Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
  • A61K31/165—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/192—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having aromatic groups, e.g. sulindac, 2-aryl-propionic acids, ethacrynic acid 
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
  • A61K31/165—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide
  • A61K31/167—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide having the nitrogen of a carboxamide group directly attached to the aromatic ring, e.g. lidocaine, paracetamol
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
  • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
  • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
  • A61K31/216—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acids having aromatic rings, e.g. benactizyne, clofibrate
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/205—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, gums; Cyclodextrin
  • A61K9/2059—Starch, including chemically or physically modified derivatives; Amylose; Amylopectin; Dextrin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method and combination composition for the treatment of pain.
• the invention relates to a composition containing ibuprofen and paracetamol for the treatment of pain.
• a full therapeutic dose of paracetamol is 1000 mg
• a full therapeutic dose of ibuprofen is 400 mg to relieve pain.
• the total daily amount is also limited to 4000 mg of paracetamol and 1200 mg of ibuprofen, per day in divided doses.
• Combinations of paracetamol, ibuprofen and codeine are known in South Africa, with a single tablet including paracetamol 250 mg, ibuprofen 200 mg, codeine 10 mg.
• Another combination of paracetamol, aspirin and codeine is also known in a single dose form including 325 mg paracetamol, 325 mg aspirin and 10 mg codeine.
• sub-therapeutic doses of paracetamol are delivered.
• 4 capsules would give a full OTC therapeutic dose of paracetamol, the amount of ibuprofen would then exceed allowed OTC dose limits.
• Paracetamol can be taken without prescription in dosages of 500-1000 mg every 4 to 6 hours up to 4 g/day for the treatment of fever/pain.
• Ibuprofen is taken without prescription in doses of 200-400 mg every 6 hours up to 1200 mg/day for analgesia.
• Ibuprofen is generally well tolerated in divided self medicated doses of up to 1.2 g/day, but it is still associated with side effects in some individuals, such as gastrointestinal damage.
• side effects in some individuals, such as gastrointestinal damage.
• Scheiman J M et al 2004 A randomised controlled comparison of ibuprofen at maximal over-the-counter dose compared with prescription-dose celecoxib on upper gastrointestinal mucosal injury. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2(4): 290-5) and a number of other adverse effects (reference: AHFS Drug Information, 2004).
• the invention in a first aspect may be seen to comprise a combination composition for the treatment of pain including about 125 mg to about 150 mg ibuprofen and about 475 mg to about 500 mg paracetamol.
• the ratio of paracetamol:ibuprofen is about 50:15.
• the composition includes 150 mg ibuprofen and 500 mg paracetamol.
• the ibuprofen can be present as a salt, ester or complexed form and the amount is suitable to deliver between about 125 mg to about 150 mg ibuprofen.
• composition is administered as two unit doses four times a day.
• the unit doses are tablets or capsules.
• the invention provides a method of pain management including the delivery of between about 250 mg to 300 mg ibuprofen and about 975 mg to about 1000 mg paracetamol in a single administration.
• the invention may be seen to be a method of pain management by providing a dosing regime for the delivery of both paracetamol and ibuprofen wherein the actives are administered in a combination composition, including about 125 mg to about 150 mg ibuprofen and about 475 mg to about 500 mg paracetamol per single dose, and wherein the single dose is given in two unit doses four times daily.
• the unit doses are tablets or capsules.
• the ratio of paracetamol:ibuprofen in the single therapeutic dose is about 50:15.
• the ibuprofen can be present as a salt, ester or complexed form and the amount is suitable to deliver between about 125 mg to about 150 mg ibuprofen.
• the composition includes 150 mg ibuprofen and 500 mg paracetamol.
• the invention provides the use of about 475 mg to about 500 mg paracetamol and about 125 mg to about 150 mg ibuprofen in the manufacture of medicament to be administered in two unit doses four times a day for the treatment of pain.
• the ratio of paracetamol:ibuprofen is about 50:15.
• the ibuprofen can be present as a salt, ester or complexed form and the amount is suitable to deliver between about 125 mg to about 150 mg ibuprofen.
• Preferably 150 mg ibuprofen and 500 mg paracetamol is used.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical pack including tablets or capsules, each tablet or capsule including a combination composition as described in the first aspect of the invention, the pack including instructions to the user to take two tablets or capsules no more than 4 times a day.
• the pack includes an even number of tablets or capsules.
• the pack includes at least 8 tablets or capsules.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of pain, the composition including paracetamol and ibuprofen in a synergistically effective ratio of paracetamol:ibuprofen of between about 42.5:12.5 to about 50:15.
• the ratio is 50:15.
• composition can be present as a salt, ester or complexed form of ibuprofen in an amount sufficient to deliver ibuprofen to the user in the stated ratio range.
• composition is a tablet or capsule.
• composition is administered four times a day.
• the invention in broad terms relates to a pharmaceutical preparation including both ibuprofen and paracetamol which is suitable for oral administration for the treatment of pain, and which can be taken without undue difficulty.
• the pharmaceutical preparation is for the temporary relief of pain such as headache, period pain and musculo-skeletal pain.
• OTC over the counter
• the pharmaceutical preparation according to the invention combines paracetamol and ibuprofen. Delivery of maximum therapeutic doses in a combination composition of paracetamol and ibuprofen would require 1000 mg of paracetamol and 400 mg of ibuprofen. If delivered in this combination four times daily to give the maximum daily dose of 4000 mg of paracetamol, the corresponding amount of ibuprofen delivered per day would be 1600 mg, 400 mg in excess of the maximum rate of 1200 mg. A reduction to three doses a day of the maximum therapeutic dose would give the maximum daily dose of ibuprofen, but would result in inefficient use of the paracetamol which at a daily amount of 3000 mg would fall short of the maximum daily amount allowed of 4000 mg.
• the combination composition according to the invention includes about 125 mg to about 150 mg ibuprofen and about 475 mg to about 500 mg paracetamol. This allows the composition to be taken 4 times a day resulting in full OTC levels per day to be administered but with lower peak levels of ibuprofen. This offers the prospect of reduced incidence of adverse side effects than can result from ibuprofen use but carries the risk that the pain relief may be lower and, as a result, inadequate. It has been surprisingly found that when the ibuprofen/paracetamol combination is administered in the amount and with the regime according to the present invention there appears to be little or no reduction in the pain relief effect. In fact the pain relief is very much improved over the same amount of ibuprofen administered alone.
• the inventors have therefore recognised that an adjustment of the ratio of paracetamol to ibuprofen would maximise the efficiency with which a combination composition could be given to ensure that the individual therapeutic doses are of a concentration strong enough to deliver effective pain relief, while resulting in the maximum daily allowance.
• This allows a combination composition containing about 1000 mg of paracetamol and about 300 mg of ibuprofen (about 500 mg paracetamol+about 150 mg ibuprofen in 2 pills/capsules) to be given four times daily, resulting in the maximum daily amount given for each medication.
• the expected detriment is that the amount of ibuprofen administered per dose is lower thus it would be expected that pain relief will not be sufficient or at least lower. As stated earlier, it has been surprisingly found that this is not the case. Pain relief is consistently of at least equivalent efficacy.
• the composition (paracetamol:ibuprofen ratio between about 47.5:12.5 and about 50:15; preferably 50:15) provides enhanced pain relief during the first dose interval in comparison to the individual actives when taken alone.
• This effect of itself provides options for pain management in situations where continued administration may be unnecessary.
• the user obtains effective pain relief being able to ingest reduced levels of ibuprofen.
• the lowest individual adult dose of ibuprofen will be about 250 mg taken with about 950 mg paracetamol (eg in 2 tablets/pills with 125 mg ibuprofen and 475 mg paracetamol in each pill).
• the amount of actives in a single pill/capsule will be about 150 mg ibuprofen and 500 mg paracetamol. Two such pills/capsules would be taken to provide a single dose of 300 mg ibuprofen and 1000 mg paracetamol. While pills/capsules containing more than 500 mg paracetamol and 150 mg ibuprofen could be made, such options are not preferred due to the size of the pill/capsule and resultant ingestion and compliance difficulties.
• ibuprofen is usually given as the acid but various salts, esters and other complexes are also used. These include lysine and sodium salts, guaiacol and pyridoxine esters, and aminoethanol, isobutanolammonium, and meglumine derivatives.
• Ibuprofen is usually administered as a racemic mixture but preparations containing only the S(+)-isomer (dexibuprofen) are available in some countries.
• the active ingredients are formulated in the ratio of about 50:15 in a single tablet or capsule in amounts by weight which are suitable to be administered four times a day to meet the recommended maximum dose (without medical practitioner's prescription) without excessive tablet or capsule administration.
• the pharmaceutical preparation is given in two tablets or capsules for ease of ingestion by the user. It has been found that it is possible to formulate a preparation that includes paracetamol (500 mg) and ibuprofen (150 mg) in a single tablet or capsule. Thus two tablets/capsules four times a day (ie in a 24 hour period; preferably qid) will deliver the maximum allowed daily dose.
• the ingredients will be formulated into a tablet or capsule using known pharmaceutical carriers and excipients. Preferably they will be formulated into a film-coated tablet of a size capable of containing the amounts of ingredient preferred. Preferably this will be oval for ease of swallowing and film coated.
• the composition can also be administered in, for example, two 00 size capsules. In a less preferred aspect, the actives could be administered as separate unit doses. The result would for example be the administration of two 500 mg paracetamol pills/capsules and two 150 mg ibuprofen pills/capsules. This is less preferred as the administration of four pills/capsules is not conducive to compliance.
• a full OTC daily therapeutic dose (non-prescription) can be conveniently provided to the user in two tablets/capsules for ingestion 4 times a day (ie 6 hourly).
• the ingestion of higher numbers of pills in a single dose is impractical and tends to meet consumer resistance.
• the tablet containing the active ingredients would be created using pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients including maize starch, colloidal silicon dioxide, disodium EDTA, polyvinyl pyrrolidine, sodium benzoate, colloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, sodium starch glycollate.
• pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients including maize starch, colloidal silicon dioxide, disodium EDTA, polyvinyl pyrrolidine, sodium benzoate, colloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, sodium starch glycollate.
• Other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients as would be known to the skilled person could also be used.
• the paracetamol may be provided in either powder or crystalline form.
• the ibuprofen may be provided in any suitable particle size such as either 25 micron or 50 micron particle size.
• Purified water will preferably be used when preparing the formulation.
• pills will preferably be presented to the consumer as part of a pharmaceutical pack, such as a blister pack, as will be well known.
• the pack should have an even number of pills, preferably at least 8 pills, contained within it and have instructions to take 2 pills no more than 4 times per day (ie in a 24 hour period).
• the instructions will be to take the pills at 6 hourly intervals (ie qid). It is of course possible that the pills could be sold contained in a bottle, the pills held loosely within that bottle.
• the tablets satisfy the disintegration time requirements of the Ph.Eur. and USP.
• Part 1 (Dry Mixing) Paracetamol 500.0 mg Ibuprofen 150.0 mg Maize Starch (dry mix) 25.32 mg Microcrystalline Cellulose 30.00 mg Pregelatanised starch 32.00 mg Croscarmellose sodium 2.50 mg
• the tablets satisfy the disintegration time requirements of the Ph.Eur. and USP.
• Example 3 The combination of Example 3 was tested in a pilot study using a dental pain model i.e. patients were given either 2 Paracetamol 500 mg+Ibuprofen 150 mg tablets four times a day or 2 150 mg tablets containing ibuprofen alone four times a day for analgesia following wisdom tooth extraction under local anaesthesia. Pain scores at rest and on activity were measured by visual analogue scales which were used to derive an area-under-the curve (AUC) pain score. A lower AUC represents better pain relief.
• AUC area-under-the curve
• the present invention allows effective pain relief to be achieved using reduced ibuprofen amounts in combination with paracetamol. Minimisation of potential adverse reactions from high peak amounts of ibuprofen is achieved as a result.
• the composition allows a pain management regime to be set up that is achievable and effective for an individual, and which can be provided without prescription.
• VAS scores mean visual analogue pain scores
• Table 2 below provides a comparison of mean visual analogue pain scores (VAS scores) for ibuprofen only, paracetamol only and ibuprofen+paracetamol compositions in a dental pain model.
• a lower VAS score is consistent with less pain due to better pain relief.
• the VAS scores for the ibuprofen only, and the ibuprofen+paracetamol (Maxigesic), compositions have been calculated from the AUC trials as reported in Example 5. Pain scores were calculated as means over the first dose interval rather than AUC values to allow comparison with literature values for paracetamol in the dental pain model.
• Paracetamol reference R A Seymour et al. An investigation into the comparative efficacy of soluble aspirin and solid paracetamol in postoperative pain after third molar surgery. Br Dental J (2003) 194(3), 153-7. Compares pain after dental surgery for 240 minutes after dosing. Patients took paracetamol 1000 mg or aspirin soluble 900 mg.
• the enhanced effect reinforces the results observed for the daily administration (4 times a day for maximum OTC administration) and shows that, at the ratios of actives used in the treatment (ie between about 47.5:12.5 to about 50:15; preferably about 50:15; paracetamol:ibuprofen), a synergistic pain relief effect is occurring.

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• Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
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• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
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