US20090011994A1 - Non-basic melanin concentrating hormone receptor-1 antagonists and methods - Google Patents

Non-basic melanin concentrating hormone receptor-1 antagonists and methods Download PDF

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US20090011994A1
US20090011994A1 US12/141,228 US14122808A US2009011994A1 US 20090011994 A1 US20090011994 A1 US 20090011994A1 US 14122808 A US14122808 A US 14122808A US 2009011994 A1 US2009011994 A1 US 2009011994A1
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Prior art keywords
inhibitor
alkyl
agent
compound
receptor
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Inventor
Philip D. Stein
Sharon N. Bisaha
Saleen Ahmad
Khehyong Ngu
William N. Washburn
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Bristol Myers Squibb Co
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Bristol Myers Squibb Co
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Priority to US12/141,228 priority Critical patent/US20090011994A1/en
Priority to PE2008001137A priority patent/PE20090437A1/es
Priority to TW097125463A priority patent/TW200906413A/zh
Priority to CL200801994A priority patent/CL2008001994A1/es
Priority to EP20080772437 priority patent/EP2173725A2/en
Priority to KR1020107002657A priority patent/KR20100044824A/ko
Priority to CA 2692671 priority patent/CA2692671A1/en
Priority to JP2010516181A priority patent/JP2010532791A/ja
Priority to CN200880106111A priority patent/CN101801938A/zh
Priority to BRPI0813580-0A2A priority patent/BRPI0813580A2/pt
Priority to ARP080102936A priority patent/AR067475A1/es
Priority to PCT/US2008/069361 priority patent/WO2009009501A2/en
Priority to AU2008275207A priority patent/AU2008275207A1/en
Priority to EA201000157A priority patent/EA201000157A1/ru
Assigned to BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB COMPANY reassignment BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AHMAD, SALEEM, NGU, KHEHYONG, BISAHA, SHARON N., STEIN, PHILIP D., WASHBURN, WILLIAM N.
Publication of US20090011994A1 publication Critical patent/US20090011994A1/en
Priority to ZA2010/00055A priority patent/ZA201000055B/en
Priority to CO10000580A priority patent/CO6270360A2/es
Priority to US12/881,234 priority patent/US8012984B2/en
Priority to US13/028,570 priority patent/US8067420B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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    • C07D241/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings
    • C07D241/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D241/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D241/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to non-basic melanin concentrating hormone receptor-1 (MCHR1) antagonists, pharmaceutical compositions containing MCHR1 antagonists and methods of treating diabetes, obesity and related diseases employing such MCHR1 antagonists.
  • MCHR1 antagonists non-basic melanin concentrating hormone receptor-1 (MCHR1) antagonists
  • pharmaceutical compositions containing MCHR1 antagonists and methods of treating diabetes, obesity and related diseases employing such MCHR1 antagonists.
  • MCH Melanin Concentrating Hormone Receptor-1
  • MCH mRNA is upregulated both in hyperphagic obese mice (ob/ob), and fasted animals.
  • Targeted disruption of the gene for MCH peptide results in hypophagia and leanness.
  • Disruption of the MCHR1 gene causes leanness, altered metabolism, and hyperlocomotion accompanied by mild hyperphagia.
  • over-expression of MCH peptide results in hyperphagia, obesity and diabetes.
  • Small molecule MCHR1 antagonists have been shown to cause weight loss in rodent weight and feeding models after both oral and intraperitoneal administration; Eur. J. Pharmacol., 438:129-135 (2002), Nat. Med., 8:825-830 (2002), Eur. J. Pharmacol., 497:41-47 (2004).
  • MCHR1 antagonists Numerous non-peptide MCHR1 antagonists have been disclosed. The scope of the genus for each reflects a common perception regarding the criteria required for ligand recognition as MCHR1 agonists. A recent review of MCHR1 patent disclosures emphasized the commonality of these structures by the following description; “Ubiquitous throughout the MCH patent literature are molecules consisting of a central scaffold to which linkers to an aryl or heteroaryl group and a basic amino functionality are attached.” (Kowalski, T. J. et al., Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 13:1113-1122 (2004)).
  • a series of novel high affinity selective MCHR1 antagonists for which binding affinity is not dependent upon inclusion of a basic amine functionality that is common to most of the disclosed MCHR antagonists.
  • the absence of the basic center greatly reduces the probability of off-target interactions such as binding to other biogenic amine receptors as well as binding to ion channels such as the HERG receptor in the heart.
  • the reduction/abolition of affinity for the HERG receptor is especially important since ligand occupancy is associated with initiation of fatal arrhythmias.
  • phenylene ring or a heteroaryl ring which is a monocyclic ring or a bicyclic ring which contains one or two nitrogen atoms or one oxygen atom;
  • R 1 is Z-Y—X—, wherein
  • Z is aryl such as phenyl and naphthyl, or heteroaryl such as pyridinyl, pyridimidinyl, pyrazinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, or other “heteroaryl”;
  • R 2 is -E-G-(J) m , with m being an integer from 1 to 3;
  • E is O, S, or a bond
  • G is lower alkyl, phenylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkylcycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, alkylcycloalkoxy, or cycloalkoxyalkyl;
  • each J is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, CN, —SO 2 R 7 , —SR 7 —SOR 7 , lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, CF 3 , CF 3 O—, —COOR 5 (wherein R 5 is H, C 1-3 alkyl, or cycloalkyl), or —CO—NR 5a R 6 wherein R 5a and R 6 are each independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, or cycloalkyl, or R 5a and R 6 taken together can be propanediyl, butanediyl or pentanediyl to form with the N atom to which they are attached a 4-, 5- or 6-membered cyclic amine, such as azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, or piperazinyl, optionally substituted with substituents as set out for “heterocyclo”;
  • R 7 is lower alkyl
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl, cycloalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, halogen, hydrogen, —S—C 1-6 alkyl, CN, CF 3 O, or CF 3 ;
  • R 2 and R 3 can be taken together to form a 5- to 7-membered ring which is saturated, unsaturated, or partially unsaturated and may include an E heteroatom, which is O, or 0, 1 or 2 N atoms, which ring is substituted with one or two of —O-G-(J) m groups, wherein at least one J is OH, and optionally other substituents as set out for “alkyl”, “aryl”, or “heteroaryl”, such as alkyl and/or OH;
  • E-G and R 3 are not identical unsubstituted lower alkoxy groups, and when G is lower alkyl and J is H, R 3 is not hydrogen; and
  • R 8 and R 9 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or lower alkyl
  • esters thereof including esters thereof, prodrugs thereof, solvates thereof, and all stereoisomers thereof.
  • any of the foregoing Z moieties may either be unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2 or 3 of amino, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-3 alkylamino, di-C 1-3 alkylamino, C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 thioalkyl, C 1-3 trifluoroalkoxy, trifluoromethyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, or heteroaryl such as pyridyl or substituted with any of the substituents as set out for “aryl”, “heteroaryl”, or “alkyl”.
  • substituents for the J group in the form of a cyclic amine include but are not limited to lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, OH, CF 3 , or CF 3 O, or other substituents as set out for “alkyl” and “heteroaryl”.
  • a pharmaceutical composition which contains a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the invention Formula I as defined above, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • a method for the treatment of diabetes, obesity and other related conditions involving the MCHR1 in a mammal which includes the steps of administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of Formula I of the invention as defined above.
  • the invention also sets forth one or more methods for making the compound of Formula I of the invention.
  • Z-Y 13 X 1 H (b), preferably Z-(CH 2 ) n —X 1 H (n 0, 1, 2 or 3), and preferably in the presence of an activating agent.
  • the present invention is directed to these, as well as other important ends, hereinafter described.
  • the present application provides compounds, including all stereoisomers, solvates, prodrugs and pharmaceutically acceptable forms thereof according to Formula I. Additionally, the present application provides pharmaceutical compositions containing at least one compound according to Formula I of the invention alone and optionally at least one additional therapeutic agent. Finally, the present application provides methods for treating a patient suffering from an MCHR-1 modulated disease or disorder such as, for example, obesity, diabetes, depression or anxiety by administration of a therapeutically effective dose of a compound according to Formula I of the invention as defined above.
  • an MCHR-1 modulated disease or disorder such as, for example, obesity, diabetes, depression or anxiety
  • lower alkyl as may be employed herein alone or as part of another group includes both straight and branched chain hydrocarbons containing 1 to 8 carbons
  • alkyl alk
  • alkyl chain alkylene
  • alkylene chain alkylene chain
  • alkylene chain alkylene chain
  • alkylene chain straight and branched chain hydrocarbons containing 1 to 20 carbons, preferably 1 to 10 carbons, more preferably 1 to 8 carbons, in the normal chain, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, the various branched chain isomers thereof, and the like
  • cycloalkyl or “lower cycloalkyl” as may be employed herein alone or as part of another group includes saturated or partially unsaturated (containing 1 or 2 double bonds) cyclic hydrocarbon groups containing 1 to 3 rings, any one of which may optionally be a spiro substituted cycloalkyl, including monocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl and tricycloalkyl, containing a total of 3 to 20 carbons forming the rings, preferably 3 to 10 carbons, forming the ring and which may be fused to 1 or 2 aromatic rings as described for aryl, which include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl and cyclododecyl, cyclohexenyl,
  • any of which groups may be optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents such as halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkylamido, alkanoylamino, oxo, acyl, arylcarbonylamino, nitro, cyano, thiol and/or alkylthio and/or any of the substituents set for “alkyl”.
  • substituents such as halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkylamido, alkanoylamino, oxo, acyl, arylcarbonylamino, nitro, cyano, thiol and/or alkylthio and/or any of the substituents set for “alkyl”.
  • cycloalkoxy or “lower cycloalkoxy” as employed herein alone or as part of another group, represents a 4-, 5- or 6-membered saturated ring containing an oxygen in the ring and includes
  • heterocyclo represents an unsubstituted or substituted stable 4- to 7-membered monocyclic ring system which may be saturated or unsaturated, preferably saturated or partially unsaturated, and which consists of carbon atoms, with one to four heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quatemized, and including any bicyclic group in which the heterocyclic ring is fused to a benzene ring.
  • the heterocyclic ring may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable structure.
  • heterocyclic groups include, but is not limited to, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxopiperazinyl, oxopiperidinyl, oxopyrrolidinyl, oxoazepinyl, azepinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isooxazolyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, thiadia
  • alkanoyl as may be used herein alone or as part of another group refers to alkyl linked to a carbonyl group.
  • halogen or “halo” as may be used herein alone or as part of another group refers to chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine, with chlorine or fluorine being preferred.
  • metal ion refers to alkali metal ions such as sodium, potassium or lithium and alkaline earth metal ions such as magnesium and calcium, as well as zinc and aluminum.
  • aryl or “Aryl” as may be employed herein alone or as part of another group refers to monocyclic and bicyclic aromatic groups containing 6 to 10 carbons in the ring portion (such as phenyl or naphthyl including 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl) and may optionally include one to three additional rings fused to a carbocyclic ring or a heterocyclic ring (such as aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or cycloheteroalkyl rings), for example
  • groups including 2 free bonds and thus are linking groups, and may be optionally substituted through available carbon atoms with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from hydrogen, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkenyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, alkynyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, arylalkenyl, aminocarbonylaryl, arylthio, arylsulfinyl, arylazo, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylheteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, thi
  • heteroaryl refers to a 5- or 6-membered aromatic ring which includes 1, 2, 3 or 4 hetero atoms such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Such rings may be fused to an aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl and include possible N-oxides as described in Katritzky, A. R. et al., eds., Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry: The Structure, Reactions, Synthesis and Uses of Heterocyclic Compounds, Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y., publ. (1984); and Katritzky, A. R.
  • heteroaryl as defined herein, may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents such as the substituents included above for “alkyl” and/or “aryl”.
  • substituents include the following:
  • lower alkoxy “alkoxy”, “aryloxy” or “aralkoxy” as may be employed herein alone or as part of another group includes any of the above alkyl, aralkyl or aryl groups linked to an oxygen atom.
  • lower alkylthio alkylthio
  • arylthio arylthio
  • aralkylthio as may be employed herein alone or as part of another group includes any of the above alkyl, aralkyl or aryl groups linked to a sulfur atom.
  • polyhaloalkyl refers to an “alkyl” group as defined above which includes from 2 to 9, preferably from 2 to 5, halo substituents, such as F or Cl, preferably F, such as CF 3 CH 2 , CF 3 or CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 .
  • polyhaloalkyloxy refers to an “alkoxy” or “alkyloxy” group as defined above which includes from 2 to 9, preferably from 2 to 5, halo substituents, such as F or Cl, preferably F, such as CF 3 CH 2 O, CF 3 O or CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 O.
  • alkenyl refers to straight or branched chain radicals of 2 to 20 carbons, preferably 2 to 12 carbons, and more preferably 1 to 8 carbons in the normal chain, which include one to six double bonds in the normal chain, such as vinyl, 2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 2-heptenyl, 3-heptenyl, 4-heptenyl, 3-octenyl, 3-nonenyl, 4-decenyl, 3-undecenyl, 4-dodecenyl, 4,8,12-tetradecatrienyl, and the like.
  • said alkenyl group may be substituted with one or substituents, such as those substituents disclosed for alkyl.
  • alkynyl refers to straight or branched chain radicals of 2 to 20 carbons, preferably 2 to 12 carbons and more preferably 2 to 8 carbons in the normal chain, which include one triple bond in the normal chain, such as 2-propynyl, 3-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 4-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 2-heptynyl, 3-heptynyl, 4-heptynyl, 3-octynyl, 3-nonynyl, 4-decynyl,3-undecynyl, 4-dodecynyl and the like.
  • said alkynyl group may be substituted with one or substituents, such as those substituents disclosed for alkyl.
  • cycloalkenyl as employed herein alone or as part of another group refers to partially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing 3 to 12 carbons, preferably 5 to 10 carbons and 1 or 2 double bonds.
  • exemplary cycloalkenyl groups include cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclohexadienyl, and cycloheptadienyl.
  • said cycloalkenyl group may be substituted with one or substituents, such as those substituents disclosed for alkyl.
  • bicycloalkyl as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes saturated bicyclic ring groups such as, without limitation, [3.3.0]bicyclooctane, [4.3.0]bicyclononane, [4.4.0]bicyclodecane (decalin), [2.2.2]bicyclooctane, and so forth.
  • polycycloalkyl as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes two or more cycloalkyl ring systems, as defined herein, wherein at least one carbon atom is a part of at least two separately identifiable ring systems.
  • the polycycloalkyl group may contain bridging between two carbon atoms, for example, bicyclo[ 1. 1.0]butyl, bicyclo[3.2. 1]octyl, bicyclo[5.2.0]nonyl, tricycl[2.2.1.0.sup.1]heptyl, norbornyl and pinanyl.
  • the polycycloalkyl group may contain one or more fused ring systems, for example, decalinyl (radical from decalin) and perhydroanthracenyl.
  • the polycycloalkyl group may contain a spiro union, in which a single atom is the only common member of two rings, for example, spiro[3.4]octyl, spiro[3.3]heptyl and spiro[4.5]decyl.
  • acyl as employed herein by itself or part of another group, as defined herein, refers to an organic radical linked to a carbonyl
  • acyl groups include a substituent group attached to a carbonyl, such as alkanoyl, alkenoyl, aroyl, aralkanoyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkanoyl, cycloheteroalkanoyl and the like.
  • Optional or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes, without limitation, instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not.
  • optionally substituted alkyl means that alkyl may or may not be substituted by those groups enumerated in the definition of substituted alkyl.
  • “Substituted,” as used herein, whether express or implied and whether preceded by “optionally” or not, means that any one or more hydrogen on the designated atom (C, N, etc.) is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valency is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound. For instance, when a CH 2 is substituted by a keto substituent ( ⁇ O), then 2 hydrogens on the atom are replaced. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds. Further, when more than one position in a given structure may be substituted with a substituent selected from a specified group, the substituents may be either the same or different at every position.
  • group may be phenylene or a heteroaryl which is monocyclic or bicyclic and includes rings such as
  • the Formula I compound of the invention may have the structure
  • X is O or S
  • Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 atoms
  • Z is phenyl
  • Z is a heteroaryl such as pyridinyl or benzothiazole;
  • R 2 is E-G-J; and/or
  • E is O or S;
  • G is a lower alkyl or alkylcycloalkyl
  • J is H, OH, SO 2 R 7 , lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, or CF 3 , more preferably OH;
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, H, or halo;
  • R 8 and R 9 are independently H or CH 3 ; and/or
  • R 2 and R 3 can be taken together to form a 5- to 7-membered ring which is saturated, unsaturated, or partially unsaturated and may include an E heteroatom, which is O, or 0, 1 or 2 N atoms, which ring is substituted with one or two of —O-G-(J) m groups, wherein at least one J is OH and optionally other substituents as set out for “alkyl”, “aryl”, or “heteroaryl”, such as alkyl and/or OH.
  • Y is a bond or alkylene such as methylene, or ethylene or propylene;
  • X is S, O, SO, or SO 2 ;
  • n 1 or 2;
  • G is CH 2 , (CH 2 ) 2 , (CH 2 ) 3 ,
  • alkylcycloalkyl such as
  • E is O;
  • R 3 is H, alkoxy such as CH 3 O, hydroxyalkyl such as HOCH 2 CH 2 —, alkyl such as CH 3 or C 2 H 5 , halo such as F or Cl, CN, or hydroxyalkoxy such as HOCH 2 CH 2 O—; and/or
  • R 2 and R 3 can be optionally taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered unsaturated or aromatic ring containing one or two N atoms, which ring is optionally substituted with hydroxyalkyl such as
  • R 2 and R 3 can be optionally taken together to form a 6-membered saturated, unsaturated or partially unsaturated O-containing ring, which ring is optionally substituted with hydroxyalkyl such as
  • alkyl such as CH 3 and OH, for example
  • R 8 is H, halo such as F and Cl, or alkyl such as methyl; and/or
  • R 9 is H.
  • Y is a bond. Also in a further embodiment, Y is methylene, ethylene or propylene.
  • the alkyl chain or alkyl moiety in Y may be attached to the ortho-position of Z to generate a bicyclic moiety.
  • the bicyclic moiety is preferably 1-indanyl or 2-indanyl when Z is phenyl.
  • Z is selected from phenyl, naphthyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, and benzoxazolyl, preferably phenyl and pyridinyl.
  • R 5 and R 6 taken together form a 4-, 5- or 6-membered cyclic amine it is preferred that this component be selected from the group consisting of azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, and piperazinyl.
  • R 3 is C 1 -C 6 alkoxy. Especially preferred is the embodiment wherein R 3 is C 1 -C 3 alkoxy or C 1 -C 3 alkyl. Even more preferably, R 3 is methoxy or methyl.
  • R 1 may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 2 is —O-2-hydroxy-propane
  • R 3 is methoxy
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 2 and R 3 can be optionally taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered unsaturated or aromatic ring containing one or two N atoms, which ring is optionally substituted with hydroxyalkyl such as
  • R 3 is methoxy or methyl, and R 1 is selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 2 is E-G-hydroxyl- Pro-Drug or more preferably
  • R 3 is methoxy
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 1 is Z-Y—X— wherein
  • R 2 is -E-G-J wherein
  • alkylcycloalkyl such as
  • R 3 is H, alkoxy such as CH 3 O, or alkyl such as CH 3 ;
  • R 8 and R 9 are independently H or CH 3 ;
  • R 2 and R 3 can be optionally taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered unsaturated or aromatic ring containing one or two N atoms, which ring is optionally substituted with hydroxyalkyl such as
  • X is S
  • Y is a bond or (CH 2 ) 2 ;
  • R 3 is CH 3 O or CH 3 ;
  • R 8 and R 9 are each H;
  • R 2 and R 3 can be optionally taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered unsaturated or aromatic ring containing one or two N atoms, which ring is optionally substituted with hydroxyalkyl such as
  • Some preferred compounds of the invention include the following:
  • R 1 is Z-Y—X— wherein
  • R 1 can be selected from:
  • R 2 is -E-G-J wherein
  • R 3 is alkoxy such as CH 3 O, alkyl such as CH 3 , or halo such as Cl;
  • R 8 and R 9 are independently H or CH 3 .
  • X is S
  • Y is a bond or (CH 2 ) 2 ;
  • R 3 is CH 3 , H or Cl.
  • Compounds of Formula I for which R 1 is Z-Y—O or Z-Y—S and R 2 does not contain a tertiary alcohol, can be prepared by condensation of compounds of Formula II in a solvent such as THF with alkali metal salts such as Na + or K + of compounds of Formula III.
  • the alkali salts of compounds of Formula III had been previously prepared by addition of compounds of Formula III to a stirred dispersion of NaH or KH in a solvent such as THF under an inert atmosphere of N 2 or Ar.
  • Compounds of Formula II can be prepared by treatment of compounds of Formula IV with thionyl chloride in a solvent such as DMF.
  • Compounds of Formula III are commercially available or may be readily prepared by one skilled in the arts.
  • a general synthesis of compounds of Formula I for which R 1 is Z-Y—O, Z-Y—S or Z-Y—NR 4 H, entails condensation of compounds of Formula IV with compounds of Formula III by stirring these components in a solvent such as DMF containing benzotriazo-1-yl-oxy-trispyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluoroborate (PyBOP) as an activating agent, DMAP and a hindered amine such as Et(iPr) 2 N.
  • a solvent such as DMF containing benzotriazo-1-yl-oxy-trispyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluoroborate (PyBOP) as an activating agent, DMAP and a hindered amine such as Et(iPr) 2 N.
  • PyBOP benzotriazo-1-yl-oxy-trispyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluoroborate
  • DMAP benzotriazo-1-yl-oxy-trispyrroli
  • Compounds of Formula IV can be prepared by heating compounds of Formula V to 120-150° C. in microwave in a 1:1.1 mixture of HOAc/TFA.
  • Compounds of Formula V can be prepared by stirring compounds of Formula VI with 2,2-dimethoxyethylamine in a solvent such as EtOAc.
  • Compounds of Formula VI can be prepared by treatment of compounds of Formula VII with ethyl oxalyl chloride in a mixture of EtOAC and water containing a weak base such as potassium carbonate.
  • Compounds of Formula VII are either commercially available or can be prepared as described in U.S. Ser. No. 11/586,255.
  • Compounds of Formula I for which R 1 is Z-Y—SO or Z-Y—SO 2 can be prepared by treatment of compounds of Formula I where R 1 is Z-Y—S with one or two equivalents of an oxidant such as m-chloroperbenzoic acid in a solvent such as CH 2 Cl 2 .
  • compounds of formula I can be prepared as outlined in Scheme 2. by Cu catalyzed arylation of compounds of formula X by heating X with aryl halides or iodides of formula XI in a solvent such as dioxane containing a cuprous salt such as cuprous iodide along with potassium tribasic phosphate and a chelating agent such as N-methyl, N′-methyl ethylene diamine.
  • a solvent such as dioxane containing a cuprous salt such as cuprous iodide along with potassium tribasic phosphate and a chelating agent such as N-methyl, N′-methyl ethylene diamine.
  • Compounds of formula X can be prepared by heating compounds of formula IX in TFA.
  • Compounds of formula IX can be prepared by condensation of compound of Formula VIII with compounds of Formula III by stirring these components in a solvent such as DMF containing benzotriazo-1-yl-oxy-trispyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluoroborate (PyBOP) as an activating agent, DMAP and a hindered amine such as Et(iPr) 2 N.
  • a solvent such as DMF containing benzotriazo-1-yl-oxy-trispyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluoroborate (PyBOP) as an activating agent, DMAP and a hindered amine such as Et(iPr) 2 N.
  • PyBOP benzotriazo-1-yl-oxy-trispyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluoroborate
  • DMAP benzotriazo-1-yl-oxy-trispyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluoroborate
  • Et(iPr) 2 N a hindered
  • the compounds of the invention also include “prodrugs”.
  • prodrug as used herein encompasses both the term “prodrug esters” and the term “prodrug ethers”.
  • prodrug esters as employed herein includes esters and carbonates formed by reacting one or more hydroxyls of compounds of Formula I with either alkyl, alkoxy, or aryl substituted acylating agents or phosphorylating agent employing procedures known to those skilled in the art to generate acetates, pivalates, methylcarbonates, benzoates, amino acid esters, phosphates, half acid esters such as malonates, succinates or glutarates, and the like. In certain embodiments, amino acid esters may be especially preferred.
  • prodrug esters examples include
  • R H or isopropyl or other alkyl group (for example,
  • R 1 is H or an alkali metal such as Na
  • prodrug ethers include both phosphate acetals and O-glucosides. Representative examples of such prodrug ethers include
  • the compounds of Formula I can also be present as salts, which are further within the scope of this invention.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable (i.e., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) salts are preferred. If the compounds of Formula I have, for example, at least one basic center, they can form acid addition salts.
  • organic carboxylic acids such as alkanecarboxylic acids of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, for example acetic acid, which are unsubstituted or substituted, for example, by halogen as chloroacetic acid, such as saturated or unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, for example oxalic, malonic, succinic, maleic, fumaric, phthalic or terephthalic acid, such as hydroxycarboxylic acids, for example ascorbic, glycolic, lactic, malic, tartaric or citric acid, such as amino acids, (for example aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, valine, lysine, or arginine), or benzoic acid, or with organic sulfonic acids, such as (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl or arylsulfonic acids, such as (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl or arylsulfonic acids, such as (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl or
  • Corresponding acid addition salts can also be formed having, if desired, an additionally present basic center.
  • the compounds of Formula I having at least one acid group can also form salts with bases.
  • Suitable salts with bases are, for example, metal salts, such as alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts, for example sodium, potassium or magnesium salts, or salts with ammonia or an organic amine, such as morpho line, thiomorpho line, piperidine, pyrrolidine, a mono, di or tri-lower alkylamine, for example ethyl, tert-butyl, diethyl, diisopropyl, triethyl, tributyl or dimethyl-propylamine, or a mono, di or trihydroxy lower alkylamine, for example mono, di or triethanolamine.
  • Corresponding internal salts may furthermore be formed. Salts which are unsuitable for pharmaceutical uses but which can be employed, for example, for the isolation or purification of free compounds of Formula
  • Preferred salts of the compounds of Formula I which contain a basic group include monohydrochloride, hydrogensulfate, methanesulfonate, phosphate, nitrate or acetate.
  • Preferred salts of the compounds of Formula I which contain an acid group include sodium, potassium and magnesium salts and pharmaceutically acceptable organic amines.
  • the compounds of the present application can be administered to mammals, preferably humans, for the treatment of a variety of conditions and disorders, including, but not limited to metabolic and eating disorders as well as conditions associated with metabolic disorders (e.g., obesity, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, polycystic ovary disease, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, dermatological disorders, impaired glucose hemostasis, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, choletithiasis, dislipidemic conditions, bulimia nervosa and compulsive eating disorders); sleep disorders; and psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, substance abuse, cognition-enhancement and Parkinson's disease.
  • metabolic disorders e.g., obesity, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, polycystic ovary disease, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, dermatological disorders, impaired glucose hemostasis, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, choletithiasis,
  • acetylcholinesterase inhibitors e.g., tacrine
  • muscarinic receptor-1 agonists e.g., milameline
  • nicotinic agonists glutamic acid receptor (AMPA and NMDA) modulators
  • nootropic agents e.g., piracetam, levetiracetam
  • Suitable therapies for treatment of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive disorders for use in combination with the compounds of the present application include donepezil, tacrine, revastigraine, 5HT6, gamma secretase inhibitors, beta secretase inhibitors, SK channel blockers, Maxi-K blockers, and KCNQs blockers.
  • agents used to treat Parkinson's Disease include: levadopa with or without a COMT inhibitor, antiglutamatergic drugs (amantadine, riluzole), alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists such as idazoxan, opiate antagonists, such as naltrexone, other dopamine agonists or transporter modulators, such as ropinirole, or pramipexole or neurotrophic factors such as glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF).
  • antiglutamatergic drugs amantadine, riluzole
  • alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists such as idazoxan
  • opiate antagonists such as naltrexone
  • other dopamine agonists or transporter modulators such as ropinirole, or pramipexole
  • neurotrophic factors such as glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF).
  • GDNF glial derived neurotrophic factor
  • compositions comprising, as an active ingredient, a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of Formula I, alone or in combination with a pharmaceutical carrier or diluent.
  • compounds of the present application can be used alone, in combination with other suitable therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders including: anti-obesity agents; anti-diabetic agents, appetite suppressants; cholesterol/lipid-lowering agents, HDL-raising agents, cognition enhancing agents, agents used to treat neurodegeneration, agents used to treat respiratory conditions, agents used to treat bowel disorders, anti-inflammatory agents; anti-anxiety agents; anti-depressants; anti-hypertensive agents; cardiac glycosides; and anti-tumor agents.
  • Such other therapeutic agent(s) may be administered prior to, simultaneously with, or following the administration of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor (MCHR) antagonists in accordance with the application.
  • MCHR melanin-concentrating hormone receptor
  • Suitable anti-obesity agents for use in combination with the compounds of the present application include melanocortin receptor (MC4R) agonists, cannabinoid receptor modulators, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) antagonists, galanin receptor modulators, orexin antagonists, CCK agonists, GLP-1 agonists, and other Pre-proglucagon-derived peptides; NPY1 or NPY5 antagonist, NPY2 and NPY4 modulators, corticotropin releasing factor agonists, histamine receptor-3 (H3) modulators, aP2 inhibitors, PPAR gamma modulators, PPAR delta modulators, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitors, 11- ⁇ -HSD-1 inhibitors, adinopectin receptor modulators; beta 3 adrenergic agonists, such as AJ9677 (Takeda/Dainippon), L750355 (Merck), or CP331648 (P
  • a thyroid receptor beta modulator such as a thyroid receptor ligand as disclosed in WO 97/21993 (U. Cal SF), WO 99/00353 (KaroBio) and WO 00/039077 (KaroBio)
  • a lipase inhibitor such as orlistat or ATL-962 (Alizyme)
  • serotonin receptor agonists e.g., BVT-933 (Biovitrum)
  • monoamine reuptake inhibitors or releasing agents such as fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, chlorphentermine, cloforex, clortermine, picilorex, sibutramine, dexamphetamine, phentermine, phenylpropanolamine or mazindol, anorectic agents such as topiramate (
  • Suitable anti-diabetic agents for use in combination with the compounds of the present application include: insulin secretagogues or insulin sensitizers, which may include biguanides, sulfonyl ureas, glucosidase inhibitors, aldose reductase inhibitors, PPAR ⁇ agonists such as thiazolidinediones, PPAR ⁇ agonists (such as fibric acid derivatives), PPAR ⁇ antagonists or agonists, PPAR ⁇ / ⁇ dual agonists, 11- ⁇ -HSD-1 inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP4) inhibitors including saxagliptin, SGLT2 inhibitors including dapagliflozin and serglifozin, glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors, and/or meglitinides, as well as insulin, and/or glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), GLP-1 agonist, incretin modulators, AMP kinase activ
  • the antidiabetic agent may be an oral antihyperglycemic agent preferably a biguanide such as metformin or phenformin or salts thereof, preferably metformin HCl.
  • a biguanide such as metformin or phenformin or salts thereof, preferably metformin HCl.
  • the compounds of the present application will be employed in a weight ratio to biguanide within the range from about 0.001:1 to about 10:1, preferably from about 0.01:1 to about 5:1.
  • the antidiabetic agent may also preferably be a sulfonyl urea such as glyburide (also known as glibenclamide), glimepiride (disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,785), glipizide, gliclazide or chlorpropamide, other known sulfonylureas or other antihyperglycemic agents which act on the ATP-dependent channel of the beta-cells, with glyburide and glipizide being preferred, which may be administered in the same or in separate oral dosage forms.
  • the oral antidiabetic agent may also be a glucosidase inhibitor such as acarbose (disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,769) or miglitol (disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,639,436), which may be administered in the same or in a separate oral dosage forms.
  • the compounds of the present application may be employed in combination with a PPAR ⁇ agonist such as a thiazolidinedione oral anti-diabetic agent or other insulin sensitizers (which has an insulin sensitivity effect in NIDDM patients) such as rosiglitazone (SKB), pioglitazone (Takeda), Mitsubishi's MCC-555 (disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
  • a PPAR ⁇ agonist such as a thiazolidinedione oral anti-diabetic agent or other insulin sensitizers (which has an insulin sensitivity effect in NIDDM patients) such as rosiglitazone (SKB), pioglitazone (Takeda), Mitsubishi's MCC-555 (disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
  • Glaxo-Wellcome's GL-262570 englitazone (CP-68722, Pfizer) or darglitazone (CP-86325, Pfizer, isaglitazone (MIT/J&J), JTT-501 (JPNT/P&U), L-895645 (Merck), R-119702 (Sankyo/WL), NN-2344 (Dr. Reddy/NN), or YM-440 (Yamanouchi), preferably rosiglitazone and pioglitazone.
  • the compounds of the present application may also be employed with a PPAR ⁇ / ⁇ dual agonist such as MK-767/KRP-297 (Merck/Kyorin; as described in Yajima, K. et al., Am. J. Physiol. EndocrinoL Metab., 284:E966-E971 (2003)), AZ-242 (tesaglitazar; Astra-Zeneca; as described in Ljung, B. et al., J. Lipid Res., 43:1855-1863 (2002)); muraglitazar; or the compounds described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,414,002.
  • MK-767/KRP-297 Merck/Kyorin; as described in Yajima, K. et al., Am. J. Physiol. EndocrinoL Metab., 284:E966-E971 (2003)
  • AZ-242 tesaglitazar; Astra-Zeneca; as described in
  • the compounds of the present invention may be employed in combination with anti-hyperlipidemia agents, or agents used to treat arteriosclerosis.
  • An example of an hypolipidemic agent would be an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor which includes, but is not limited to, mevastatin and related compounds as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,983,140, lovastatin (mevinolin) and related compounds as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,231,938, pravastatin and related compounds such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,346,227, simvastatin and related compounds as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,448,784 and 4,450,171.
  • HMG CoA reductase inhibitors which may be employed herein include, but are not limited to, fluvastatin, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,772, cerivastatin disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,006,530 and 5,177,080, atorvastatin disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,681,893, 5,273,995, 5,385,929 and 5,686,104, pitavastatin (Nissan/Sankyo's nisvastatin (NK-104) or itavastatin), disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
  • keto analogs of mevinolin (lovastatin) as disclosed in European Patent Application No.0142146 A2 keto analogs of mevinolin (lovastatin) as disclosed in European Patent Application No.0142146 A2
  • quinoline and pyridine derivatives disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,506,219 and 5,691,322.
  • phosphinic acid compounds useful in inhibiting HMG CoA reductase suitable for use herein are disclosed in GB 2205837.
  • the squalene synthetase inhibitors suitable for use herein include, but are not limited to, ⁇ -phosphono-sulfonates disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,396, those disclosed by Biller, et al., J. Med. Chem., 31:1869-1871 (1998) including isoprenoid (phosphinyl-methyl)phosphonates as well as other known squalene synthetase inhibitors, for example, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,871,721 and 4,924,024 and in Biller, S. A. et al., Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2:1-40 (1996).
  • squalene synthetase inhibitors suitable for use herein include the terpenoid pyrophosphates disclosed by Ortiz de Montellano, P. et al., J. Med. Chem., 20:243-249 (1977), the famesyl diphosphate analog A and presqualene pyrophosphate (PSQ-PP) analogs as disclosed by Corey et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 98:1291-1293 (1976), phosphinylphosphonates reported by McClard, R. W. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109:5544 (1987) and cyclopropanes reported by Capson, T. L., Ph.D., dissertation, June, 1987, Dept. Med. Chem., U. of Utah, Abstract, Table of Contents, pp. 16, 17, 40-43, 48-51, Summary.
  • hypolipidemic agents suitable for use herein include, but are not limited to, fibric acid derivatives, such as fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, clofibrate, bezafibrate, ciprofibrate, clinofibrate and the like, probucol, and related compounds as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
  • bile acid sequestrants such as cholestyramine, colestipol and DEAE-Sephadex (SECHOLEX, POLICEXIDE) and cholestagel (Sankyo/Geltex), as well as lipostabil (Rhone-Poulenc), Eisai E-5050 (an N-substituted ethanolamine derivative), imanixil (HOE-402), tetrahydrolipstatin (THL), istigmastanylphosphorylcholine (SPC, Roche), aminocyclodextrin (Tanabe Seiyoku), Ajinomoto AJ-814 (azulene derivative), melinamide (Sumitomo), Sandoz 58-035, American Cyanamid CL-277,082 and CL-283,546 (disubstituted urea derivatives), nicotinic acid (niacin), acipimox, acifran,
  • the other hypolipidemic agent may be an ACAT inhibitor (which also has anti-atherosclerosis activity) such as disclosed in, Drugs of the Future, 24:9-15 (1999), (Avasimibe); Nicolosi et al., “The ACAT inhibitor, Cl-1011 is effective in the prevention and regression of aortic fatty streak area in hamsters”, Atherosclerosis (Shannon, Irel.), 137(1):77-85 (1998); Ghiselli, G., “The pharmacological profile of FCE 27677: a novel ACAT inhibitor with potent hypolipidemic activity mediated by selective suppression of the hepatic secretion of ApoB100-containing lipoprotein”, Cardiovasc. Drug Rev., 16(1):16-30 (1998); Smith, C.
  • the hypolipidemic agent may be an upregulator of LDL receptor activity such as MD-700 (Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd) and LY295427 (Eli Lilly).
  • the hypolipidemic agent may be a cholesterol absorption inhibitor preferably Schering-Plough's SCH48461 (ezetimibe) as well as those disclosed in Atherosclerosis, 115:45-63 (1995) and J. Med. Chem., 41:973 (1998).
  • the other lipid agent or lipid-modulating agent may be a cholesteryl transfer protein inhibitor (CETP) such as Pfizer's CP-529,414 as well as those disclosed in WO/0038722 and in EP 818448 (Bayer) and EP 992496, and Pharmacia's SC-744 and SC-795, as well as CETi-1 and JTT-705.
  • CETP cholesteryl transfer protein inhibitor
  • the hypolipidemic agent may be an ileal Na + /bile acid co-transporter inhibitor such as disclosed in Drugs of the Future, 24:425-430 (1999).
  • the ATP citrate lyase inhibitor which may be employed in the combination of the application may include, for example, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,447,954.
  • the other lipid agent also includes a phytoestrogen compound such as disclosed in WO 00/30665 including isolated soy bean protein, soy protein concentrate or soy flour as well as an isoflavone such as genistein, daidzein, glycitein or equol, or phytosterols, phytostanol or tocotrienol as disclosed in WO 2000/015201; a beta-lactam cholesterol absorption inhibitor such as disclosed in EP 675714; an HDL upregulator such as an LXR agonist, a PPAR ⁇ -agonist and/or an FXR agonist; an LDL catabolism promoter such as disclosed in EP 1022272; a sodium-proton exchange inhibitor such as disclosed in DE 19622222; an LDL-receptor inducer or a steroidal glycoside such as disclosed in U.S.
  • a phytoestrogen compound such as disclosed in WO 00/30665 including isolated soy bean protein, soy protein concentrate or soy flour as well as
  • Preferred hypolipidemic agents are pravastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin and rosuvastatin, as well as niacin and/or cholestagel.
  • the compounds of the present invention may also be employed in combination with anti-hypertensive agents.
  • suitable anti-hypertensive agents for use in combination with the compounds of the present application include beta adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers (L-type and/or T-type; e.g., diltiazem, verapamil, nifedipine, amlodipine and mybefradil), diuretics (e.g., chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, flumethiazide, hydroflumethiazide, bendroflumethiazide, methylchlorothiazide, trichloromethiazide, polythiazide, benzthiazide, ethacrynic acid tricrynafen, chlorthalidone, furosemide, musolimine, bumetanide, triamtrenene, amiloride, spironolactone), renin inhibitors,
  • Dual ET/AII antagonist e.g., compounds disclosed in WO 00/01389
  • neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors
  • vasopepsidase inhibitors dual NEP-ACE inhibitors
  • omapatrilat and gemopatrilat e.g., omapatrilat and gemopatrilat
  • MCHR1 antagonists could also be useful in treating other diseases associated with obesity, including sleep disorders. Therefore, the compounds described in the present application could be used in combination with therapeutics for treating sleep disorders. Examples of suitable therapies for treatment of sleeping disorders for use in combination with the compounds of the present application include melatonin analogs, melatonin receptor antagonists, ML 1 B agonists, GABA receptor modulators; NMDA receptor modulators, histamine-3 (H3) receptor modulators, dopamine agonists and orexin receptor modulators.
  • MCHR1 antagonists may reduce or ameliorate substance abuse or addictive disorders. Therefore, combination of cannabinoid receptor modulators with agents used to treat addictive disorders may reduce the dose requirement or improve the efficacy of current addictive disorder therapeutics. Examples of agents used to treat substance abuse or addictive disorders are: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), methadone, buprenorphine, nicotine and bupropion.
  • SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
  • methadone methadone
  • buprenorphine nicotine and bupropion.
  • MCHR1 antagonists may reduce anxiety or depression; therefore, the compounds described in this application may be used in combination with anti-anxiety agents or antidepressants.
  • suitable anti-anxiety agents include benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, chlorazepate, halazepam and prazepam), 5HT1A receptor agonists (e.g., buspirone, flesinoxan, gepirone and ipsapirone), and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) antagonists.
  • benzodiazepines e.g., diazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, chlorazepate, halazepam and prazepam
  • anti-depressants for use in combination with the compounds of the present application include norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (tertiary and secondary amine tricyclics), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and sertraline), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) (isocarboxazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine, selegiline), reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (RIMAs) (moclobemide), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (venlafaxine), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor antagonists, alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists, and atypical antidepressants (bupropion, lithium, nefazodone, trazodone and viloxazine).
  • SSRIs selective serotonin
  • the combination of a conventional antipsychotic drug with a MCHR1 antagonist could also enhance symptom reduction in the treatment of psychosis or mania. Further, such a combination could enable rapid symptom reduction, reducing the need for chronic treatment with antipsychotic agents. Such a combination could also reduce the effective antipsychotic dose requirement, resulting in reduced probability of developing the motor dysfunction typical of chronic antipsychotic treatment.
  • Suitable antipsychotic agents for use in combination with the compounds of the present application include the phenothiazine (chlorpromazine, mesoridazine, thioridazine, acetophenazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine and trifluoperazine), thioxanthine (chlorprothixene, thiothixene), heterocyclic dibenzazepine (clozapine, olanzepine and aripiprazole), butyrophenone (haloperidol), diphenylbutylpiperidine (pimozide) and indolone (molindolone) classes of antipsychotic agents.
  • Other antipsychotic agents with potential therapeutic value in combination with the compounds in the present application include loxapine, sulpiride and risperidone.
  • schizophrenic disorders include paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated and residual schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder and psychotic disorder not specified.
  • Suitable antipsychotic drugs for combination with the compounds in the present application include the antipsychotics mentioned above, as well as dopamine receptor antagonists, muscarinic receptor agonists, 5HT2A receptor antagonists and 5HT2A/dopamine receptor antagonists or partial agonists (e.g., olanzepine, aripiprazole, risperidone, ziprasidone).
  • the compounds of the present invention can be administered in oral dosage form
  • the dosage form for said pharmaceutical composition includes such oral dosage forms as granules, powders, tablets, capsules, syrups, emulsions, suspensions, etc. and such non-oral dosage forms as injections (e.g., subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular and intraperitoneal injections), drip infusions, external application forms (e.g., nasal spray preparations, transdermal preparations, ointments, etc.), and suppositories (e.g., rectal and vaginal suppositories).
  • injections e.g., subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular and intraperitoneal injections
  • external application forms e.g., nasal spray preparations, transdermal preparations, ointments, etc.
  • suppositories e.g., rectal and vaginal suppositories.
  • dosage forms can be manufactured by the per se known technique conventionally used in pharmaceutical procedures.
  • the specific manufacturing procedures are as follows.
  • an excipient e.g., lactose, sucrose, starch, mannitol, etc.
  • a disintegrator e.g., calcium carbonate, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, etc.
  • a binder e.g., ⁇ -starch, gum arabic, carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylcellulose, etc.
  • a lubricant e.g., talc, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol 6000, etc.
  • the compressed product is coated, by the per se known technique, for masking the taste or for enteric dissolution or sustained release.
  • the coating material that can be used includes, for instance, ethylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyoxyethylene glycol, cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, and Eudragit (Rohm & Haas, Germany, methacrylic-acrylic copolymer).
  • Injections can be manufactured typically by the following procedure.
  • the active component or components are dissolved, suspended or emulsified in an aqueous vehicle (e.g., distilled water, physiological saline, Ringer's solution, etc.) or an oily vehicle (e.g., vegetable oil such as olive oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, etc.
  • aqueous vehicle e.g., distilled water, physiological saline, Ringer's solution, etc.
  • an oily vehicle e.g., vegetable oil such as olive oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, etc.
  • a dispersant e.g., Tween 80 (Atlas Powder, U.S.A.), HCO 60 (Nikko Chemicals), polyethylene glycol, carboxymethylcellulose, sodium alginate, etc.), a preservative (e.g., methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, phenol, etc.), an isotonizing agent (e.g., sodium chloride, glycerol, sorbitol, glucose, inverted sugar, etc.) and other additives.
  • a dispersant e.g., Tween 80 (Atlas Powder, U.S.A.), HCO 60 (Nikko Chemicals), polyethylene glycol, carboxymethylcellulose, sodium alginate, etc.
  • a preservative e.g., methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, benzyl alcohol, chlorobut
  • a solubilizer e.g., sodium salicylate, sodium acetate, etc.
  • a stabilizer e.g., human serum albumin
  • a soothing agent e.g., benzalkonium chloride, procaine hydrochloride, etc.
  • other additives can also be added.
  • a dosage form for external application can be manufactured by processing the active component or components into a solid, semi-solid or liquid composition.
  • a solid composition for instance, the active component or components, either as they are or in admixture with an excipient (e.g., lactose, mannitol, starch, microcrystalline cellulose, sucrose, etc.), a thickener (e.g., natural gums, cellulose derivatives, acrylic polymers, etc.), etc., are processed into powders.
  • the liquid composition can be manufactured in substantially the same manner as the injections mentioned above.
  • the semi-solid composition is preferably provided in a hydrous or oily gel form or an ointment form.
  • compositions may optionally contain a pH control agent (e.g., carbonic acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, etc.), and a preservative (e.g., p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, chlorobutanol, benzalkonium chloride, etc.), among other additives.
  • a pH control agent e.g., carbonic acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, etc.
  • a preservative e.g., p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, chlorobutanol, benzalkonium chloride, etc.
  • Suppositories can be manufactured by processing the active component or components into an oily or aqueous composition, whether solid, semi-solid or liquid.
  • the oleaginous base that can be used includes, for instance, higher fatty acid glycerides [e.g., cacao butter, Witepsols (Dinamit-Nobel), etc.], medium-chain fatty acids [e.g., Migriols (Dinamit-Nobel), etc.], vegetable oils (e.g., sesame oil, soybean oil, cotton-seed oil, etc.), etc.
  • the water-soluble base includes, for instance, polyethylene glycols propylene glycol, etc.
  • the hydrophilic base includes, for instance, natural gums, cellulose derivatives, vinyl polymers, and acrylic polymers, etc.
  • the dosage of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be appropriately determined with reference to the dosages recommended for the respective active components and can be selected appropriately according to the recipient, the recipient's age and body weight, current clinical status, administration time, dosage form, method of administration, and combination of the active components, among other factors.
  • the dosage of the compound of Formula I of the invention for a human adult can be selected from the clinical oral dose range of 0.01 to 30 mg/kg body weight (preferably 0.05 to 10 mg/kg body weight, more preferably 0.05 to 5 mg/kg body weight) or the clinical parenteral dose range of 0.005 to 10 mg/kg body weight (preferably 0.01 to 10 mg/kg body weight, more preferably 0.01 to 1 mg/kg body weight) or 1 to 1000 mg/day.
  • the other active component or components having different modes of action for use in combination can also be used in dose ranges selected by referring to the respective recommended clinical dose ranges.
  • Administration is generally carried out in a single dose/day or in divided doses, for example, 2 to 4 times a day.
  • ODS Henom-Luna
  • Ethyl oxalyl chloride (7.8 g, 6.8 mL, 57 mmol) was added to a mixture of 3,4-dimethoxyaniline (4.4 g, 29 mmol) and K 2 CO 3 (14 g, 140 mmol) in EtOAc (44 mL) and water (12 mL) at 0° C. After stirring at 0° C. for 10 min, water (18 mL) was added; whereupon the mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel and extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 40 mL). The combined EtOAc were filtered through Na 2 SO 4 and evaporated to about 30 mL.
  • ring closure can be effected by prolonged thermal heating in TFA/HOAc at 78° C. for 1d.
  • TFA/HOAc a basic amine
  • the reaction was brought to pH 6 to 7 with saturated NaHCO 3 and then evaporated in vacuo. The residue was absorbed on silica gel and purified by flash chromatography (5 to 15% 2N NH 3 in MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ) to afford the desired 1-aryl pyrazine-2,3(1H,4H)-dione in 36% yield.
  • This material was subsequently converted to final product following the procedure described in Method 2.
  • oxalamide as described in Part A contained a primary or secondary alcohol
  • prolonged thermal heating in TFA/HOAc at 78° C. for 1 day not only effected ring closure but also converted the alcohol moiety to an acetate.
  • the resulting 1-aryl pyrazine-2,3(1H,4H)-dione was converted to the desired 3-thio substituted-1-arylpyrazin-2-one employing Method 1.
  • the acetylated product was converted to the desired 3-thio substituted-1-arylpyrazin-2-one (19 mg, 0.041 mmol) bearing a free hydroxyl by dissolution in MeOH (1.0 mL) and H 2 O (0.1 mL) and stirring at ambient temperature for 1 h after addition of potassium carbonate (30 mg). The reaction was then diluted with CH 2 Cl 2 /H 2 O prior to extraction with CH 2 Cl 2 (2 ⁇ ). After drying the combined organic layers over MgSO 4 , concentration afforded the desired final product (16 mg, 93% yield).
  • a DMF solution (0.4 mL) containing the 1-aryl pyrazine-2,3(1H,4H)-dione prepared in Part B (92 mg, 0.30 mmol), PyBOP (0.27 g, 0.53 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.16 mL, 0.9 mmol) was stirred for 3 h before addition of a DMF solution prepared by stirring 5-methoxybenzo[d]thiazole-2-thiol (296 mg, 1.502 mmol) with NaH (60.1 mg, 1.502 mmol, rinsed with hexane 2 ⁇ ) in DMF (0.2 mL) at ambient temperature for 10 min.
  • the EtOAc layer was dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated.
  • the crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography employing a solvent gradient (hexane to 75% EtOAc/hexane) to elute 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylthio)pyrazin-2(1 H)-one (2.76 g, 6.42 mmol, 74.6% yield) as white solid.
  • the crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography employing a solvent gradient (hexane to 100% EtOAc) to elute 1-(4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-3-methylphenyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylthio)-pyrazin-2(1H)-one (18.65 mg, 0.040 mmol, 11.52% yield) as off-white solid.
  • the crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography employing a solvent gradient (hexane to 30% ethyl acetate) to elute 2-(4-chlorophenethoxy)-3-methoxypyrazine (1.25 g, 4.72 mmol, 68.3% yield) as clear oil.
  • the crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography employing a solvent gradient (CH 2 Cl 2 to 10% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ) to elute 3-(4-chlorophenethoxy)-1-(4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)phenyl)pyrazin-2(1H)-one (31.82 mg, 0.073 mmol, 73.1% yield) as white solid.
  • Prodrugs were prepared of selected secondary and tertiary alcohols to improve solubility and exposure. Standard conditions, employed to generate amino acid esters of all but the glycine ester of the tertiary alcohols, are exemplified in Example 193. Preparation of the glycine ester of the tertiary alcohols is exemplified in Example 202. Preparation of a phosphate ester prodrug is exemplified by Example 204.
  • the BOC'd glycinate ester described in Part A (3.9 g, 6.2 mmol) was treated with 1:2 TFA/CH 2 Cl 2 (145 mL) at RT for 25 min. After removal of the volatiles under vacuum, the residual TFA was removed by co-evaporation with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 ⁇ 8 mL) and drying under vacuum for 20 min. Following dissolution in CH 2 Cl 2 (70 mL), the solution was washed with cold 5% NaHCO 3 (3 ⁇ 30 mL) dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated to yield 3.3 g of crude product.
  • Examples 194 to 201 were prepared in a similar manner to Example 193 using the appropriate alcohol and BOC glycine followed by TFA removal of the BOC group.
  • the amino acid prodrug esters may be converted to the corresponding HCl salt.
  • the HCl salt of Example 197 was prepared by dissolving the compound (0.655 mg, 1.36mmoles) in CH 2 Cl 2 (10 mL) and MeOH (1 mL) and cooling to ⁇ 30° C. IN HCl in ether (2.3 mL, 1.7 eq) was added with stirring. Evaporation in vacuo afforded the desired salt. (0.71 g). LC MS was identical to the free base.
  • the crude product was dissolved in a 1:2 mixture of TFA/CH 2 Cl 2 (18 mL). After stirring for 15 min the solvent was evaporated in vacuo. The residue was transferred to a separatory funnel with CH 2 Cl 2 , washed with cold 5% Na 2 CO 3 (2 ⁇ ), and dried over MgSO 4 to afford crude 790 mg of product after evaporation of the solvent.
  • the product was purified by flash chromatography (80 g silica gel, gradient elution: 1 to 8% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 over 24 min) to afforded the desired valine ester as a free base (0.69 g, 64% yield).
  • the HCl salt of Example 176 was prepared by dissolving the compound in CH 2 Cl 2 (9 mL). After cooling the solution to ⁇ 30° C., IN HCl in ether (2.85 mL, 1.7 eq) was added with stirring. The yellow precipitate was collected and dried to afford the HCl salt (0.74 g).
  • the yellow gum in ACN (2 ml) was added 0.5 N aqueous sodium bicarbonate (302 ⁇ l, 0.151 mmol.), the mixture was diluted with water (5 ml). The solution was then lyopholized.
  • EtOAc (30 ml) was converted to the free base by washing with aq. saturated NaHCO 3 (30 ml).
  • the EtOAc layer was dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated.
  • Membranes from stably transfected HEK-293 cells expressing a mutated (E4Q, A5T) hMCHR1 receptor were prepared by dounce homogenization and differential centrifugation. Binding experiments were carried out with 0.5-1.0 ug of membrane protein incubated in a total of 0.2 ml in 25 mM HEPES (pH 7.4) with 10 mM MgCl 2 , 2 mM EGTA, and 0.1% BSA (Binding Buffer) for 90 min. For competition binding assays, reactions were carried out in the presence of with 0.06-0.1 nM [Phe 13 , [ 125 I]Tyr 19 ]-MCH and increasing concentrations of unlabeled test molecules.
  • the relative ability of the prodrug to enhance exposure was assessed in an eight hour PK study using cannulated Sprague Dawley (CD, Charles River Breeding Laboratory) rats.
  • the compounds (parent and prodrug esters) were administered p.o. at 2.0 ml/kg as a suspension in 0.5% methyl cellulose, 0.1% Tween 80 in water at 10 mg/kg p.o.
  • Blood samples were taken at 1, 2, 4 and 8 hr. After determination of parent concentration, an AUC was calculated for the eight hour study.
  • mice Male Sprague Dawley (CD, Charles River Breeding Laboratory) rats weighing approximately 240 grams were placed in individual plastic cages with AlphaDri bedding. The room was maintained at 72° F. and 50% humidity, and a 12/12 light dark cycle with lights out at 1600 hours. The rats were conditioned for 5 days prior to the start of the study to having a choice of foods.
  • a normal chow Hard Teklad, 2018 that contains 18% protein, 5% fat and 73% carbohydrate and a high fat high sugar diet (Research Diets (D2327) that contains 20% protein, 40% fat and 40% carbohydrate where the carbohydrate is entirely sucrose and the fat is soybean and coconut oil. Studies have revealed that rats exhibit a high preference for the high fat/high sucrose diet (80% preference).
  • Body weight and consumption of both kinds of food as well as water intake were measured daily. Water was available ad lib throughout the study. Food consumption is presented as daily caloric consumption which is the sum of grams of chow multiplied by the Kcal per gram (3.5) plus grams of high fat high sugar multiplied by Kcal per gram (4.59).
  • Baseline body weight was measured prior to drug treatment on day 0 of the study. Baseline food consumption was the average of the 3 days prior to the first drug treatment. Drug was administered daily p.o. at 2.0 ml/kg at 1500 hours beginning on day 0 and continuing daily through day 4 as a suspension in 0.5% methyl cellulose, 0.1% Tween 80 in water at 3.0, 10 and 30 mg/kg p.o. All data were evaluated using ANOVA and Fishers PLSD statistics.

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BRPI0813580-0A2A BRPI0813580A2 (pt) 2007-07-06 2008-07-07 Antagonistas de receptor 1 de hormônio de concentração de melanina não básicos e métodos
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