US20090098093A1 - Generation of inner ear cells - Google Patents

Generation of inner ear cells Download PDF

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US20090098093A1
US20090098093A1 US12/233,017 US23301708A US2009098093A1 US 20090098093 A1 US20090098093 A1 US 20090098093A1 US 23301708 A US23301708 A US 23301708A US 2009098093 A1 US2009098093 A1 US 2009098093A1
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cells
cell
stem cell
hair
progenitor
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Albert Edge
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Massachusetts Eye and Ear
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Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
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Priority to US12/233,017 priority Critical patent/US20090098093A1/en
Publication of US20090098093A1 publication Critical patent/US20090098093A1/en
Assigned to MASSACHUSETTS EYE & EAR INFIRMARY reassignment MASSACHUSETTS EYE & EAR INFIRMARY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: EDGE, ALBERT
Priority to US13/759,441 priority patent/US20130210145A1/en
Priority to US14/833,919 priority patent/US9896658B2/en
Priority to US15/876,899 priority patent/US20180148689A1/en
Priority to US16/273,071 priority patent/US20190233796A1/en
Priority to US16/678,990 priority patent/US11542472B2/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0625—Epidermal cells, skin cells; Cells of the oral mucosa
    • C12N5/0627—Hair cells
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
    • A61P27/16—Otologicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0618—Cells of the nervous system
    • C12N5/062—Sensory transducers, e.g. photoreceptors; Sensory neurons, e.g. for hearing, taste, smell, pH, touch, temperature, pain
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/40—Regulators of development
    • C12N2501/42—Notch; Delta; Jagged; Serrate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2506/00—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells
    • C12N2506/13—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells from connective tissue cells, from mesenchymal cells
    • C12N2506/1346—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells from connective tissue cells, from mesenchymal cells from mesenchymal stem cells
    • C12N2506/1353—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells from connective tissue cells, from mesenchymal cells from mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC)

Definitions

  • This invention relates to methods using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to regenerate inner ear cells, e.g., hair cells and supporting cells, to treat inner ear damage.
  • a source of sensory cells and neurons for regeneration of inner ear cells would provide a valuable tool for clinical application because neurons and hair cells could be employed in cell replacement therapy for hearing loss.
  • the present invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery of methods that can be used to induce stem cells to differentiate into hair cells and supporting cells.
  • the invention provides methods for providing populations of hair cells and/or supporting cells.
  • the methods include:
  • inner ear progenitor cells to differentiate into hair cells, thereby providing populations of hair cells and/or supporting cells.
  • the methods include isolating the inner ear progenitor cells, hair cells, and/or supporting cells, e.g., to provide a purified population thereof.
  • the inner ear progenitor cells express nestin, sox2, musashi, Brn3C, Pax2, and Atoh1.
  • the hair cells express one or more genes selected from the group consisting of Atoh1, jagged 2, Bm3c, p27Kip, Ngn1, NeuroD, myosin VIIa and espin. In some embodiments, the hair cells express jagged 2, Brn3c, myosin VIIa and espin. In some embodiments, the hair cells express F-actin in a V pattern on the apical surface of the cells.
  • the supporting cells express one or more of claudin14, connexin 26, p75 Trk , Notch 1, and S100A.
  • the methods further include transplanting the hair cells or supporting cells into a subject in need thereof, e.g., into or near the sensory epithelium of the subject.
  • the population of stem cells is obtained from a subject in need of the transplant.
  • the invention features methods for treating a subject who has or is at risk for developing a disorder, e.g., a hearing disorder or vestibular disorder, wherein the disorder is treatable with a transplant of hair cells and/or supporting cells, the method comprising transplanting cells obtained by a method described herein into the cochlea of the subject, thereby treating the subject.
  • a disorder e.g., a hearing disorder or vestibular disorder
  • the method comprising transplanting cells obtained by a method described herein into the cochlea of the subject, thereby treating the subject.
  • inducing the expression of Atoh1 in the cells comprises inducing the expression of exogenous Atoh1 in the cells, e.g., by transducing the cells with a vector encoding a Atoh1 polypeptide, e.g., a plasmid vector or a viral vector, e.g., an adenovirus, lentivirus, or retrovirus.
  • a vector encoding a Atoh1 polypeptide e.g., a plasmid vector or a viral vector, e.g., an adenovirus, lentivirus, or retrovirus.
  • inducing the expression of exogenous Atoh1 in the stem cells comprises increasing expression of endogenous Atoh1, e.g., by increasing activity of the Atoh1 promoter or by replacing the endogenous Atoh1 promoter with a more highly active promoter.
  • culturing the stem cells in the presence of chick otocyst cells for a time and under conditions sufficient for at least some of the stem cells to differentiate into hair cells comprises culturing the stem cells in medium comprising IGF, EGF, and FGF.
  • the stem cells used in the methods described herein are mesenchymal stem cells. In some embodiments, the stem cells used in the methods described herein are human stem cells.
  • the invention also features cells isolated by a method described herein, as well as compositions containing them.
  • Methods for treating subjects are also described herein. These methods include administering a cell or population of cells (as described herein; e.g., a population of hair cells obtained by differentiating a population of stem cells) to the ear of the patient, e.g., to the cochlea.
  • the administered cells may be obtained by the methods described herein, and the starting material may be stem cells obtained from the patient to be treated.
  • the stem cells can be obtained from humans for clinical applications. Because the stem cells can be harvested from a human, and in particular can be harvested from the human in need of treatment, the immunological hurdles common in xeno- and allotransplantation experiments can be largely avoided.
  • FIG. 1A is a row of four photomicrographs of bone marrow MSCs from passage 3 immunostained with antibodies against CD44, CD45, CD34 and Sca-1 followed by secondary antibodies against mouse immunoglobulins labeled with TRITC (medium gray, shown in red in the original). Staining for CD34 and CD45 was negative, but CD44 and Sca-1 were expressed. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (darker gray, blue in the original).
  • FIG. 1B is a row of four photomicrographs of bone marrow MSCs from passage 3 immunolabeled for CD44 (first panel, medium gray, shown in red in the original) and nestin (second panel, lighter gray, shown in green).
  • the third panel is a DAPI nuclear stain (blue in original).
  • the merged image in the right-most panel shows co-staining of a population of cells with both markers (lightest gray, yellow/orange in the original)
  • FIG. 1C is a row of four photomicrographs of bone marrow MSCs from passage 3 stained for co-expression of Sca-1 (first panel, red in the original) and nestin (second panel, green in the original). Merged image in the right-most panel shows co-staining.
  • FIG. 1D is a row of four plots showing the results of analysis of bone marrow MSCs by chip flow cytometry indicating the ratio of immunopositive cells for each of the listed antibodies (CD44, first panel; Sca-1, second panel; CD34, third panel; and CD45, last panel); axes are “Fluorescence” and “No. of events.”
  • FIG. 1E is a pair of photomicrographs showing the potential for lineage differentiation, as demonstrated by formation of chondrocytes and extracellular matrix after treatment of bone marrow MSCs with TGF- ⁇ . Cells that grew out from a micro-aggregate (left) were stained for type II collagen (right).
  • FIG. 1F is a pair of photomicrographs showing the differentiation of bone marrow MSCs to neurons by differentiation in serum-free medium containing neuronal growth supplements and bFGF. Staining for neurofilament (NF-M) is shown in these cells.
  • FIG. 2A is a gel showing the results of genetic analysis for neural progenitor markers by RT-PCR of MSCs treated with IGF-1, EGF and bFGF for 14 days followed by analysis.
  • MSC bone marrow MSCs
  • NP neural progenitors at 2 wks after induction of progenitor formation. The genes analyzed are shown to the left of the gel.
  • FIGS. 2B-C are two sets of four photomicrographs showing that the neural progenitor marker, nestin, visualized by immunohistochemistry using a secondary antibody labeled with FITC (top right panel in 2 B and 2 C, shown in green in the original), was co-expressed with CD44 ( 2 B, top left panel, shown in red in the original) and with Sca-1 ( 2 C, top left panel, shown in red in the original).
  • FITC top right panel in 2 B and 2 C, shown in green in the original
  • Sca-1 2 C, top left panel, shown in red in the original
  • DAPI is shown in blue (lower left panel in each figure).
  • Scale bars are 50 ⁇ m.
  • Merged images in the lower right panel of each figure show coexpression of nestin and CD44 ( 2 B) or Sca1 ( 2 C) (all of the cells appeared green in the original, indicating coexpression).
  • FIG. 3A is a gel showing the results of genetic analysis by RT-PCR of precursor cells incubated in NT3, FGF and BDNF (which support neuronal and sensory cell progenitors in the inner ear).
  • the gene profiles included expression of Oct4, nestin, Otx2, and Musashi, as well as proneural transcription factors, GATA3, NeuroD, Ngn1, Atoh1, Brn3c, and Zic2. These cells did not express hair cells genes, myosin VIIa and espin.
  • FIG. 3B is a gel showing the results of genetic analysis by RT-PCR of the cells obtained after induction with NT3, FGF, and BDNF. Genes characteristic of supporting cells (claudin14, connexin 26, p75 Trk , Notch 1, and S100A) were also observed. These progenitor cells thus had expression profiles characteristic of neuronal or sensory progenitors. Genes analyzed are shown to the left of the gels.
  • FIG. 4A is a photomicrograph showing exogenous expression of Atoh1 in bone marrow MSCs; expression was observed in cells and nuclei (green in the original) due to the expression of GFP from the vector.
  • FIG. 4B is a gel showing the results of gene expression in cells transfected with Atoh1 followed by treatment of the cells with NT3, FGF and BDNF. The results indicate that this protocol gave rise to progenitor cells that subsequently matured into cells expressing hair cell genes, including espin, myosin VIIa, jagged 2, and Brn3c, and p27Kip, in addition to the proneural genes, Ngn1 and NeuroD.
  • FIG. 4C is a gel showing the results of further genetic analysis of the cells under the differentiating conditions described in 4 B; the results showed that the cells also expressed S100A, p75 Trk , claudin 14, connexin 26, and Notch1, consistent with some cells having a supporting cell phenotype.
  • FIG. 4D is a photomicrograph of an MSC cell line selected in Zeocin; the cells had a high percentage of GFP expression when cultured in serum (green in original).
  • FIG. 4E is a row of 4 photomicrographs of cells stained for Myo7a (first panel), Math1/Atoh1 (second panel), or DAPI (third panel); the last panel is a merged image. After differentiation, the number of hair cell-like cells per DAPI nucleus rose and these cells stained for myosin VIIa (shown in red in the first panel) and Atoh1 (shown in green in the second panel; arrows in the second and last panels).
  • FIG. 4F is two rows of 4 photomicrographs of an Atoh1 expressing cell line differentiated to cells with nuclei that were immunopositive for Bm3c (second column, green in original; indicated by arrowheads) and cytoplasm positive for myosin VIIa (first column, red in original; indicated by arrows). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (third column, blue in original).
  • FIG. 4G is a row of three photomicrographs showing that the differentiated cells were positive for F-actin which protruded from the apex of the cell in the shape of a stereocilia bundle (arrow).
  • FIG. 4H is a row of three photomicrographs showing that F-actin staining was arranged in a characteristic V pattern on the apical surface.
  • FIG. 5A is a gel showing the results of genetic analysis of bone marrow MSC derived progenitors were co-cultured for 21 days with chick otocyst cells that had been treated with mitomycin C (Mito C); the results showed that expression of jagged 2, p27Kip, Atoh1, Brn3c, myosin VIIa and espin was increased, whereas the expression of these genes in chick cells was undetectable. Chick otocyst cells that had been fixed by incubation with paraformaldehyde were less effective (PFA) than the unfixed cells but did cause differentiation of the progenitors. Conditioned medium from the chick cells (Cnd Med) had no effect (levels of expression of these markers similar to previously shown data for differentiating conditions).
  • Mito C mitomycin C
  • FIG. 5B is a set of three photomicrographs showing that expression of Atoh1 (Math-1, middle panel, green in original) and myosin VIIa (top panel, red in original) in cells from a Atoh1-GFP mouse showed green fluorescence corresponding to the induction of this marker in the nucleus and had expression of myosin VIIa in the cytoplasm.
  • FIG. 6A is a set of four photomicrographs showing an increase in fluorescence (green in original) indicating the conversion of bone marrow cells to cells expressing Atoh1.
  • the cells stained for Atoh1 (Math1, bottom left, green in original), myosin VIIa (top left, red in original) and DAPI (top right, blue in original).
  • a merged image is shown in on the bottom right panel.
  • FIG. 6B is a photomicrograph showing that Atoh1-expressing cells were found incorporated into the tissue of the chick otic epithelium.
  • the hair cells of the chick were stained with the chick-specific marker, HCA (white in original) and myosin VIIa (red in original), whereas the Atoh-1 expressing mouse cells were green due to expression of GFP (arrows).
  • FIG. 6C is a set of four photomicrographs showing a lack of cell fusion, demonstrated by the presence of HCA (arrowhead, lower panels) in cells that did not have green fluorescence and of Atoh1-GFP (arrow, right column) exclusively in cells that did not stain for HCA, a marker for chicken cells. No cells with both GFP and HCA were observed in these experiments. Scale bars are 100 ⁇ m.
  • FIG. 7 is a gel showing the results of genetic analysis of cells after inhibition of Notch signaling with an inhibitor of ⁇ -secretase increases expression of hair cell markers.
  • Gene expression in MSCs treated with a ⁇ -secretase inhibitor showed that loss of Notch signaling increased Atoh1 expression.
  • the timing of inhibition was critical: ⁇ -secretase inhibitor added at d1 of differentiation in vitro for a total of 10 days led to an increase in hair cell markers, myosin VIIa and espin, whereas inhibitor added at d3 did not induce hair cell markers.
  • stem cells are present in the inner ear (Li et al., Trends Mol Med 10, 309-315 (2004); Li et al., Nat Med 9, 1293-1299 (2003); Rask-Andersen et al., Hear Res 203, 180-191 (2005)), hair cells do not regenerate after damage, and, therefore, a source of cells that could potentially be used for cell transplantation in a therapeutic replacement of these sensory cells has important implications for treatment of sensorineural hearing loss.
  • Bone marrow has been harvested and used extensively in clinical applications and is a highly desirable source, because cells from a patient's bone marrow could potentially be transplanted without the problem of immune rejection.
  • the present methods include a treatment regimen for hearing loss including transplantation of hair cells obtained by methods described herein.
  • stem cells e.g., mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow
  • the neurosensory progenitors obtained from bone marrow can be converted to sensory cells by co-culture with cells of the developing sensory epithelium, even in the absence of Atoh1 expression.
  • Stem cells in bone marrow are known to be the precursors for all lymphoid and erythroid cells, but mesenchymal stem cells in bone marrow also act as precursors to bone, cartilage, and fat cells (Colter et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97, 3213-3218 (2000); Pittenger et al., Science 284, 143-147 (1999)).
  • these stem cells have been shown to give rise to cells of other lineages including pancreatic cells (Hess et al., Nat Biotechnol 21, 763-770 (2003)), muscle cells (Doyonnas et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101, 13507-13512 (2004)) and neurons (Dezawa et al., J Clin Invest 113, 1701-1710 (2004); Hermann et al., J Cell Sci 117, 4411-4422 (2004); Jiang et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 Suppl 1, 11854-11860 (2003)).
  • pancreatic cells Hess et al., Nat Biotechnol 21, 763-770 (2003)
  • muscle cells Doyonnas et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101, 13507-13512 (2004)
  • neurons Dezawa et al., J Clin Invest 113, 1701-1710 (2004); Hermann et al., J Cell Sci 117, 4411-4422
  • Stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of extensive proliferation. Stem cells are pluripotent and are believed to have the capacity to differentiate into most cell types in the body (Pedersen, Scientif. Am. 280:68 (1999)), including neural cells, muscle cells, blood cells, epithelial cells, skin cells, and cells of the inner ear (e.g., hair cells and cells of the spiral ganglion). Stem cells are capable of ongoing proliferation in vitro without differentiating. As they divide, they retain a normal karyotype, and they retain the capacity to differentiate to produce adult cell types.
  • Hematopoietic stem cells resident in bone marrow are the source of blood cells, but in addition to these hematopoietic stem cells, the bone marrow contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that can differentiate into cell types of all three embryonic germ layers (Colter et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97, 3213-3218 (2000); Doyonnas et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101, 13507-13512 (2004); Herzog et al., Blood 102, 3483-3493 (2003); Hess et al., Nat Biotechnol 21, 763-770 (2003); Jiang et al., Nature 418, 41-49 (2002); Pittenger et al., Science 284, 143-147 (1999)).
  • MSCs mesenchymal stem cells
  • transplanted cells have been used for transplantation and are a preferred source of new cells for therapies because the transplanted cells are immunologically matched when harvested from a patient to be treated and because they have been extensively used in clinical applications so that their safety is known.
  • Stem cells can differentiate to varying degrees.
  • stem cells can form cell aggregates called embryoid bodies in hanging drop cultures.
  • the embryoid bodies contain neural progenitor cells that can be selected by their expression of an early marker gene such as Sox1 and the nestin gene, which encodes an intermediate filament protein (Lee et al., Nat. Biotech. 18:675-9, 2000).
  • Inner ear cells or inner ear cell progenitors can be generated from mammalian stem cells.
  • stem cells suitable for use in the present methods can be any stem cell that has neurogenic potential, i.e., any stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into a neural cell, e.g., neurons, glia, astrocytes, retinal photoreceptors, oligodendrocytes, olfactory cells, hair cells, supporting cells, and the like.
  • Neurogenic stem cells including human adult stem cells such as bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, can be induced to differentiate into inner ear progenitor cells that are capable of giving rise to mature inner ear cells including hair cells and supporting cells.
  • Neurogenic stem cells useful in the methods described herein can be identified by the expression of certain neurogenic stem cell markers, such as nestin, sox1, sox2, and musashi. Alternatively or in addition, these cells express high levels of helix-loop-helix transcription factors NeuroD, Atoh1, and neurogenin1.
  • neurogenic stem cells include embryonic stem cells or stem cells derived from mature (e.g., adult) tissue, such as the ear (e.g., inner ear), central nervous system, blood, skin, eye or bone marrow.
  • the stem cells are mesenchymal stem cells. Any of the methods described herein for culturing stem cells and inducing differentiation into inner ear cells (e.g., hair cells or supporting cells) can be used.
  • Stem cells useful for generating cells of the inner ear can be derived from a mammal, such as a human, mouse, rat, pig, sheep, goat, or non-human primate.
  • stem cells have been identified and isolated from the mouse utricular macula (Li et al., Nature Medicine 9:1293-1299, 2003).
  • induction protocols for inducing differentiation of stem cells with neurogenic potential into neural progenitor cells, including growth factor treatment (e.g., treatment with EGF, FGF, and IGF, as described herein) and neurotrophin treatment (e.g., treatment with NT3 and BDNF, as described herein).
  • growth factor treatment e.g., treatment with EGF, FGF, and IGF, as described herein
  • neurotrophin treatment e.g., treatment with NT3 and BDNF, as described herein.
  • Other differentiation protocols are known in the art; see, e.g., Corrales et al., J. Neurobiol. 66(13):1489-500 (2006); Kim et al., Nature 418, 50-6 (2002); Lee et al., Nat Biotechnol 18, 675-9 (2000); and Li et al., Nat Biotechnol 23, 215-21 (2005).
  • the stem cells are grown in the presence of supplemental growth factors that induce differentiation into progenitor cells.
  • supplemental growth factors are added to the culture medium.
  • the type and concentration of the supplemental growth factors is be adjusted to modulate the growth characteristics of the cells (e.g., to stimulate or sensitize the cells to differentiate) and to permit the survival of the differentiated cells such as neurons, glial cells, supporting cells or hair cells.
  • Exemplary supplementary growth factors are discussed in detail below, and include, but are not limited to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF).
  • the supplemental growth factors can include the neurotrophic factors neurotrophin-3 (NT3) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Concentrations of growth factors can range from about 100 ng/mL to about 0.5 ng/mL (e.g., from about 80 ng/mL to about 3 ng/mL, such as about 60 ng/mL, about 50 ng/mL, about 40 ng/mL, about 30 ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL, or about 5 ng/mL).
  • Neural progenitor cells produced by these methods include inner ear progenitor cells, i.e., cells that can give rise to inner ear cells such as hair cells and supporting cells.
  • Inner ear progenitor cells can be identified by the expression of marker genes such as nestin, sox2, and musashi, in addition to certain inner-ear specific marker genes Brn3C, Pax2, and Atoh1.
  • the invention includes purified populations of inner ear progenitor cells expressing nestin, sox2, musashi, Brn3C, Pax2, and Atoh1. These inner ear progenitor cells are lineage committed, and can be induced to further differentiate into hair cells and supporting cells by a method described herein.
  • Progenitor cells prepared by a method described herein can optionally be frozen for future use.
  • stem cells can be cultured in serum free DMEM/high-glucose and F12 media (mixed 1:1), and supplemented with N2 and B27 solutions and growth factors. Growth factors such as EGF, IGF-1, and bFGF have been demonstrated to augment sphere formation in culture.
  • stem cells often show a distinct potential for forming spheres by proliferation of single cells.
  • the identification and isolation of spheres can aid in the process of isolating stem cells from mature tissue for use in making differentiated cells of the inner ear.
  • the growth medium for cultured stem cells can contain one or more or any combination of growth factors. This includes leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) which prevents the stem cells from differentiating.
  • LIF leukemia inhibitory factor
  • the medium can be exchanged for medium lacking growth factors.
  • the medium can be serum-free DMEM/high glucose and F12 media (mixed 1:1) supplemented with N2 and B27 solutions. Equivalent alternative media and nutrients can also be used. Culture conditions can be optimized using methods known in the art.
  • Atoh1 expression of Atoh1 in stem-cell derived progenitor cells was sufficient to drive them into adopting hair cell markers.
  • Studies of Atoh1 expression in the ear have indicated that this helix-loop-helix transcription factor occupies a key place in the hierarchy of inner ear transcription factors for differentiation of hair cells.
  • Atoh1 nucleic acids and polypeptides are known in the art, and described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,838,444 and 7,053,200, and P.G. PUB. Nos. 2004/0237127 and 2004/0231009, all to Zoghbi et al., all incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • the Atoh1 is, or is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 93%, or 95% identical to, human atonal homolog 1 (ATOH1); ATH1; and HATH1 (for additional information see Ben-Arie et al., Molec. Genet.
  • the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes).
  • the length of a reference sequence aligned for comparison purposes is at least 80% of the length of the reference sequence, and in some embodiments is at least 90% or 100%.
  • the amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared.
  • amino acid or nucleic acid “identity” is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid “homology”.
  • the percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences.
  • the comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.
  • the methods include expressing in the cells a Atoh1 polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid that hybridizes to the human Atoh1 mRNA under stringent conditions.
  • stringent conditions describes conditions for hybridization and washing. Stringent conditions as used herein are 0.5M sodium phosphate, 7% SDS at 65° C., followed by one or more washes at 0.2 ⁇ SSC, 1% SDS at 65° C. See, e.g., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (2006).
  • the methods include expressing exogenous Atoh1 in a stem cell. This can be achieved, for example, by introducing an expression vector in the cell.
  • the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked and can include a plasmid, cosmid or viral vector.
  • the vector can be capable of autonomous replication or it can integrate into a host DNA.
  • Viral vectors include, e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses.
  • a vector can include a Atoh1 nucleic acid in a form suitable for expression of the nucleic acid in a host cell.
  • the expression vector includes one or more regulatory sequences operatively linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed.
  • the term “regulatory sequence” includes promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals). Regulatory sequences include those which direct constitutive expression of a nucleotide sequence, as well as tissue-specific regulatory and/or inducible sequences.
  • the design of the expression vector can depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, and the like.
  • the expression vectors can be introduced into host cells using methods known in the art, including calcium phosphate or calcium chloride co-precipitation, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection, lipofection, or electroporation. See, e.g., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (2006).
  • Atoh1 polypeptide expressed in the stem cells will have the ability to induce differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to hair cells and/or supporting cells, as described herein.
  • the stem cell-derived progenitor cells also responded to physical contact with developing otocyst cells from the chicken embryo by differentiating into sensory epithelial cells, without the requirement for exogenous Atoh1. This was evidenced by nGFP expression from a Atoh1 enhancer-GFP reporter construct and co-expression of myosin VIIa after co-culture and differentiation, as described herein. Neurons that express markers of sensory cells have been induced from bone marrow MSCs in previous work by incubation with otocyst and hindbrain-conditioned medium (Kondo et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102, 4789-4794 (2005)) from embryonic mice.
  • the methods described herein can include contacting progenitor cells with otocyst cells, e.g., cells isolated from E3 embryonic chicks, as described herein.
  • the methods include culturing the progenitor cells with the otocyst cells in a ratio of about 50,000 cells per confluent layer of otocyst cells, or by injection of 100,000 cells into an intact otocyst (see Examples, below).
  • the stem cells can be cultured in the presence of chick otocyst-conditioned media, which can be produced using methods known in the art, e.g., using media that has been in contact with a culture of chick otocysts for at about four days.
  • Notch is a plasma membrane receptor, and the Notch pathway consists of Notch and its ligands, as well as intracellular proteins that transmit the Notch signal to the nucleus. Included in the Notch pathway are the transcription factors that bear the effector function of the pathway.
  • Notch signaling plays a role in lateral inhibition, in which one cell is singled out from a cell cluster for a given fate (e.g., differentiation into a hair cell, for example). Differentiation is inhibited in those cells not selected to differentiate, resulting in the prevention of a specified fate commitment on the part of most of the cells of a cluster. Lateral inhibition occurs repeatedly during development. Central to this process is binding to the Notch receptor of one of several ligands, including Delta, Scabrous and Serrate. Ligand binding to Notch ligand triggers a chain of intracellular events resulting in lateral inhibition. A review of the Notch pathway can be found at Artavanis-Tsakonas et al., Science 268: 225-232 (1995). As described herein, inhibition of Notch in the inner ear progenitor cells described herein results in differentiation of the cells into hair cells and supporting cells.
  • a given fate e.g., differentiation into a hair cell, for example.
  • Differentiation is inhibited
  • progenitor cells are grown in the presence of a Notch signalling pathway inhibitor.
  • exemplary Notch pathway inhibitors include ⁇ -secretase inhibitors, of which a number are known in the art (e.g., arylsulfonamides (AS), dibenzazepines (DBZ), benzodiazepines (BZ), N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-(S)-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT), L-685,458 (Sigma-Aldrich), and MK0752 (Merck).
  • a useful concentration will depend on the inhibitor chosen.
  • Notch inhibitors include inhibitory nucleic acids (e.g., small interfering RNAs, antisense oligonucleotides, and morpholino oligos; methods for designing, making, and using them are known in the art, e.g., gene walk methods for selecting and optimizing inhibitory sequences, see, e.g., Engelke, RNA Interference ( RNAi ): The Nuts & Bolts of siRNA Technology, (DNA Press, 2004); Mol, Antisense Nucleic Acids and Proteins, (CRC, 1994); Sioud, Ribozymes and Sirna Protocols ( Methods in Molecular Biology ), (Humana Press; 2nd edition 2004); and Philips, Antisense Therapeutics ( Methods in Molecular Medicine ), (Humana Press 2004)) targeting Notch (see, e.g., Presente et al., Proc.
  • inhibitory nucleic acids e.g., small interfering RNAs, antisense oli
  • the cells can be modified to express m-Numb (GenBank Acc. No.
  • NP — 001005743.1 or disheveled (Dvl; the human homologs are at GenBank Acc. No. NM — 004421.2 (variant 1); NM — 004422.2 (variant 2); and NM — 004423.3 (variant 3), both endogenous inhibitors of Notch signalling.
  • a variety of methods can be utilized to determine that a stem cell has differentiated into a progenitor cell, or into a cell of the inner ear, e.g., a hair cell or supporting cell.
  • the cell can be examined for the expression of a cell marker gene.
  • Hair cell marker genes include myosin VIIa (myoVIIa), Atoh1, ⁇ 9 acetylcholine receptor, espin, parvalbumin 3, and Brn3c.
  • Supporting cell markers include claudin14, connexin 26, p75Trk, Notch 1, and S100A. Pluripotent stem cells generally do not express these genes.
  • a stem cell that has differentiated into an inner ear progenitor cell expresses early ear marker genes such as nestin, sox2, musashi, Brn3C, Pax2, and Atoh1.
  • a progenitor cell can express one or more of these genes.
  • the progenitor cells can be propagated in serum-free medium in the presence of growth factors. Removal of growth factors and expression of Atoh1, or co-culture with chick otocysts, will induce the cells to differentiate further, such as into hair cells and supporting cells.
  • a hair cell or hair cell progenitor e.g., a hair cell, supporting cell, or progenitor cell that differentiated from a stem cell
  • Detection of the products of gene expression can be by immunocytochemistry. Immunocytochemistry techniques involve the staining of cells or tissues using antibodies against the appropriate antigen. In this case, the appropriate antigen is the protein product of the tissue-specific gene expression.
  • a first antibody i.e., the antibody that binds the antigen
  • a second antibody directed against the first e.g., an anti-IgG
  • This second antibody is conjugated either with fluorochromes, or appropriate enzymes for calorimetric reactions, or gold beads (for electron microscopy), or with the biotin-avidin system, so that the location of the primary antibody, and thus the antigen, can be recognized.
  • the protein marker can also be detected by flow cytometry using antibodies against these antigens, or by Western blot analysis of cell extracts.
  • gene expression can be analyzed directly, e.g., using PCR methods known in the art, including quantitative PCR, e.g., quantitative RT-PCR, which can be used to detect and compare levels of expression.
  • quantitative PCR e.g., quantitative RT-PCR
  • Treatment methods can be used to generate cells for therapeutic use.
  • Treatment methods include generating cells of the inner ear (e.g., hair cells or supporting cells) from stem cells, using a method described herein, for transplantation into an ear of a human in need thereof.
  • Transplantation of the cells into the inner ear of a subject can be useful for restoring or improving the ability of the subject to hear, or for decreasing the symptoms of vestibular dysfunction.
  • Inner ear cells derived from stem cells according to the methods described herein need not be fully differentiated to be therapeutically useful.
  • a partially differentiated cell that improves any symptom of a hearing disorder in a subject is useful for the therapeutic compositions and methods described herein.
  • a human having a disorder of the inner ear, or at risk for developing such a disorder can be treated with inner ear cells (hair cells or supporting cells) generated from stem cells using a method described herein.
  • inner ear cells hair cells or supporting cells
  • at least some transplanted hair cells will form synaptic contacts with spiral ganglion cells, and integrate into the sensory epithelium of the inner ear.
  • the stem cells can be modified prior to differentiation.
  • the cells can be engineered to overexpress one or more anti-apoptotic genes in the progenitor or differentiated cells.
  • Fak tyrosine kinase or Akt genes are candidate anti-apoptotic genes that can be useful for this purpose; overexpression of FAK or Akt can prevent cell death in spiral ganglion cells and encourage engraftment when transplanted into another tissue, such as an explanted organ of Corti (see for example, Mangi et al., Nat. Med. 9:1195-201 (2003)).
  • Neural progenitor cells overexpressing ⁇ v ⁇ 3 integrin may have an enhanced ability to extend neurites into a tissue explant, as the integrin has been shown to mediate neurite extension from spiral ganglion neurons on laminin substrates (Aletsee et al., Audiol. Neurootol.
  • ephrinB2 and ephrinB3 expression can be altered, such as by silencing with RNAi or overexpression with an exogenously expressed cDNA, to modify EphA4 signaling events.
  • Spiral ganglion neurons have been shown to be guided by signals from EphA4 that are mediated by cell surface expression of ephrin-B2 and -B3 (Brors et al., J. Comp. Neurol. 462:90-100 (2003)). Inactivation of this guidance signal may enhance the number of neurons that reach their target in an adult inner ear.
  • Exogenous factors such as the neurotrophins BDNF and NT3, and LIF can be added to tissue transplants to enhance the extension of neurites and their growth towards a target tissue in vivo and in ex vivo tissue cultures.
  • Neurite extension of sensory neurons can be enhanced by the addition of neurotrophins (BDNF, NT3) and LIF (Gillespie et al., NeuroReport 12:275-279 (2001)).
  • a Sonic hedgehog (Shh) polypeptide or polypeptide fragment e.g., SHH-N
  • Shh is a developmental modulator for the inner ear and a chemoattractant for axons (Charron et al., Cell 113:11 23 (2003)).
  • any human experiencing or at risk for developing a hearing loss is a candidate for the treatment methods described herein.
  • the human can receive a transplant of inner ear hair cells or supporting cells generated by a method described herein.
  • a human having or at risk for developing a hearing loss can hear less well than the average human being, or less well than a human before experiencing the hearing loss.
  • hearing can be diminished by at least 5, 10, 30, 50% or more.
  • the human can have sensorineural hearing loss, which results from damage or malfunction of the sensory part (the cochlea) or the neural part (the auditory nerve) of the ear, or conductive hearing loss, which is caused by blockage or damage in the outer and/or middle ear, or the human can have mixed hearing loss, which is caused by a problem in both the conductive pathway (in the outer or middle ear) and in the nerve pathway (the inner ear).
  • a mixed hearing loss is a conductive loss due to a middle-ear infection combined with a sensorineural loss due to damage associated with aging.
  • the subject can be deaf or have a hearing loss for any reason or as a result of any type of event.
  • a human can be deaf because of a genetic or congenital defect; for example, a human can have been deaf since birth, or can be deaf or hard-of-hearing as a result of a gradual loss of hearing due to a genetic or congenital defect.
  • a human can be deaf or hard-of-hearing as a result of a traumatic event, such as a physical trauma to a structure of the ear, or a sudden loud noise, or a prolonged exposure to loud noises. For example, prolonged exposures to concert venues, airport runways, and construction areas can cause inner ear damage and subsequent hearing loss.
  • a human can experience chemical-induced ototoxicity, wherein ototoxins include therapeutic drugs including antineoplastic agents, salicylates, quinines, and aminoglycoside antibiotics, contaminants in foods or medicinals, and environmental or industrial pollutants.
  • ototoxins include therapeutic drugs including antineoplastic agents, salicylates, quinines, and aminoglycoside antibiotics, contaminants in foods or medicinals, and environmental or industrial pollutants.
  • a human can have a hearing disorder that results from aging, or the human can have tinnitus (characterized by ringing in the ears).
  • the cells can be administered by any suitable method.
  • inner ear cells generated by a method described herein can be transplanted, such as in the form of a cell suspension, into the ear by injection, such as into the luminae of the cochlea. See, e.g., the methods described in Corrales et al., J. Neurobiol. 66(13):1489-500 (2006) and Hu et al., Experimental Cell Research 302:40-47 (2005).
  • Injection can be, for example, through the round window of the ear or through the bony capsule surrounding the cochlea.
  • the cells can be injected through the round window into the auditory nerve trunk in the internal auditory meatus or into the scala tympani.
  • the cells are administered into or near the sensory epithelium of the subject, e.g., into a fluid (perilymph)-filled space above or below the sensory epithelium, i.e., the scala media, scala tympani, or scala vestibuli.
  • a fluid perilymph
  • a human suitable for the therapeutic compositions and methods described herein can include a human having a vestibular dysfunction, including bilateral and unilateral vestibular dysfunction.
  • Vestibular dysfunction is an inner ear dysfunction characterized by symptoms that include dizziness, imbalance, vertigo, nausea, and fuzzy vision and may be accompanied by hearing problems, fatigue and changes in cognitive functioning.
  • Vestibular dysfunction can be the result of a genetic or congenital defect; an infection, such as a viral or bacterial infection; or an injury, such as a traumatic or nontraumatic injury.
  • Vestibular dysfunction is most commonly tested by measuring individual symptoms of the disorder (e.g., vertigo, nausea, and fuzzy vision).
  • the inner ear cells generated by a method described herein can be transplanted, such as in the form of a cell suspension, e.g., by injection, into an organ of the vestibular system, e.g., the utricle, ampulla and sacculus.
  • the cells would generally be injected into the perilymph of these organs or into the vestibule (which connects the 3 organs).
  • the human can be tested for an improvement in hearing or in other symptoms related to inner ear disorders.
  • Methods for measuring hearing are well-known and include pure tone audiometry, air conduction, and bone conduction tests. These exams measure the limits of loudness (intensity) and pitch (frequency) that a human can hear.
  • Hearing tests in humans include behavioral observation audiometry (for infants to seven months), visual reinforcement orientation audiometry (for children 7 months to 3 years) and play audiometry for children older than 3 years.
  • Oto-acoustic emission testing can be used to test the functioning of the cochlear hair cells, and electro-cochleography provides information about the functioning of the cochlea and the first part of the nerve pathway to the brain.
  • compositions and methods described herein can be used prophylactically, such as to prevent hearing loss, deafness, or other auditory disorder associated with loss of inner ear function.
  • a composition containing a differentiation agent can be administered with a second therapeutic, such as a therapeutic that may effect a hearing disorder.
  • Such ototoxic drugs include the antibiotics neomycin, kanamycin, amikacin, viomycin, gentamycin, tobramycin, erythromycin, vancomycin, and streptomycin; chemotherapeutics such as cisplatin; nonsteroidal anti-inflanunatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as choline magnesium trisalicylate, diclofenac, diflunisal, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, meclofenamate, nabumetone, naproxen, oxaprozin, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, salsalate, sulindac, and tolmetin; diuretics; salicylates such as aspirin; and certain malaria treatments such as quinine and chloroquine.
  • NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflanunatory drugs
  • a human undergoing chemotherapy can also be administered an inner ear cell or inner ear cell progenitor as described herein, by a method described herein.
  • the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin for example, is known to cause hearing loss. Therefore, a composition containing a differentiation agent can be administered with cisplatin therapy to prevent or lessen the severity of the cisplatin side effect.
  • An inner ear cell or inner ear cell progenitor as described herein can be administered before, after and/or simultaneously with the second therapeutic agent. The two treatments generally will be administered by different routes of administration.
  • compositions and methods featured in the invention are appropriate for the treatment of hearing disorders resulting from sensorineural hair cell loss or auditory neuropathy.
  • patients with sensorineural hair cell loss experience the degeneration of cochlear hair cells, which frequently results in the loss of spiral ganglion neurons in regions of hair cell loss, and may also experience loss of supporting cells in the organ of Corti, and degeneration of the limbus, spiral ligament, and stria vascularis in the temporal bone material.
  • Such patients may benefit particularly from administration of supporting cells and/or hair cells into the inner ear.
  • Mesenchymal stem cells were obtained from mouse bone marrow by culturing adherent cells from the marrow under high serum conditions.
  • cells were obtained from bilateral femurs and tibias of 4 week old C57BL/6 or Atoh1-nGFP mice (Helms et al., Development 127,1185-1196 (2000)) by flushing out the bone marrow with MEM- ⁇ (Gibco/BRL) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; BioWhittaker, Cambrex, N.Y.) and 1 mM glutamine (Gibco/BRL). Pelleted cells were resuspended and mixed with RBC lysis buffer (Gibco/BRL).
  • MSC mesenchymal stem cells
  • Immunohistochemistry was performed as follows. Cells were fixed for 10 min with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS. Immunostaining was initiated by rehydrating and blocking the sections for 1 h with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS supplemented with 1% BSA and 5% goat serum (PBT1). Fixed and permeabilized cells or rehydrated sections were incubated overnight in PBT1. CD34, CD44, CD45, Sca-1 antibodies (BD Biosciences) diluted 1:40 were used for the characterization of extracted bone marrow cells.
  • Hair cells and bone marrow progenitors were characterized using monoclonal antibody to chick hair cell specific antigen diluted 1:500 (gift from Guy Richardson (Bartolami et al., J Comp Neurol 314, 777-788 (1991)); polyclonal antibody to myosin VIIa, 1:500 (Oshima et al., J Assoc Res Otolaryngol.
  • Anti-rabbit, anti-guinea pig and anti-mouse secondary antibodies conjugated with FITC-, TRITC-, and Cy-5-(Jackson ImmunoResearch) were used to detect primary antibodies.
  • the samples were counterstained with DAPI for 10 min (Vector Laboratories) and viewed by epifluorescence microscopy (Axioskop 2 Mot Axiocam, Zeiss) or confocal microscopy (TCS, Leica).
  • the counting of immunopositive cells was performed by counting 300 cells in 20 randomly selected microscopic fields and significance was calculated by Student's t-test.
  • MSC flow cytometric analysis was also performed.
  • MSC were incubated with antibodies to CD34, CD44, CD45 or Sca-1 (BD Biosciences) and further incubated with secondary anti-mouse antibody conjugated to TRITC. Data were acquired and analyzed using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer system and flow cytometry chips (Agilent Technology Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.). The reference window was set so that fluorescence from the secondary antibody alone was less than 2%.
  • the MSCs were negative for CD34 and CD45, markers for hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow (Jiang et al., Nature 418, 41-49 (2002); Pittenger et al., Science 284, 143-147 (1999)) and positive for CD44 and Sca-1, markers for MSCs (Dezawa et al., J Clin Invest 113, 1701-1710 (2004)).
  • Sca-1 was present on 5.2% of the cells and CD44 was present on 11.5% of the cells based on immunohistochemistry and the percentages determined by flow cytometry were similar ( FIGS. 1A and 1D and Table 1).
  • FIGS. 1B and 1C We detected co-expression of CD44 and nestin as well as Sca-1 and nestin on a small percentage of the cells.
  • MSCs were formed into a micropellet and cultured in DMEM with 10 ng/ml TGFbetal, 6.25 ug/ml transferrin and 6.25 ug/ml insulin for 2 weeks. Their potential to differentiate into chondrocytes is demonstrated in FIG. 1E .
  • MSC For neuronal differentiation, MSC were cultured in DMEM/F12 1:1 containing N2/B27 supplement with bFGF (10 ng/ml) for 14 days and for 7 days without FGF. This resulted in differentiation to neurons (Dezawa et al., J Clin Invest 113, 1701-1710 (2004)) as shown by neuronal markers ( FIG. 1F ).
  • passage 3-5 MSC were trypsinized and transferred to 6-well plates or 4 well plates (BD Bioscience) coated with poly-L-omithine and gelatin or fibronectin (Sigma) at 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/ml.
  • Cells were cultured for 5-7 days, and then cultured in serum-free medium composed of DMEM/F12 1:1 containing N2/B27 supplements (Invitrogen).
  • EGF EGF (20 ng/ml) and IGF (50 ng/ml; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.) for 2 weeks followed by the addition of bFGF (10 ng/ml) plus the other growth factors for an additional 2 weeks, or a combination of NT3 (30 ng/ml) and bFGF (10 ng/ml) for 4-5 days followed by NT3 (30 ng/ml) and BDNF (10 ng/ml) for 7 days.
  • progenitor cells When the expression of neural progenitor cell markers in the resulting cultures was assessed, Otx2, nestin, Sox2, and Musashi were expressed in increased amounts in these cells, which are subsequently referred to herein as progenitor cells, relative to MSCs based on RT-PCR ( FIG. 2A ).
  • Pax6 was found in the progenitor cells but not in the MSCs ( FIG. 2A ). Pax2 was not expressed. A low level of Pax5 was detected but Pax8 was not expressed (data not shown).
  • a similar pattern of expression was seen for the stem cell marker, Oct4, which was expressed in the progenitor cells but interestingly, given its role in maintaining the pluripotency of stem cells, was not found in the MSCs.
  • FIG. 2A The increase in expression of nestin in the progenitor cells relative to the MSCs ( FIG. 2A ) was confirmed by immunohistochemistry ( FIGS. 2B and 2C and Table 1) and was significant (p ⁇ 0.001). Additional markers of the hair cell and neural lineages (Atoh1, Brn3c, GATA3) and neuronal markers (TrkB and TrkC) were also expressed in the progenitors ( FIG. 2A ).
  • TrkB and TrkC are the neurotrophins that bind to these receptors, would increase the yield of progenitor cells or alter the expression of genes for hair cell or neuronal fate.
  • Otx2, Sox2, nestin, and Musashi were found an increase in expression of Otx2, Sox2, nestin, and Musashi under these conditions as well as an increase in Oct4 expression ( FIG. 3A ), indicating that the cells may have adopted a neural progenitor cell fate.
  • the neurotrophin-mediated conversion to progenitor cells had a more rapid time course that we found for EGF, IGF-1 and bFGF alone.
  • proneural transcription factors NeuroD and Ngn1, as well as neural and hair cell lineage markers, GATA3, Atoh1, and Brn3c, were also increased and the expression of Ngn1 and NeuroD, which select for a neural over a hair cell fate in the inner ear (Kim et al., Development 128, 417-426 (2001); Matei et al., Dev Dyn. 234(3):633-50 (2005)) were higher when NT-3 and BDNF were included in the differentiation medium.
  • Other transcription factors expressed in the otic precursors during development, Zic2 and Pax6, were elevated in the progenitor cells relative to the MSCs, and Zic1 expression was not observed.
  • NT-3 and BDNF induced the formation of cells of a neural lineage that were potentially destined to become both neurons and hair cells.
  • the cells were not converted to hair cells or neurons because markers for these cells were not found ( FIG. 3A , hair cell markers myosin VIIa and espin).
  • FIG. 3A hair cell markers myosin VIIa and espin.
  • supporting cell genes may reflect an intermediate or accompanying stage on the way to becoming hair cells; in Atoh1 knockout mice undifferentiated cells with markers of supporting cells have been observed to activate the Atoh1 gene (Fritzsch et al., Dev Dyn 233, 570-583 (2005); Woods et al., Nat Neurosci 7, 1310-1318 (2004)).
  • supporting cells could be induced by the developing hair cells: ectopic hair cells in the greater epithelial ridge induced supporting cell markers in surrounding cells (Woods et al., Nat Neurosci 7, 1310-1318 (2004)).
  • the MSCs could be induced to become hair cell progenitors by bFGF, EGF and IGF-1, factors that potentially stimulate the in vivo formation of these progenitors (Leon et al., Endocrinology 136, 3494-3503 (1995); Pauley et al., Dev Dyn 227, 203-215 (2003); Zheng et al., J Neurosci 17, 216-226 (1997)), and these progenitors were able to give rise to hair cells after overexpression of Atoh1.
  • An increase in expression of neural progenitor markers could be caused by expansion of the cells that express these markers or by differentiation of MSCs to the neural progenitor phenotype.
  • MSC-derived progenitor cells expressed neurotrophin receptors.
  • BDNF and NT-3 play important roles in maturation of inner ear neurons (Fritzsch et al., J Neurosci 17, 6213-6225 (1997); Pirvola and Ylikoski, Curr Top Dev Biol 57, 207-223 (2003)), and in differentiation of neural stem cells to neurons (Ito et al., J Neurosci Res 71, 648-658 (2003)), and we therefore tested whether the fate of the progenitors could be modulated by neurotrophins.
  • Pax2 was detected and may substitute for Pax2 based on their functional equivalence (Bouchard et al., Development. 127(5):1017-28 (2000)).
  • progenitor cells that can give rise to the tissue of origin, as observed in the inner ear (Li et al., Trends Mol Med 10, 309-315 (2004); Li et al., Nat Med 9, 1293-1299 (2003a)), might be predicted and yet the cells do not regenerate after damage, possibly because of the decrease in number of inner ear stem cells after birth (Oshima et al., J Assoc Res Otolaryngol. 8(1):18-31 (2007)). Therefore, a source of cells to provide replacements for these sensory cells is highly desirable.
  • the in vivo role of MSCs in regeneration generally remains uncertain although bone marrow could act as a source of new cells in organs with few progenitors.
  • bone marrow-derived cells play any regenerative role in the sensory or peripheral nervous system in a spontaneous response to damage in vivo is an unanswered question, but, although low-level replacement of hair cells by bone marrow cells in vivo cannot be ruled out, spontaneous replacement of sensory cells is unlikely to be significant given the lack of hair cell regeneration seen in the adult cochlear and vestibular systems (Hawkins and Lovett, Hum Mol Genet 13(Spec No 2):R289-296 (2004); White et al., Nature 441, 984-987 (2006)).
  • Atoh1 a transcription factor that is known to push competent progenitors to a hair cell fate (Izumikawa et al., Nat Med 11, 271-276 (2005); Zheng and Gao, Nat Neurosci 3, 580-586 (2000)), would increase the expression of hair cell markers.
  • Atoh1 transfection was tested by counting green fluorescent cells after transfection with a vector coding for GFP expression in addition to Atoh1.
  • Gene transfection was done in the progenitor cell state or as MSC using LIPOFECTAMINETM transfection reagent (Sigma). Cells were cultured in Zeocin (Invitrogen) to obtain stable transfectants. Transfected MSC were cultured in the serum-free conditions with combinations of growth factors.
  • RT-PCR at day 14 showed that the transfected cell population expressed markers of developing sensory epithelia, such as p27Kip, Brn3c and jagged2, and mature hair cells markers, myosin VIIa and espin ( FIG. 4B ) as well as increased expression of Ngn1 and NeuroD.
  • markers of developing sensory epithelia such as p27Kip, Brn3c and jagged2
  • myosin VIIa and espin FIG. 4B
  • FIG. 4D Selection of MSC transfectants with stable Atoh1 expression increased the percentage of GFP-positive cells.
  • FIG. 4D Incubation of these cells in the growth factors described above followed by immunohistochemistry yielded cells with expression of Atoh1 and myosin VIIa respectively in 7.7% and 7.1% of the total cells ( FIG. 4E ).
  • Differentiation under growth factor stimulation gave rise to cells with Brn3c in the nucleus and myosin VIIa in the cytoplasm ( FIG. 4F ). These cells were positive for both markers in the same cells, with 92% of the Atoh1-positive cells showing staining for myosin VIIa, and 77% of the Bm3c-positive cells showing staining for myosin VIIa.
  • FIGS. 4G and H Examination of the myosin VIIa positive cells for F-actin ( FIGS. 4G and H) indicated that some of the cells (4.9% of the myosin VIIa-positive cells) had developed protrusions at their apical poles. These protrusion had the polarized appearance of stereociliary bundles and were positive for espin ( FIG. 4G ).
  • Atoh1 expression led to strong expression of helix-loop-helix transcription factors, Ngn1 and NeuroD.
  • Atoh1 expression can increase these transcription factors.
  • mouse cerebellum Atoh1 expression leads to overexpression of NeuroD (Helms et al., Mol Cell Neurosci 17, 671-682 (2001)).
  • zebrafish NeuroD is not expressed in the absence of Atoh1 (Sarrazin et al., Dev Biol 295, 534-545 (2006)) and is required for hair cell formation.
  • the related mouse achaete-scute (Mash1) upregulates Ngn1 (Cau et al., Development 124, 1611-1621 (1997)).
  • Ngn1 was downregulated by overexpression of Atoh1 in chick neural tube (Gowan et al., Neuron 31, 219-232 (2001)).
  • Embryos of the white leghorn strain were harvested 72 hours after placing fertilized eggs onto rocking platforms in a humidified incubator maintained at 38° C.
  • the dissection of otocysts from the extracted embryos was done in cooled PBS, pH 7.2, after removal of periotic mesenchymal tissues.
  • the otocysts were trypsinized and dissociated to single cells for plating and 2 ⁇ 10 4 cells were cultured overnight in four-well plates in 10% FBS.
  • the otocyst cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 minutes, or inactivated with mitomicin C (10 ⁇ g/ml) for 3 hours, then washed 4 times with PBS.
  • Progenitor cells (5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/ml) induced in serum-free medium with growth factors, were overlaid on the chick otocyst cells and cultured for 5-7 days with EGF/IGF, followed by 10 days with EGF/IGF/FGF and withdrawal of growth factors for 5-10 more days. The cells were analyzed by RT-PCR or immunohistochemistry as described herein.
  • FIG. 5A After culture in the presence of the chick otocyst cells for 21 days, increased expression of myosin VIIa, jagged2, p27Kip, Brn3c and Atoh1 by RT-PCR was found ( FIG. 5A ).
  • the factor(s) was unlikely to be a secreted molecule because fixation of the cells did not diminish their ability to promote differentiation after exposure for 14 days, while conditioned medium was ineffective in 14 days ( FIG. 5A ).
  • the otocyst from E3 chick embryos were used for injection of progenitor cells.
  • the dissected otocysts were transferred into 7 ml of serum-free DMEM/F12 1:1 containing N2 and B27 on a gelatin-coated tissue culture dish.
  • progenitor cells from MSC (5 ⁇ 10 7 cells/ml) were injected into the otocyst with a micropipette in 2 ⁇ l of medium.
  • the left otic vesicles did not receive cell grafts and served as controls.
  • the otocysts were harvested after 10-14 days, fixed 30 min in paraformaldehyde (4% in PBS), cryoprotected overnight in sucrose (30% in PBS), embedded in TissueTek (EMS) and serially sectioned (16 ⁇ m) with a cryostat (CM3050, Leica, Nussloch, Germany).
  • Native chick hair cells could be detected lining the internal cavity of the otocyst (51% of 1,352 cells from 15 otocyst injections that stained for myosin VIIa were positive for chick hair cell antigen), and the cells that expressed nGFP and hair cell markers did not co-express chick hair cell antigen ( FIG. 6C ) and were therefore of mouse origin and not the product of cell fusion.
  • the effect of the co-incubation with otocyst cells may be simply to activate Atoh1 expression and a sufficient amount of Atoh1 may be required to allow hair cell differentiation since the MSCs had low levels of Atoh1 but did not have detectable sensory epithelial cell markers.
  • This type of high level expression could be needed for Atoh1 to overcome the level of preexisting endogenous inhibitors that interact with Atoh1 protein.
  • the murine cells could be clearly distinguished from the chick hair cells that differentiated at the same time by their expression of nGFP and by immunolabeling of the chick hair cells with a species-specific antibody. The cells were never co-stained (based on examination of 1,352 cells), indicating that the mouse hair cells had differentiated from stem cells and did not arise from cell fusion.
  • the Notch pathway maintains the alternating pattern of hair cells and supporting cells in vivo by suppressing the differentiation of hair cells from supporting cells and activation of Notch in the embryo appears to block development of hair cells from progenitors.
  • the NT3/BDNF treated progenitors were incubated with a ⁇ -secretase inhibitor.
  • Analysis of gene expression in the progenitors made by incubation with NT3, BDNF, FGF and subsequently treated with the ⁇ -secretase inhibitor demonstrated that loss of the notch signaling increased Atoh1 expression.
  • Atoh1 levels rose compared to the treatment with growth factors alone based on RT-PCR when the inhibitor was used at 1 ⁇ M ( FIG. 7 ).
  • the timing of the addition of the inhibitor was essential with inhibition at a later stage (after 3 days of differentiation in vitro) causing less induction of hair cell markers than inhibition starting at day 0 and continuing for 10 days.
  • ⁇ -secretase inhibitor activates ngn1 and NeuroD and causes no increase in Atoh1 or hair cell markers.
  • the ⁇ -secretase inhibitor increases Atoh1 and Brn3c expression.
  • the increased Atoh1 appeared to be able to produce hair cells as the cells expressed markers for the hair cells such as myosin7a, p27Kip.
  • HLH transcription factors mediate the effects of the Notch pathway, this result is consistent with the role of Notch and suggests a mechanism for preventing hair cell differentiation under normal conditions.
  • human mesenchymal stem cells hMSCs
  • inner ear cell types including hair cells or sensory neurons
  • human bone marrow cells from healthy adults were evaluated.
  • the human bone marrow cells were harvested and cultured as plated on tissue culture plastic for 16 hours, and nonadherent hematopoietic stem cells were aspirated.
  • adherent cells were cultured in ( ⁇ MEM containing 9% horse serum and 9% fetal bovine serum and were negative for blood-forming cell markers, CD34 and CD45. These cells gave rise to chondrocytes expressing type II and IV collagen after culture in the presence of TGF ⁇ , transferrin and insulin.
  • hMSCs Culture of hMSCs in DMEM/F12 medium containing N2 and B27 without serum in the presence of NT-3, BDNF, Sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid for 10 days gave rise to cells that expressed neurosensory progenitor markers detected by RT-PCR, Musashi, nestin, Pax6, Bm3a, NeuroD, Ngn1, and GATA3, and sensory neuron markers, peripherin and TrkC.
  • These differentiated hMSCs were positive for ⁇ -III tubulin (2.1% of the total cells were positive based on immunohistochemistry) and, of these cells, 28% co-stained for peripherin and 31% co-stained for Brn3a.
  • hMSCs were transfected with human Atoh1 in an expression vector with a selectable marker for eukaryotic cells.
  • the selected progenitor cells expressed Atoh1 and, after differentiation in DMEM/F12 medium containing N2 and B27 with NT-3 and BDNF for 10 days, expressed hair cell markers, Atoh1, myosin VIIa, p27Kip, Jag2 and espin based on RT-PCR.
  • human MSCs are a potential alternative for cell-based treatment of hearing loss, as they can be differentiated into inner ear cell types including hair cells or sensory neurons, and can be successfully engrafted into structures of the inner ear.
  • Math1 One alternative to constitutive expression of Math1 is to use a conditional or inducible system of gene expression, to upregulate Math1 with an inducer that is added to the cell medium or cochlear environment.
  • An inducible model is particularly useful when investigating the temporal effects of gene expression.
  • This Example describes a system in which administration of tamoxifen, a synthetic estrogen agonist, induces expression of Math1.
  • a Math1-estrogen receptor (ER) fusion protein where the ER has been mutated so that it selectively binds to tamoxifen rather than estrogen, is constitutively expressed.
  • the Math1-ER construct remains quiescent within the cytosol where it is inactivated by heat shock proteins.
  • the addition of tamoxifen to the transfected cells results in a dose-dependent localization of the Math1-ER construct to the nucleus where it is transcribed leading to increased expression of Math1.
  • the sequence of Math1 is given above.
  • sequence of ER used is as follows (SEQ ID NO:59):

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US9896658B2 (en) 2018-02-20
CA2669693C (fr) 2018-06-12
WO2008076556A2 (fr) 2008-06-26
US20130210145A1 (en) 2013-08-15
WO2008076556A3 (fr) 2008-12-24
AU2007334260A1 (en) 2008-06-26
EP2094836A2 (fr) 2009-09-02
US20180148689A1 (en) 2018-05-31
CA2669693A1 (fr) 2008-06-26
US20190233796A1 (en) 2019-08-01
US11542472B2 (en) 2023-01-03
US20200255800A1 (en) 2020-08-13
EP2094836B1 (fr) 2016-06-08
HK1135728A1 (zh) 2010-06-11

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