or several of the bearing rings and/or roller elements of the bearings concerned, or to a part of a gearbox, such as for example to the bearing of the gearbox of a wind turbine.
  • FIG. 1 represents a taper roller bearing of the gearbox of a wind turbine, seen as a section, which bearing is manufactured according to a method of the invention.
  • Typical fields of application which are also concerned by the invention are the field of gearboxes as well as the field of bearings, more in particular the field of gearboxes and bearings of wind turbines.
  • wind turbines are equipped with a gearbox whereby the input shaft is connected to or is formed of the rotor shaft of the wind turbine and the output shaft is coupled to an electric generator or the like.
  • the gearbox usually comprises one or several planetary gear units and/or gear wheel transmissions with parallel shafts with which the slow rotation of the rotor blades of the wind turbine is transformed in a quick rotation at the output shaft of the gearbox.
  • the rotor shaft in the housing of the wind turbine or in the housing of the gearbox is bearing-mounted by means of a pair of bearings or, in the more integrated designs of wind turbines, by means of only one main bearing.
  • the rotating components such as the gear wheels, shafts and planet carriers of the gear units and gear wheel transmissions are bearing-mounted for example in the housing of the gearbox or for example on a rotating planet carrier by means of one or several bearings.
  • FIG. 1 An example of such a bearing is represented in FIG. 1 , seen as a section, whereby the bearing is in this case a taper roller bearing 1 with an outer bearing ring 2 and an inner bearing ring 3 in between which are provided tapered rollers 4 .
  • the inner bearing ring 3 can hereby be connected in a fixed manner to the rotating rotor shaft of the wind turbine for example, and the outer bearing ring 2 to the stationary housing of the gearbox or the housing of the wind turbine, but the opposite is possible just as well.
  • the inner bearing ring 3 can be connected to a planet shaft on a planet carrier in a fixed manner and the outer bearing ring 2 to a planet wheel which is subjected to an unrolling movement as a result of the combined tooth meshing with a centrally erected sun gear and planetary gear.
  • this problem is solved by making one or several of the bearing parts 2 to 4 entirely or partly out of a steel having a higher fatigue strength with regard to the above-mentioned rolling and/or sliding load.
  • a higher fatigue strength or a reduced tendency to form what are called white etching cracks or brittle flakes can be obtained by using a steel having a carbon content between 0.4 and 0.8 percent by weight, whereby the steel has been subjected to a heat treatment in the form of a hardening.
  • a known alternative solution is the use of case-hardened mechanical parts which, as explained in the introduction, have a core with a lower carbon content (0.1 to 0.3% by weight C) and a higher tenacity, whereas the outer surfaces of the mechanical part are carbonized or carburized, resulting in a higher carbon content in said outer layers as well, and whereby these outer layers have a higher hardness and resistance to wear.
  • a steel with an average carbon content between 0.4 and 0.8 percent by weight and by full-hardening this steel just as a conventional fully hardened steel a laser-hardened steel or an induction-hardened steel with a higher carbon content
  • a steel is obtained which, as expected according to the present state of the art, has lesser mechanical qualities as far as hardness and resistance to wear are concerned, but which has a much better fatigue strength with regard to loads whereby parts roll and/or slide over one another.
  • the invention proves that the life of a machine part, in particular a mechanical part of a wind turbine, for example the gearbox of a wind turbine, which is made of steel in accordance with the invention increases as a result thereof, since it is found according to the invention that said life is first of all restricted by a fatigue strength that is too low.
  • the above-mentioned elements of the bearing 1 which are made of a hardened steel having an average carbon content are made of steel which is hardened by means of full-hardening, better still which is entirely full-hardened, since this is a simple and inexpensive technique compared to some other techniques.
  • certain steel elements of the bearing 1 having an average carbon content between 0.4 and 0.8 percent by weight are also hardened for example at their outer surface by means of induction hardening or laser hardening, for example up to a certain hardening depth.
  • the variation in temperature as a function of time is preferably controlled such that a predominantly martensitic metal matrix is obtained with preferably only little or no carbide formation, preferably even a carbide content which is lower than 2% measured as a portion of the surface.
  • the cooling can be controlled such that a predominantly bainitic metal matrix is obtained with preferably only little or no carbide formation, preferably even less than 2% carbides measured as a portion of the surface.
  • the metal matrix of the steel according to a method in accordance with the invention preferably consists of at least 80% and better still 90% martensite, or alternatively bainite.
  • the critical cooling speed can be reduced for example, whereby an entire full-hardening is nevertheless obtained, such that also the thermal stress in the steel can be restricted and for example the formation of cracks resulting from the full-hardening can be avoided.
  • the steel is hardened in a common full-hardening process or by means of induction hardening or laser hardening and for example preferably not by means of case hardening, enormous savings can be made, since the steel stays far less long in the oven in case of a common full-hardening, laser hardening or induction hardening than in the case of case-hardening.
  • the method according to the invention can be applied to many types of machine parts or the mechanical parts of a wind turbine whereby, with the known steel types, the above-mentioned fatigue phenomenon occurs, such as for example to manufacture the bearings of a wind turbine or parts of the gearbox of a wind turbine or the like, or parts of large lifting devices such as cranes or the like, or rotating parts such as rotors and alternators and many other possible objects.
  • the present invention in particular also concerns the treatment of bearings of a wind turbine whereby such a method according to the invention for increasing the fatigue strength and/or for reducing the tendency to form white etching cracks or brittle flakes is applied, in particular bearings whereby at least one or several of the bearing rings and/or roller elements of the bearing are at least partly made of a hardened steel having a carbon content between 0.4 and 0.8 percent by weight.
  • the present invention is by no means restricted to the method according to the invention for increasing the fatigue strength of a predominantly steel mechanical part of a wind turbine, described by way of example and represented in the accompanying FIGURE; on the contrary, such a method may comprise various other steps or it can be applied to other tools or machine parts while still remaining within the scope of the invention.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Rolling Contact Bearings (AREA)
US12/437,802 2008-05-20 2009-05-08 Method for increasing the fatigue strength of a predominantly steel mechanical part of a wind turbine and/or for reducing the tendency to form what are called "white etching cracks" or "brittle flakes" in such steel mechanical parts Abandoned US20090288742A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE2008/0281A BE1018151A5 (nl) 2008-05-20 2008-05-20 Werkwijze voor het verhogen van de vermoeiingssterkte van een hoofdzakelijk stalen werktuigonderdeel en/of het verminderen van de neiging tot het vormen van zogenaamde "white etching cracks" of brittle flakes" bij zulk stalen werktuigonderdeel.
BE2008/0281 2008-05-20

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US20090288742A1 true US20090288742A1 (en) 2009-11-26

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US12/437,802 Abandoned US20090288742A1 (en) 2008-05-20 2009-05-08 Method for increasing the fatigue strength of a predominantly steel mechanical part of a wind turbine and/or for reducing the tendency to form what are called "white etching cracks" or "brittle flakes" in such steel mechanical parts

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Country Link
US (1) US20090288742A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
EP (1) EP2123779A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CN (1) CN101586539A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AU (1) AU2009201562A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE1018151A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA2663736A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IN (1) IN2009KO00629A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20140345756A1 (en) * 2013-05-21 2014-11-27 General Electric Company Martensitic alloy component and process of forming a martensitic alloy component
US9394879B2 (en) * 2010-05-05 2016-07-19 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Steel tower for a wind turbine

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102013112868A1 (de) 2013-11-21 2015-05-21 Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Verfahren zum Konservieren eines Maschinenelements und Verwendung einer ionischen Flüssigkeit
CN106415420B (zh) 2014-03-26 2020-01-21 舍弗勒技术股份两合公司 用于对润滑的机器元件进行功能监控的方法和系统
DE102016221993B4 (de) 2016-11-09 2018-08-02 Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Wälzlagerrings mit verbesserter Robustheit gegen die Bildung von White Etching Cracks (WEC)

Citations (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5013525A (en) * 1988-12-09 1991-05-07 Sanyo Special Steel Co., Ltd. Steel for corrosion-resistant rolling part and rolling part
US5908515A (en) * 1993-12-27 1999-06-01 Koyo Seiko Co., Ltd. Bearing component
US20050257860A1 (en) * 2004-05-24 2005-11-24 Takemori Takayama Rolling member and producing method thereof

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2883460B2 (ja) * 1991-03-05 1999-04-19 光洋精工株式会社 軸受用鋼
JPH0853735A (ja) * 1994-08-11 1996-02-27 Daido Steel Co Ltd 軸受用鋼
GB2297094B (en) * 1995-01-20 1998-09-23 British Steel Plc Improvements in and relating to Carbide-Free Bainitic Steels
JP2002060904A (ja) * 2000-08-16 2002-02-28 Sanyo Special Steel Co Ltd 転動疲労寿命に優れた鋼

Patent Citations (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5013525A (en) * 1988-12-09 1991-05-07 Sanyo Special Steel Co., Ltd. Steel for corrosion-resistant rolling part and rolling part
US5908515A (en) * 1993-12-27 1999-06-01 Koyo Seiko Co., Ltd. Bearing component
US20050257860A1 (en) * 2004-05-24 2005-11-24 Takemori Takayama Rolling member and producing method thereof

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9394879B2 (en) * 2010-05-05 2016-07-19 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Steel tower for a wind turbine
EP2385245B1 (en) 2010-05-05 2017-09-13 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Steel tower for a wind turbine
US20140345756A1 (en) * 2013-05-21 2014-11-27 General Electric Company Martensitic alloy component and process of forming a martensitic alloy component

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Publication number Publication date
IN2009KO00629A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 2015-08-14
EP2123779A1 (en) 2009-11-25
BE1018151A5 (nl) 2010-06-01
CA2663736A1 (en) 2009-11-20
CN101586539A (zh) 2009-11-25
AU2009201562A1 (en) 2009-12-10

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