US20070169407A1 - Fuel compositions - Google Patents

Fuel compositions Download PDF

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Publication number
US20070169407A1
US20070169407A1 US10/590,980 US59098005A US2007169407A1 US 20070169407 A1 US20070169407 A1 US 20070169407A1 US 59098005 A US59098005 A US 59098005A US 2007169407 A1 US2007169407 A1 US 2007169407A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
vegetable oils
oil
weight
fuel composition
reaction
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US10/590,980
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English (en)
Inventor
Juergen Roeder
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Cognis IP Management GmbH
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Cognis IP Management GmbH
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Filing date
Publication date
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Assigned to COGNIS IP MANAGEMENT GMBH reassignment COGNIS IP MANAGEMENT GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ROEDER, JUERGEN
Publication of US20070169407A1 publication Critical patent/US20070169407A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
    • C10L1/224—Amides; Imides carboxylic acid amides, imides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
    • C10L1/191—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters of di- or polyhydroxyalcohols
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/221—Organic compounds containing nitrogen compounds of uncertain formula; reaction products where mixtures of compounds are obtained
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
    • C10L1/2222—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates
    • C10L1/2225—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates hydroxy containing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/1802—Organic compounds containing oxygen natural products, e.g. waxes, extracts, fatty oils
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to fuel/ethanol mixtures, and more particularly to mixtures containing additive reaction products from the reaction of di- or trialkanolamines with vegetable oils.
  • the present invention also relates to a process for the production of diesel oil/ethanol mixtures and to the use of the reaction products as solubilizers for ethanol-containing diesel fuel.
  • additives are used in hydrocarbon-based fuels, i.e. for example gas oils, heating oils, gasoline, diesel, kerosene, etc.
  • known additives include flow improvers or compounds which improve the emission values of gases such as CO, CO 2 or NO x .
  • the problem addressed by the present invention was to find an additive which, even in small quantities, would adequately reduce the emission values of harmful gases and which would be inexpensive in terms of production and raw materials.
  • the additives would advantageously be obtainable from renewable raw materials and would represent surfactants that would enable the homogeneity of diesel fuel mixtures containing alcohols to be increased by increasing the solubility of the alcohol, particularly the commonly used ethanol, in the diesel fuel.
  • ethanol can be adequately dissolved in fuels, preferably in diesel oil, by using reaction products of the reaction of di- or trialkanolamines with vegetable oils or with alkyl esters of the fatty acid mixtures from vegetable oils.
  • a fuel composition includes: (a) at least 90% by weight of a hydrocarbon-based fuel; (b) 0.5% to 9% by weight dry ethanol; and (c) 0.1% to 5% by weight of an additive reaction product formed from the reaction of di- or trialkanolamines with vegetable oils or with alkyl esters of the fatty acid mixtures from vegetable oils, wherein the composition is free from alkoxylated compounds.
  • a fuel composition consists of (a) 90% to 98% by weight diesel oil; (b) 1% to 8% by weight dry ethanol; and (c) 0.1% to 1.5% by weight of an additive reaction product formed from the reaction of di- or trialkanolamines with vegetable oils or with alkyl esters of the fatty acid mixtures from vegetable oils, wherein the composition is free from alkoxylated compounds.
  • a process for the production of diesel oil/ethanol mixtures includes adding an additive reaction product formed from the reaction of di- or trialkanolamines with vegetable oils or with alkyl esters of the fatty acid mixtures from vegetable oils in quantities of at most 0.1% to 5.0% by weight to dry ethanol to form a mixture, and adding the mixture to diesel oil.
  • a solubilizer for ethanol-containing diesel fuel includes a reaction product from the reaction of di- or trialkanolamines with vegetable oils or with alkyl esters of the fatty acid mixtures from vegetable oils.
  • the present invention relates firstly to fuel compositions free from alkoxylated compounds containing at least 90% by weight of a hydrocarbon-based fuel, 0.5 to 9% by weight dry ethanol and 0.1 to 5% by weight of an additive in the form of a reaction product from the reaction of di- or trialkanolamines with vegetable oils or with alkyl esters of the fatty acid mixtures from vegetable oils.
  • fuels are understood to be any energy-yielding fuels of which the free combustion energy is converted into mechanical work. This includes all types of motor and aircraft fuels that are liquid at room temperature and normal pressure.
  • Motor fuels for example for automobile or truck engines, generally contain hydrocarbons, for example gasoline or higher-boiling petroleum oil fractions.
  • the fuels according to the invention are preferably diesel oil, more particularly diesel containing biodiesel.
  • Diesel fuels are obtained from gas oil by cracking or from tars obtained in the low-temperature carbonization of lignitic or hard coal. Diesel fuels are poorly flammable mixtures of liquid hydrocarbons which are used as fuels for constant-pressure or compression-ignition engines (diesel engines) and which consist predominantly of paraffins with admixtures of olefins, naphthenes and aromatic hydrocarbons. Their composition is variable and depends in particular on the method of production. Typical products have a density of 0.83 to 0.88 g/cm 3 , a boiling point of 170 to 360° C. and flash points of 70 to 100° C.
  • the fuels according to the invention preferably contain diesel oil or consist of diesel oil. This also includes so-called biodiesel, i.e. a fatty acid methyl ester, preferably rapeseed oil fatty acid methyl ester, which according to the invention is preferably present in the diesel.
  • the dry ethanol is either commercially available “absolute ethanol” with a specific water content, which can vary according to the particular commercial product, or ethanol which is dried over generally known desiccants, such as sodium for example, to a water content of preferably below 0.5% by volume water. This drying step may optionally be followed by drying over a molecular sieve.
  • the fuels according to the invention are distinguished by the fact that they contain only the reaction product from the reaction of di- or trialkanolamines with vegetable oils or with alkyl esters of the fatty acid mixtures from vegetable oils as additives, so that there is no need for expensive mixtures of different individual substances. Accordingly, the fuel is a very inexpensive product because, apart from filtration, the reaction product does not have to be subjected to any other refinement, thus eliminating the need for expensive and time-consuming refining steps.
  • the main reaction products from the reaction of di- or trialkanolamines with vegetable oils or with alkyl esters of the fatty acid mixtures from vegetable oils are alkanolamides of the fatty acids present in the oils.
  • these alkanolamides do not have to be separated from unreacted raw materials, such as alkanolamines, partly reacted raw materials, such as di- or monoglycerides for example, other reaction products, such as glycerol or ethanol or methanol, but only have to be filtered to remove insoluble constituents, the reaction products are very cost-favorable.
  • a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention are fuel compositions which contain additives in the form of reaction products of di- or trialkanolamines with vegetable oils in which the vegetable oils contain fatty acid esters containing mono- or polyunsaturated C 11-21 alkyl groups. Fatty acid esters containing monounsaturated C 17 alkyl groups are particularly preferred.
  • Unsaturated representatives are, for example, lauroleic, myristoleic, palmitoleic, petroselaidic, oleic, elaidic, ricinoleic, linoleic, linolaidic, linolenic, gadoleic, arachidonic and erucic acid. Mixtures of the methyl esters of these acids are also suitable.
  • a particularly preferred embodiment is characterized by the use of fatty acid esters containing fatty acids from the group consisting of methyl oleate, methyl palmitate, methyl stearate and/or methyl pelargonate.
  • the fuel compositions according to the invention preferably contain additives in the form of reaction products of di- or trialkanolamines with vegetable oils where the vegetable oils are selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, linseed oil, olive oil, castor oil, palm oil and thistle oil.
  • the reaction of soybean oil, sunflower oil or rapeseed oil, above all the reaction of soybean oil is particularly preferred.
  • the vegetable oils are essentially triglyceride mixtures, the glycerol being completely esterified with relatively long-chain fatty acids.
  • Peanut oil contains on average (based on fatty acid) 54% by weight oleic acid, 24% by weight linoleic acid, 1% by weight linolenic acid, 1% by weight arachic acid, 10% by weight palmitic acid and 4% by weight stearic acid.
  • the melting point is 2 to 3° C.
  • Linseed oil typically contains 5% by weight palmitic acid, 4% by weight stearic acid, 22% by weight oleic acid, 17% by weight linoleic acid and 52% by weight linolenic acid.
  • the iodine value of linseed oil is in the range from 155 to 205 and the saponification value in the range from 188 to 196.
  • the melting point is ca. ⁇ 20° C.
  • Olive oil mainly contains oleic acid. Palm oil contains around 2% by weight myristic acid, 42% by weight palmitic acid, 5% by weight stearic acid, 41% by weight oleic acid and 10% by weight linoleic acid as fatty acid components.
  • Rapeseed oil typically contains around 48% by weight erucic acid, 15% by weight oleic acid, 14% by weight linoleic acid, 8% by weight linolenic acid, 5% by weight eicosenoic acid, 3% by weight palmitic acid, 2% by weight hexadecenoic acid and 1% by weight docosadienoic acid as fatty acid components. Rapeseed oil from new plants has higher levels of the unsaturated components.
  • Typical fatty acid contents here are 0.5% by weight erucic acid, 63% by weight oleic acid, 20% by weight linoleic acid, 9% by weight linolenic acid, 1% by weight eicosenoic acid, 4% by weight palmitic acid, 2% by weight hexadecenoic acid and 1% by weight docosadienoic acid.
  • 80 to 85% by weight of castor oil consists of the glyceride of ricinoleic acid, around 7% by weight of the glycerides of oleic acid, 3% by weight of the glycerides of linoleic acid and around 2% by weight of the glycerides of palmitic and stearic acid.
  • Soybean oil contains 55 to 65% by weight, based on the total fatty acids, of polyunsaturated acids, more particularly linoleic and linolenic acid.
  • the situation is similar with sunflower oil, of which the typical fatty acid spectrum, based on total fatty acid, is as follows: ca. 1% by weight myristic acid, 3 to 10% by weight palmitic acid, 14 to 65% by weight oleic acid and 20 to 75% by weight linoleic acid.
  • the additives are reaction products of the reaction of di- or trialkanolamines with alkyl esters of the fatty acid mixtures of the vegetable oils mentioned, particularly the preferred vegetable oils.
  • the alkyl esters of the fatty acid mixtures are methyl esters and/or ethyl esters.
  • the fatty acid composition in the mixture derives from the particular native fatty acid composition of the vegetable oil used and the particular quality of the raw material from which the methyl and/or ethyl esters are produced in known manner.
  • the di- or trialkanolamines to be reacted to form the required reaction product are alkanolamines containing C 1-4 alkanol groups, preferably ethanolamines.
  • the di- or trialkanolamines may have alkanol groups with the same number or with different numbers of carbon atoms.
  • the reaction with amines containing two or three of the same alkanol groups is preferred, the reaction with diethanolamine or triethanolamine being particularly preferred.
  • the additives present in the fuel compositions according to the invention in the form of reaction products from the reaction of di- or trialkanolamines with vegetable oils or with alkyl esters of the fatty acid mixtures from vegetable oils are preferably characterized in that the reaction is continued until the reaction product is clear and the product dissolves clearly in diesel in the form of a 1% mixture at ⁇ 10 to ⁇ 20° C. In addition, apart from filtration, no other refining steps are necessary.
  • preferred fuel compositions are those in which the ratio by volume (v/v) of diesel oil to additive is in the range from 1000:0.5 to 1000:50 and preferably in the range from 1000:1 to 1000:50.
  • a preferred embodiment is a fuel composition consisting of 90 to 98% by weight diesel oil, 1 to 8% by weight dry ethanol and 0.1 to 1.5% by weight and preferably 0.5 to 1.0% by weight of an additive in the form of the reaction product of di- or trialkanolamines with vegetable oils or with alkyl esters of the fatty acid mixtures from vegetable oils.
  • the present invention also relates to a process for the production of diesel oil/ethanol mixtures in which either diesel oil and dry ethanol are mixed and an additive in the form of a reaction product from the reaction of di- or trialkanolamines with vegetable oils or with alkyl esters of the fatty acid mixtures from vegetable oils is added in quantities of at most 0.5 to 5.0% by weight or the additive in the form of a reaction product from the reaction of di- or trialkanolamines with vegetable oils or with alkyl esters of the fatty acid mixtures from vegetable oils is first mixed in quantities of at most 0.1 to 5.0% by weight in dry ethanol and then added to the diesel.
  • the use of the additives according to the invention enables mixtures of fuels with dry ethanol, preferably diesel oil with dry ethanol, to be inexpensively produced. Maximum quantities of 0.5 to 1.5% by weight of additive are preferably added to the diesel oil/ethanol mixture.
  • the fuel composition as a whole is preferably dry, i.e. the water content of the fuel composition as a whole should be less than 0.2% by volume and preferably less than 0.1% by volume.
  • the additives have a solubilizing effect. Accordingly, the present invention also relates to the use of reaction products from the reaction of di- or trialkanolamines with vegetable oils or with alkyl esters of the fatty acid mixtures from vegetable oils as solubilizers for ethanol-containing diesel fuels.
  • the effect of the additives according to the invention was tested inter alia by the cold filter plugging point test (CFPP) according to EN 116:1997.
  • CFPP cold filter plugging point test
  • the additive-containing fuel was cooled in steps to ⁇ 30° C. in a mixture of 94% diesel LS, 5% ethanol and 1% reaction product, samples being taken at temperature intervals of 1° C. and drawn through a standardized filter unit under a reduced pressure of 2 kPa.
  • the temperature shown corresponds to the temperature at which the fuel is no longer able to flow through the filter unit in a fixed time.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
US10/590,980 2004-03-11 2005-03-03 Fuel compositions Abandoned US20070169407A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102004011821.3 2004-03-11
DE102004011821A DE102004011821A1 (de) 2004-03-11 2004-03-11 Treibstoffzusammensetzungen
PCT/EP2005/002210 WO2005087900A1 (fr) 2004-03-11 2005-03-03 Compositions de combustibles

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20070169407A1 true US20070169407A1 (en) 2007-07-26

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ID=34895190

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/590,980 Abandoned US20070169407A1 (en) 2004-03-11 2005-03-03 Fuel compositions

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US20070169407A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1723218A1 (fr)
CN (1) CN1930273A (fr)
BR (1) BRPI0508562A (fr)
CA (1) CA2557251A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102004011821A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2005087900A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100031558A1 (en) * 2008-08-05 2010-02-11 Spirit Of The 21St Century Group, Llc Modified fuels and methods of making and using thereof

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102007003344B3 (de) * 2006-12-15 2008-07-10 Helmut KÖRBER Dieselkraftstoffgemisch
CN103031165B (zh) * 2012-12-12 2015-01-07 深圳英迪创新科技有限公司 一种燃料添加剂及其制备方法和应用
CN106010679A (zh) * 2016-06-19 2016-10-12 张育栋 一种高热值醇基燃料油及其制备方法

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20020178650A1 (en) * 2001-05-03 2002-12-05 Michio Ikura Low temperature stable diesel oil/alcohol mixtures
US6589302B1 (en) * 2000-05-09 2003-07-08 Texaco Inc. Friction modifier for poor lubricity fuels
US20040040202A1 (en) * 2000-11-08 2004-03-04 Aae Technologies International Plc Alkoxylate and alcohol free fuel additives

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2336119A (en) * 1998-04-09 1999-10-13 Coval Technologies Limited Solubilising water and petrol

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6589302B1 (en) * 2000-05-09 2003-07-08 Texaco Inc. Friction modifier for poor lubricity fuels
US20040040202A1 (en) * 2000-11-08 2004-03-04 Aae Technologies International Plc Alkoxylate and alcohol free fuel additives
US20020178650A1 (en) * 2001-05-03 2002-12-05 Michio Ikura Low temperature stable diesel oil/alcohol mixtures

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100031558A1 (en) * 2008-08-05 2010-02-11 Spirit Of The 21St Century Group, Llc Modified fuels and methods of making and using thereof
US8790423B2 (en) 2008-08-05 2014-07-29 Spirit Of The 21St Century Group, Llc Modified fuels and methods of making and using thereof
US10273421B2 (en) 2008-08-05 2019-04-30 Spirit Of The 21St Century Group, Llc Modified fuels and methods of making and using thereof

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN1930273A (zh) 2007-03-14
BRPI0508562A (pt) 2007-08-14
WO2005087900A1 (fr) 2005-09-22
EP1723218A1 (fr) 2006-11-22
DE102004011821A1 (de) 2005-09-29
CA2557251A1 (fr) 2005-09-22

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