US20070082900A1 - Methods for inhibiting protein kinases - Google Patents

Methods for inhibiting protein kinases Download PDF

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US20070082900A1
US20070082900A1 US11/542,801 US54280106A US2007082900A1 US 20070082900 A1 US20070082900 A1 US 20070082900A1 US 54280106 A US54280106 A US 54280106A US 2007082900 A1 US2007082900 A1 US 2007082900A1
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cycloalkyl
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Timothy Guzi
Kamil Paruch
Michael Dwyer
David Parry
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Merck Sharp and Dohme LLC
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Schering Corp
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Priority to US12/688,664 priority patent/US8211854B2/en
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    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
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    • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
    • A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
    • A61K31/5377—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. timolol
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Definitions

  • Protein kinase inhibitors, regulators or modulators alter the function of kinases such as Akt kinases, Checkpoint (CHK) kinases (e.g., CHK-1, CHK-2 etc.), Aurora kinases, Pim kinases (e.g., Pim-1, Pim-2, Pim-3 etc.), tyrosine kinases and the like.
  • CHK Checkpoint
  • Pim kinases
  • Pim kinases e.g., Pim-1, Pim-2, Pim-3 etc.
  • tyrosine kinases and the like.
  • Tyrosine kinases can be of the receptor type (having extracellular, transmembrane and intracellular domains) or the non-receptor type (being wholly intracellular).
  • Receptor-type tyrosine kinases are comprised of a large number of transmembrane receptors with diverse biological activity. In fact, about 20 different subfamilies of receptor-type tyrosine kinases have been identified.
  • One tyrosine kinase subfamily, designated the HER subfamily is comprised of EGFR (HER1), HER2, HER3 and HER4.
  • Ligands of this subfamily of receptors identified so far include epithelial growth factor, TGF-alpha, amphiregulin, HB-EGF, betacellulin and heregulin.
  • Another subfamily of these receptor-type tyrosine kinases is the insulin subfamily, which includes INS-R, IGF-IR, IR, and IR-R.
  • the PDGF subfamily includes the PDGF-alpha and beta receptors, CSFIR, c-kit and FLK-II.
  • the FLK family is comprised of the kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), fetal liver kinase-1 (FLK-1), fetal liver kinase-4 (FLK-4) and the fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (flt-1).
  • KDR kinase insert domain receptor
  • FLK-1 fetal liver kinase-1
  • FLK-4 fetal liver kinase-4
  • flt-1 fms-like tyrosine kinase-1
  • At least one of the non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases is believed to mediate the transduction in T-cells of a signal from the interaction of a cell-surface protein (Cd4) with a cross-linked anti-Cd4 antibody.
  • Cd4 cell-surface protein
  • the non-receptor type of tyrosine kinases is also comprised of numerous subfamilies, including Src, Frk, Btk, Csk, Abl, Zap70, Fes/Fps, Fak, Jak, Ack, and LIMK.
  • Src subfamily is one of the largest and includes Src, Yes, Fyn, Lyn, Lck, Blk, Hck, Fgr, and Yrk.
  • Src subfamily of enzymes has been linked to oncogenesis.
  • Protein kinases which have been shown to be involved in the angiogenic process include three members of the growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase family; VEGF-R2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, also known as KDR (kinase insert domain receptor) and as FLK 1); FGF-R (fibroblast growth factor receptor); and TEK (also known as Tie-2).
  • VEGF-R2 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, also known as KDR (kinase insert domain receptor) and as FLK 1
  • FGF-R fibroblast growth factor receptor
  • TEK also known as Tie-2
  • FGFR binds the angiogenic growth factors aFGF and bFGF and mediates subsequent intracellular signal transduction.
  • growth factors such as bFGF may play a critical role in inducing angiogenesis in solid tumors that have reached a certain size.
  • bFGF growth factors
  • FGF-R is expressed in a number of different cell types throughout the body and may or may not play important roles in other normal physiological processes in the adult. Nonetheless, systemic administration of a small molecule inhibitor of the kinase activity of FGF-R has been reported to block bFGF-induced angiogenesis in mice without apparent toxicity. Mohammad et al., EMBO Journal, 17, 5996-5904 (1998).
  • TEK also known as Tie-2
  • Tie-2 is another receptor tyrosine kinase expressed only on endothelial cells which has been shown to play a role in angiogenesis.
  • the binding of the factor angiopoietin-1 results in autophosphorylation of the kinase domain of TEK and results in a signal transduction process which appears to mediate the interaction of endothelial cells with peri-endothelial support cells, thereby facilitating the maturation of newly formed blood vessels.
  • the factor angiopoietin-2 appears to antagonize the action of angiopoietin-1 on TEK and disrupts angiogenesis. Maisonpierre et al., Science, 277, 55-60 (1997).
  • Pim-1 is a small serine/threonine kinase. Elevated expression levels of Pim-1 have been detected in lymphoid and myeloid malignancies, and recently Pim-1 was identified as a prognostic marker in prostate cancer.
  • K. Peltola “Signaling in Cancer: Pim-1 Kinase and its Partners”, Annales Universitatis Turkuensis, Sarja-Ser. D Osa-Tom. 616, (Aug. 30, 2005), http://kirjasto.utu.fi/julkaisupalvelut/annaalit/2004/D616.html.
  • Pim-1 acts as a cell survival factor and may prevent apoptosis in malignant cells.
  • references of interest in regard to the present invention are: A. Bullock et al, J. Med. Chem., 48 (2005), 7604-7614; A. Bullock et al, J. Biol. Chem., 280 No. 50 (2005), 41675-41682; D. Williamson et al, J. Bioorg. Med. Chem.
  • Akt e.g., Akt-1, Akt-2, Akt-3
  • CHK1, CHK2, VEGF (VEGF-R2) e.g., Aurora-1, Aurora-2, Aurora-3 etc
  • Pim-1 e.g., Pim-1 and both receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases.
  • the present invention provides methods for inhibiting, regulating or modulating Akt kinases, Checkpoint kinases, Aurora kinases, Pim-1 and/or tyrosine kinases using pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine compounds or pharmaceutical compositions including such compounds and methods of treatment, prevention, inhibition or amelioration of one or more diseases associated with such protein kinases using such compounds or pharmaceutical compositions.
  • the present invention provides a method of inhibiting activity of one or more kinases in a patient, wherein the kinases are selected from the group consisting of Akt kinases, Checkpoint kinases (e.g., CHK-1, CHK-2 etc), Pim kinases and Aurora kinases (e.g., Aurora-1, Aurora-2, Aurora-3 etc), the method comprising: administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester, isomer or prodrug of the compound, to a patient in need thereof, the compound being represented by any of the structural following formulas I through VI, as well as the various compounds in the patents and patent applications cited for the compounds of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith:
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of —NR 5 R 6a ; —C(O)N(R 5 R 6 ); alkynyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclyl; heterocyclylalkyl; heteroaryl; heteroarylalkyl; wherein each of the alkynyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, and the heterocyclic moieties whose structures are shown immediately above for R 3 is unsubstituted or independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of —CN, —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —S(O 2 )NR 5 R 6 , —N(R
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of —OR 6b ; —SR 6 ; —C(O)N(R 5 R 6 ); cycloalkyl; heterocyclyl; heterocyclylalkyl; wherein each of the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and the heterocyclic moieties whose structures are shown immediately above for R 3 can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)R 5
  • the present invention provides a method of treating, or slowing the progression of, a disease associated with one or more one or more kinases in a patient in need of treatment, wherein the kinases are selected from the group consisting of Akt, Checkpoint kinases, Pim kinases and Aurora kinases, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of any of Formula I through VI above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, isomer or ester thereof.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating one or more diseases associated with a kinase selected from the group consisting of Akt kinases, Checkpoint kinases, Pim kinases and Aurora kinases, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment
  • the present invention provides a method of treating, or slowing the progression of, a disease associated with a kinase selected from the group consisting of Akt kinases, Checkpoint kinases, Pim kinases and Aurora kinases in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising in combination at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one compound of any of Formula I through VI above or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester, isomer or prodrug thereof.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising in combination at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one compound of any of Formula I through VI above or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester, isomer or prodrug thereof.
  • the present invention provides a method of inhibiting activity of at least one tyrosine kinase in a patient, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester, isomer or prodrug thereof to a patient in need thereof, the compound being represented by any of the structural formulas Formula I through VI, as well as the various compounds in the patents and patent applications cited above for the compounds of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket Nos. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating, or slowing the progression of, a disease associated with tyrosine kinase in a patient in need of said inhibition, said method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester, isomer or prodrug thereof to a patient in need thereof, the compound being represented by any of the structural formulas Formula I through VI, as well as the various compounds in the patents and patent applications cited above for the compounds of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket Nos. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating one or more diseases associated with tyrosine kinases, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment
  • a first compound which is a compound of any of the structural formulas Formula I through VI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester, isomer or prodrug thereof;
  • the present invention provides a method of treating, or slowing the progression of, a disease associated with one or more tyrosine kinases in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising in combination at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one compound of any of the structural formulas Formula I through VI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester, isomer or prodrug thereof.
  • the methods of the present invention can be useful in the treatment and prevention of proliferative diseases, for example, cancer, inflammation and arthritis, neurodegenerative diseases such Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, viral diseases and fungal diseases.
  • proliferative diseases for example, cancer, inflammation and arthritis, neurodegenerative diseases such Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, viral diseases and fungal diseases.
  • the present invention provides methods for inhibiting, regulating or modulating Akt kinases, Checkpoint kinases, Aurora kinases, Pim kinases, and/or tyrosine kinases using pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine compounds of Formulas any of the structural formulas Formula I through VI or pharmaceutical compositions including such compounds, as well as the various compounds in the patents and patent applications cited above for the compounds of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket Nos.
  • OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2 filed of even date herewith, and methods of treatment, prevention, inhibition or amelioration of one or more diseases associated with Akt kinases, Checkpoint kinases, Aurora kinases, Pim kinases and/or tyrosine kinases using such compounds or pharmaceutical compositions, as discussed above and in further detail below.
  • proliferative diseases such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, viral diseases, fungal diseases, neurological/neurodegenerative disorders, arthritis, inflammation, anti-proliferative (e.g., ocular retinopathy), neuronal, alopecia and cardiovascular disease.
  • proliferative diseases such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, viral diseases, fungal diseases, neurological/neurodegenerative disorders, arthritis, inflammation, anti-proliferative (e.g., ocular retinopathy), neuronal, alopecia and cardiovascular disease.
  • proliferative diseases such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, viral diseases, fungal diseases, neurological/neurodegenerative disorders, arthritis, inflammation, anti-proliferative (e.g., ocular retinopathy), neuronal, alopecia and cardiovascular disease.
  • OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith can be useful in the treatment of a variety of cancers, including (but not limited to) the following: carcinoma, including that of the bladder, breast, colon, kidney, liver, lung, including small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck, esophagus, gall bladder, ovary, pancreas, stomach, cervix, thyroid, prostate, and skin, including squamous cell carcinoma;
  • hematopoietic tumors of lymphoid lineage including leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma, Hodgkins lymphoma, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, hairy cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, myeloma, and Burkett's lymphoma;
  • hematopoietic tumors of myeloid lineage including acute and chronic myelogenous leukemias, myelodysplastic syndrome and promyelocytic leukemia;
  • tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system including astrocytoma, neuroblastoma, glioma and schwannomas;
  • tumors including melanoma, seminoma, teratocarcinoma, osteosarcoma, xenoderoma pigmentosum, keratoctanthoma, thyroid follicular cancer and Kaposi's sarcoma.
  • the methods of the present invention also may be useful in the treatment of any disease process which features abnormal cellular proliferation, e.g., benign prostate hyperplasia, familial adenomatosis polyposis, neuro-fibromatosis, atherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, arthritis, psoriasis, glomerulonephritis, restenosis following angioplasty or vascular surgery, hypertrophic scar formation, inflammatory bowel disease, transplantation rejection, endotoxic shock, and fungal infections.
  • any disease process which features abnormal cellular proliferation, e.g., benign prostate hyperplasia, familial adenomatosis polyposis, neuro-fibromatosis, atherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, arthritis, psoriasis, glomerulonephritis, restenosis following angioplasty or vascular surgery, hypertrophic scar formation, inflammatory bowel disease, transplantation rejection, endotoxic shock, and fungal infections.
  • OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2 filed of even date herewith, as modulators of apoptosis, can be useful in the treatment of cancer (including but not limited to those types mentioned hereinabove), viral infections (including but not limited to herpevirus, poxvirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Sindbis virus and adenovirus), prevention of AIDS development in HIV-infected individuals, autoimmune diseases (including but not limited to systemic lupus, erythematosus, autoimmune mediated glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and autoimmune diabetes mellitus), neurodegenerative disorders (including but not limited to Alzheimer's disease, AIDS-related dementia, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, retinitis pigmentosa, spinal muscular atrophy and cerebellar degeneration), myelodysplastic syndromes, aplastic anemia, ischemic
  • Chemoprevention is defined as inhibiting the development of invasive cancer by either blocking the initiating mutagenic event or by blocking the progression of pre-malignant cells that have already suffered an insult or inhibiting tumor relapse.
  • a preferred dosage is about 0.001 to 500 mg/kg of body weight/day of the compound of the compound of Formulas I through VI, as well as any of the various compounds in the patents and patent applications cited above for the compounds of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket Nos. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith.
  • An especially preferred dosage is about 0.01 to 25 mg/kg of body weight/day of the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester of the compound.
  • the compounds of this invention may also be useful in combination (administered together or sequentially in any desired order) with one or more of anti-cancer treatments such as radiation therapy, and/or one or more anti-cancer agents different from the compounds of Formulas I through VI, as well as the various compounds in the patents and patent applications cited above for the compounds of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket Nos. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be present in the same dosage unit as the anti-cancer agent or in separate dosage units.
  • Non-limiting examples of the compounds of Formula I useful in the practice of the present methods include those that are shown on pages 5-56 and 117-1058 of the afore-mentioned US 2006/0128725, some of which are listed below: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester, isomer or prodrug thereof.
  • Non-limiting examples of additional compounds of Formula I useful in the practice of the present methods include those that are shown on pages 4-52 and 60-983 of the afore-mentioned US 2004/0209878, some of which are listed below: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester or prodrug thereof.
  • Non-limiting examples of compounds from copending patent application Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. OC01617K3) filed of even date herewith suitable in the methods of the present invention include: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester, isomer or prodrug thereof.
  • Non-limiting examples of compounds belonging to Formula II suitable in the methods of the present invention include those shown on pages 4-14 and 42-79 of the afore-mentioned US 2006/0041131 some of which are listed below: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester, isomer or prodrug thereof.
  • Non-limiting examples of compounds of Formula II from copending patent application Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. OC01618K2) filed of even date herewith suitable in the methods of the present invention include: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester, isomer or prodrug thereof.
  • Non-limiting examples of the compounds of Formula IV suitable in the practice of the methods of the present invention include those that are shown in col. 5-10 and col. 61-72 of the afore-mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 7,084,271 some of which are shown below: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester, isomer or prodrug thereof.
  • Non-limiting examples of the compounds of Formula V suitable in the practice of the methods of the present invention include those on col. 6-col. 15 and col. 69-col. 87 of the afore-mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 7,074,924 some of which are shown below: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester, isomer or prodrug thereof.
  • Non-limiting examples of compounds of Formula VI from copending patent application Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. OC06284US01) filed of even date herewith, suitable in the methods of the present invention include: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester, isomer or prodrug thereof.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of —CF 3 ; —CN; —NO 2 ; —NR 5 R 6a ; —C(O)R 6 ; —S(O 2 )R 7 ; —S(O 2 )NR 5 R 10 ; —N(R 5 )S(O 2 )R 7 ; —N(R 5 )C(O)NR 5 R 10 ; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; heterocyclyl; heterocyclylalkyl; halo; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl; arylalkyl; arylaikenyl; arylalkynyl; heteroarylalkyl; alkynylalkyl; aryl fused with an aryl or heteroaryl group; heteroaryl; heteroaryl fused with an aryl or heteroaryl group; wherein each of the alkyl, alken
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of —CF 3 ; —CN; —NO 2 ; —NR 5 R 6a ; —C(O)R 6 ; —S(O 2 )R 7 ; —S(O 2 )NR 5 R 10 ; —N(R 5 )S(O 2 )R 7 ; —N(R 5 )C(O)NR 5 R 10 ; alkenyl; alkynyl; heterocyclyl; heterocyclylalkyl; halo; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl; arylalkyl; arylalkenyl; arylalkynyl; heteroarylalkyl; alkynylalkyl; aryl fused with an aryl or heteroaryl group; heteroaryl; heteroaryl fused with an aryl or heteroaryl group; substituted alkyl; wherein each of the alkenyl
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of halo; —NO 2 ; —NR 5 R 6a ; —C(O)R 6 ; —SR 6 ; —N(R 5 )C(O)NR 5 R 10 ; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; arylalkynyl; heteroaryl; wherein each of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkynyl, and heteroaryl groups of R 2 can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6
  • R 2 is phenyl, napthyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, furanyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzothienyl, indanyl, 1,2-benzopyranyl, 3,4-dihydro-1,2-benzopyranyl or tetralinyl, then R 3 is selected from the group consisting of —NR 5 R 6a with the proviso that R 5 and R 6a are not C 1 -C 4 alkyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl; —C(O)N(R 5 R 6 ); aryl; arylalkyl; heterocyclyl; heterocyclylalkyl; heteroaryl; heteroarylalkyl; substituted alkyl; wherein each of the aryl, arylalky
  • R 2 is aryl substituted with 1-3 aryl or heteroaryl groups which can be the same or different and are each independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridyl, thiophenyl, furanyl and thiazolo groups.
  • R 2 is heteroaryl substituted with 1-3 aryl or heteroaryl groups which can be the same or different and are each independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridyl, thiophenyl, furanyl and thiazolo groups.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl and heterocyclylalkyl.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H; —NR 5 R 6a ; —OR 6b ; —SR 6 ; —C(O)N(R 5 R 6 ); alkynyl; cycloalkyl; aryl; arylalkyl; heterocyclyl; heterocyclylalkyl; heteroaryl; heteroarylalkyl; wherein each of the alkynyl; cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, and the heterocyclic moieties whose structures are shown immediately above for R 3 can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 ,
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H; —NR 5 R 6a ; —OR 6b ; —SR 6 ; —C(O)N(R 5 R 6 ); alkynyl; cycloalkyl; aryl; arylalkyl; heterocyclyl; heterocyclylalkyl; heteroaryl; heteroarylalkyl; substituted alkyl; wherein each of the alkynyl; cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, and the heterocyclic moieties whose structures are shown immediately above for R 3 can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN,
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of —NR 5 R 6a ; —OR 6b ; —SR 6 ; —C(O)N(R 5 R 6 ); alkyl; aryl; arylalkyl; heterocyclyl; heterocyclylalkyl; heteroaryl; heteroarylalkyl; wherein each of the alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, and the heterocyclic moieties whose structures are shown immediately above for R 3 can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —C( ⁇
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of —NR 5 R 6a ; —C(O)N(R 5 R 6 ); alkyl; alkynyl; cycloalkyl; aryl; arylalkyl; heterocyclyl; heterocyclylalkyl; heteroaryl; heteroarylalkyl; substituted alkyl; wherein each of the cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, substituted alkyl and the heterocyclic moieties whose structures are shown immediately above for R 3 is independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of —CN, —NR 5 R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 ,
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of —NR 5 R 6a ; —C(O)N(R 5 R 6 ); wherein each of the heterocyclic moieties whose structures are shown immediately above for R 3 can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, CF 3 , CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —S(O 2 )
  • R 3 is —NR 5 R 6a , with the proviso that R 5 is aryl and R 6a is selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, wherein each of the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl groups can be unsubstituted or optionally substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, CF 3 , OCF 3 , CN, —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 10 , —C(R 5 R 11
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of —CF 3 ; —NR 5 R 6a ; —(CR 5 R 11 ) p C(O 2 )R 6 ; —C(O)—N(R 5 R 10 ); —OR 6b ; —SR 6 ; —S(O 2 )R 7 ; —S(O 2 )NR 5 R 10 ; —N(R 5 )S(O 2 )R 7 ; —N(R 5 )C(O)R 7 ; —N(R 5 )C(O)NR 5 R 10 ; heterocyclyl; heterocyclylalkyl; aryl; aryl fused with an aryl or heteroaryl group; heteroaryl; heteroaryl fused with an aryl or heteroaryl group; substituted alkyl;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of —CF 3 ; —CN; —NR 5 R 6a ; —OR 6b ; —SR 6 ; —S(O 2 )R 7 ; —C(O)—N(R 5 R 10 ); —S(O 2 )NR 5 R 10 ; —N(R 5 )S(O 2 )R 7 ; —N(R 5 )C(O)R 7 ; —N(R 5 )C(O)NR 5 R 10 ; heterocyclyl; heterocyclylalkyl; aryl; fused aryl; heteroaryl; fused heteroaryl;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of: —(CR 5 R 11 ) p C(O 2 )R 6 ; —(CR 5 R 11 ) p C(O)NR 5 R 10 ; —C(O)—N(R 5 R 10 ); hydroxyalkyl; aryl; wherein one or more of the aryl and/or one or more of the heteroaryl groups of R 4 can be unsubstituted or optionally substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, —CN, —OR 5 , —SR 5 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —S(O 2 )NR 5 R 6 , —NR 5 R 6 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , CF 3 , alkyl, aryl and OCF 3 .
  • R 4 is aryl substituted with 1-3 aryl or heteroaryl groups which can be the same or different and are each independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridyl, thiophenyl, furanyl and thiazolo groups.
  • R 4 is heteroaryl substituted with 1-3 aryl or heteroaryl groups which can be the same or different and are each independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridyl, thiophenyl, furanyl and thiazolo groups.
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 4 is substituted alkyl which is independently substituted with one or more of the following moieties: halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —S(O 2 )NR 5 R 6 , —N(R 5 )S(O 2 )R 7 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 7 and —N(R 5 )C(O)NR 5 R 6 , with the proviso that no
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is heteroaryl, R 3 is heterocyclyl and R 4 is heteroaryl, wherein each of said heteroaryl and heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —S(O 2 )NR 5 R 6
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is a pyrazolyl, R 3 is piperidinyl and R 4 is pyrazolyl, wherein each of said pyrazolyl and piperidinyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is 1-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl, R 3 is piperidin-3-yl, and R 4 is pyridin-4-yl.
  • this invention provides a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is 1-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl, R 3 is piperidin-3-yl, and R 4 is thien-3-yl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R2 is heteroaryl, R3 is heterocyclyl and R4 is alkynyl, wherein each of said heteroaryl and heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —S(O 2 )NR 5
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is pyrazolyl, R 3 is piperidinyl and R 4 is propynyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is 1-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl, R 3 is piperidin-3-yl and R 4 is propynyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R2 is heteroaryl, R3 is heterocyclyl and R4 is alkenyl (substituted with alkoxy), wherein each of said heteroaryl and heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 ,
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is pyrazolyl, R 3 is piperidinyl and R 4 is alkenyl (substituted with alkoxy).
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is 1-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl, R 3 is piperidin-3-yl and R 4 is 3-(methoxy)propylen-1-yl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is heteroaryl, R 3 is heterocyclyl, and R 4 is cycloalkyl, wherein each of said heteroaryl and heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —S(O 2 )
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is pyrazolyl, R 3 is piperidinyl and R 4 is cyclopropyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is 1-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl, R 3 is piperidin-3-yl and R 4 is cyclopropyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is heteroaryl, R 3 is heterocyclyl and R 4 is cyano, wherein each of said heteroaryl and heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —S(O 2 )NR 5 R 6
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is pyrazolyl, R 3 is piperidinyl and R 4 is cyano.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is 1-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl, R 3 is piperidin-3-yl and R 4 is cyano.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula:
  • R 2 is heteroaryl
  • R 3 is heterocyclyl
  • R 4 is hydroxyalkyl
  • each of said heteroaryl and heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —S(O 2 )NR 5 R 6 , —N(R 5 )S(O 2
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is pyrazolyl, R 3 is piperidinyl and R 4 is 1-hydroxyethyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is 1-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl, R 3 is piperidin-3-yl and R 4 is 1-hydroxyethyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is heteroaryl, R 3 is heterocyclyl and R 4 is —C(O)R 6 , wherein each of said heteroaryl and heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —S(O 2 )R
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is pyrazolyl, R 3 is piperidinyl and R 4 is methylcarbonyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is 1-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl, R 3 is piperidin-3-yl and R 4 is methylcarbonyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is heteroaryl, R 3 is heterocyclyl and R 4 is aryl, wherein each of said aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —S(O 2 )
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is pyrazolyl, R 3 is piperidinyl and R 4 is phenyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is 1-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl, R 3 is piperidin-3-yl and R 4 is phenyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is heteroaryl, R 3 is heterocyclyl and R 4 is heteroaryl, wherein each of said heteroaryl and heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 —S(O 2 )R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —S(O 2 )NR 5 R 6 ,
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is pyrazolyl, R 3 is piperidinyl and R 4 is furanyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is 1-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl, R 3 is piperidin-3-yl and R 4 is furan-3-yl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is heteroaryl, R 3 is heterocyclyl and R 4 is heteroaryl, wherein each of said heteroaryl and heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —S(O 2 )NR 5 R 6
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is pyrazolyl, R 3 is piperidinyl and R 4 is pyridyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is 1-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl, R 3 is piperidin-3-yl and R 4 is pyrid-3-yl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is heteroaryl, R 3 is heterocyclyl and R 4 is alkenyl, wherein each of said alkenyl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —S(O 2 )R
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is pyrazolyl, R 3 is piperidinyl and R 4 is alkenyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is 1-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl, R 3 is piperidin-3-yl and R 4 is —C( ⁇ CH 2 )—CH 3 .
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is heteroaryl, R 3 is heterocyclyl and R 4 is heteroaryl, wherein each of said heteroaryl and heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —S(O 2 )NR 5 R 6
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is pyrazolyl, R 3 is piperidinyl and R 4 is pyrazolyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is 1-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl, R 3 is piperidin-3-yl and R 4 is 1-hydroxyethyl-pyrazol-4-yl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is heteroaryl, R 3 is heterocyclyl and R 4 is heteroaryl, wherein each of said heteroaryl and heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —S(O 2 )NR 5 R 6
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is pyrazolyl, R 3 is piperidinyl and R 4 is thienyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is 1-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl, R 3 is piperidin-3-yl and R 4 is thien-2-yl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is heteroaryl, R 3 is heterocyclyl and R 4 is alkyl, wherein each of said alkyl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —S(O 2 )
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is pyrazolyl, R 3 is piperidinyl and R 4 is ethyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is 1-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl, R 3 is piperidin-3-yl and R 4 is ethyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is heteroaryl, R 3 is heterocyclyl and R 4 is an oxime, wherein each of said heteroaryl and heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —S(O 2 )NR 5 R
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is pyrazolyl, R 3 is piperidinyl and R 4 is an oxime.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is 1-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl, R 3 is piperidin-3-yl and R 4 is —C( ⁇ N—OH)—CH 3 .
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is heteroaryl, R 3 is heterocyclyl and R 4 is a ketone, wherein each of said heteroaryl and heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —S(O 2 )NR 5
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is pyrazolyl, R 3 is piperidinyl and R 4 is a ketone.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is 1-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl, R 3 is piperidin-3-yl and R 4 is —C(O)—CH 2 —CH 3 .
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is heteroaryl, R 3 is heterocyclyl and R 4 is a ketone, wherein each of said aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —S(O 2 )R
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is pyrazolyl, R 3 is piperidinyl and R 4 is a ketone.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is 1-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl, R 3 is piperidin-3-yl and R 4 is benzylcarbonyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is halo, R 3 is alkyl and R 4 is an amide, wherein said alkyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —S(O 2 )NR 5 R 6 , —N(R 5
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is bromo, R 3 is alkyl and R 4 is an amide.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is bromo, R 3 is methyl and R 4 is —CH 2 —C(O)—NH 2 .
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is halo, R 3 is alkyl and R 4 is an amide, wherein said alkyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —S(O 2 )NR 5 R 6 , —N(R 5
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is bromo, R 3 is alkyl and R 4 is an amide.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is bromo, R 3 is methyl and R 4 is —CH 2 —C(O)—NHCH 3 .
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is halo, R 3 is alkyl and R 4 is a hydroxyalkyl, wherein said alkyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —S(O 2 )NR 5 R 6 , —N(R 5 )S(O
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is bromo, R 3 is alkyl and R 4 is a hydroxyalkyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is bromo, R 3 is methyl and R 4 is 2-hydroxyethyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is halo, R 3 is alkyl and R 4 is an amide, wherein said alkyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —S(O 2 )NR 5 R 6 , —N(R 5
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of the formula: wherein R 2 is bromo, R 3 is methyl and R 4 is —CH 2 —CH 2 —C(O)—NHCH 3 .
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of formula: wherein R 2 is bromo, R 3 is 3-amino-pyrrolidin-1-yl and R 4 is phenyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of formula: wherein R 2 is halo, R 3 is heterocyclyl and R 4 is alkyl, wherein each of said alkyl and heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —C( ⁇ N—OH), —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —S(O 2 )NR 5 R 6 , —
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of formula: wherein R 2 is bromo, R 3 is pyrrolidinyl and R 4 is an alkyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of formula: wherein R 2 is bromo, R 3 is 3-amino-pyrrolidin-1-yl and R 4 is ethyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of formula: wherein R 2 is halo, R 3 is heterocyclyl and R 4 is alkyl, wherein each of said alkyl and heterocyclyl can be unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each moiety being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —OCF 3 , —(CR 11 R 11 ) p OR 5 , —OR 5 , —NR 5 R 6 , —(CR 5 R 11 ) p NR 5 R 6 , —C(O 2 )R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)NR 5 R 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O 2 )R 6 , —S(O 2 )NR 5 R 6 , —N(R 5 )
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of formula: wherein R 2 is bromo, R 3 is pyrrolidinyl and R 4 is an alkyl.
  • the compound of Formula VI is a compound of formula: wherein R 2 is bromo, R 3 is 3-amino-pyrrolidin-1-yl and R 4 is methyl.
  • Alkyl means an aliphatic hydrocarbon group which may be straight or branched and comprising about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms in the chain. Preferred alkyl groups contain about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms in the chain. More preferred alkyl groups contain about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain. Branched means that one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, are attached to a linear alkyl chain. “Lower alkyl” means a group having about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain which may be straight or branched.
  • Alkyl may be unsubstituted or optionally substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, each substituent being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, amino, —NH(alkyl), —NH(cycloalkyl), —N(alkyl) 2 , carboxy and —C(O)O-alkyl.
  • suitable alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl and t-butyl.
  • Alkenyl may be unsubstituted or optionally substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, each substituent being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl. aryl, cycloalkyl, cyano, alkoxy and —S(alkyl).
  • suitable alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, n-butenyl, 3-methylbut-2-enyl, n-pentenyl, octenyl and decenyl.
  • Alkylene means a difunctional group obtained by removal of a hydrogen atom from an alkyl group that is defined above.
  • alkylene include methylene, ethylene and propylene.
  • Alkynyl means an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and which may be straight or branched and comprising about 2 to about 15 carbon atoms in the chain. Preferred alkynyl groups have about 2 to about 12 carbon atoms in the chain; and more preferably about 2 to about 4 carbon atoms in the chain. Branched means that one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, are attached to a linear alkynyl chain. “Lower alkynyl” means about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain which may be straight or branched.
  • Alkynylalkyl means an alkynyl-alkyl- group in which the alkynyl and alkyl are as previously described. Preferred alkynylalkyls contain a lower alkynyl and a lower alkyl group. The bond to the parent moiety is through the alkyl. Non-limiting examples of suitable alkynylalkyl groups include propargylmethyl.
  • Aryl means an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising about 6 to about 14 carbon atoms, preferably about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms.
  • the aryl group can be optionally substituted with one or more “ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein.
  • suitable aryl groups include phenyl and naphthyl.
  • a nitrogen atom of a heteroaryl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide.
  • suitable heteroaryls include pyridyl, pyrazinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridone (including N-substituted pyridones), isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furazanyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, oxindolyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl, benzofurazanyl, indolyl, azaindolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothieny
  • “Aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” means an aryl-alkyl- group in which the aryl and alkyl are as previously described. Preferred aralkyls comprise a lower alkyl group. Non-limiting examples of suitable aralkyl groups include benzyl, 2-phenethyl and naphthalenylmethyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the alkyl.
  • Alkylaryl means an alkyl-aryl- group in which the alkyl and aryl are as previously described. Preferred alkylaryls comprise a lower alkyl group. Non-limiting example of a suitable alkylaryl group is tolyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the aryl.
  • Cycloalkyl means a non-aromatic mono- or multicyclic ring system comprising about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 carbon atoms. Preferred cycloalkyl rings contain about 5 to about 7 ring atoms.
  • the cycloalkyl can be optionally substituted with one or more “ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and are as defined above.
  • suitable monocyclic cycloalkyls include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and the like.
  • Non-limiting examples of suitable multicyclic cycloalkyls include 1-decalinyl, norbornyl, adamantyl and the like.
  • Cycloalkylalkyl means a cycloalkyl moiety as defined above linked via an alkyl moiety (defined above) to a parent core.
  • suitable cycloalkylalkyls include cyclohexylmethyl, adamantylmethyl and the like.
  • “Cycloalkenyl” means a non-aromatic mono or multicyclic ring system comprising about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 carbon atoms which contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Preferred cycloalkenyl rings contain about 5 to about 7 ring atoms.
  • the cycloalkenyl can be optionally substituted with one or more “ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and are as defined above.
  • suitable monocyclic cycloalkenyls include cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohepta-1,3-dienyl, and the like.
  • Non-limiting example of a suitable multicyclic cycloalkenyl is norbornylenyl.
  • Cycloalkenylalkyl means a cycloalkenyl moiety as defined above linked via an alkyl moiety (defined above) to a parent core.
  • suitable cycloalkenylalkyls include cyclopentenylmethyl, cyclohexenylmethyl and the like.
  • Halogen or “halo” means fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. Preferred are fluorine, chlorine and bromine.
  • Ring system substituent may also mean a single moiety which simultaneously replaces two available hydrogens on two adjacent carbon atoms (one H on each carbon) on a ring system.
  • moieties are methylene dioxy, ethylenedioxy, —C(CH 3 ) 2 — and the like which form moieties such as, for example:
  • Heteroarylalkyl means a heteroaryl moiety as defined above linked via an alkyl moiety (defined above) to a parent core.
  • suitable heteroarylalkyls include 2-pyridinylmethyl, quinolinylmethyl and the like.
  • Heterocyclyl means a non-aromatic saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising about 3 to about 10 ring atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 ring atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is an element other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, alone or in combination. There are no adjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms present in the ring system.
  • Preferred heterocyclyls contain about 5 to about 6 ring atoms.
  • the prefix aza, oxa or thia before the heterocyclyl root name means that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom respectively is present as a ring atom.
  • any —NH in a heterocyclyl ring may exist protected such as, for example, as an —N(Boc), —N(CBz), —N(Tos) group and the like; such protections are also considered part of this invention.
  • the heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted by one or more “ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein.
  • the nitrogen or sulfur atom of the heterocyclyl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide.
  • Non-limiting examples of suitable monocyclic heterocyclyl rings include piperidyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, lactam, lactone, and the like.
  • Heterocyclylalkyl means a heterocyclyl moiety as defined above linked via an alkyl moiety (defined above) to a parent core.
  • suitable heterocyclylalkyls include piperidinylmethyl, piperazinylmethyl and the like.
  • Heterocyclenyl means a non-aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising about 3 to about 10 ring atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 ring atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is an element other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom, alone or in combination, and which contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-nitrogen double bond. There are no adjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms present in the ring system.
  • Preferred heterocyclenyl rings contain about 5 to about 6 ring atoms.
  • the prefix aza, oxa or thia before the heterocyclenyl root name means that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom respectively is present as a ring atom.
  • the heterocyclenyl can be optionally substituted by one or more ring system substituents, wherein “ring system substituent” is as defined above.
  • the nitrogen or sulfur atom of the heterocyclenyl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide.
  • suitable heterocyclenyl groups include 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine, 1,2-dihydropyridyl, 1,4-dihydropyridyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, 2-imidazolinyl, 2-pyrazolinyl, dihydroimidazole, dihydrooxazole, dihydrooxadiazole, dihydrothiazole, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, dihydrofuranyl, fluorodihydrofuranyl, 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiopyranyl, and the like.
  • Heterocyclenylalkyl means a heterocyclenyl moiety as defined above linked via an alkyl moiety (defined above) to a parent core.
  • hetero-atom containing ring systems of this invention there are no hydroxyl groups on carbon atoms adjacent to a N, O or S, as well as there are no N or S groups on carbon adjacent to another heteroatom.
  • N, O or S there are no N or S groups on carbon adjacent to another heteroatom.
  • the ring there is no —OH attached directly to carbons marked 2 and 5.
  • acyl means an H—C(O)—, alkyl-C(O)— or cycloalkyl-C(O)—, group in which the various groups are as previously described. The bond to the parent moiety is through the carbonyl.
  • Preferred acyls contain a lower alkyl.
  • suitable acyl groups include formyl, acetyl and propanoyl.
  • “Aroyl” means an aryl-C(O)— group in which the aryl group is as previously described. The bond to the parent moiety is through the carbonyl.
  • suitable groups include benzoyl and 1-naphthoyl.
  • Alkoxy means an alkyl-O— group in which the alkyl group is as previously described.
  • suitable alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy and n-butoxy.
  • the bond to the parent moiety is through the ether oxygen.
  • Aryloxy means an aryl-O— group in which the aryl group is as previously described.
  • suitable aryloxy groups include phenoxy and naphthoxy.
  • the bond to the parent moiety is through the ether oxygen.
  • “Aralkyloxy” means an aralkyl-O— group in which the aralkyl group is as previously described.
  • suitable aralkyloxy groups include benzyloxy and 1- or 2-naphthalenemethoxy.
  • the bond to the parent moiety is through the ether oxygen.
  • Alkylthio means an alkyl-S— group in which the alkyl group is as previously described.
  • suitable alkylthio groups include methylthio and ethylthio.
  • the bond to the parent moiety is through the sulfur.
  • Arylthio means an aryl-S— group in which the aryl group is as previously described.
  • suitable arylthio groups include phenylthio and naphthylthio. The bond to the parent moiety is through the sulfur.
  • Alkylthio means an aralkyl-S— group in which the aralkyl group is as previously described.
  • Non-limiting example of a suitable aralkylthio group is benzylthio.
  • the bond to the parent moiety is through the sulfur.
  • Alkoxycarbonyl means an alkyl-O—CO— group.
  • suitable alkoxycarbonyl groups include methoxycarbonyl and ethoxycarbonyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the carbonyl.
  • Aryloxycarbonyl means an aryl-O—C(O)— group.
  • suitable aryloxycarbonyl groups include phenoxycarbonyl and naphthoxycarbonyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the carbonyl.
  • Alkoxycarbonyl means an aralkyl-O—C(O)— group.
  • a suitable aralkoxycarbonyl group is benzyloxycarbonyl.
  • the bond to the parent moiety is through the carbonyl.
  • Alkylsulfonyl means an alkyl-S(O 2 )— group. Preferred groups are those in which the alkyl group is lower alkyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the sulfonyl.
  • Arylsulfonyl means an aryl-S(O 2 )— group. The bond to the parent moiety is through the sulfonyl.
  • “Hydroxyalkyl” means a HO-alkyl- group in which alkyl is as previously defined. Preferred hydroxyalkyls contain lower alkyl. Non-limiting examples of suitable hydroxyalkyl groups include hydroxymethyl and 2-hydroxyethyl.
  • substituted means that one or more hydrogens on the designated atom is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valency under the existing circumstances is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
  • stable compound or “stable structure” is meant a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.
  • purified refers to the physical state of said compound after being isolated from a synthetic process or natural source or combination thereof.
  • purified refers to the physical state of said compound after being obtained from a purification process or processes described herein or well known to the skilled artisan, in sufficient purity to be characterizable by standard analytical techniques described herein or well known to the skilled artisan.
  • protecting groups When a functional group in a compound is termed “protected”, this means that the group is in modified form to preclude undesired side reactions at the protected site when the compound is subjected to a reaction. Suitable protecting groups will be recognized by those with ordinary skill in the art as well as by reference to standard textbooks such as, for example, T. W. Greene et al, Protective Groups in organic Synthesis (1991), Wiley, New York.
  • variable e.g., aryl, heterocycle, R 2 , etc.
  • its definition on each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence.
  • composition is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.
  • “Hydrate” is a solvate wherein the solvent molecule is H 2 O.
  • One or more compounds of the invention may also exist as, or optionally converted to, a solvate.
  • Preparation of solvates is generally known.
  • M. Caira et al, J. Pharmaceutical Sci., 93(3), 601-611 (2004) describe the preparation of the solvates of the antifungal fluconazole in ethyl acetate as well as from water. Similar preparations of solvates, hemisolvate, hydrates and the like are described by E. C. van Tonder et al, AAPS PharmSciTech., 5(1), article 12 (2004); and A. L. Bingham et al, Chem.
  • a typical, non-limiting, process involves dissolving the inventive compound in desired amounts of the desired solvent (organic or water or mixtures thereof) at a higher than ambient temperature, and cooling the solution at a rate sufficient to form crystals which are then isolated by standard methods.
  • Analytical techniques such as, for example I. R. spectroscopy, show the presence of the solvent (or water) in the crystals as a solvate (or hydrate).
  • Effective amount or “therapeutically effective amount” is meant to describe an amount of compound or a composition of the present invention effective in inhibiting the above-noted diseases and thus producing the desired therapeutic, ameliorative, inhibitory or preventative effect.
  • the compounds of Formulas I-VI can form salts which are also within the scope of this invention.
  • Reference to a compound of Formulas I-VI herein is understood to include reference to salts thereof, unless otherwise indicated.
  • the term “salt(s)”, as employed herein, denotes acidic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids, as well as basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic bases.
  • zwitterions inner salts may be formed and are included within the term “salt(s)” as used herein.
  • Salts of the compounds of the Formula Formulas I-VI may be formed, for example, by reacting a compound of Formulas I-VI with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.
  • Patient includes both human and animals.
  • “Mammal” means humans and other mammalian animals.
  • Alkyl means an aliphatic hydrocarbon group which may be straight or branched and comprising about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms in the chain. Preferred alkyl groups contain about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms in the chain. More preferred alkyl groups contain about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain. Branched means that one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, are attached to a linear alkyl chain. “Lower alkyl” means a group having about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain which may be straight or branched.
  • Alkyl may be unsubstituted or optionally substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, each substituent being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, amino, —NH(alkyl), —NH(cycloalkyl), —N(alkyl) 2 , carboxy, oxime (e.g. ⁇ N—OH)), and —C(O)O-alkyl.
  • suitable alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl and t-butyl.
  • Alkenyl means an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond and which may be straight or branched and comprising about 2 to about 15 carbon atoms in the chain. Preferred alkenyl groups have about 2 to about 12 carbon atoms in the chain; and more preferably about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain. Branched means that one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, are attached to a linear alkenyl chain. “Lower alkenyl” means about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain which may be straight or branched.
  • Alkenyl may be unsubstituted or optionally substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, each substituent being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl. aryl, cycloalkyl, cyano, alkoxy and —S(alkyl).
  • suitable alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, n-butenyl, 3-methylbut-2-enyl, n-pentenyl, octenyl and decenyl.
  • Alkylene means a difunctional group obtained by removal of a hydrogen atom from an alkyl group that is defined above.
  • alkylene include methylene, ethylene and propylene.
  • Alkynyl means an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and which may be straight or branched and comprising about 2 to about 15 carbon atoms in the chain. Preferred alkynyl groups have about 2 to about 12 carbon atoms in the chain; and more preferably about 2 to about 4 carbon atoms in the chain. Branched means that one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, are attached to a linear alkynyl chain. “Lower alkynyl” means about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain which may be straight or branched.
  • Heteroaryl means an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising about 5 to about 14 ring atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 ring atoms, in which one or more of the ring atoms is an element other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, alone or in combination. Preferred heteroaryls contain about 5 to about 6 ring atoms.
  • the “heteroaryl” can be optionally substituted by one or more “ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein.
  • the prefix aza, oxa or thia before the heteroaryl root name means that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom respectively, is present as a ring atom.
  • a nitrogen atom of a heteroaryl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide.
  • suitable heteroaryls include pyridyl, pyrazinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridone (including N-substituted pyridones), isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furazanyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, oxindolyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl, benzofurazanyl, indolyl, azaindolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothieny
  • “Aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” means an aryl-alkyl- group in which the aryl and alkyl are as previously described. Preferred aralkyls comprise a lower alkyl group. Non-limiting examples of suitable aralkyl groups include benzyl, 2-phenethyl and naphthalenylmethyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the alkyl.
  • Alkylaryl means an alkyl-aryl- group in which the alkyl and aryl are as previously described. Preferred alkylaryls comprise a lower alkyl group. Non-limiting example of a suitable alkylaryl group is tolyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the aryl.
  • Cycloalkyl means a non-aromatic mono- or multicyclic ring system comprising about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 carbon atoms. Preferred cycloalkyl rings contain about 5 to about 7 ring atoms.
  • the cycloalkyl can be optionally substituted with one or more “ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and are as defined above.
  • suitable monocyclic cycloalkyls include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and the like.
  • Non-limiting examples of suitable multicyclic cycloalkyls include 1-decalinyl, norbornyl, adamantyl and the like.
  • Cycloalkylalkyl means a cycloalkyl moiety as defined above linked via an alkyl moiety (defined above) to a parent core.
  • suitable cycloalkylalkyls include cyclohexylmethyl, adamantylmethyl and the like.
  • “Cycloalkenyl” means a non-aromatic mono or multicyclic ring system comprising about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 carbon atoms which contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Preferred cycloalkenyl rings contain about 5 to about 7 ring atoms.
  • the cycloalkenyl can be optionally substituted with one or more “ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and are as defined above.
  • suitable monocyclic cycloalkenyls include cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohepta-1,3-dienyl, and the like.
  • Non-limiting example of a suitable multicyclic cycloalkenyl is norbornylenyl.
  • Cycloalkenylalkyl means a cycloalkenyl moiety as defined above linked via an alkyl moiety (defined above) to a parent core.
  • suitable cycloalkenylalkyls include cyclopentenylmethyl, cyclohexenylmethyl and the like.
  • Halogen means fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. Preferred are fluorine, chlorine and bromine.
  • Ring system substituent means a substituent attached to an aromatic or non-aromatic ring system which, for example, replaces an available hydrogen on the ring system.
  • Ring system substituents may be the same or different, each being independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, heteroaralkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, alkylheteroaryl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aralkoxy, acyl, aroyl, halo, nitro, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, oxime (e.g., —C( ⁇ N—OH)), aryloxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, alkylthio,
  • Ring system substituent may also mean a single moiety which simultaneously replaces two available hydrogens on two adjacent carbon atoms (one H on each carbon) on a ring system.
  • Examples of such moiety are methylene dioxy, ethylenedioxy, —C(CH 3 ) 2 — and the like which form moieties such as, for example:
  • Heteroarylalkyl means a heteroaryl moiety as defined above linked via an alkyl moiety (defined above) to a parent core.
  • suitable heteroaryls include 2-pyridinylmethyl, quinolinylmethyl and the like.
  • Heterocyclyl means a non-aromatic saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising about 3 to about 10 ring atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 ring atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is an element other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, alone or in combination. There are no adjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms present in the ring system.
  • Preferred heterocyclyls contain about 5 to about 6 ring atoms.
  • the prefix aza, oxa or thia before the heterocyclyl root name means that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom respectively is present as a ring atom.
  • any —NH in a heterocyclyl ring may exist protected such as, for example, as an —N(Boc), —N(CBz), —N(Tos) group and the like; such protections are also considered part of this invention.
  • the heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted by one or more “ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein.
  • the nitrogen or sulfur atom of the heterocyclyl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide.
  • Non-limiting examples of suitable monocyclic heterocyclyl rings include piperidyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, lactam, lactone, and the like.
  • “Heterocyclyl” may also mean a single moiety (e.g., carbonyl) which simultaneously replaces two available hydrogens on the same carbon atom on a ring system. Example of such moiety is pyrrolidone:
  • Heterocyclylalkyl means a heterocyclyl moiety as defined above linked via an alkyl moiety (defined above) to a parent core.
  • suitable heterocyclylalkyls include piperidinylmethyl, piperazinylmethyl and the like.
  • Heterocyclenyl means a non-aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising about 3 to about 10 ring atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 ring atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is an element other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom, alone or in combination, and which contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-nitrogen double bond. There are no adjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms present in the ring system.
  • Preferred heterocyclenyl rings contain about 5 to about 6 ring atoms.
  • the prefix aza, oxa or thia before the heterocyclenyl root name means that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom respectively is present as a ring atom.
  • the heterocyclenyl can be optionally substituted by one or more ring system substituents, wherein “ring system substituent” is as defined above.
  • the nitrogen or sulfur atom of the heterocyclenyl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide.
  • heterocyclenyl groups include 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridinyl, 1,2-dihydropyridinyl, 1,4-dihydropyridinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidinyl, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, 2-imidazolinyl, 2-pyrazolinyl, dihydroimidazolyl, dihydrooxazolyl, dihydrooxadiazolyl, dihydrothiazolyl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyranyl, dihydrofuranyl, fluorodihydrofuranyl, 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiopyranyl, and the like.
  • “Heterocyclenyl” may also mean a single moiety (e.g., carbonyl) which simultaneously replaces two
  • Heterocyclenylalkyl means a heterocyclenyl moiety as defined above linked via an alkyl moiety (defined above) to a parent core.
  • hetero-atom containing ring systems of this invention there are no hydroxyl groups on carbon atoms adjacent to a N, O or S, as well as there are no N or S groups on carbon adjacent to another heteroatom.
  • N, O or S there are no N or S groups on carbon adjacent to another heteroatom.
  • the ring there is no —OH attached directly to carbons marked 2 and 5.
  • Alkynylalkyl means an alkynyl-alkyl- group in which the alkynyl and alkyl are as previously described. Preferred alkynylalkyls contain a lower alkynyl and a lower alkyl group. The bond to the parent moiety is through the alkyl. Non-limiting examples of suitable alkynylalkyl groups include propargylmethyl.
  • Heteroaralkyl means a heteroaryl-alkyl- group in which the heteroaryl and alkyl are as previously described. Preferred heteroaralkyls contain a lower alkyl group. Non-limiting examples of suitable aralkyl groups include pyridylmethyl, and quinolin-3-ylmethyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the alkyl.
  • “Hydroxyalkyl” means a HO-alkyl- group in which alkyl is as previously defined. Preferred hydroxyalkyls contain lower alkyl. Non-limiting examples of suitable hydroxyalkyl groups include hydroxymethyl and 2-hydroxyethyl.
  • acyl means an H—C(O)—, alkyl-C(O)— or cycloalkyl-C(O)—, group in which the various groups are as previously described. The bond to the parent moiety is through the carbonyl.
  • Preferred acyls contain a lower alkyl.
  • suitable acyl groups include formyl, acetyl and propanoyl.
  • “Aroyl” means an aryl-C(O)— group in which the aryl group is as previously described. The bond to the parent moiety is through the carbonyl.
  • suitable groups include benzoyl and 1-naphthoyl.
  • Alkoxy means an alkyl-O— group in which the alkyl group is as previously described.
  • suitable alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy and n-butoxy.
  • the bond to the parent moiety is through the ether oxygen.
  • Aryloxy means an aryl-O— group in which the aryl group is as previously described.
  • suitable aryloxy groups include phenoxy and naphthoxy.
  • the bond to the parent moiety is through the ether oxygen.
  • “Aralkyloxy” means an aralkyl-O— group in which the aralkyl group is as previously described.
  • suitable aralkyloxy groups include benzyloxy and 1- or 2-naphthalenemethoxy.
  • the bond to the parent moiety is through the ether oxygen.
  • Alkylthio means an alkyl-S— group in which the alkyl group is as previously described.
  • suitable alkylthio groups include methylthio and ethylthio.
  • the bond to the parent moiety is through the sulfur.
  • Arylthio means an aryl-S— group in which the aryl group is as previously described.
  • suitable arylthio groups include phenylthio and naphthylthio. The bond to the parent moiety is through the sulfur.
  • Alkylthio means an aralkyl-S— group in which the aralkyl group is as previously described.
  • Non-limiting example of a suitable aralkylthio group is benzylthio.
  • the bond to the parent moiety is through the sulfur.
  • Alkoxycarbonyl means an alkyl-O—CO— group.
  • suitable alkoxycarbonyl groups include methoxycarbonyl and ethoxycarbonyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the carbonyl.
  • Aryloxycarbonyl means an aryl-O—C(O)— group.
  • suitable aryloxycarbonyl groups include phenoxycarbonyl and naphthoxycarbonyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the carbonyl.
  • Alkoxycarbonyl means an aralkyl-O—C(O)— group.
  • a suitable aralkoxycarbonyl group is benzyloxycarbonyl.
  • the bond to the parent moiety is through the carbonyl.
  • Alkylsulfonyl means an alkyl-S(O 2 )— group. Preferred groups are those in which the alkyl group is lower alkyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the sulfonyl.
  • Arylsulfonyl means an aryl-S(O 2 )— group. The bond to the parent moiety is through the sulfonyl.
  • substituted means that one or more hydrogens on the designated atom is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valency under the existing circumstances is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
  • stable compound or “stable structure” is meant a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.
  • purified refers to the physical state of said compound after being isolated from a synthetic process or natural source or combination thereof.
  • purified refers to the physical state of said compound after being obtained from a purification process or processes described herein or well known to the skilled artisan, in sufficient purity to be characterizable by standard analytical techniques described herein or well known to the skilled artisan.
  • protecting groups When a functional group in a compound is termed “protected”, this means that the group is in modified form to preclude undesired side reactions at the protected site when the compound is subjected to a reaction. Suitable protecting groups will be recognized by those with ordinary skill in the art as well as by reference to standard textbooks such as, for example, T. W. Greene et al, Protective Groups in organic Synthesis (1991), Wiley, New York.
  • variable e.g., aryl, heterocycle, R 2 , etc.
  • its definition on each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence.
  • composition is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.
  • Prodrugs and solvates of the compounds of the invention are also contemplated herein.
  • a discussion of prodrugs is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro - drugs as Novel Delivery Systems (1987) 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design , (1987) Edward B. Roche, ed., American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press.
  • the term “prodrug” means a compound (e.g., a drug precursor) that is transformed in vivo to yield a compound shown above as being useful in the methods of this invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate of the compound.
  • the transformation may occur by various mechanisms (e.g., by metabolic or chemical processes), such as, for example, through hydrolysis in blood.
  • mechanisms e.g., by metabolic or chemical processes
  • prodrugs are provided by T. Higuchi and W. Stella, “Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems,” Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987.
  • a prodrug can comprise an ester formed by the replacement of the hydrogen atom of the acid group with a group such as, for example, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 12 )alkanoyloxymethyl, 1-(alkanoyloxy)ethyl having from 4 to 9 carbon atoms, 1-methyl-1-(alkanoyloxy)ethyl having from 5 to 10 carbon atoms, alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, 1-(alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 4 to 7 carbon atoms, 1-methyl-1-(alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 5 to 8 carbon atoms, N-(alkoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl having from 3 to 9 carbon atoms, 1-(N-
  • a prodrug can be formed by the replacement of the hydrogen atom of the alcohol group with a group such as, for example, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyloxymethyl, 1-((C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyloxy)ethyl, 1-methyl-1-((C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyloxy)ethyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl, N-(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonylaminomethyl, succinoyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, ⁇ -amino(C 1 -C 4 )alkanyl, arylacyl and ⁇ -aminoacyl, or ⁇ -aminoacyl- ⁇ -aminoacyl, where each ⁇ -aminoacyl group is independently selected from the naturally occurring L-amin
  • a prodrug can be formed by the replacement of a hydrogen atom in the amine group with a group such as, for example, R-carbonyl, RO-carbonyl, NRR′-carbonyl where R and R′ are each independently (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl, benzyl, or R-carbonyl is a natural ⁇ -aminoacyl or natural ⁇ -aminoacyl, —C(OH)C(O)OY 1 wherein Y 1 is H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or benzyl, —C(OY 2 )Y 3 wherein Y 2 is (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl and Y 3 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, carboxy (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, amino(C 1 -C 4 )
  • One or more compounds of the invention may exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like, and it is intended that the invention embrace both solvated and unsolvated forms.
  • “Solvate” means a physical association of a compound of this invention with one or more solvent molecules. This physical association involves varying degrees of ionic and covalent bonding, including hydrogen bonding. In certain instances the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid. “Solvate” encompasses both solution-phase and isolatable solvates. Non-limiting examples of suitable solvates include ethanolates, methanolates, and the like. “Hydrate” is a solvate wherein the solvent molecule is H 2 O.
  • One or more compounds shown above as being useful in the methods of this invention of the invention may optionally be converted to a solvate.
  • Preparation of solvates is generally known.
  • M. Caira et al, J. Pharmaceutical Sci., 93(3), 601-611 (2004) describe the preparation of the solvates of the antifungal fluconazole in ethyl acetate as well as from water.
  • Similar preparations of solvates, hemisolvate, hydrates and the like are described by E. C. van Tonder et al, AAPS PharmSciTech., 5(1), article 12 (2004); and A. L. Bingham et al, Chem. Commun., 603-604 (2001).
  • a typical, non-limiting, process involves dissolving the inventive compound in desired amounts of the desired solvent (organic or water or mixtures thereof) at a higher than ambient temperature, and cooling the solution at a rate sufficient to form crystals which are then isolated by standard methods.
  • Analytical techniques such as, for example I. R. spectroscopy, show the presence of the solvent (or water) in the crystals as a solvate (or hydrate).
  • Effective amount or “therapeutically effective amount” is meant to describe an amount of compound or a composition of the present invention effective in inhibiting the above-noted diseases and thus producing the desired therapeutic, ameliorative, inhibitory or preventative effect.
  • salts can form salts which are also within the scope of this invention.
  • Reference to a compound shown above as being useful in the methods of this invention herein is understood to include reference to salts thereof, unless otherwise indicated.
  • zwitterions when a compound shown above as being useful in the methods of this invention contains both a basic moiety, such as, but not limited to a pyridine or imidazole, and an acidic moiety, such as, but not limited to a carboxylic acid, zwitterions (“inner salts”) may be formed and are included within the term “salt(s)” as used herein.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable (i.e., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) salts are preferred, although other salts are also useful.
  • Salts of the compounds shown above as being useful in the methods of this invention may be formed, for example, by reacting a compound shown above as being useful in the methods of this invention with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.
  • Exemplary acid addition salts include acetates, ascorbates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, fumarates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, lactates, maleates, methanesulfonates, naphthalenesulfonates, nitrates, oxalates, phosphates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates, tartarates, thiocyanates, toluenesulfonates (also known as tosylates,) and the like.
  • Exemplary basic salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as dicyclohexylamines, t-butyl amines, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like.
  • Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quarternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g. methyl, ethyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g.
  • dimethyl, diethyl, and dibutyl sulfates dimethyl, diethyl, and dibutyl sulfates
  • long chain halides e.g. decyl, lauryl, and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides
  • aralkyl halides e.g. benzyl and phenethyl bromides
  • esters of the present compounds include the following groups: (1) carboxylic acid esters obtained by esterification of the hydroxy groups, in which the non-carbonyl moiety of the carboxylic acid portion of the ester grouping is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl (for example, acetyl, n-propyl, t-butyl, or n-butyl), alkoxyalkyl (for example, methoxymethyl), aralkyl (for example, benzyl), aryloxyalkyl (for example, phenoxymethyl), aryl (for example, phenyl optionally substituted with, for example, halogen, C 1-4 alkyl, or C 1-4 alkoxy or amino); (2) sulfonate esters, such as alkyl- or aralkylsulfonyl (for example, methanesulfonyl); (3) amino acid esters (for example, L-valyl or L-isoleucyl); (4) phosphoric acid
  • the compounds of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith may contain asymmetric or chiral centers, and, therefore, exist in different stereoisomeric forms. It is intended that all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith, as well as mixtures thereof, including racemic mixtures, form part of the present invention.
  • the present invention embraces all geometric and positional isomers.
  • a compound of formulas I through VI as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith incorporates a double bond or a fused ring, both the cis- and trans-forms, as well as mixtures, are embraced within the scope of the invention.
  • Diastereomeric mixtures can be separated into their individual diastereomers on the basis of their physical chemical differences by methods well known to those skilled in the art, such as, for example, by chromatography and/or fractional crystallization.
  • Enantiomers can be separated by converting the enantiomeric mixture into a diastereomeric mixture by reaction with an appropriate optically active compound (e.g., chiral auxiliary such as a chiral alcohol or Mosher's acid chloride), separating the diastereomers and converting (e.g., hydrolyzing) the individual diastereomers to the corresponding pure enantiomers.
  • an appropriate optically active compound e.g., chiral auxiliary such as a chiral alcohol or Mosher's acid chloride
  • some of the compounds of Formula (I) may be atropisomers (e.g., substituted biaryls) and are considered as part of this invention.
  • Enantiomers can also be separated by use of chiral HPLC column
  • All stereoisomers for example, geometric isomers, optical isomers and the like
  • of the present compounds including those of the salts, solvates, esters and prodrugs of the compounds as well as the salts, solvates and esters of the prodrugs
  • those which may exist due to asymmetric carbons on various substituents including enantiomeric forms (which may exist even in the absence of asymmetric carbons), rotameric forms, atropisomers, and diastereomeric forms, are contemplated within the scope of this invention, as are positional isomers (such as, for example, 4-pyridyl and 3-pyridyl).
  • salt is intended to equally apply to the salt, solvate, ester and prodrug of enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, positional isomers, racemates or prodrugs of the inventive compounds.
  • the present invention also embraces isotopically-labelled compounds of the present invention which are identical to those recited herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
  • isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, fluorine and chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 O, 17 O, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F, and 36 Cl, respectively.
  • Certain isotopically-labelled compounds of compounds of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith (e.g., those labeled with 3 H and 14 C) are useful in compound and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated (i.e., 3 H) and carbon-14 (i.e., 14 C) isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability.
  • isotopically labelled compounds shown above as being useful in the methods of this invention can generally be prepared by following procedures analogous to those disclosed in the Schemes and/or in the Examples hereinbelow, by substituting an appropriate isotopically labelled reagent for a non-isotopically labelled reagent.
  • the compounds according to the invention can have pharmacological properties; in particular, the compounds of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith can be inhibitors, regulators or modulators of protein kinases.
  • Non-limiting examples of protein kinases that can be inhibited, regulated or modulated include CHK kinases, such as CHK1 and CHK2, Akt kinases, Pim kinases, tyrosine kinases, such as the HER subfamily (including, for example, EGFR (HER1), HER 2 , HER 3 and HER 4 ), the insulin subfamily (including, for example, INS-R, IGF-IR, IR, and IR-R), the PDGF subfamily (including, for example, PDGF-alpha and beta receptors, CSFIR, c-kit and FLK-II), the FLK family (including, for example, kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), fetal liver kinase-1 (FLK-1), fetal liver kinase-4 (FLK-4) and the fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (flt-1)), non-receptor protein tyrosine
  • the compounds of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith can be inhibitors of protein kinases such as, for example, the inhibitors of the checkpoint kinases such as CHK1, CHK2 and the like.
  • Preferred compounds can exhibit IC 50 values of less than about 5 ⁇ m, preferably about 0.001 to about 1.0 ⁇ m, and more preferably about 0.001 to about 0.1 ⁇ m.
  • the compounds shown in Table 1 exhibited CHK1 inhibitory activity (IC 50 ) of the values shown therein.
  • the compounds of formulas I through VI as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith can be coadministered with one or more anti-cancer agents that are chemically different from the compounds of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith, i.e, they contain different atoms, arrangement of atoms, etc.
  • Non-limiting examples of suitable anti-cancer agents include cytostatic agents, cytotoxic agents (such as for example, but not limited to, DNA interactive agents (such as cisplatin or doxorubicin)); taxanes (e.g. taxotere, taxol); topoisomerase II inhibitors (such as etoposide); topoisomerase I inhibitors (such as irinotecan (or CPT-11), camptostar, or topotecan); tubulin interacting agents (such as paclitaxel, docetaxel or the epothilones); hormonal agents (such as tamoxifen); thymidilate synthase inhibitors (such as 5-fluorouracil); anti-metabolites (such as methoxtrexate); alkylating agents (such as temozolomide (TEMODARTM from Schering-Plough Corporation, Kenilworth, N.J.), cyclophosphamide); Farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors (such
  • anti-cancer also known as anti-neoplastic
  • anti-cancer agents include but are not limited to Uracil mustard, Chlormethine, Ifosfamide, Melphalan, Chlorambucil, Pipobroman, Triethylenemelamine, Triethylenethiophosphoramine, Busulfan, Carmustine, Lomustine, Streptozocin, dacarbazine, Floxuridine, Cytarabine, 6-Mercaptopurine, 6-Thioguanine, Fludarabine phosphate, oxaliplatin, leucovirin, oxaliplatin (ELOXATINTM from Sanofi-Synthelabo Pharmaceuticals, France), Pentostatine, Vinblastine, Vincristine, Vindesine, Bleomycin, Dactinomycin, Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, Idarubicin, Mithramycin, Deoxycoformycin, Mitomycin-C, L-Asparaginase, Ten
  • such combination products employ the compounds of this invention within the dosage range described herein and the other pharmaceutically active agent or treatment within its dosage range.
  • the CDC2 inhibitor olomucine has been found to act synergistically with known cytotoxic agents in inducing apoptosis ( J. Cell Sci ., (1995) 108, 2897.
  • Compounds of Formulas I through VI may also be administered sequentially with known anticancer or cytotoxic agents when a combination formulation is inappropriate.
  • the invention is not limited to any particular sequence of administration; compounds of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No.
  • OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2 filed of even date herewith may be administered either prior to, during, or after the administration of the known anticancer or cytotoxic agent or agents listed above.
  • the cytotoxic activity of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol is affected by the sequence of administration with anticancer agents. Cancer Research , (1997) 57, 3375. Such techniques are within the skills of persons skilled in the art as well as attending physicians and are to be considered as part of this invention.
  • the methods of this invention include combinations comprising an amount of at least one compound of any of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and an amount of one or more anti-cancer treatments and/or anti-cancer agents listed above wherein the amounts of the compounds/ treatments result in desired therapeutic effect.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is a method of inhibiting one or more Checkpoint kinases in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of any of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester or prodrug thereof.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is a method of treating, or slowing the progression of, a disease associated with one or more Checkpoint kinases in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of any of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester or prodrug thereof.
  • Yet another aspect of the present invention is a method of treating one or more diseases associated with Checkpoint kinase, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an amount of a first compound, which is a compound of any of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester or prodrug thereof; and an amount of at least one second compound, the second compound being an anti-cancer agent, wherein the amounts of the first compound and the second compound result in a therapeutic effect.
  • a first compound which is a compound of any of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date here
  • Another aspect of the present invention is a method of treating, or slowing the progression of, a disease associated with one or more Checkpoint kinases in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising in combination at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one compound of any of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester or prodrug or thereof.
  • the tyrosine kinase can be VEGFR2, EGFR, HER2, SRC, JAK and/or TEK.
  • This invention is also directed to methods using pharmaceutical compositions which comprise at least one compound of any of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester or prodrug of the compound and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • inert, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid.
  • Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets and suppositories.
  • the powders and tablets may be comprised of from about 5 to about 95 percent active ingredient.
  • Suitable solid carriers are known in the art, e.g., magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar or lactose. Tablets, powders, cachets and capsules can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and methods of manufacture for various compositions may be found in A. Gennaro (ed.), Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18 th Edition, (1990), Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.
  • the compounds of the invention may also be deliverable transdermally.
  • the transdermal compositions can take the form of creams, lotions, aerosols and/or emulsions and can be included in a transdermal patch of the matrix or reservoir type as are conventional in the art for this purpose.
  • the compounds of this invention may also be delivered subcutaneously.
  • the pharmaceutical preparation is in a unit dosage form.
  • the preparation is subdivided into suitably sized unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component, e.g., an effective amount to achieve the desired purpose.
  • the quantity of active compound in a unit dose of preparation may be varied or adjusted from about 1 mg to about 100 mg, preferably from about 1 mg to about 50 mg, more preferably from about 1 mg to about 25 mg, according to the particular application.
  • the actual dosage employed may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient and the severity of the condition being treated. Determination of the proper dosage regimen for a particular situation is within the skill of the art. For convenience, the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions during the day as required.
  • a typical recommended daily dosage regimen for oral administration can range from about 1 mg/day to about 500 mg/day, preferably 1 mg/day to 200 mg/day, in two to four divided doses.
  • kits comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of Formulas I-VI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester or prodrug of the compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, vehicle or diluent.
  • kits comprising an amount of at least one compound of any of formulas I through VI, as well as the compounds disclosed in copending patent applications Serial No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. OC01617K3, OC01618K2 and OC01619K2) filed of even date herewith, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester or prodrug of the compound and an amount of at least one anticancer therapy and/or anti-cancer agent listed above, wherein the amounts of the two or more ingredients result in desired therapeutic effect.
  • Boc 2 O (441 mg, 2.02 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of the product from Preparative Example 43 (500 mg, 1.68 mmol) and triethylamine (2.0 mL) in anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2 (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 18 hr, then it was poured into saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 solution (60 mL), extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 ⁇ 10 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , and filtered. The solvents were evaporated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel with 20:1 CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH as eluent. Pale yellow solid (670 mg, 100%) was obtained. LC-MS: 398 [M+H].
  • Boc 2 O (441 mg, 2.02 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of the product from Preparative Example X-80-C (500 mg, 1.68 mmol) and triethylamine (2.0 mL) in anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2 (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 18 hr, then it was poured into saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 solution (60 mL), extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 ⁇ 10 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , and filtered. The solvents were evaporated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel with 20:1 CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH as eluent. Pale yellow solid (670 mg, 100%) was obtained. LC-MS: 398 [M+H].
  • 3-Amino-4-bromopyrazole (5 g, 30.9 mmol) and 4-methoxybenzyl chloride (21 g, 134 mmol, 4.3 equiv.) were combined in anhydrous DMF (25 mL) and added dropwise to a stirred suspension of sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 6.25 g, 156 mmol, 5 equiv.) in anhydrous DMF (50 mL). The resulting suspension was stirred 2 days at room temperature. Water (300 mL) was added slowly and the resulting mixture was extracted with ether (4 ⁇ 350 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the crude product was dissolved in dichloromethane and purified by silica gel chromatography using a gradient from 10% to 20% ethyl acetate-hexanes.
  • the product a white solid, is obtained as a 60:40 mixture of the 1-benzylated-1H product and the 2-benzylated-2H product (14.96 g total, 93% yield).
  • the product is obtained as a yellow solid (5.60 g total, 56% yield) with an isomeric ratio of 62:38.
  • Trifluoroacetic anhydride (92 mg, 0.44 mmol) was added at 0° C. under N 2 to a stirred solution of the product from Preparative Example X-800-C (300 mg, 0.44 mmol) in anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2 (5 mL) and triethylamine (0.5 mL). The mixture was stirred for 1.5 hr, then it was poured into saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 solution (50 mL), extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 ⁇ 10 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , and filtered. The solvents were evaporated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel with 7:1 hexane/EtOAc as eluent. Slightly yellow wax (192 mg, 65%) was obtained. LC-MS: 669 [M+H].
  • Example X-570-C By essentially same procedures set forth in Example X-570-C, starting from the compound from Example 640-C, the compound above was prepared. White solid. LC-MS: 387 [M+H].
  • Example X-570-C By essentially same procedures set forth in Example X-570-C, starting from the compound from Example X-640-C and using N-chlorosuccinimide instead of N-bromosuccinimide, the compound above was prepared. White solid. LC-MS: 343 [M+H].
  • Racemic product from Preparative Example X-690-C was separated on a semipreparative Chiralcel AD column. Chromatography with mobile phase 80:20 hexane/2-propanol with 0.2% diethylamine afforded two isomers:
  • Sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 1.57 g, 39.3 mmol, 3.04 equiv.) was suspended in anhydrous ethyl ether (60 mL) and cooled to 0° C. To this suspension was added ethyl formate (1.55 mL, 19.19 mmol, 1.48 equiv.) and ethanol (1.50 mL, 25.72 mmol, 1.99 equiv.), followed by solid 4-pyridylacetonitrile hydrochloride (2.00 g, 12.95 mmol) in small portions over several minutes. The suspension was then stirred 16 hours, warming to room temperature.
  • Pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride (24 g, 161 mmol) was suspended in anhydrous pyridine (20 mL) and tert-butanol (30 mL) and stirred at 40° C. for 16 hours. After cooling, the suspension was concentrated under reduced pressure at 50° C. for at least 30 minutes, and was then dried under vacuum for 3 hours.
  • the resulting orange solution is stirred 16 hours at room temperature, concentrated at reduced pressure (50° C.), and the crude product is dissolved in dichloromethane (120 mL) and purified on an Isco Redisep 330 g chromatography column eluting with 75% ethyl acetate-hexanes.
  • the product a brown oil (21.3 g, 56% yield), consists of 80% 2-tert-butyl, 3-methyl pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylate and 20% 3-tert-butyl, 2-methyl pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylate.
  • 4-(Methoxycarbonyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (24.63 g, 136 mmol) was suspended in tert-butanol (250 mL) and pyridine (75 mL) and cooled in an ice-water bath.
  • 4-Toluenesulfonyl chloride (62.11 g, 326 mmol, 2.39 equiv.) was added in one portion and the mixture was stirred 30 minutes in the ice-water bath then 2 hours at room temperature. The mixture was then slowly poured in a stirring mixture of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (1 L) and ethyl ether (500 mL).
  • the crude product (41.69 g) was loaded on an Isco Redisep 750-gram chromatography column and purified using the ISCO Combiflash Companion XL system, running a gradient from 10% to 20% ethyl acetate-hexanes. A colorless oil (19.66 g, 49% yield) was obtained.
  • Methyl 4-oxo-piperidinecarboxylate hydrochloride (7.51 g, 38.79 mmol) was suspended in dichloromethane (100 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Triethylamine (19 mL, 136 mmol, 3.5 equiv.) was slowly added followed by benzyl chloroformate (11 mL, 77 mmol, 1.99 equiv.). The mixture was stirred 3 days at room temperature, and was then diluted with water (100 mL) and the two phases were separated.
  • the aqueous phase was then extracted with dichloromethane (100 mL), the two organic extracts were combined and washed with brine, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the resulting yellow oil was purified by chromatography on an Analogix SF40-240 column using an Analogix Intelliflash 280 system running a gradient from 15% to 30% ethyl acetate-hexanes. The product was obtained as a colorless oil (6.40 g, 57% yield).
  • the keto ester from Preparative Example X-870-C (6.39 g, 22.0 mmol), ethylene glycol (12 mL, 215 mmol, 9.8 equiv.) and 4-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (0.640 g, 3.36 mmol, 0.15 equiv.) were heated together in benzene (90 mL) at reflux with a Dean-Stark trap for 12 hours. After cooling, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (75 mL) was added and the two phases were mixed and separated.
  • 3-Amino-1-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (1.503 g, 10.50 mmol, 87% cis by NMR) was suspended in anhydrous methanol (20 mL) and thionyl chloride (0.80 mL, 10.99 mmol, 1.05 equiv.) was added dropwise over 3 minutes, resulting in a slightly yellow homogeneous solution. After stirring 1 hour at room temperature, the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield a colorless, viscous oil.
  • Triethylamine (21.5 mL, 154 mmol, 3.00 equiv.) was added, followed by di-tert-butyldicarbonate (16.88 g, 77.3 mmol, 1.51 equiv.), and the resulting solution was stirred 2 days at room temperature.
  • the opaque yellow solution was diluted with water (100 mL), and the two phases were mixed and separated.
  • the aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane (2 ⁇ 100 mL), and the combined extracts were washed with brine, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield an orange oil (11.13 g, 94% yield.)
  • the combined organic layer was dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the residue was purified by an Analogix purification system using a RediSep 40 g column (25% ethyl acetate-hexanes) to provide (1.08 g, 83%) a white solid.
  • the solution was stirred at ⁇ 78° C. for 2 h. and allowed to warm to 25° C. and stirring was continued for 15 h.
  • the solution was quenched by the addition of saturated NH 4 Cl (500 mL).
  • the aqueous layer was extracted with Et 2 O (3 ⁇ 100 mL).
  • the combined organic layer was dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the residue was purified by an Analogix purification system using a RediSep 40 g column (0-50% ethyl acetate-hexanes gradient) to provide XX (4.4 g, 40%) as a pale yellow oil.
  • the resulting yellow solid was suspended in dichloromethane, loaded on an Isco Redisep-4 gram column and purified using an Analogix Intelliflash-280 system running a gradient from 0% to 30% methanol-dichloromethane.
  • the product is obtained as a yellow oil (0.172 g, 87% yield).
  • the crude reaction mixture was then loaded directly on an Isco Redisep 4-gram chromatography column and purified using an Analogix Intelliflash 280 system running a gradient from 0% to 3% methanol-dichloromethane.
  • the product was obtained as a yellow oil (0.100 g, 81% yield).
  • the ketone from Preparative Example X-1790-C (0.066 g, 0.122 mmol), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.023 g, 0.334 mmol, 2.74 equiv.) and sodium acetate (0.023 g, 0.274 mmol, 2.25 equiv.) were stirred 15 hours in ethanol (5 mL) at 70° C. After cooling, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the crude solid was suspended in dichloromethane and purified by chromatography on an Isco Redisep-4 g column using an Analogix Intelliflash 280 system running gradient from 0% to 20% acetone-dichloromethane. The product was obtained as a yellow oil (0.0566 g total, 84% yield) in an E:Z ratio of 87:13, of which 0.037 g was obtained as pure E isomer.
  • methyl oxime was prepared using methoxylamine hydrochloride.
  • the product was obtained as a yellow oil in 81% yield that consisted of a 90:10 ratio of E to Z product. This mixture was used without further purification in the next step.

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