US20090258097A1 - Extracts and compounds from "agapanthus africanus" and their use as biological plant protecting agents - Google Patents

Extracts and compounds from "agapanthus africanus" and their use as biological plant protecting agents Download PDF

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US20090258097A1
US20090258097A1 US11/993,142 US99314206A US2009258097A1 US 20090258097 A1 US20090258097 A1 US 20090258097A1 US 99314206 A US99314206 A US 99314206A US 2009258097 A1 US2009258097 A1 US 2009258097A1
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plant
extracts
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Johannes Christiaan Pretorius
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AGRARFORUM AG
Agrarforum Pty Ltd SA
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N45/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, containing compounds having three or more carbocyclic rings condensed among themselves, at least one ring not being a six-membered ring
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
    • A01N65/06—Coniferophyta [gymnosperms], e.g. cypress
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
    • A01N65/08—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
    • A01N65/08—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
    • A01N65/20—Fabaceae or Leguminosae [Pea or Legume family], e.g. pea, lentil, soybean, clover, acacia, honey locust, derris or millettia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
    • A01N65/08—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
    • A01N65/28—Myrtaceae [Myrtle family], e.g. teatree or clove
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
    • A01N65/08—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
    • A01N65/30—Polygonaceae [Buckwheat family], e.g. red-knees or rhubarb
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
    • A01N65/08—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
    • A01N65/34—Rosaceae [Rose family], e.g. strawberry, hawthorn, plum, cherry, peach, apricot or almond
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
    • A01N65/08—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
    • A01N65/38—Solanaceae [Potato family], e.g. nightshade, tomato, tobacco or chilli pepper
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
    • A01N65/40—Liliopsida [monocotyledons]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
    • A01N65/40—Liliopsida [monocotyledons]
    • A01N65/42—Aloeaceae [Aloe family] or Liliaceae [Lily family], e.g. aloe, veratrum, onion, garlic or chives

Definitions

  • the invention relates to plant extracts, especially based on species of the genus Agapanthus and combinations thereof with other extracts deriving from other plants.
  • the invention further relates to the isolation, purification and identification of compounds in these extracts.
  • the plant extracts and the isolated substances show significant antimicrobial activity, especially antifungal activity, and bio-stimulatory efficacy, when applied to other plants in vitro and in vivo, including under field conditions.
  • the products according to this invention are suitable to be used as plant protecting agents for many crops and economic plants as an alternative for chemical pesticides.
  • synthetic pesticides may pose a couple of threats and hazards to the environment, especially when improperly used by farmers in developing countries who lack the technical skill of handling them, and who fail to adopt to this technology easily. This may result in undesirable residues left in food, water and the environment, and may cause toxicity to humans and animals, contamination of soils and groundwater and may lead to the development of crop pest populations that are resistant to treatment with agrochemicals. Especially sulfur and copper containing synthetic fungicides are toxic to mammals, wildlife and many beneficial insects.
  • Natural products from plants are expected to have a narrow target range and highly-specific mode of action, to show limited field persistence, to have a shorter shelf life and present no residual threats. They are generally safer to humans and the environment than conventional synthetic chemical pesticides and can easily be adopted by farmers in developing countries who traditionally use plant extracts for the treatment of human diseases.
  • Plants have evolved highly specific chemical compounds that provide defense mechanisms against attack by disease causing organisms, including fungal attack, microbial invasion and viral infection (Cowan, 1999 , Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12:564-582). These bioactive substances occur in plants as secondary metabolites, and have provided a rich source of biologically active compounds that may be used as novel crop-protecting agents. In nature some plants have the potential to survive very harsh environmental conditions. This has initiated the postulate that such plants might be utilized as sources for the development of natural products to be applied in agriculture by man as natural herbicides, bactericides, fungicides or products in crude or semi-purified form.
  • Secondary plant metabolites are distinct from primary metabolites in that they are generally non-essential for the basic metabolic processes such as respiration and photosynthesis. They are numerous and widespread, especially in higher plants and often present in small quantities (1-5%) as compared to primary metabolites (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids). Secondary metabolites are probably produced when required in the plant system and are synthesized in specialized cell types. Ecologically, secondary metabolites play essential roles in attracting pollinators, as adaptations to environmental stresses and serve as chemical defenses against insects and higher predators, micro-organisms and even other plants (allelochemicals).
  • Abiotic stress such as nutrient limitation, light intensity, water stress and others has been considered to trigger the formation of secondary metabolites.
  • a biotic stress related type of plant-pathogen interaction involves the production of metabolites as part of a plant defense arsenal against microbial invasion and is considered disease determinants.
  • Secondary metabolites with anti-microbial properties include terpenoids (e.g. iridoids, sesquiterpenoids, saponins), nitrogen- and/or sulphur containing (e.g. alkaloids, amines, amides), aliphatics (especially long-chain alkanes and fatty acids) and aromatics (e.g. phenolics, flavonoids, bi-benzyls, xanthones and benzoquinones).
  • the invention provides extracts and preparations based on species of the genus Agapanthus , preferably Agapanthus africanus , which elicit a significant antimicrobial, preferably antifungal activity in vitro and in vivo, even under field and glasshouse conditions. Moreover, these extracts elicit a significant bio-stimulatory activity, expressed, above all, by an increased growth metabolism. Extracts or preparations from the aerial parts of the plants show a higher efficacy as compared to the soil parts of the plant.
  • extracts or preparations from the combined aerial parts of the plants show a higher antifungal and bio-stimulatory efficacy as compared to the sum of extracts or preparations from the single components of the aerial parts, indicating that synergism is participated in the involved biological processes.
  • combined extracts or preparations from species of the genus Agapanthus and the species Tulbaghia violacea show a higher antifungal and bio-stimulatory efficacy as compared to the extracts or preparations of the single species and let assume the existence of a synergistic process.
  • the invention provides, in addition, compositions of combinations of extracts or preparations of different plant species. These combinations comprise-preparations from species of the genus Agapanthus , preferably A. africanus , and other plant species, preferably garlic species, most preferably from Tulbaghia violacea (wild garlic).
  • a preparation from species of the genus Agapanthus is combined with a preparation of a mixture of species of the Pink family and Alfalfa species, preferably in a specific ratio.
  • a preparation of species of the genus Agapanthus with Tulbaghia violacea and a mixture of species of the Pink family and Alfalfa species. These combinations elicit an increased and synergistic plant protective activity, preferably an antifungal and bio-stimulatory activity, as compared to the corresponding single-component preparations.
  • the invention provides finally at least four compounds isolated and purified from said extracts/preparations, which also show significant plant protecting activity, especially antifungal activity, when applied to other plants in vitro and in vivo, field cultivation included.
  • These four compounds are: 3-[ ⁇ O- ⁇ -D-glucopyranosyl-(1′′-3′)- ⁇ -L-rhamnosyl-(1′′-2′) ⁇ - ⁇ -D-glucopyranosyloxy]agapanthegenin, 5,7,4′ tri-O-flavanone, 5,7,3′,4′-tetra-O-acetylflavanone and trans-4,2′,4′-tri-O-acetylchalcone.
  • the preparations according to the invention can be provided as crude extracts or as dried powder dependent on the process of their manufacture.
  • the preparations may comprise additionally, especially for use in field cultivation, solid preferably pulverulent fillers or carrier materials according to the state of the art.
  • the preparations according to the invention may comprise conventional additives that augment or modulate the effect of the preparation.
  • the preparations according to the invention can be provided also in a liquid, preferably aqueous form, which can be uses as a spray, and thus can be easily atomized on the areas under cultivation.
  • the extracts and preparations of the invention reveal their full plant protecting activity in a concentration range between 0.25 g (extract/powder)/1 to 2 g/l, preferably from 0.5 g/l to 1 g/l.
  • full plant protecting activity means 100% inhibition of the mycelial growth of a typical fungal plant pathogen compared to a standard reference pesticide.
  • the invention also provides processes for the manufacture of the crude extracts and dry powder preparation based on extraction of the plants or plant parts with organic polar solvents, such as methanol or ethanol or mixtures thereof.
  • the invention finally provides a process of isolating, purifying and identifying substances from said extracts which show significant antifungal and bio-stimulatory activity in diseased plants in vitro and in vivo.
  • plant protecting agent or “plant protective agent” means, if not otherwise specified, any kind of synthetic or natural agent, product, extract, composition that is effective in a broad sense for the protection and health of a plant against infection and damages by pathogens in vitro and/or in vivo.
  • the term includes agents, products, extracts, compositions or single isolated components of extracts which may show a couple of different biological activities and/or properties, such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, and bio-stimulatory activity/efficacy, growth inducing/promoting activity (with respect to the plant to be protected), growth inhibitory activity (with respect to the plant(s) competitive to the plant to be protected), systemic and/or immunological acquired resistance inducing/promoting activity, and allelopathy inducing/promoting activity.
  • biological activities and/or properties such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, and bio-stimulatory activity/efficacy, growth inducing/promoting activity (with respect to the plant to be protected), growth inhibitory activity (with respect to the plant(s) competitive to the plant to be protected), systemic and/or immunological acquired resistance inducing/promoting activity, and allelopathy inducing/promoting activity.
  • biological plant protection means according to the invention, if not otherwise specified, that the protection of a plant is achieved by naturally occurring or naturally derived substances or sources preferably from plants, and not by synthetic or chemical means or agents, which do not occur in nature, preferably plants or part of plants.
  • biological plant protecting (protective) agent is thus, consequently a plant extract, a plant preparation, a composition based on plants or parts thereof, or an agent isolated from a plant extract/preparation/composition, which all show significant efficacy against a plant pathogen in vitro and/or in vivo.
  • This term includes also chemically synthesized compounds which are structurally and functionally identical with the isolated naturally derived compound, but excludes expressively chemically synthesized pesticides and related compounds having no natural derived counterpart.
  • Pesticide means according to the invention, if not otherwise specified, not naturally derived or occurring, synthetic compounds, agents or compositions which have plant protecting efficacy.
  • plant pathogen means a compound or composition or living material, such as a microorganism (including viruses), which causes disease or damage to the plant.
  • a microorganism including viruses
  • the term is focused to pathogenic microorganisms including metabolic products of these microorganisms.
  • antimicrobial encompasses an efficacy or activity against microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria and fungi, that reduces or eliminates in vitro and/or in vivo the (relative) number of active microorganisms which attack the plant or parts thereof to be protected.
  • the term includes the terms “antiviral”, “antibacterial”, and “antifungal”.
  • An “antimicrobial agent” according to the invention is a biological plant protecting agent as specified above, which prevents or reduces infections or damages of a plant caused by a pathogenic microorganism.
  • antibacterial means according to the invention an activity or efficacy (e.g. of an agent or extract, etc.), that reduces or eliminates the (relative) number of active bacteria.
  • An “antibacterial agent” according to the invention is a biological plant protecting agent as specified above, which prevents or reduces in vitro and/or in vivo infections or damages of a plant caused by a pathogenic bacterium.
  • antiviral means according to the invention an activity or efficacy (e.g. of an agent or extract, etc.), that reduces or eliminates the (relative) number of active viruses.
  • An “antiviral agent” according to the invention is a biological plant protecting agent as specified above, which prevents or reduces in vitro and/or in vivo infections or damages of a plant caused by a pathogenic virus.
  • antifungal means according to the invention an activity or efficacy (e.g. of an agent or extract, etc.), that reduces or eliminates the (relative) number of active fungi.
  • An “antifungal agent” according to the invention is a biological plant protecting agent as specified above, which prevents or reduces in vitro and/or in vivo infections or damages of a plant caused by a pathogenic fungus. The antifungal activity may lead to the inhibition of mycelial growth as well as spore germination of fungi.
  • bio-stimulatory means according to the invention, if not otherwise specified, an activity or efficacy which stimulates, increases or improves many different processes in the plant or plant parts, such as improved generation of growth promoting substances like sugars and amino acids, improved adequate supply of cells with available nutrients and growth regulators, enhanced cell metabolism, improved cell decontamination, enhanced immune defense, promotion of growth and yield, induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), inhibition of growth and yield of competing plants (allelopathy).
  • the bio-stimulatory activity can be caused by agents, plant extracts and compositions including metabolic compounds synthesized by the plant to be protected after induction of their synthesis by said bio-stimulatory agent.
  • a “bio-stimulatory agent” according to the invention is a biological plant protecting agent as specified above, which shows the above-specified bio-stimulatory properties in a plant treated with this agent in vitro and/or in vivo.
  • a “plant growth regulator” is a compound or a mixture of substances either natural or synthetic, that modifies or controls one or more specific physiological processes within a plant. If the compound is produced within the plant it is called a plant hormone e.g. auxins, gibberellins, abscisic acid and ethylene.
  • SAR Systemic Acquired Resistance
  • PR-proteins defense or protection related enzymes
  • Such enzymes include, for example, peroxidase, ⁇ -1,3-glucanse and NADPH oxidase.
  • Agapanthus is originally indigenous to South Africa. Studies on its distribution indicated that the evergreen species of Agapanthus grows wildly from the south-western Cape eastwards into Natal and further North. It is also grown in Europe, America, Australia, New Zealand and South America.
  • the taxodermic classification of Agapanthus africanus is:
  • the genus Agapanthus (L.) Hoffmg may be divided into two groups according to the type of flowers they bear namely those with flowers having short tubes with perianth segments spreading out widely, and those with long tubes and perianth segments that do not spread much.
  • the genus is sometimes also divided into evergreen or deciduous types.
  • A. africanus (synonym A. umbellatus ) is the evergreen one with flowering stems of about 60 cm in length and deep blue flowers with a darker stripe down the center of each petal. It grows 30 to 60 cm in height and has shorter, fewer and more leathery leaves than the subspecies
  • A. praecox orientalis ). It also has much fewer flowers, usually about 12 to 18, in a smaller head than that of A. praecox and flowers from December to March. There is also a rare white form, A. walshii.
  • A. africanus can be cultivated. It is a perennial with a large root system that enables it to go without water for long periods of time. As the root volume increases from season to season and give rise to new plants spontaneously, roots can also be used to multiply the plant as a cultivation practice. Eventually the plants begin to suffer through being overcrowded. For this reason the clumps which they form should be lifted every few years and divided.
  • A. africanus grows in any kind of soil. To obtain good results in poor soil, it may be necessary to prepare trenches of approximately 30-45 cm deep and incorporate compost and manure. Although the plants are drought tolerant, they flower better if watered regularly during spring and summer when flower formation is at its peak.
  • Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. Hyphomycetes
  • Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr. Hyphomycetes
  • Sclerotinia rolltsii Sacc . Agonomycetes
  • Rhizoctonia solani Kühn Agonomycetes
  • Botryosphaeria dothidea Moug.: Fr.
  • Ces. & De Not. Liculoascomycetes
  • Pythium ultimum Trow Oömycetes
  • Plant pathogenic bacteria used in this study include Agrobacterium tumefaciens Smith and Townsend, Clavibacter michiganense Spieckermann pv. michiganense Smith, Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora Jones, Xanthomonas campestris Pammel pv. phaseoli Smith, Ralstonia solanacearum Smith and a human bacterium Moraxella catharrhalis.
  • Crude extracts of different plant parts of Agapanthus africanus are screened in vitro against six plant pathogenic fungi, six plant pathogenic bacteria as well as one human bacterium (see below.
  • the plant parts are dried, ground and extracted with preferably methanol as specified in more detail in the Examples.
  • a standard chemical, Carbendazim/Difenoconazole is used as a positive control. Screening activities are performed using a disk diffusion method. To determine the bio-stimulatory activity of crude extracts, two methods are applied. Firstly, the effect of the extracts on the respiration rate of a monoculture yeast cells is measured using a specially manufactured respirometer. Secondly, radish seeds are used to ascertain the influence of crude extracts on seed germination as well as root and coleoptile growth in seedlings. In both techniques, ComCat® a commercial biostimulant (EP 1051075) is used as a positive control.
  • Crude methanolic extracts of all different plant parts of A. africanus significantly (P ⁇ 0.05) inhibit the mycelial growth of all test fungi, in vitro, at a concentration of 1 mg/ml ( FIG. 1 ) compared to the standard fungicide, used as a positive control.
  • the root extract completely inhibits mycelial growth of B. cinerea, S. rolfsii, R. solani and B. dothidea , in vitro, and shows a degree of control against F. oxysporum (77%) and P. ultimum (64%).
  • a crude leaf extract shows a similar inhibitory effect against S. rolfsii, R. solani ( FIG. 1 ) and B. dothidea , slightly lower against B. cinerea (97%) and F. oxysporum (73%) but is equally effective against P. ultimum as was the root extracts ( FIG. 1 ). Extracts from the stalk also completely inhibit mycelial growth of S. rolfsii and B. dothidea but are slightly less effective against B. cinerea (87%) and F. oxysporum (73%) ( FIG. 1 ).
  • the flower and the aerial part crude extracts also show almost the same inhibitory effect against all tested fungi, as it is the case for other crude extracts ( FIG. 1 ).
  • aerial part crude extracts are more effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of P. ultimum (79%) than other plant part extracts when tested separately ( FIG. 1 ).
  • the crude extracts out perform the standard fungicide.
  • none of the extracts exhibit-antibacterial activity against any of the plant pathogenic bacteria tested.
  • Root, flower stalks and the aerial part crude extract significantly inhibit root growth compared to the water control (Table 2).
  • a crude extract or a dry powder of wild garlic ( T. violacea ) is prepared analogously to the methods described here for species of the genus Agapanthus .
  • the extracts or dried powders are mixed in a 1:1 ratio and aquous solutions are applied in different concentrations varying from 0.25 mg/ml to 2 mg/ml.
  • Results indicate that none of the plant extracts from A. africanus shows any antibacterial activity.
  • crude extracts or dry powders of all different plant parts of A. africanus significantly (P ⁇ 0.05) inhibit mycelial growth as well as spore germination in all test fungi, indicating a strong antifungal activity of the preparations according to the invention.
  • Root and flower extracts as well as an extract of the aerial part crude extracts show significantly higher antifungal activity than extracts from leaves and stalks.
  • Pythium ultimum and to a lesser extent Fusarium oxysporum , shows a degree of tolerance towards all extracts.
  • the aerial part crude extract increases the respiration rate of a monoculture yeast cell substantially compared to the separate plant part extracts as well as to both the water control and the positive control, ComCat®. The same effect is not observed when the different plant part extracts were tested separately. All the crude extracts of different plant parts of A. africanus as well as the aerial part crude extract increased the germination percentage of radish seeds indicating a stimulatory effect.
  • Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk & Blox.) Vesterger, is a major constraint to field pea ( Pisum sativum L.) production and is the most destructive and widespread disease throughout the field pea growing areas of the world. All aerial parts of the pea plant are susceptible to infection while growth, yield and seed quality are all adversely affected. The fungus infects pea seedlings as they emerge causing girdling stem lesions that reduce field pea populations and increase lodging. Later it also causes necrotic lesions on leaflets and stipules and, in exceptional circumstances, abscission of the leaflets. M. pinodes is spread via pycnideospores throughout the season.
  • the fungus grows over the plant surface for some distance before forming an apersorium and penetrating the cuticle. Symptoms are characterized by brown to purplish, coalescing lesions on aerial tissue. Crude extracts of flowers, roots, leaves and the aerial plant parts are subsequently tested under greenhouse conditions against Mycosphaerella pinodes , the cause of black spot or Ascochyta blight in peas. Fourth internode leaves are removed from four week old pea plants, placed on moist filter paper in petri dishes and inoculated with a M. pinodes spore suspension 30 min before and after treatment with the extracts. The control of Ascochyta blight by different concentrations of the crude extracts from different plant parts of A. africanus is measured in terms of lesion size over a 6 day period at 20° C. in a growth cabinet.
  • the flower extract performs second best in terms of lesion development suppression both when applied before or after inoculation (MIC between 1 and 2 mg/ml)
  • the root extract completely inhibits lesion development only at a concentration of 2 mg/ml when applied before inoculation.
  • the degree of suppression is statistically significant compared to the untreated control, except at 0.25 mg/ml (Table 4).
  • the leaf extract fails to suppress lesion development completely both when applied before and after spore inoculation but, in both cases, the degree of suppression obtained is significant compared to the untreated control, except at 0.25 mg/mg (Table 4).
  • Crude extracts of different plant parts of A. africanus suppress in vivo lesion development on detached pea leaves to variable degrees depending on the concentration applied as well as the time of inoculation.
  • the aerial part crude extract is most effective at all concentration levels tested, compared to the other plant part extracts, both when applied before and after inoculation of detached pea leaves with M. pinodes spores.
  • the flower extract also shows significant suppression of lesion development at a relative low concentration.
  • the aerial plant part extract contains compounds from flowers, flower stalks and leaves, the possibility of different active substances contained in the different parts showing a synergistic effect in either inhibiting spore germination or mycelial infection or both is not excluded.
  • the present study confirms that, especially a combined crude extract of aerial plant parts of A. africanus at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml and lower, has the potential to be applied as both a preventative or corrective measure against infection of pea plants by M. pinodes spores.
  • the extract possesses significant potential as a corrective broad spectrum antifungal agent.
  • the efficacy of different plant part extracts of A. africanus varies in suppressing lesion development on detached pea leaves caused by M. pinodes in vivo.
  • the aerial plant part extract is most effective, especially when applied before spore inoculation and at a relatively low concentration of 0.5 mg/ml.
  • application at higher concentrations after inoculation with M. pinodes spores shows complete inhibition of spore germination or infection or both.
  • none of the extracts causes phytotoxic yellowing or necrosis on detached pea leaves even at the highest concentrations applied.
  • Sorghum Sorghum bicolor L. Moench
  • Sorghum bicolor L. Moench is an important source of food in many non-developed countries and serves as staple food for the majority of people. It is predominantly grown in small-scale production systems under a wide range of environmental conditions. However, production of sorghum is less than 1.0 ton/ha due to various reasons. Sorghum covered kernel ( fSporisorium sorghi Link, G. P. Clinton) and loose kernel smuts (Sporisorium cruenta Kuhn, A. A. Potter) are major factors that account for low yields. Both diseases occur frequently where sorghum is grown without treating seeds against these two pathogens.
  • Plants e.g. wheat and sunflower
  • Plants elicit, when treated with an extract of A. africanus and another reference plant ( Tulbaghia violacea ) according to the invention, a significant activation of PR-proteins such as NADPH oxidase, peroxidase and ⁇ -1,3-glucanse.
  • Wheat plants treated with the A. africanus extract show strong induction in NADPH oxidase activity after 6 h reaching the highest activity at 9 h (112%) over the previous sampling time. Activity remained high for up to 48 h ( FIG. 4 ).
  • Sunflower reacts to treatment with the A. africanus extract in the sense that two peaks in NADPH oxidase activity can be observed.
  • the first peak is reached 6 h after treatment with an increase in activity of 61% over the previous sampling time while the second peak in activity is reached 48 h after treatment with an increase in activity of 333% over the previous sampling time ( FIG. 5 ). From these results it seems that in the C4 plant, wheat, activity induction by treatment with the A. africanus extract is more pronounced than in sunflower, a C3 plant. Wheat treated with the A. africanus extract shows a significant induction (100%) in peroxidase activity 24 h after treatment and this activity is maintained over the test period ( FIG. 6 ). In the case of sunflower the A. africanus extract induces peroxidase activity significantly especially after 48 h and 96 h ( FIG. 7 ). For A.
  • the semi-purified fractions of different plant parts of A. africanus differ significantly in inhibiting the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum (Table 8).
  • the semi-purified extract of the roots contained in diethyl ether, and both the ethyl acetate and dichloromethane extract of the aerial plant parts, significantly (P ⁇ 0.05) inhibit mycelial growth of F. oxysporum compared to the hexane extract (Table 8).
  • the diethyl ether root fraction showed the highest inhibition (62%) compared to the ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions that showed similar inhibition effects (51%).
  • both the ethyl acetate and dichloromethane semi-purified liquid-solid extracts are most active and completely inhibit the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum (Table 7). This is statistically significant compared to the antifungal activity of both the hexane and diethyl ether fractions and compared favorably with the standard fungicide, Carbendazim/difenoconazole. Mycelial growth inhibition of F. oxysporum by semi-purified fractions of the aerial plant parts is also significantly (P ⁇ 0.05) higher than that of the roots (Table 7).
  • the recovered yields of the root and aerial plant part liquid-solid extractions are presented in Table 8.
  • the hexane solvent system provides high amounts of semi-purified residue of the roots and aerial plant parts ranging between ca. 4.3 to 5.4% while the diethyl ether solvent system provides ca. 3% and 2% from the roots and aerial plant parts, respectively.
  • the ethyl acetate solvent system yields approximately ca. 1% residues in both the root and aerial part extracts while the recovered yield from the dichloromethane solvent system is less than ca. 1% in both cases.
  • the root fraction After controlling the most active P-TLC fractions of both the root and aerial parts for purity, by obtaining Q-TLC profiles after acetylating the molecules and acidifying the mobile phase with 1N HCl, the root fraction consists of four compounds (Table 11). By means of acidified P-TLC separation, these four compounds are purified and tested for antifungal activity. All four compounds are highly active.
  • the active P-TLC fraction of the aerial parts proves to contain only one pure compound that is active (Table 11). All five of these pure compounds are subsequently subjected to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in order to elucidate their molecular structures.
  • NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
  • saponin (1) Based on the 1 H NMR spectra the single antifungal substance derived from the combined aerial plant parts of A. africanus provides a novel compound, saponin (1). Exactly the same saponin (1) can be identified as one of the four active substances derived from the roots of A. africanus together with three known flavonoids, 5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavanone (7), 5,7,3′4′-tetra-O-acetylflavanone (8) and trans-4,2′,4′-Tri-O-acetylchalcone (9). Structural elucidation can be achieved via spectroscopic methods (1D NMR and 2D NMR) FAB and EI-MS spectrometry, and chemical methods such as hydrolysis.
  • flavanones (compound 7) and (compound 8) can be isolated from the roots after acetylation of fractions nine of the diethyl ether extract by means of P-TLC chromatography. Characteristic of these compounds is the presence of the 3-CH 2 [(two doublets of doublets, ⁇ (3.00-3.15) and (2.70-2.85)] and the 2-H [(doublets of doublets, ⁇ (5.00-6.00)] in their 1 H NMR spectra.
  • naringenin (5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavanone), was identified
  • 5,7,3′4′-tetra-O-acetylflavanone (8) can be isolated after acetylation and PLC separation from fraction number nine of the root part.
  • trans-4,2′,4′-Tri-O-acetylchalcone Isoliqiuritigenin can be isolated as a peracetate derivative (9) after acetylation and PLC separation from fraction-number nine of the roots. This compound is found in many leguminous plants (Roux et al., 1962 , Biochemical Journal, 82:324).
  • three flavonoids 5,7,4′-tri-O-flavanone (7), 5,7,3′4′-tetra-O-acetylflavanone (8) and trans-4,2′,4′-Tri-O-acetylchalcone (9), showing strong antifungal activity at a concentration of about 625 ⁇ g/ml (570-650 ⁇ g/ml), can be purified from A. africanus roots.
  • the Q-TLC profiles show diverse chemical constituents in the roots and the aerial plant parts of A. africanus while the latter extract contains comparatively more compounds.
  • four active compounds can be isolated from the diethyl ether root extract while only one active compound can be detected in the ethyl acetate aerial part extract.
  • this fraction is more active in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the the test fungus, F. oxysporum.
  • Compounds purified from the roots and aerial plant parts of A. africanus can be identified by means of 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy.
  • the major compound predominantly isolated from both the roots and aerial plant parts is a novel steroidal saponin with a three sugar chain attached at the C3 position of ring A in the aglycone moiety.
  • the compound can be identified as 3-[O— ⁇ -D-glucopyranosyl-(1′′-3′)- ⁇ -L-rhamnosyl-(1′′-2′)- ⁇ -D-glucopyranosyl oxy]agapanthegenin.
  • FIG. 1 In vitro inhibitory effect of crude extracts from different plant parts of A. africanus on the mycelial growth of various fungi. Vertical bars indicate standard deviations. Bars designated with different letters indicate significant (p ⁇ 0.05) differences between means according to Duncan's multiple range procedure.
  • FIG. 2 The effect of crude extracts from different plant parts of A. africanus on the respiration rate of a monoculture yeast cells. Vertical bars indicate standard deviations.
  • X-axis time (min);
  • Y-axis respiration rate (cm 3 CO 2 release).
  • FIG. 3A Sructure of novel saponin (1):
  • FIG. 3B Structure of the aglycone (3; agapanthegenin), the glucosylated sapogenin (5) and their respective O-acetyl derivatives (4 and 6).
  • FIG. 4 NADPH oxidase activity pattern in wheat treated with an Agapanthus extract and a Tulbaghia extract (as reference) according to the invention in dependency of the time after treatment.
  • FIG. 5 NADPH oxidase activity pattern in sunflower treated with an Agapanthus extract and a Tulbaghia extract (as reference) according to the invention in dependency of the time after treatment.
  • FIG. 6 peroxidase activity pattern in wheat treated with an Agapanthus extract and a Tulbaghia extract (as reference) according to the invention in dependency of the time after treatment.
  • FIG. 7 peroxidase activity pattern in sunflower treated with an Agapanthus extract and a Tulbaghia extract (as reference) according to the invention in dependency of the time after treatment.
  • Dried plant material was powdered, using a Retsch SM2000 cutting mill and soaked in 100% methanol (v/g) at a ratio of 2 ml g ⁇ 1 dry weight on a roller mill overnight and the supernatant subsequently decanted. This was repeated five times.
  • the combined suspensions were filtered twice, first under vacuum through a double layer of Whatman filter paper (No. 3 and No. 1) and then by gravity through a single sheet of Whatman No. 1 filter paper.
  • the methanol was removed from the clear supernatant by means of vacuum distillation at 30-35° C. using a Büichi Rotary Evaporator. The remaining aqueous solution was referred to as the crude extract.
  • Example 1 the preparation of a dry powder is also applicable.
  • the implication for it is that a considerable reduction in production costs might be achieved and that more hectares of cultivated land can be treated with the product in this form.
  • the preparations of Example 1 and Example 2 show almost identical qualitative and quantitative results with respect to their plant protecting activity/efficacy.
  • Plant material is dried at 35° C., preferably in a drying oven. Dried plant material is first ground to a course powder, using a Retsch SM2000 cutting mill, and subsequently to a fine powder using a special mill than can grind to particles smaller than 100 micron to prevent clogging in a nozzle spray system.
  • the powder is soaked in 100% methanol or ethanol (v/g) at a ratio of preferably 2 ml/g dry weight on a roller mill for 48 h and the bulk of the methanol decanted before the remaining methanol is allowed to evaporate on a large surface. Subsequently, the powder is treated with 100% Ethanol for 24 h in exactly the same way as with methanol.
  • the final product is in the form of a wettable powder that is applied at a rate of preferably 1 g/l and at approximately 300-600 liters per hectare.
  • a modified agar dilution method (Rios et al. 1988 , Journal of Ethnopharmacology 23:127-149) was used for determining the inhibition of mycelial radial growth of the test organisms by the plant extracts. All plant pathogenic test fungi were cultured on 2% (rn/v) malt agar, prepared according to the specifications of the manufacturers, and autoclaved for 20 min at 121° C. On cooling to 45° C. in a waterbath, 300 ⁇ l of a 33% (m/v) Streptomycin solution was added to the basal medium for controlling bacterial growth.
  • a plate containing a standard fungicide, carbendazim/difenococnazole (Eria®-187.5 g/1 EC), at 1 ⁇ g/ml was used as a positive control against each test organism separately to determine the effectiveness of the extracts by comparison. Plates were incubated for four days at 25 ⁇ 2° C. in a growth cabinet. Each assay was performed in triplicate. Radial mycelial growth was determined after four days by calculating the mean of two perpendicular colony diameters for each replicate.
  • Dry baker's yeast (0.8 g) was placed in the reservoir of the respirometer.
  • the apparatus was tilted sideways to release air bubbles trapped in the dry baker's yeast and placed in a water bath pre-heated to 29° C.
  • ComCat® a commercial biostimulant, was used as a positive control at 0.5 mg/ml (optimum concentration according to the manufacturers; Agraforum, Germany, 2002) and distilled water as a second control.
  • CO 2 release by the yeast cells was measured in cm 3 at 30 minute intervals over a three hour incubation period by reading the released gas volume from the calibrated tube. Tests were performed in triplicate.
  • Two sheets of special germination paper (30 ⁇ 30 cm) were used to test the effect of each plant crude extracts of A. africanus on the germination of radish seeds as well as the subsequent seedling growth.
  • a line 10 cm from the top, was drawn on the one sheet and 20 radish seeds spaced evenly on the line.
  • a second sheet of germination paper was placed on top of the first and moistened with either 0.5 mg/ml solutions of the crude extracts, distilled water (negative control) or 0.5 mg/ml solution of ComCat® (positive control). Both sheets of paper were rolled up longitudinally and placed upright in Erlenmeyr flasks containing either crude extract, distilled water or the ComCat® solution and kept at 25° C. in a growing chamber in the dark. Seed germination as well as coleoptile and root lengths were determined at 24 h intervals over a 96 h incubation period. Tests were performed in triplicate.
  • M. pinodes was isolated from diseased leaves and stems of various winter cultivars of field pea at the time of senescence. Collections of the infected plant material were made from the central and south eastern pea-growing areas of Ethiopia. Pieces of the diseased tissues were surface sterilized for 1 minute in 96% (v/v) ethanol, 3 minutes in a 3.5% (v/v) NaCl solution (Moussart et al., 1998 , European Journal of plant Pathology 104:93-102) and 30 seconds in 96% (v/v) ethanol. The tissues were subsequently aseptically transferred to corn meal agar amended with streptomycin (0.3 ml/l) in 9 cm Petri dishes and incubated at 20 ⁇ 1° C. in a growth chamber.
  • Isolates initially obtained from the plant material were then grown on Coon's medium (Ali et al., 1978 , Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 29:841-849) consisting of 4 g maltose, 2 g KNO 3 , 1.2 g MgSO 4 , 2.7 g KH 2 PO 4 and 20 g agar. Cultures were incubated for 14 days to obtain pycnidiospores. To obtain an isolate derived from a single uninucleate cell, a suspension of pycnidiospores was streaked on 15% water agar, incubated overnight at 20 ⁇ 1° C. and examined under a dissecting microscope (80 ⁇ magnification).
  • Oat meal agar was prepared by gently heating 30 g of oats in 1 litre distilled water for 1 h, stirring frequently, and subsequently filtering through a fine sieve upon which the volume was readjusted to 1 litre. Twenty g of technical agar and 0.1 g Keltane AP was added to the filtrate to yield a 2% (m/v) agar concentration. The agar was autoclaved for 15 min, poured into Petri dishes and allowed to cool off before inoculation of three oatmeal plates with M. pinodes mycelia. Plates were incubated in a 12 h photoperiod incubator at 20° C. for 14 days, to ensure the production of pycnidiospores.
  • inoculum spore suspension
  • sterile distilled water was added to the 14-day-old cultures dislodging spores gently with a sterile glass rod.
  • the suspension was subsequently filtered through four layers of cheese cloth in order to remove the mycelia and the concentration of pycnidiospores was determined by means of a haemocytometer.
  • the pycnidiospore concentration was adjusted to 1 ⁇ 10 5 spores per ml (Nasir & Hoppe, 1997 , Annals of Applied Biology 18:32-33) with sterile distilled water prior to the inoculation of pea leaves.
  • Pea seeds were planted in plastic pots in Bainsvlei soil and grown in a glasshouse (minimum temperature 18° C.).
  • three fourth node leaflets per replicate were removed from the plants, placed on Schleicher and Schull No. 595 filter paper and moistened with 4 ml of sterile distilled water in 9 cm Petri dishes.
  • 30 ⁇ l of each of a 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/ml solution of the crude extract were placed separately on each of the three leaves per Petri dish and replicated three times.
  • Treatment of the leaves with water and a standard fungicide (Carbendazim/difenoconazole) served as controls.
  • sorghum seeds were artificially inoculated with either covered ( Sporisorium sorghi ) or loose ( Sporisorium cruentum ) kernel smuts spores at the rate of 5% (w/w) before application of seed treatments.
  • An aerial crude extract of A. africanus was suspended in water at a rate of 2.0 g/1.
  • Sorghum seed lots of 90 g each were treated with 15 ml of the crude extract by mixing thoroughly in a small plastic bag 24 h before planting.
  • a standard synthetic seed dressing fungicide, Thiram (65 W) was applied in the same way at the rate of 0.25% (w/w) per Kg seed and served as a positive control.
  • Sorghum seeds artificially inoculated with both loose or covered smuts spores, but were not treated with the extract or synthetic fungicide, served as a second control.
  • the most active combined column chromatography fractions were further purified by means of preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) using Silica gel F 1500/LS (1 mm) plates. Fifteen mg of each of the active column fractions were dissolved in 50 ⁇ l methanol (100%) and loaded onto the plate by streaking evenly over the baseline with the aid of a glass capillary tube. This was repeated 10 times on 10 different plates to separate compounds from a total of 150 mg of each of the active fractions. The plates were dried in front of a fan between streaking and then developed in a saturated chamber using a chloroform:methanol:water (80:20:10 v/v) solvent system as mobile phase.
  • PTLC preparative thin layer chromatography

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US8435571B2 (en) 2005-06-30 2013-05-07 Afrarforum AG Extracts and compounds from “Agapanthus africanus” and their use as biological plant protecting agents
US9220675B2 (en) 2010-09-09 2015-12-29 Mary Kay Inc. Topical skin care formulations comprising plant extracts
WO2018022868A1 (fr) * 2016-07-27 2018-02-01 Lowe Henry C Inhibiteur des pi 4-kinases utilisable en tant qu'agent thérapeutique contre l'hépatite virale, le cancer, le paludisme, les maladies autoimmunes et l'inflammation, et comme agent radiosensibilisant et immunosuppresseur

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JP5907540B2 (ja) * 2011-02-10 2016-04-26 エフ・ホフマン−ラ・ロシュ・アクチェンゲゼルシャフト 綿を含む固定相を用いるクロマトグラフィーによりグリカン及び／又は複合糖質を精製するための方法
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CN104031115A (zh) * 2014-06-23 2014-09-10 南昌大学 一种广昌白莲蛋白质提取方法
RU2712602C1 (ru) * 2018-11-07 2020-01-29 Гариб Керим оглы Гафизов Способ получения липофильных комплексов, полифенолов и пищевых добавок из побочных продуктов производства гранатового сока
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US8435571B2 (en) 2005-06-30 2013-05-07 Afrarforum AG Extracts and compounds from “Agapanthus africanus” and their use as biological plant protecting agents
US9220675B2 (en) 2010-09-09 2015-12-29 Mary Kay Inc. Topical skin care formulations comprising plant extracts
US9498428B2 (en) 2010-09-09 2016-11-22 Mary Kay Inc. Topical skin care formulations comprising plant extracts
US10004680B2 (en) 2010-09-09 2018-06-26 Mary Kay Inc. Topical skin care formulations comprising plant extracts
US10660845B2 (en) 2010-09-09 2020-05-26 Mary Kay Inc. Topical skin care formulations comprising plant extracts
US11266594B2 (en) 2010-09-09 2022-03-08 Mary Kay Inc. Topical skin care formulations comprising plant extracts
US11992550B2 (en) 2010-09-09 2024-05-28 Mary Kay Inc. Topical skin care formulations comprising plant extracts
WO2018022868A1 (fr) * 2016-07-27 2018-02-01 Lowe Henry C Inhibiteur des pi 4-kinases utilisable en tant qu'agent thérapeutique contre l'hépatite virale, le cancer, le paludisme, les maladies autoimmunes et l'inflammation, et comme agent radiosensibilisant et immunosuppresseur

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