ZA200604993B - Fuel for homogenous charge compression ignition (hcci) systems and a process for production of said fuel - Google Patents
Fuel for homogenous charge compression ignition (hcci) systems and a process for production of said fuel Download PDFInfo
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- ZA200604993B ZA200604993B ZA2006/04993A ZA200604993A ZA200604993B ZA 200604993 B ZA200604993 B ZA 200604993B ZA 2006/04993 A ZA2006/04993 A ZA 2006/04993A ZA 200604993 A ZA200604993 A ZA 200604993A ZA 200604993 B ZA200604993 B ZA 200604993B
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- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- paraffins
- hcci
- component
- blending
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims description 131
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 19
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 5
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 title description 4
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 title description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004517 catalytic hydrocracking Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010026865 Mass Diseases 0.000 claims 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 13
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 2
- DCAYPVUWAIABOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC DCAYPVUWAIABOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001246312 Otis Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001588 bifunctional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002816 fuel additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000769 gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001165 gas chromatography-thermal conductivity detection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001473 noxious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010977 unit operation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
- C10L1/08—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for compression ignition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
Description
FUEL FOR HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE CO MPRES.SION IGNITION (HCCI)
SYSTEMS AND A PROCESS FOR PRODUCTI*ON OF SAID FUEL
The invention relates to a fuel for Homogeneous Charge Compression ignition (HCC) systems and to a process for producing such a fuel.
The HCC! engine is a relatively new concept under development by several institutions and companies. The principle of HCCI combustion is that a dilute, premixed, homogenous mixture of fuel and air reacts and burns volumetrically throughout the cylinder as it is compressed by the pistorn. Combustion reactions start when the mixture reaches a sufficiently high temperature to autoignite. These reactions initiate at multiple locations simultaneously, proceed very quickly, and there is a complete absence of localized high-temperature regions or flame-fronts. 50 In essence, the HCCI combustion process seeks to cormbine the low nitrogen oxides (NOx), exhaust emissions associated with the gasoline engine, with the high thermal efficiency associated with the diesel or compression ignition (C1) engine. In theory,
HCCI offers the potential for sootless combustion and \wery low emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), together with an energy efficiency that car exceed that of the Cl engine.
Successful implementation of HCCI combustion wwould therefore increase the competitiveness of the internal combustion (IC) engine .against emerging technologies such as fuel cells, thereby extending its lifespan.
Because HCCI is effectively an evolution of the IC eengine, there are no external barriers to its implementation, and the gradual adoptior of this technology may see it eventually being implemented in the majority of automaontive IC engines, in one form or another. A 2001 report by the US Department of Energy to the US Congress speculated that, with successful R&D, passenger car HCC! engines might be commercialised by 2010.
Thus a need exists for a fuel for HCCI systems and engines.
According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a HCCI fuel, which fuel includes at least n-paraffins and iso-paraffins, and which fuel has an ignition delay of less than 7 ms. The HCCI fuel may also be used as a fuel component.
Typically, the fuel contains hydrocarbon species having from 7 to 14 carbon atoms.
The fuel may be substantially cyclo-paraffins free. Thus, the fuel may have less than 5 mass%, typically less than 1 mass% cyclo-paraffins.
Moreover, it contains less than 1 wt % of aromatic and negligible levels of sulphur.
In this specification, the ignition delay is measured using the ASTM Method D6890 in a constant volume combustion bomb, Ignition Quality Tester (IQT™ )
The ignition delay of the fuel may be less than 5 ms.
The ignition delay of the fuel may be between 2 and 5 ms.
The weight % of the n-paraffins may exceed that of any other single component in the fuel.
The n-paraffins may be in excess of 256% by weight of the fuel
The n-paraffins may be in excess of 50% by weight of the fuel.
The n-paraffins may be in excess of 80% by weight of the fuel.
The n-paraffins may be in the order of 5% by weight of the fuel.
The n-paraffins may be Fischer-Tropsc=h (FT) reaction derived n-paraffins.
The iso-paraffins may be FT reaction Herived iso-paraffins.
The fuel may include olefins.
The HCCI fuel may include oxygenate=s)
The HCCI fuel may be substantially sualphur free.
The HCCI fuel may be substantially oyygenate free.
The fuel may have an ASTM D86 distillation range from 90°C to 270°C.
The fuel may include a lubricity improver or other fuel additives to make meeting product specifications possible. )
The fuel may be used as blending component with conventional fuel.
The invention extends to a process for preparing a HCCI fuel or fuel component, which fuel or fuel component includ es at least n-paraffins and iso-paraffins, which fuel has an ignition delay of less tharm 7 ms, said process including one or more steps selected from: _ a) hydrotreating at least a Co-ndensate fraction of a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis reaction product, on a derivative thereof; b) hydroconverting a Wax fractison of the FT synthesis product or a derivative thereof; c) fractionating in a single uniit or in separate units, one or more of the hydrotreated Condensate frac:tions of step a) and the hydroconverted fraction of step b) to obtain the desired HCCI fuel or fuel component; and d) optionally, blending two or moore of said components from step c) in a desired ratio to obtain the desired HCCC fuel.
4 i .
The hydroconversion may be by way of hydrocracking.
The properties of the fuel made according to the process may be as disclosed above and elsewhere in the specification.
The blending of step d) may be the blending of FT condensate derivative and hydroconverted FT wax derivative from 1:99 to 99:1 by volume
The table below gives a typical composition of the two fractions.
Typical FT product after separation into two fractions (vol % distilled)
FT Condensate FT Wax (< 270°C fraction) (> 270°C fraction)
Cs-160°C 44 3 160-270°C 43 4 270-370°C 13 25 370-500°C 40 > 500°C 28
The >160°C fraction, contains a considerable amount of hydrocarbon material, which boils higher than the normal naphtha range. The 160°C to 270°C fraction may be regarded as a light diesel fuel. This means that all material heavier than 270°C needs to be converted into lighter materials by means of a catalytic process often referred to as hydroprocessing, for example, hydrocracking.
Catalysts for this step are typically of the bifunctional type; i.e. they contain sites active for cracking and for hydrogenation. Catalytic metals active for hydrogenation include group VIII noble metals, such as platinum or palladium, or a sulphided Group
VIll base metals, e.g. nickel, cobalt, which may or may not include a sulphided
Group VI metal, e.g. molybdenum. The support for the metals can be any refractory oxide, such as silica, alumina, titania, zirconia, vanadia and other Group lll, iV, V and
VI oxides, alone or in combination with other refractory oxides. Alternatively, the support can partly o r totally consist of zeolite. 5
Specific Descriptican and Examples
The following table ssummarises the origin and carbon number ranges for the proposed fuels usable in HCC=1 engines of this invention:
Typical (LTFT) . Carbon Number range class Feedstock | COMPOSion 7G, G, | CrCu | CiCu
Mostly linear ES
Mostly iso-paraffins
FT Condensate -
Definitions = SRFT Straight Run Fischer-Tropsch »« HTSRFT Hydrotreated Straight Run Fischer-Tropsch = HXFT Hydrocracked Fischer-Tropsch = GTL Hydroconverted Product as expected from a Fischer-Tropsch
Gas-to-Liquid plant
The fuel might contain hydrocarbon species having from 7 to 14 carbon atoms and has been found to define unique characteristics with respect to vapour pressure and ignition delay . Moreover, the criteria also made consideration to the highly paraffinic nature of the fuel as well as the high linearity of the hydrocarbon species.
The C7 to C14 carbon number range has been found to exclude hydrocarbons like pentane or hexane that have high vapour pressures. Adequate volatility is important to establish a homogeneous gaseous charge in the combustion chamber, with enough cetane character (propensity to auto-ignite) to effect the homogeneous ignition throughout the whole volume.
Furthermore, the C7 to C14 carbon number range has been found to exclude hydrocarbons like n-hexadecane that conventionally has cetane number of 100. The cetane number of the HCCI fuel must not be too high and its ignition delay not too short to einsure controlled in-cylinder combustion.
The inve ntors believe that the abovementioned twelve options cover almost all practical coptions for FT-based synthetic HCCI fuels.
The key quality requirements for these fuels are summarised in Table 1.
Tablee 1 Selected Quality Characteristics of Synthetic FT HCCI Fuels . Analytical § Distillation Range 90-270°C ASTM D86 d Density = | 0.65-0.78kg/ll [ASTM D1298
Composition | hydrocarbon | GC-FID ignition delay (IQ ASTM D6890-03 25-75 ASTM D613-03a
ASTM D5186-99
Aromatics content <1.0% wt ASTM D6591-00
ASTM D5453
Oxygencontent | <5000ppm | GC-TCD
The ignition delay is a good indication of the elevated pressure, high temperature autoignit-ion characteristics of the fuel and can be correlated to the distillation range and ceteane number of the fuel, which in turn relate to its chemical composition. The conditions at which the ignition delay is determined in the IQT™; at 22.4 bar air pressures and 565 °C, are comparable to the conditions that an HCCI fuel could experiemce in an HCCI engine, thus the ignition delay (ID) can be used as an appropri ate yardstick for HCCI fuel ignition quality. The implications are that fuels with a high propensity for autoignition under compression will have short ignition delays (~2-4 mas), while fuels with increased resistance against autoignition (equivalent to high octaane spark ignition gasoline) will have longer ignition delays (~7-11ms).
Since thhe resistance against autoignition is no different to a resistance against oxidatiomn at the specific pressure and temperature conditions to which the fuel is exposed in an HCCI engine’s combustion chamber, it follows that those sulphur (S)
and nitrogen (N) heteroatoms present in crude oil derived HCCI fuel will act as oxidation inhibitors, leading to longer ignition delays and a lower propensity towards autoignition.
FT fuels are virtually sulphur free, with lower levels of nitrogen-containing compounds, and the absence of these naturally occurring anti-oxidants represent a benefit when
FT fuels are applied in HCC! engines. This results in FT fuels outperforming conventional fuels in terms of their propensity to autoignite under HCCI conditions.
Process Scheme
A generic block diagram flow scheme is included as figure 1. The process options for all four classes of HCCI fusls are shown in a simple format. The following table 2 summarises the basic processing for these fuels and feeds.
Table 2 Generic Requirement for FT Feedstock Processing
Distillation . | Atmospheric Distillation =H, saturation of olefinic double bonds. ) = Hj saturation of oxygen-containing
Hydratreatment “hydrocarbons with formation of water US 6,475,375 = Other hydroconversion reactions = Cracking of heavy molecules (mostly paraffinic) ) } . = H, saturation of olefinic double bonds.
Hydrocracking | H2 saturation of oxygen-containing EP 1129155 hydrocarbons with formation of water = Other hydroconversion reactions (1) There are many references for this unit operation. For example, refer to PA
Schweitzer, Handbook of Separation Techniques for Chemical Engineers (McGraw-
Hill, 1979) or RH Perry and CH Chilton, Chemical Engineers’ Handbook (McGraw-Hill, 5" Edition, 1973)
The production of the synthetic HCCI fuel components can be achieved following at least four process configurations. The selection of one for a specific plant is an exercise in process synthesis that demands additional site and market specific information.
A first group of HCCI fuels — named SR FT in this description — can be produced by fractionation of a light synthetic FT hydrocarbon stream 10 in Distillation unit 1. The operation of this fractionation unit to the required product specification results in the group of products 11.
A second group of HCCI fuels — named SR HT FT in this description - can be obtained from a light synthetic FT hydrocarbon stream 10 which is first hydrogenated in hydrogenation unit 2 to saturate the olefinic double bonds and remove the oxygen from the oxygenate species. Then the hydrogenated products can be fractionated in fractionation unit 3 to the required specification, obtaining the group of products 13. Athird group of HCCI fuels — named HX FT in this description — can be obtained from a heavy synthetic FT hydrocarbon stream 14 which is hydrocracked in hydrocracking unit 4 to result in lighter saturated hydrocarbon species. Then the hydrocracked products can be fractionated in fractionation unit 5 to the required specification, obtaining the group of products 16.
An altemative to produce a fourth group of HCCI fuels — named GTL (GTL = gas to oo liquid) in this description ~ can be produced by direct blending of the hydrotreated and hydrocracked products described above. This can be done in an optimised way by using a common fractionator unit 6 to the required specification, obtaining the group of products 18.
It is also possible to blend the products 11 and 16, either by sharing a common fractionator or after fractionation to also obtain synthetic HCCI fuels.
In all of these process options there is co-production of non-HCCl hydrocarbon stream, both lighter and heavier than the designed HCCI synthetic products. The former can be described as a light naphtha and the latter as a heavy diesel stream.
These can be used in fuel and non-fuel applications.
All fuels in any of these four groups can be used as blends components for final HCCI fuels.
Emissions Performance of the Synthetic FT HCCI Fuels
There is wide acceptance to the fact that the synthetic FT fuels produce less noxious emissions than conventional fuel. This point has been brought into the public domain several times — for example refer to “Processing of Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude and
Benefits of Integrating its Products with Conventional Fuels’ presented at the National
Petrochemical & Refiners Association Annual Meeting held in March 2000 in San
Antonio, Texas — paper AM-00-51. This document makes reference to both FT naphthas and FT diesels.
Typical Quality of Synthetic FT HCCI Fuels
Table 3 contains the typical quality of synthetic FT HCCI fuels produced as described and conforming to the selected requirements. Table 4 shows a comparison between
HT SR FT fuel and crude derived fuel.
Table3 Typical Quality of Synthetic FT HCCI Fuels
I . 103- | 103 | 164 90- 165- osuatonrange | 020 | 0 | Sg | sr | par | eo | asa | oe [Density ~~ | 065-078 | kg | 067 | 071 | 076 | 071 | 0.74 | 0.76
Composition ___| ~~ |- |__| FT. [» nparafins | | wt% | 525 | 631 | 684 | 946 | 949 | 951 » paraffins | © "| wt% | 04 | 16 | 22 | 54 | 51 | 49 [= Olofins |---| w% | 385] 265 | 2056 [ 0 | 0 | 0 [=~ Oxygenates | | w% | 86 | 88 | 89 | 0 | 0 | 0
Ee | ar | me [as | am [ee | our | on | oar
CetaneNumber | 30-70 | |} 60 | 75 | 83 | 58 | 77 | 8
Aromaticscontent | <10% | wt% | <01 | <01 [| <01 | <01 | <01 | <04
CET I lil ll ll Bl
[Density ~~ | 0650.78 kon | 068 | 072 | 074 | 069 | 072 [| 075
Composwon |. lo. 11 | 1. 1] » _ n-paraffins | wi% | 460 | 30.7 | 266 | 575 | 41.0 [ 380 [+ iparafins | - .. | wt% | 540 | 69.3 | 734 | 425 | 59.0 | 620 ~~ Olefins |. _|lw% | 0 [ o | o | o | 0 | 0 Oxygenates | + .._ | w% | 0 | o | ©o | o | .0 [ 0
SAREE fa lea a al
IQT™ ] 3070 | | 41 | 49 | &7 | 44 | 60 | 66
Aromatics content :
Sulphur content
7.A2004/000157
Table 4 Comparison between equivalent synthetic FT Fuel for HCCI Fuels and Crude Derived Fuels
HT SR FT Crude Derived Fuels : 9 | 80-257 | 151-257 [Density | 0.65078 | kg | 0.71 | 0.74 | 0.76 | [0.729 | OTIS 0.7961
Composition [~~ 1 1} = noparaffins | ~~ | wt% | 946 | 949 | 961 [ 282 | 238 | 247 [= paraffins | | wi% | 54 | 51 | 49 | 828 | 530 | 553 = Olefins ~ |- — 1 wt% | 0 | o | 0 | 04 [ 04 | 05 = Oxygenates |' ~~ 1 wt% | 0 | o [ o | o | 0 | oO [= Aromatics [| + "| wt% | 0 1 o | o | 108 [ 142 | 18 = Nephthenes |... ~~ | wt% | 0 | 0 [| o | 283 | 86 | 15
Ignition delay 344 | 2.74 6.17 5.22 4.79
IQT™ 27
CotaneNumber | 30-70. | | 68 | 77 | 8 | 341 | 39.0 | 420
Table 5 below presents an example of the quality characteristics of blends of the C7-
C9 GTL HCCI fuel with an equivalent Petroleum fraction. The benefits of including synthetic FT fuel in conventional blends are quite evident.
Table 5 Quality of blends of the C7-C9 GTL HCCI fuel with an equivalent
Petroleum fraction
GTL Fuel Content 100%
Density | ksh | 0.733 | 0.722 | 0.711 | 0.700 | 0.690
Composition | © wir Top TE nparaffins | wt% | 282 | 354 | 428 | 501 | 575 [iparaffins | wt% | 328 | 351 | 376 | 400 | 425 [Olefins | wt% | 04 | 03 | 02 | 01 | 00 [Oxygenates ~~ | wt% | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 [Aromatics ~~ | wt% | 103 [ 78 | 52 | 26 | 00
Naphthenes | wt% | 283 | 213 | 142 [| 71 | 00 [Total [ wt% | 1000 | 999 | 1000 | 999 | 100.0
Ignitiondelay ((QT™) | ms | 6.17 | 575 | 522 | 475 | 455
CotaneNumber | | 341 | 360 | 394 | 41.9 | 440
Sutphurcontent ~~ | ppm [ 50 | 38 | 25 | 13 | <1
Claims (1)
- Claims1. A HCCI fuel or fuel component, which fuel includes at least n-paraffins aand iso- paraffins having from 7 to 14 carbon atoms, and which fuel has an ignition clelay of less than 7 ms, according to ASTM D6890.2. A fuel as claimed in claim 1, which fuel contains less than 1% wt of a romatic and negligible levels of sulphur.8. A fuel as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, which fuel has an ignition delay of less than 5 ms.4. A fuel as claimed in any ong of the preceding claims, which fuel has an ignition delay of between 2 and 5 ms.5. A fuel as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the masss % of . the n-paraffins exceeds that of any other single component in the fuel.6. A fuel as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ma:ss % of the n-paraffins is in excess of 25% by mass of the fuel7. A fuel as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ma ss % of the n-paraffins is in excess of 50% by mass of the fuel.8. A fuel as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ma ss % of the n-paraffins is in excess of 80% by mass of the fuel.9. A fuel as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ma ss % of the n-paraffins is in the order of 95% by mass of the fuel.10. A fuel as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the n-poaraffins are Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reaction derived n-paraffins.11. A fuel as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the iso-paraffins are FT reaction derived iso-paraffins.12. A tuel as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, which fuel includes one or more of: olefins, lubricity improver, and oxygenates.13. Afuel as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 11, which fuel is substantially free of heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen :14. A fuel as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, which fuel has an ASTM D86 distillation range from 90°C to 270°C. :15. Use of an HCCI fuel or fuel component as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 14 as a blending component with conventional fuel.16. A process for preparing a HCCI fuel or fuel component, which fuel or fuel component includes at least n-paraffins and iso-paraffins, which fuel has an ignition delay of less than 7 ms, said process including one or more steps selected from: a) hydrotreating at least a Condensate fraction of a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis reaction product, or a derivative thereof; b) hydroconverting a Wax fraction of the FT synthesis product or a derivative thereof; c) fractionating in a single unit or in separate units, one or more of the hydrotreated Condensate fractions of step a) and the hydroconverted fraction of step b) to obtain the desired HCCI fuel or fuel component; and d) optionally, blending two or more of said components from step c) in a desired ratio to obtain the desired HCCI fuel.17. A process as claimed in claim 16, wherein the hydroconversion is by way of hydrocracking.18. A process as claimed in claim 16 or claim 17, wherein the blending of step d) is the blending of FT condensate derivative and hydroconverted FT wax derivative in a blending ratio of from 1:99 to 99:1 by volume.19. A process as claimed in any one of claims 16 to 18, wherein the fuel produced by the process is a fuel as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 14.20. A HCCI fuel or fuel component as claimed in claim 1, substantially &as herein described and illustrated.21. A process as claimed in claim 16, substantially as herein descriibed and illustrated.22. A new HCCI fuel or fuel component, or a new process substantially &s herein described.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US53142803P | 2003-12-19 | 2003-12-19 | |
| ZA200309849 | 2003-12-19 | ||
| PCT/ZA2004/000157 WO2005059063A1 (en) | 2003-12-19 | 2004-12-17 | Fuel for homogeneous charge compression ignition (hcci) systems and a process for production of said fuel |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ZA200604993B true ZA200604993B (en) | 2008-01-08 |
Family
ID=34704302
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA2006/04993A ZA200604993B (en) | 2003-12-19 | 2006-06-19 | Fuel for homogenous charge compression ignition (hcci) systems and a process for production of said fuel |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20090025279A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2007517094A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2004298630B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0417299A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2549927A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE112004002457T5 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2423996B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2005059063A1 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200604993B (en) |
Families Citing this family (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7131402B2 (en) * | 2004-05-14 | 2006-11-07 | Caterpillar Inc. | Method for controlling exhaust emissions from direct injection homogeneous charge compression ignition engines |
| JP4815178B2 (en) * | 2005-09-27 | 2011-11-16 | Ｊｘ日鉱日石エネルギー株式会社 | Fuel for premixed compression self-ignition engines |
| MY146605A (en) * | 2006-03-31 | 2012-09-14 | Nippon Oil Corp | Gas oil composition |
| WO2007114025A1 (en) | 2006-03-31 | 2007-10-11 | Nippon Oil Corporation | Gas oil composition |
| EP2006365B1 (en) * | 2006-03-31 | 2018-02-21 | Nippon Oil Corporation | Use of a polyfunctional hydrocarbon oil composition |
| US7487663B2 (en) | 2006-04-20 | 2009-02-10 | Exxonmobil Research & Engineering Co. | Method for selecting fuel to both optimize the operating range and minimize the exhaust emissions of HCCI engines |
| EP2077312A1 (en) * | 2007-12-17 | 2009-07-08 | Nippon Oil Corporation | Fuels for homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion engine |
| JP5188796B2 (en) * | 2007-12-18 | 2013-04-24 | Ｊｘ日鉱日石エネルギー株式会社 | Fuel oil composition for premixed compression ignition engine and method for producing the same |
| CN102286299B (en) * | 2010-06-21 | 2016-01-13 | 周向进 | A kind of gasoline products of clean and effective environmental protection |
| US9688928B2 (en) | 2013-12-11 | 2017-06-27 | Phillips 66 Company | Processes for making homogeneous charge compression ignition engine fuel blends |
| CA2933298C (en) | 2013-12-11 | 2024-01-02 | Phillips 66 Company | Homogeneous charge compression ignition engine fuels |
| US10246657B2 (en) | 2013-12-11 | 2019-04-02 | Phillips 66 Company | Fuel blends for homogeneous charge compression ignition engines |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2364066A (en) * | 1999-04-06 | 2002-01-16 | Sasol Technology | Process for producing synthetic naphtha fuel and synthetic naphtha fuel produced by that process |
| US20020020107A1 (en) * | 1999-07-02 | 2002-02-21 | Bailey Brent K. | Low molecular weight compression ignition fuel |
| JP2005504138A (en) * | 2001-09-18 | 2005-02-10 | サウスウエスト・リサーチ・インスティチュート | Fuel for homogeneous premixed compression ignition engines |
| EP1371715A1 (en) * | 2002-06-13 | 2003-12-17 | Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. | Fuel compositions |
| FR2849052B1 (en) * | 2002-12-19 | 2009-05-01 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | METHOD FOR PRODUCING FUEL FORMULATIONS FOR OPTIMUM OPERATION OF AN ENGINE DEVELOPED FOR THE HCCI COMBUSTION MODE |
-
2004
- 2004-12-17 JP JP2006545624A patent/JP2007517094A/en active Pending
- 2004-12-17 GB GB0611828A patent/GB2423996B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-12-17 DE DE112004002457T patent/DE112004002457T5/en not_active Ceased
- 2004-12-17 US US10/583,391 patent/US20090025279A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-12-17 CA CA002549927A patent/CA2549927A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-12-17 AU AU2004298630A patent/AU2004298630B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2004-12-17 BR BRPI0417299-0A patent/BRPI0417299A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-12-17 WO PCT/ZA2004/000157 patent/WO2005059063A1/en active Application Filing
-
2006
- 2006-06-19 ZA ZA2006/04993A patent/ZA200604993B/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2007517094A (en) | 2007-06-28 |
| WO2005059063A1 (en) | 2005-06-30 |
| AU2004298630A1 (en) | 2005-06-30 |
| GB2423996A (en) | 2006-09-13 |
| GB0611828D0 (en) | 2006-07-26 |
| BRPI0417299A (en) | 2007-03-13 |
| CA2549927A1 (en) | 2005-06-30 |
| AU2004298630B2 (en) | 2010-06-03 |
| DE112004002457T5 (en) | 2006-12-21 |
| GB2423996B (en) | 2008-07-16 |
| US20090025279A1 (en) | 2009-01-29 |
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