US20090025279A1 - Fuel for homogeneous charge compression ignition (hcci) systems and a process for production of said fuel - Google Patents

Fuel for homogeneous charge compression ignition (hcci) systems and a process for production of said fuel Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090025279A1
US20090025279A1 US10/583,391 US58339104A US2009025279A1 US 20090025279 A1 US20090025279 A1 US 20090025279A1 US 58339104 A US58339104 A US 58339104A US 2009025279 A1 US2009025279 A1 US 2009025279A1
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Prior art keywords
fuel
paraffins
hcci
mass
component
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Abandoned
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US10/583,391
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English (en)
Inventor
Delanie Lamprecht
Ian Stradling Myburgh
Luis Pablo Dancuart
Carl Louis Viljoen
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Sasol Technology Pty Ltd
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Sasol Technology Pty Ltd
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Priority to US10/583,391 priority Critical patent/US20090025279A1/en
Assigned to SASOL TECHNOLOGY (PTY) LIMITED reassignment SASOL TECHNOLOGY (PTY) LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DANCUART, LUIS P, LAMPRECHT, DELANIE, MYBURGH, IAN S
Publication of US20090025279A1 publication Critical patent/US20090025279A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/08—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for compression ignition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a fuel for Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) systems and to a process for producing such a fuel.
  • HCCI Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition
  • the HCCI engine is a relatively new concept under development by several institutions and companies.
  • the principle of HCCI combustion is that a dilute, premixed, homogenous mixture of fuel and air reacts and burns volumetrically throughout the cylinder as it is compressed by the piston. Combustion reactions start when the mixture reaches a sufficiently high temperature to autoignite. These reactions initiate at multiple locations simultaneously, proceed very quickly, and there is a complete absence of localized high-temperature regions or flame-fronts.
  • the HCCI combustion process seeks to combine the low nitrogen oxides (NOx) exhaust emissions associated with the gasoline engine, with the high thermal efficiency associated with the diesel or compression ignition (CI) engine.
  • NOx nitrogen oxides
  • CI compression ignition
  • HCCI offers the potential for sootless combustion and very low emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), together with an energy efficiency that can exceed that of the CI engine.
  • a HCCI fuel which fuel includes at least n-paraffins and iso-paraffins, and which fuel has an ignition delay of less than 7 ms.
  • the HCCI fuel may also be used as a fuel component.
  • the fuel contains hydrocarbon species having from 7 to 14 carbon atoms.
  • the fuel may be substantially cyclo-paraffins free.
  • the fuel may have less than 5 mass %, typically less than 1 mass % cyclo-paraffins.
  • the ignition delay is measured using the ASTM Method D6890 in a constant volume combustion bomb, Ignition Quality Tester (IQTTM)
  • the ignition delay of the fuel may be less than 5 ms.
  • the ignition delay of the fuel may be between 2 and 5 ms.
  • the weight % of the n-paraffins may exceed that of any other single component in the fuel.
  • the n-paraffins may be in excess of 25% by weight of the fuel
  • the n-paraffins may be in excess of 50% by weight of the fuel.
  • the n-paraffins may be in excess of 80% by weight of the fuel.
  • the n-paraffins may be in the order of 95% by weight of the fuel.
  • the n-paraffins may be Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reaction derived n-paraffins.
  • FT Fischer-Tropsch
  • the iso-paraffins may be FT reaction derived iso-paraffins.
  • the fuel may include olefins.
  • the HCCI fuel may include oxygenates.
  • the HCCI fuel may be substantially sulphur free.
  • the HCCI fuel may be substantially oxygenate free.
  • the fuel may have an ASTM D86 distillation range from 90° C. to 270° C.
  • the fuel may include a lubricity improver or other fuel additives to make meeting product specifications possible.
  • the fuel may be used as blending component with conventional fuel.
  • the invention extends to a process for preparing a HCCI fuel or fuel component, which fuel or fuel component includes at least n-paraffins and iso-paraffins, which fuel has an ignition delay of less than 7 ms, said process including one or more steps selected from:
  • the hydroconversion may be by way of hydrocracking.
  • the properties of the fuel made according to the process may be as disclosed above and elsewhere in the specification.
  • step d) may be the blending of FT condensate derivative and hydroconverted FT wax derivative from 1:99 to 99:1 by volume
  • Typical FT product after separation into two fractions (vol % distilled) FT Condensate FT Wax ( ⁇ 270° C. fraction) (>270° C. fraction) C 5 -160° C. 44 3 160-270° C. 43 4 270-370° C. 13 25 370-500° C. 40 >500° C. 28
  • the >160° C. fraction contains a considerable amount of hydrocarbon material, which boils higher than the normal naphtha range.
  • the 160° C. to 270° C. fraction may be regarded as a light diesel fuel. This means that all material heavier than 270° C. needs to be converted into lighter materials by means of a catalytic process often referred to as hydroprocessing, for example, hydrocracking.
  • Catalysts for this step are typically of the bifunctional type; i.e. they contain sites active for cracking and for hydrogenation.
  • Catalytic metals active for hydrogenation include group VIII noble metals, such as platinum or palladium, or a sulphided Group VIII base metals, e.g. nickel, cobalt, which may or may not include a sulphided Group VI metal, e.g. molybdenum.
  • the support for the metals can be any refractory oxide, such as silica, alumina, titania, zirconia, vanadia and other Group III, IV, V and VI oxides, alone or in combination with other refractory oxides. Alternatively, the support can partly or totally consist of zeolite.
  • the fuel might contain hydrocarbon species having from 7 to 14 carbon atoms and has been found to define unique characteristics with respect to vapour pressure and ignition delay. Moreover, the criteria also made consideration to the highly paraffinic nature of the fuel as well as the high linearity of the hydrocarbon species.
  • the C7 to C14 carbon number range has been found to exclude hydrocarbons like pentane or hexane that have high vapour pressures. Adequate volatility is important to establish a homogeneous gaseous charge in the combustion chamber, with enough cetane character (propensity to auto-ignite) to effect the homogeneous ignition throughout the whole volume.
  • the C7 to C14 carbon number range has been found to exclude hydrocarbons like n-hexadecane that conventionally has cetane number of 100.
  • the cetane number of the HCCI fuel must not be too high and its ignition delay not too short to ensure controlled in-cylinder combustion.
  • the ignition delay is a good indication of the elevated pressure, high temperature autoignition characteristics of the fuel and can be correlated to the distillation range and cetane number of the fuel, which in turn relate to its chemical composition.
  • the conditions at which the ignition delay is determined in the IQTTM; at 22.4 bar air pressure and 565° C., are comparable to the conditions that an HCCI fuel could experience in an HCCI engine, thus the ignition delay (ID) can be used as an appropriate yardstick for HCCI fuel ignition quality.
  • FT fuels are virtually sulphur free, with lower levels of nitrogen-containing compounds, and the absence of these naturally occurring anti-oxidants represent a benefit when FT fuels are applied in HCCI engines. This results in FT fuels outperforming conventional fuels in terms of their propensity to autoignite under HCCI conditions.
  • FIG. 1 A generic block diagram flow scheme is included as FIG. 1 .
  • the process options for all four classes of HCCI fuels are shown in a simple format.
  • the following table 2 summarises the basic processing for these fuels and feeds.
  • the production of the synthetic HCCI fuel components can be achieved following at least four process configurations.
  • the selection of one for a specific plant is an exercise in process synthesis that demands additional site and market specific information.
  • a first group of HCCI fuels can be produced by fractionation of a light synthetic FT hydrocarbon stream 10 in Distillation unit 1 .
  • the operation of this fractionation unit to the required product specification results in the group of products 11 .
  • a second group of HCCI fuels can be obtained from a light synthetic FT hydrocarbon stream 10 which is first hydrogenated in hydrogenation unit 2 to saturate the olefinic double bonds and remove the oxygen from the oxygenate species. Then the hydrogenated products can be fractionated in fractionation unit 3 to the required specification, obtaining the group of products 13 .
  • a third group of HCCI fuels can be obtained from a heavy synthetic FT hydrocarbon stream 14 which is hydrocracked in hydrocracking unit 4 to result in lighter saturated hydrocarbon species. Then the hydrocracked products can be fractionated in fractionation unit 5 to the required specification, obtaining the group of products 16 .
  • GTL gas to liquid
  • non-HCCI hydrocarbon stream both lighter and heavier than the designed HCCI synthetic products.
  • the former can be described as a light naphtha and the latter as a heavy diesel stream. These can be used in fuel and non-fuel applications.
  • Table 3 contains the typical quality of synthetic FT HCCI fuels produced as described and conforming to the selected requirements.
  • Table 4 shows a comparison between HT SR FT fuel and crude derived fuel.
  • Table 5 presents an example of the quality characteristics of blends of the C7-C9 GTL HCCI fuel with an equivalent Petroleum fraction. The benefits of including synthetic FT fuel in conventional blends are quite evident.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
  • Luminescent Compositions (AREA)
  • Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
  • Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
US10/583,391 2003-12-19 2004-12-17 Fuel for homogeneous charge compression ignition (hcci) systems and a process for production of said fuel Abandoned US20090025279A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/583,391 US20090025279A1 (en) 2003-12-19 2004-12-17 Fuel for homogeneous charge compression ignition (hcci) systems and a process for production of said fuel

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US53142803P 2003-12-19 2003-12-19
ZA2003/9849 2003-12-19
ZA200309849 2003-12-19
US10/583,391 US20090025279A1 (en) 2003-12-19 2004-12-17 Fuel for homogeneous charge compression ignition (hcci) systems and a process for production of said fuel
PCT/ZA2004/000157 WO2005059063A1 (en) 2003-12-19 2004-12-17 Fuel for homogeneous charge compression ignition (hcci) systems and a process for production of said fuel

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US20090025279A1 true US20090025279A1 (en) 2009-01-29

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US (1) US20090025279A1 (enExample)
JP (1) JP2007517094A (enExample)
AU (1) AU2004298630B2 (enExample)
BR (1) BRPI0417299A (enExample)
CA (1) CA2549927A1 (enExample)
DE (1) DE112004002457T5 (enExample)
GB (1) GB2423996B (enExample)
WO (1) WO2005059063A1 (enExample)
ZA (1) ZA200604993B (enExample)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20090151236A1 (en) * 2007-12-17 2009-06-18 Nippon Oil Corporation Fuels for Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Combustion Engine
WO2015088768A1 (en) 2013-12-11 2015-06-18 Phillips 66 Company Homogeneous charge compression ignition engine fuels
US9688928B2 (en) 2013-12-11 2017-06-27 Phillips 66 Company Processes for making homogeneous charge compression ignition engine fuel blends
US10246657B2 (en) 2013-12-11 2019-04-02 Phillips 66 Company Fuel blends for homogeneous charge compression ignition engines

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2005113733A1 (en) * 2004-05-14 2005-12-01 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Method for controlling exhaust emissions from direct injection homogeneous charge compression ignition engines
JP4815178B2 (ja) * 2005-09-27 2011-11-16 Ｊｘ日鉱日石エネルギー株式会社 予混合圧縮自己着火式エンジン用燃料
EP2006365B1 (en) * 2006-03-31 2018-02-21 Nippon Oil Corporation Use of a polyfunctional hydrocarbon oil composition
KR101450347B1 (ko) * 2006-03-31 2014-10-14 제이엑스 닛코닛세키에너지주식회사 경유조성물
MY146605A (en) * 2006-03-31 2012-09-14 Nippon Oil Corp Gas oil composition
US7487663B2 (en) 2006-04-20 2009-02-10 Exxonmobil Research & Engineering Co. Method for selecting fuel to both optimize the operating range and minimize the exhaust emissions of HCCI engines
JP5188796B2 (ja) * 2007-12-18 2013-04-24 Ｊｘ日鉱日石エネルギー株式会社 予混合圧縮着火エンジン用燃料油組成物及びその製造方法
CN105441142B (zh) * 2010-06-21 2017-09-15 周向进 一种清洁高效环保的汽油产品

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20020020107A1 (en) * 1999-07-02 2002-02-21 Bailey Brent K. Low molecular weight compression ignition fuel
US20020179488A1 (en) * 1999-04-06 2002-12-05 Luis Pablo Dancuart Process for producing synthetic naphtha fuel and synthetic naphtha fuel produced by that process
US20030052041A1 (en) * 2001-09-18 2003-03-20 Southwest Research Institute Fuels for homogeneous charge compression ignition engines

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1371715A1 (en) * 2002-06-13 2003-12-17 Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. Fuel compositions
FR2849052B1 (fr) * 2002-12-19 2009-05-01 Inst Francais Du Petrole Methode d'elaboration de formulations de carburants permettant un fonctionnement optimum d'un moteur developpe pour le mode de combustion hcci

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20020179488A1 (en) * 1999-04-06 2002-12-05 Luis Pablo Dancuart Process for producing synthetic naphtha fuel and synthetic naphtha fuel produced by that process
US20020020107A1 (en) * 1999-07-02 2002-02-21 Bailey Brent K. Low molecular weight compression ignition fuel
US20030052041A1 (en) * 2001-09-18 2003-03-20 Southwest Research Institute Fuels for homogeneous charge compression ignition engines

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20090151236A1 (en) * 2007-12-17 2009-06-18 Nippon Oil Corporation Fuels for Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Combustion Engine
WO2015088768A1 (en) 2013-12-11 2015-06-18 Phillips 66 Company Homogeneous charge compression ignition engine fuels
US9688928B2 (en) 2013-12-11 2017-06-27 Phillips 66 Company Processes for making homogeneous charge compression ignition engine fuel blends
US10246657B2 (en) 2013-12-11 2019-04-02 Phillips 66 Company Fuel blends for homogeneous charge compression ignition engines

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2005059063A1 (en) 2005-06-30
AU2004298630A1 (en) 2005-06-30
DE112004002457T5 (de) 2006-12-21
BRPI0417299A (pt) 2007-03-13
AU2004298630B2 (en) 2010-06-03
ZA200604993B (en) 2008-01-08
GB2423996A (en) 2006-09-13
CA2549927A1 (en) 2005-06-30
GB0611828D0 (en) 2006-07-26
JP2007517094A (ja) 2007-06-28
GB2423996B (en) 2008-07-16

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