US20090107062A1 - Lifting Equipment For Handling A Wind Turbine Component And A Method For Handling A Wind Turbine Component - Google Patents

Lifting Equipment For Handling A Wind Turbine Component And A Method For Handling A Wind Turbine Component Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090107062A1
US20090107062A1 US12/346,257 US34625708A US2009107062A1 US 20090107062 A1 US20090107062 A1 US 20090107062A1 US 34625708 A US34625708 A US 34625708A US 2009107062 A1 US2009107062 A1 US 2009107062A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
sleeve
lifting equipment
base frame
hole
wind turbine
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US12/346,257
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English (en)
Inventor
Gunnar Kamp Storgaard Pedersen
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Vestas Wind Systems AS
Original Assignee
Vestas Wind Systems AS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Vestas Wind Systems AS filed Critical Vestas Wind Systems AS
Assigned to VESTAS WIND SYSTEMS A/S reassignment VESTAS WIND SYSTEMS A/S ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PEDERSEN, GUNNAR KAMP STORGAARD
Publication of US20090107062A1 publication Critical patent/US20090107062A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
    • B66C1/00—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles
    • B66C1/10—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means
    • B66C1/62—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means comprising article-engaging members of a shape complementary to that of the articles to be handled
    • B66C1/66—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means comprising article-engaging members of a shape complementary to that of the articles to be handled for engaging holes, recesses, or abutments on articles specially provided for facilitating handling thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
    • B66C1/00—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles
    • B66C1/10—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means
    • B66C1/108—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means for lifting parts of wind turbines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D13/00—Assembly, mounting or commissioning of wind motors; Arrangements specially adapted for transporting wind motor components
    • F03D13/10—Assembly of wind motors; Arrangements for erecting wind motors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/90—Mounting on supporting structures or systems
    • F05B2240/91—Mounting on supporting structures or systems on a stationary structure
    • F05B2240/912—Mounting on supporting structures or systems on a stationary structure on a tower
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/30—Retaining components in desired mutual position
    • F05B2260/301—Retaining bolts or nuts
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/728—Onshore wind turbines

Definitions

  • the invention relates to lifting equipment for handling a wind turbine component and a method for handling a wind turbine component.
  • EP patent no. EP-B 1 303 447 discloses an example of a known lifting system wherein an outline of a gripping device for a wind turbine tower segment.
  • the gripping device can be fastened to the tower segment in a certain position on the flanges, by screw connections through holes adapted to said flanges.
  • the holes in the gripping device are arranged according to the holes in the flanges of the tower section.
  • An object of the present invention is to describe a lifting device without the mentioned disadvantages and especially does not involve changing operations of lifting equipment during erection of a wind turbine.
  • the invention provides lifting equipment for handling wind turbine components in connection with lifting means, said lifting equipment comprising
  • attachment points are adjustable mounted in relation to said base frame.
  • the lifting equipment can be adapted and used with a plurality of different wind turbine components where the distance and relative angle between attachment points of the components vary.
  • said wind turbine component is a wind turbine tower segment.
  • one lifting equipment can be used with any of said tower segments including the lower segments with larger diameters and the upper segments with smaller diameters e.g. when erecting a conical wind turbine tower.
  • the same lifting equipment can be used when handling the different segments in connection with manufacturing and transportation.
  • the preferred attachment points of wind turbine tower segments are the connection holes of any flange of the segments.
  • At least one of said attachment points comprises at least one sleeve with a through going hole which centre is dislocated from the centre of said sleeve in order to perform an eccentric movement within the area of a hole in said base frame. It is hereby ensured that the distance and angle between at least two attachment points of the lifting equipment can be adjusted to desired positions i.e. the sleeve hole may be positioned at a desired position within the area of the hole of the base frame.
  • the base frame comprises at least one through going hole, the area of said through going hole in the base frame being substantially larger than the area of said hole in at least one sleeve e.g. at least twice in size in relation to a hole in said at least one sleeve.
  • the base frame comprises at least one through going hole, the area of said through going hole in the base frame being substantially larger than the area of said hole in at least one sleeve e.g. at least twice in size in relation to a hole in said at least one sleeve.
  • the number of sleeves is two, first and second sleeve, which are partly or totally integrated into each other or into the base frame e.g. in depressed areas of the base frame and sleeve, respectively.
  • said first sleeve is located in a depressed area of said base frame and a second sleeve is located in a depressed area of said first sleeve opposite to the base frame.
  • the eccentric movement between the holes in said two sleeves and the eccentric movement between the hole in the first sleeve and the hole in the base frame allows a double eccentric movement of the hole in the second sleeve in relation to the base frame. It is hereby ensured that it is possible to place the hole in the second sleeve over any desired position within the area of the hole in the base frame which gives the maximum flexibility of the invented lifting equipment.
  • said first sleeve comprises a through going hole with a diameter larger than the diameter of the hole in said second sleeve and said base frame comprises a through going hole with a diameter larger than the diameter of the hole in said first sleeve.
  • At least a further attachment point comprises a mounted strut in relation to the base frame. It is hereby ensured that shear stress between the wind turbine component and the invented lifting equipment especially during the initial lifting can be handled by a non-movable part of the lifting tool. Furthermore when placing the invented lifting equipment on its location of operation e.g. on the flange of a wind turbine tower section, the steering of the lifting equipment is eased by using the fixed mounted strut as a guard-pin.
  • said strut in relation to the base frame is replaceable e.g. to a strut with another diameter and/or length and/or shape such as triangular or circular.
  • a strut with another diameter and/or length and/or shape such as triangular or circular.
  • the lifting equipment comprises an area for handling, such as when fixing said lifting equipment to a wind tower component.
  • a crane or similar lifting means can be used e.g. when placing the invented lifting equipment on its location of operation and thus ensuring that the operating people are not required to lift the equipment to the location manually.
  • said base frame comprises an area for connecting said lifting means e.g. a hole for attaching a crane wire and hook.
  • said lifting means e.g. a hole for attaching a crane wire and hook.
  • the invention also provides a method for handling a wind turbine component, said method comprising steps of
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a large modern wind turbine as seen from the front
  • FIG. 2 a illustrates a conventional lifting equipment attached to a wind turbine tower segment
  • FIG. 2 b illustrates an exploded view of a conventional lifting equipment attached to a wind turbine tower segment
  • FIG. 3 illustrates schematically a section of a wind turbine component
  • FIG. 4 a illustrates a three-dimensional view of one embodiment of the universal lifting tool according to the invention
  • FIG. 4 b illustrates a first side view of one embodiment of the universal lifting tool according to the invention
  • FIG. 4 c illustrates a first cross sectional view of the universal lifting tool according to one embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 4 d illustrates a second side view of one embodiment of the universal lifting tool according to one embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a second cross sectional view of the universal lifting tool according to one embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 6 a illustrates schematically a three-dimensional view of a preferred embodiment of the invented universal lifting tool according to the present invention
  • FIG. 6 b illustrates schematically a first side view of a preferred embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 6 c illustrates schematically a second view of a preferred embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 7 a illustrates schematically the invented universal lifting tool when attached to a wind turbine tower segment with a first radius
  • FIG. 7 b illustrates schematically the universal lifting tool according to the invention when attached to a wind turbine tower segment with a second radius
  • FIG. 8 illustrates schematically an explored view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention attached to a wind turbine segment
  • FIG. 9 illustrates schematically a view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention attached to and lifting a wind turbine tower segment.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a modern wind turbine 1 , comprising a tower 2 and a wind turbine nacelle 4 positioned on top of the tower 2 .
  • the tower 2 is build up of a plurality of tower segments 3 .
  • the wind turbine rotor 5 comprising three wind turbine blades 6 , is connected to the nacelle 4 through the low speed shaft which extends out of the nacelle 4 front.
  • FIG. 2 a illustrates schematically one tower segment 3 with flanges 7 .
  • Said flanges are constructed with a number of substantially equally spaced holes or connection points 8 around its centreline which is used for attaching the tower segments 3 when the tower 2 is erected.
  • connection points 8 are often used as attachment points for lifting tool 9 during manufacturing, transportation and installation.
  • lifting tool 9 can be attached to e.g. 2, 4 or 8 locations distributed around the flange 7 .
  • said plurality of different tower segments 3 must be placed on top of each other or on top of a foundation and be securely attached at said attachment points.
  • the process of erecting a wind turbine tower comprises steps of
  • FIG. 2 b illustrates an exploded view of one embodiment of the prior art of a conventional lifting tool 9 connected to said attachment points 8 during e.g. installation.
  • the lifting tool comprises a base frame including an eyelet for the purpose of attaching e.g. a shackle 23 connected to lifting means (e.g. a crane) thru a wire 11 .
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an origin to a problem with prior art.
  • the distance % between the attachment points 8 and the angle ⁇ relative to horizontal may vary.
  • a lifting tool with fixed attachment points can only be attached to a component with attachment points distributed in a similar way.
  • the ends of wind turbine tower segments may have different radius and may have a variable number of attachment points, said l and ⁇ may vary in relation to the different tower segments.
  • a different set of lifting equipment may therefore be required for each tower section.
  • FIG. 4 a illustrates a three-dimensional view of a universal lifting tool 12 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • the universal lifting tool 12 comprises a base plate 13 , a lifting plate 14 and two side plates 15 which in total constitute a base frame for the invented universal lifting tool.
  • the lifting plate 14 comprise an eyelet 21 for the attachment of tower lifting means e.g. via a shackle 23 .
  • One of the side plates 15 comprise an eyelet 22 for the attachment of tool lifting means to be used when the invented universal lifting tool 12 is to be manoeuvred to its operating position.
  • the invented universal lifting tool 12 is to be attached to three attachment points e.g. 8 of a flange 7 of a wind turbine tower section 3 .
  • a middle attachment point comprises a strut 19 that penetrates the base plate 13 and is fastened to the base plate such as with two screws 20 .
  • the strut can be replaced dependent on the diameter of the connection points 8 and can be e.g. 30 mm, 36 mm, 42 mm or 48 mm in diameter.
  • FIG. 4 b illustrates a first side view of the invented universal lifting tool according to one embodiment and illustrates the strut 19 penetrating the base plate 13 .
  • One function of the strut 19 is to carry shear forces between the universal lifting tool 12 and the flanges 7 during said first sequence of lifting at said process of erecting a wind turbine tower 2 .
  • FIG. 4 a further illustrates that the two distal connection points of this embodiment 12 each comprises sleeves 16 , 17 and a bush 18 located on top of each other.
  • a first sleeve 16 is formed with a substantially circular hole 25 dislocated from the centre point of said first sleeve 16 . Said first sleeve 16 can rotate around its centre point as indicated by the dashed arrows.
  • a second sleeve 17 is also formed with a circular hole 26 into which the bush 18 fits.
  • the centre of said hole 26 is dislocated from the centre point of said second sleeve 17 .
  • Said second sleeve can rotate around its centre point as indicated by the dashed arrows.
  • the diameter of said hole 25 in said first sleeve 16 exceeds the diameter of said hole 26 in said second sleeve 17 .
  • the base plate 13 is formed with a circular hole 24 for each distal attachment point (shown on FIG. 5 ).
  • the diameter of said hole 24 exceeds the diameter of said hole 25 of the second sleeve 16 .
  • one lifting equipment 12 can be adapted to the connection points 8 of any tower section 3 despite of the angle ⁇ and distance l between the points 8 .
  • FIG. 4 c an exploded view of the attachment point 16 b - 18 b , 13 of one embodiment of the lifting tool 12 is shown. It is illustrated that the holes 25 , 26 in said first and second sleeve 16 b , 17 b respectively is dislocated from their centrelines c 1 , c 2 and that dependent on the rotation of the sleeves 16 b , 17 b in relation to the base frame 13 , the hole 26 in the second sleeve 17 can be brought in position within the area of said hole 24 .
  • FIG. 4 d illustrates a second side view of one embodiment of the invented lifting equipment. It is illustrated that the angle between the lifting plate 14 and the base plate 13 may be different from 90 degrees.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a cross sectional view of one embodiment of the invented lifting equipment comprising a base plate 13 , a first sleeve 16 , a second sleeve 17 and a bush 18 .
  • first sleeve 16 can be countersunk and fitted in the base plate 13 .
  • a pointed screw 28 is used for the purpose of keeping said first sleeve 16 positioned during maneuvering of the lifting equipment.
  • the second sleeve 17 can be countersunk and fitted in the first sleeve 16 .
  • a pointed screw 28 is used for the purpose of keeping said second sleeve 17 positioned during maneuvering of the lifting equipment.
  • FIGS. 6 a , 6 b and 6 c illustrates different views of a preferred embodiment of the invented universal lifting tool.
  • the universal lifting tool 12 comprises a base plate 13 that constitute a base frame and an eyelet 21 for the attachment of tower lifting means.
  • FIG. 6 a further illustrates that two connection points of this preferred embodiment 12 each comprises sleeves 16 , 17 and a bush 18 located on top of each other.
  • This example of a preferred embodiment is to be attached to three attachment points e.g. 8 of a flange 7 of a wind turbine tower section 3 .
  • a middle attachment point (not illustrated in FIG. 6 a ) comprises a strut 19 fastened to the base plate 13 .
  • the strut can be replaced dependent on the diameter of the connection points 8 and can be e.g. 30 mm, 36 mm, 42 mm or 48 mm in diameter.
  • first sleeve 16 is formed with a substantially circular hole 25 (not illustrated at FIG. 6 a .) dislocated from the centre point of said first sleeve 16 . Said first sleeve 16 can rotate around its centre point as indicated by the dashed arrows.
  • a second sleeve 17 is also formed with a circular hole 26 (not illustrated on FIG. 6 a ) into which the bush 18 fits.
  • the centre of said hole 26 is dislocated from the centre point of said second sleeve 17 .
  • Said second sleeve can rotate around its centre point as indicated by the dashed arrows.
  • the diameter of said hole 25 in said first sleeve 16 exceeds the diameter of said hole 26 in said second sleeve 17 .
  • one lifting equipment 12 can be adapted to the connection points 8 of any tower section 3 despite of the angle ⁇ and distance l between the points 8 .
  • the eyelet 21 is constructed in such a way that it penetrates the base plate 13 allowing tower lifting means comprising one or more lifting wires to be established through said eyelet 21 . This is further illustrated in FIG. 8 .
  • the entrance/exit traces of the eyelet 21 are curved and angled as to minimize stress on the wires and the base plate 13 .
  • portions of the entrance/exit traces of the eyelet 21 are rotatable parts 27 and can follow any variation in angulation that occur e.g. when a connected horizontal positioned tower segment is raised to vertical position.
  • FIG. 6 b illustrates a first side view of a preferred embodiment of the invention comprising a strut 19 .
  • FIG. 6 c illustrates a second view of a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • FIGS. 7 a and 7 b illustrates schematically one embodiment of the invented universal lifting tool 12 attached to flanges 7 of wind turbine tower sections 3 with two different diameters.
  • FIG. 7 a illustrates a preferred positioning of the two sleeves 16 and 17 for a flange 7 with a first radius r 1 .
  • FIG. 7 b illustrates a preferred positioning of the two sleeves eccentrics 16 and 17 for a flange 7 with a second radius r 2 (i.e. r 1 >r 2 ).
  • FIG. 8 illustrates schematically a preferred embodiment of the invented universal lifting tool 12 attached to flanges 7 of a wind turbine tower section 3 and with attached lifting wire 11 .
  • FIG. 9 illustrates schematically the invented universal lifting tools 12 attached to a wind turbine tower segment 3 when the segment is lifted to substantially vertical position.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
US12/346,257 2006-06-30 2008-12-30 Lifting Equipment For Handling A Wind Turbine Component And A Method For Handling A Wind Turbine Component Abandoned US20090107062A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DKPA200600893 2006-06-30
DKPA200600893 2006-06-30
PCT/DK2007/000313 WO2008000262A1 (en) 2006-06-30 2007-06-27 Lifting equipment for handling a wind turbine component and a method for handling a wind turbine component

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/DK2007/000313 Continuation WO2008000262A1 (en) 2006-06-30 2007-06-27 Lifting equipment for handling a wind turbine component and a method for handling a wind turbine component

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20090107062A1 true US20090107062A1 (en) 2009-04-30

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US12/346,257 Abandoned US20090107062A1 (en) 2006-06-30 2008-12-30 Lifting Equipment For Handling A Wind Turbine Component And A Method For Handling A Wind Turbine Component

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US (1) US20090107062A1 (es)
EP (1) EP2035316B1 (es)
CN (1) CN101479179B (es)
AT (1) ATE491665T1 (es)
AU (1) AU2007264206B2 (es)
BR (1) BRPI0712840A2 (es)
CA (1) CA2654273A1 (es)
DE (1) DE602007011264D1 (es)
ES (1) ES2357451T3 (es)
MX (1) MX2008016378A (es)
WO (1) WO2008000262A1 (es)

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US20150121987A1 (en) * 2013-11-01 2015-05-07 Thomas J. Flynn Lift pin and die
US9101551B2 (en) 2013-10-09 2015-08-11 The Procter & Gamble Company Personal cleansing compositions and methods
US20170030101A1 (en) * 2014-04-14 2017-02-02 Vestas Wind Systems A/S Tower segment handling method and apparatus
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US11207248B2 (en) 2014-11-10 2021-12-28 The Procter And Gamble Company Personal care compositions with two benefit phases
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CN103434922A (zh) * 2013-09-12 2013-12-11 中国海洋石油总公司 全回转式筒体法兰的吊点
CN103434923A (zh) * 2013-09-12 2013-12-11 中国海洋石油总公司 板式筒体法兰的吊点
CN103434920A (zh) * 2013-09-12 2013-12-11 中国海洋石油总公司 板式牵引筒体法兰的吊点
CN108137290B (zh) 2015-10-01 2020-06-02 维斯塔斯风力系统有限公司 用于提升风轮机部件的提升装置
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CN101479179A (zh) 2009-07-08
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EP2035316B1 (en) 2010-12-15
CN101479179B (zh) 2013-01-02
WO2008000262A1 (en) 2008-01-03
BRPI0712840A2 (pt) 2012-12-18
MX2008016378A (es) 2009-02-16
AU2007264206B2 (en) 2011-06-16
DE602007011264D1 (de) 2011-01-27
CA2654273A1 (en) 2008-01-03
AU2007264206A1 (en) 2008-01-03
EP2035316A1 (en) 2009-03-18

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