Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
  • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
  • C06B23/00—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents
  • C06B23/001—Fillers, gelling and thickening agents (e.g. fibres), absorbents for nitroglycerine
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
  • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
  • C06B45/00—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product
  • C06B45/04—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising solid particles dispersed in solid solution or matrix not used for explosives where the matrix consists essentially of nitrated carbohydrates or a low molecular organic explosive
  • C06B45/06—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising solid particles dispersed in solid solution or matrix not used for explosives where the matrix consists essentially of nitrated carbohydrates or a low molecular organic explosive the solid solution or matrix containing an organic component
  • C06B45/10—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising solid particles dispersed in solid solution or matrix not used for explosives where the matrix consists essentially of nitrated carbohydrates or a low molecular organic explosive the solid solution or matrix containing an organic component the organic component containing a resin
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
  • C06D—MEANS FOR GENERATING SMOKE OR MIST; GAS-ATTACK COMPOSITIONS; GENERATION OF GAS FOR BLASTING OR PROPULSION (CHEMICAL PART)
  • C06D5/00—Generation of pressure gas, e.g. for blasting cartridges, starting cartridges, rockets
  • C06D5/06—Generation of pressure gas, e.g. for blasting cartridges, starting cartridges, rockets by reaction of two or more solids

Definitions

• the present invention relates to pyrotechnic gas generation, in particular to inflate airbags used in systems for protecting the occupants of a motor vehicle. More particularly, the invention relates to pyrotechnic compositions generating, at temperatures which are acceptable to automotive safety, clean gases termed “cold” gases which are rich in nitrogen and are non-toxic, and it also relates to pyrotechnic compounds able to be obtained from such compositions.
• pyrotechnic gas generators For various pyrotechnic requirements, in particular to ensure the correct inflation of airbags, pyrotechnic gas generators must, over extremely short periods of the order of thirty milliseconds, provide clean gases, ie. which are free of solid particles which could constitute hot spots and which might damage the airbag wall, and which are non-toxic, i.e. containing small quantities of oxides of nitrogen, oxides of carbon and chlorinated products.
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,183 discloses pyrotechnic gas-generating compositions comprising a reducing charge constituted by guanidine nitrate (GN) and an oxidizing charge constituted by basic copper nitrate (BCN) in predetermined proportions.
• GN guanidine nitrate
• BCN basic copper nitrate
• EP-A-1 279 655 and EP-A-1 130 008 describe methods of producing gas-generating compounds. Long lists are provided of substances which may be suitable as constituents of those compounds, as the reducing charge, as the oxidizing charge, and as additives. The production of small-diameter mono-perforated monolithic compounds is described in general manner.
• the invention aims to provide an extrudable pyrotechnic composition (which, in general, is suitable for preparing mono- or multi-perforated monolithic compounds) which is capable of generating clean, non-toxic gases at low temperatures of less than 2300 K, allowing it to be used to inflate an uncoated airbag, which ignites readily, and which has a satisfactory inflation power.
• a pyrotechnic gas-generating composition comprising an oxidizing charge constituted by basic copper nitrate (BCN), a reducing charge constituted by guanidine nitrate (GN) and a binder, the composition being characterized in that it also comprises:
• an additional reducing charge selected from the group formed by hexogene (RDX), octogene (HMX), penthrite (PETN), triaminoguanidine nitrate (TAGN), nitroguanidine, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (ONTA) and mono- and bi-tetrazoles; and/or, advantageously and
• basic copper nitrate (hereinafter BCN) with formula Cu(NO 3 ) 2 , 3Cu(OH) 2 , is selected as the oxidizer since it has the advantage of being perfectly stable and, combined with a reducing agent, of burning by forming copper residues that are easy to filter.
• BCN is insoluble in water, which is advantageous when the composition uses a hydrosoluble binder which allows it to be fabricated by extrusion.
• BCN also has a satisfactory gas yield which is higher than that of compounds such as copper oxide, and a relatively high oxygen balance (OB) of +30%.
• the basic copper nitrate (BCN) is present in a mass fraction in the range 40% to 60% (highly advantageously in the range 50% to 60%) of the total composition mass.
• the selected reducing charge is guanidine nitrate (GN).
• Guanidine nitrate (GN) is an organic compound which is rich in nitrogen, stable, and inexpensive. Guanidine nitrate (GN) has good ageing properties, as measured by the 400 hour test at 107° C. Further, the presence of guanidine nitrate (GN) in the composition improves the gas yield of the composition. Guanidine nitrate (GN) has a negative enthalpy of formation, also having the effect of reducing the combustion temperature of the composition.
• the guanidine nitrate (GN) is present in a mass fraction in the range 20% to 55% (highly advantageously in the range 20% to 40%) of the total composition mass.
• composition of the invention notably allows to improve the gas yield and to facilitate ignition of said composition, thus rendering it more reliable, and avoiding the need for an ignition charge. Ignition charges are expensive; thus, using a composition of the invention can reduce the cost of the gas generator.
• the selected additional reducing charge is hexogene (RDX) or octogene (HMX).
• Said additional reducing charge when present, is generally present in a mass fraction of less than 15% with respect to the total composition mass.
• composition of the invention can in particular:
• the additional oxidizing charge able to be used is thus not any oxidizing charge. It is selected for forming a solid solution obtained by substitution with the guanidine nitrate (GN).
• oxidizers already used in the pyrotechnics field, only those which form a solid solution obtained by substitution with guanidine nitrate are suitable for use in compositions of the invention.
• ammonium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, and potassium nitrate are suitable.
• Ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate are particularly suitable.
• the use of ammonium perchlorate is particularly recommended.
• said additional oxidizing charge when present, is present in a mass fraction of less than 15%, advantageously less than 10%, of the total composition mass.
• Ammonium perchlorate is a very strong oxidizer and has a very good gas yield. Its highly oxidizing nature allows the proportion of reducing charge, and thus of guanidine nitrate (GN) in the composition, to be increased, GN also having a very good gas yield. Like the additional reducing charge, the presence of ammonium perchlorate in the composition can facilitate ignition of the composition. In the automotive safety field, almost all of the pyrotechnic composition must burn at a pressure of the order of 20 MPa [megapascals] in 30 ms [milliseconds] to 40 ms for use in a passenger or driver airbag, or in 20 ms in a side airbag. These combustion times must be adhered to in a composition intended for automotive safety. When present, ammonium perchlorate acts as a “booster” in the composition.
• V c a*p n in which a is a constant and n the pressure exponent.
• a a constant
• n the pressure exponent.
• the pressure exponent is particularly low, considerably less than 0.7, which means that the pyrotechnic compound can be caused to function at temperatures in the range ⁇ 35° C. to 85° C.
• the composition of the invention may thus be used in an automotive vehicle.
• ammonium perchlorate or potassium perchlorate is a strong oxidizer and has advantageous combustion properties
• its use in a composition leads to the production of high combustion temperatures and to the generation of combustion gases which can contain a fairly high level of hydrogen chloride.
• these oxidizers be used in small amounts, generally less than 15%, preferably less than 10% (of the composition mass). An indication of these maximum values of 15% or 10% has already been given in a general manner with reference to the use of any suitable additional oxidizer.
• composition of the invention is also capable of including a transition metal oxide to catalyze decomposition of the additional oxidizer.
• Said transition metal oxide may in particular be an oxide of iron, copper, or manganese, generally present in an amount of less than 5% by weight.
• compositions of the invention include an additional reducing charge as described above and/or an additional oxidizing charge as described above.
• they include said additional reducing charge and said additional oxidizing charge.
• BCN basic copper nitrate
• guanidine nitrate (GN) and an additional reducing charge.
• Said specific oxidizer(s) and reducer(s) are, in a characteristic manner, included in a specific hydrosoluble binder.
• Said specific hydrosoluble binder is advantageous:
• halogenated solvents such as trichloroethylene
• organic solvents such as ketone type solvents (acetone, methylethylketone, etc, for example)
• VOC volatile organic compounds
• high and low molecular masses are defined below. Clearly, they refer to mean molecular masses.
• high molecular mass as used in the present application and claims means a mean molecular mass of more than 250,000 g/mol [grams/mol], advantageously 700,000 g/mol or more.
• low molecular mass as used in the present application and claims means a mean molecular mass of less than 100,000 g/mol, generally much less than 90,000 g/mol.
• Carboxymethylcellulose performs well since it has:
• compositions used in the automotive safety field must have an equilibrated oxygen balance (OB).
• OB equilibrated oxygen balance
• a composition is termed “equilibrated” in oxygen when the composition comprises sufficient oxygen so that after reaction, the various compounds of the composition are in the form of CO 2 , H 2 O and N 2 .
• the oxygen balance of the binder must be as low as possible.
• Carboxymethylcellulose has a much higher oxygen balance than the oxygen balance of elastomeric type binders.
• Carboxymethylcellulose a mixture of short and long fibers as defined above, performs particularly well in operations of granulation, compression, and extrusion, and is entirely suitable for processing the composition into the form of pellets, disks, or monolithic blocks, which are mono- or even multi-perforated.
• the mixture of short and long fibers can produce:
• the specific hydrosoluble binder as defined above is generally present in compositions of the invention in a mass fraction in the range 2% to 15% of the total composition mass. Beyond 15%, its influence may be deleterious to the oxygen balance of the composition.
• the specificity of the binder for the compositions of the invention means that compounds can be obtained by continuous extrusion using a continuous twin-screw type extruder, which compounds have a configuration described in the profession as a monolithic block (or grain) with one or multiple perforations, with an external diameter of a few millimeters to about twenty millimeters.
• the number of perforations may vary from 1 to 19 for perforations 0.5 mm [millimeters] to 1.5 mm in diameter.
• composition of the invention may also include additives, in particular additives acting as catalysts for combustion or agents for trapping solid particles produced during combustion. Said agents can trap solid particles produced during combustion to create residues which are of a sufficient size to allow them to be filtered. Additives which are well known in the field of compositions for automotive safety, for example alumina or silica, may be added to the composition of the invention.
• the present invention provides compounds which are able to be obtained from the pyrotechnic compositions described above.
• pyrotechnic compounds having a composition as described above are manufactured and shaped by a pelletization or disk compression process.
• pyrotechnic compounds having a composition as described above are manufactured and shaped by an extrusion process.
• pyrotechnic compounds having a composition of the invention can be mass produced by disk compression or pelletization.
• This step is not simply a matter of mixing the various dry constituents. To carry out the pelletization operation, it is necessary to obtain a powder that flows properly.
• This preparation step is a granulation operation consisting in starting from the various materials constituting the composition of the invention in powder form to make grains of larger grain size, of the order of a few hundred microns. Once this powder has been obtained, the pelletization operation can be carried out.
• pyrotechnic compounds having a composition of the invention may also be obtained by extrusion. Extrusion is rendered possible, is indeed optimized by the presence of carboxymethylcellulose with added water. Assuming that ammonium perchlorate or potassium perchlorate is used, a small quantity of water should be incorporated to prevent said perchlorate from dissolving.
• the method of producing pyrotechnic compounds by extrusion advantageously comprises a step for continuously supplying a mixing and extrusion apparatus such as a twin-screw extruder with, on the one hand, the oxidizing charge(s) (BCN and the optional additional oxidizing charge) and with, on the other hand, the reducing charge(s) (GN and the optional additional reducing charge) pre-mixed with the binder used (the specific binder used).
• a section rod is extruded which is oven-hardened, and then cut to the desired length, for example into the form of granulates. Cutting may also be carried out, in certain cases in which dimensional requirements are not so severe, before oven hardening.
• the monolithic compounds obtained may be mono- or multi-perforated.
• the specificity of the binder allows the compounds to be obtained in the multi-perforated form.
• Table 2 above shows that by adjusting the equivalent oxygen balance (OB), the proposed novel formulations allow an increase in the gas yield and/or the combustion temperature, which results in a larger gas volume obtained for the same mass of propergol. Similarly, as these examples show, it is also possible to adjust the OB of said compositions to adapt it to the requirements of each application. The good performance of said compositions is confirmed by the results in the manometric chamber (Table 4 below).
• OB equivalent oxygen balance
• Table 3 shows the results obtained for firing 30 g [grams] of a composition in accordance with the various examples of Table 1 into a 60 L [liter] tank.
• TABLE 3 Ex Tall18 (ms) Tt 0.9 (ms) P max tank (MPa) Ref 3.1 46 0.18 2 2.5 38 0.21 4 2.4 40 0.23
• Tall18 time to reach a pressure of 18 MPa in the generator chamber used for the tests;
• Tt0.9 time between firing and the time at which the tank pressure is 90% of the maximum pressure in the tank.
• the composition was ignited with 140 mg [milligrams] of TiPP powder (powder based on titanium and potassium perchlorate) and with 450 mg of ignition charge.
• ignition was carried out with only 140 mg of TiPP. This shows that the presence of ammonium perchlorate or RDX in the compositions can greatly improve ignition and means that ignition charge can be dispensed with.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
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• Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
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• 2004
  • 2004-02-10 FR FR0401253A patent/FR2866022B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2005
  • 2005-02-09 US US10/588,661 patent/US20070181236A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2005-02-09 JP JP2006552656A patent/JP4575395B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2005-02-09 WO PCT/FR2005/000282 patent/WO2005077862A2/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2005-02-09 EP EP05717583A patent/EP1713745A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 2005-02-09 CN CNB2005800045552A patent/CN100390110C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related

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