Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/0008—Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K5/01 - C08K5/59
  • C08K5/0066—Flame-proofing or flame-retarding additives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/16—Nitrogen-containing compounds
  • C08K5/22—Compounds containing nitrogen bound to another nitrogen atom
  • C08K5/23—Azo-compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment

Definitions

• the present invention is directed to a method of flame retarding a polymeric substrate using a specific group of compounds as flame retardants, to flame retardant compositions as well as to novel compounds usable as flame retarding compounds.
• FR flame retardant
• the main types of FR's include halogenated hydrocarbons, phosphorous containing compounds, metallic compounds such as metal oxides and hydroxides, and melamine derivatives.
• halogenated FR's are very commonly used due to their effectiveness. Nevertheless, the use of halogenated compounds has generally become of an environmental concern.
• Synergists are compounds which enhance the flame retarding properties of the halogenated FR's and thus enable to use the halogenated FR's in substantially reduced amounts.
• Synergistic compounds encompass a group of compounds known as “free radical initiators” which include organic peroxide (see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 3,058,926), dibenzyl (see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 3,271,333 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,420,786), disulfide (see e.g. U.S. Pat. No.
• the synergists are used only in combination with other FR's, and typically with said halogenated FR's, and/or they may be halogenated by themselves.
• the azo compounds have been used e.g. as an azo dye with an additional function as a FR synergist, and typically complexed with a metal, e.g. Cu or Cr.
• free radical initiators have also been used for other purposes, i.a. for controlling certain properties of a polymer during a polymerisation process or for grafting a polymer, as foaming agent or as dyes as mentioned above etc. (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,079,283, WO 00/19452, U.S. Pat. No. 3,826,764 and also EP 402 904 and EP 0073488).
• Non-halogenated N-hydrocarbyloxy hindered amines have also been proposed for solving the problem. These can be used alone, e.g. in place of halogenated FR's, or as a synergist for FR applications (see e.g. WO 99/00450).
• a specific group of non-halogenated azo and hydrazine derivatives show themselves flame retarding efficacy when used e.g. in polymeric applications, i.e. they need not to be combined e.g. with other FR's, such as conventional organic or inorganic halogenated FR compounds or with phosphorous, antimony or metal hydroxide FR compounds.
• FR's such as conventional organic or inorganic halogenated FR compounds or with phosphorous, antimony or metal hydroxide FR compounds.
• they can be used in place of the halogenated, e.g. the conventional brominated or chlorinated FR's.
• the instant compounds may be used in combination with halogenated and/or non-halogenated FR compounds, for example non-halogenated ones, to improve flame retarding efficacy.
• halogenated and/or non-halogenated FR compounds may be conventional organic or inorganic halogenated FR compounds or with phosphorous, antimony or metal hydroxide FR compounds.
• the instant compounds may have a synergistic effect on conventional FR compounds.
• the instant compounds may allow to reduce to the amount required of conventional FR compounds such as halogenated FR compounds or antimony FR compounds.
• the instant compounds exhibit excellent flame retardancy.
• the instant compositions have excellent initial color and show little yellowing.
• the invention provides a group of compounds of formula (I′), which bear a specific -Z 1 -Z 2 -Z 3 - functionality and contain no halogen substituents with surprisingly good FR efficacy for flame retarding polymeric substrate.
• Said FR activity has not been disclosed in the prior art for the said compounds:
• the present non-halogenated compounds have the formula (I′): R 4 R 3 R 2 C-Z 1 -Z 2 -Z 3 (R 2 ) r —R 3 R 4 (I′) wherein Z 1 and Z 2 are both NR 1 and Z 3 is C or N; r is 0, when Z 3 is N, and r is 1, when Z 3 is C;
• each R 1 is independently H or forms a bond together with R 2 present at the adjacent C-atom or, respectively, Z 3 ;
• each R 2 independently forms a bond or is a monovalent radical as defined for R 3 and R 4 below;
• each R 3 is independently and each R 4 is independently a monovalent radical selected from H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkyl interrupted with one or more O, N and/or S atom(s), optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy(alkyl) n , optionally substituted aryloxy(alkyl) n , optionally substituted arylalkyloxy(alkyl) n , optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkenyoxy(alkyl) n , optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted alkynyloxy(alkyl) n , optionally substituted heterocycyl(O) s (alkyl) n with one to four hetero atoms selected independently from N, O and S; R—Y—C(O)-(al
• R 3 and R 4 form together with said C-atom or, respectively, Z 3 , wherein they are attached to, an optionally substituted, saturated, partially saturated or aromatic, mono- or polycydic ring system of 5 to 20 carbon and, optionally, hetero ring atoms, whereby the optional hetero ring atoms are selected from N, O and/or S; and R 2 is a monovalent radical as defined for R 3 and R 4 above, or forms a bond between the C-atom and Z 1 or, respectively, between Z 3 and Z 2 , or forms a bond in the ring system formed by R 3 and R 4 between said C-atom or, respectively, Z 3 , and a ring atom adjacent thereto;
• each s and n is independently 0 or 1;
• each R′ 5 and R 5 is independently optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted alkylene interrupted with one or more N, O and/or S, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylenealkylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylenealkylenecycloalkylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted arylenealkylene, optionally substituted arylenealkylenearylene, optionally substituted heterocydylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylenealkylene or optionally substituted heterocyclylenealkyleneheterocyclylene, each R 6 independently has a meaning as given for R′ 5 and R 5 above, Z 1 and Z 2 are each independently as defined
• R 3 and R 4 which are attached thereto, represent a linking group —R 8 — to form R 2 R 3 R 4 C-Z 1 -Z 2 -R 8 —[U] x which denotes a recurring structural unit of a polymer, wherein R 8 is a linking bond or alkylene, cycloalkylene, heterocydylene or arylene;
• U is R′ is H or alkyl and x is 2-500, e.g. 2-200;
• the instant compounds are not an oxide of N as Z 1 -Z 3 , a salt, an ester or an amide thereof.
• each R 1 independently is H or forms a bond together with R 2 present at the adjacent C-atom as defined above;
• R 1 to R 4 are defined as above.
• a group or a moiety of a group in the definitions of the substituents i.a. R 2 to R 6 , R′ 5 , R 8 , R, said ring system formed by R 3 and R 4 and by the two R 3 's, is optionally substituted with one or more, e.g. 1-5, such as 1-3, substituent(s).
• substituents may be selected independently e.g.
• each R is independently as defined above, ⁇ O, —OH, —SH, COOH, R—Y—C(O)-(alkyl) n , R—C(O)—Y-(alkyl) n , wherein R, Y and n are as defined above.
• substituents including alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heterocyclyl, —N(R) 2 wherein each R is independently as defined above, —OH, COOH, R—Y—C(O)-(alkyl) n , R—C(O)—Y-(alkyl) n , wherein R, Y and n are as defined above.
• Preferred “optional substituents” include —OH, —NH 2 , —COOH, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkyl-C(O)—O—, alkenyl-C(O)—O—, such as acrylate, and/or alkyl-O—C(O)—.
• Any cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl as said “optional substituent” is also optionally substituted with an “optional substituent” as defined above, e.g. with 1-3 OH, alkyl and/or alkenyl, such as CH 2 ⁇ CH—.
• any optional substituents are as defined above except aryl or heteroaryl.
• the “optional substituents” are alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, for instance alkyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkylalkyl.
• the defined groups do not have “optional substitutents”, i.e. the defined groups are unsubstitued.
• “optionally substituted” means substituted or unsubstituted.
• the present invention covers all the possible stereoisomers of the compounds (I′) including cis and trans isomers, and any mixtures of the isomers, such as trans isomers or mixtures of trans and cis isomers.
• the individual isomers may be obtained e.g. by using corresponding isomeric forms as the starting material or by separating the desired isomer from a mixture of end products using conventional separation methods.
• One preferable group of the compounds (I′) are compounds of formula (I), wherein at least at one of the C-atom and Z 3 , as depicted in the above formula (I′), R 3 and R 4 are independently other than H and R 2 is H or a bond.
• the polymeric substrate (a) is not an aromatic alkenyl homo or copolymer.
• the compounds (I) bear said specific substituent pattern at least at the C-atom or at Z 1 , or at both.
• the compounds (I) have not been disclosed in the prior art as possessing any FR activity.
• the compounds (I) except hydrazones have not been disclosed in the prior art as possessing any synergistic FR activity.
• the invention covers acyclic compounds (I′) or (I), for example those, wherein each R 3 and R 4 are independently a monovalent radical as defined above, or form together with Z 1 a -monovalent radical as defined above, or form together with C-atom and/or Z 1 , wherein they are attached to, a ring system.
• the invention also covers cyclic compounds (I′) or (I), i.e. the two R 3 's form together a ring system as defined above.
• the compound of formula (II) or (III) includes an acyclic or a cyclic azo compound, hydrazine, hydrazone, azine or triazene, or an oxide of an azo compound.
• the compounds of formula (I′) or (I) are acyclic with respect to -Z 1 -Z 2 - and symmetrically substituted, i.e. R 2 , R 3 and R 4 at the C-atom are the same as at the Z 3 -atom, or unsymmetrically substituted, i.e. C-atom and Z 3 are differently substituted.
• One group of the useful compounds (I′) or (I) include the unsymmetrically substituted compounds.
• s is 0 and n is 1, or s is 1 and n is 0.
• n and s are both 1 or 0, e.g. 0.
• the ring system “R 3 and R 4 form together with said C-atom or, respectively, Z 3 , wherein they are attached to, an optionally substituted, saturated, partially saturated or aromatic, mono- or polycyclic ring system of 5 to 20 carbon and, optionally, hetero ring atoms, whereby the optional hetero ring atoms are selected from N, O and/or S” can be mono-, bi- or polycyclic ring system and includes cycloalkyl, aryl and heterocyclyl ring systems, preferably of 5-16 ring atoms.
• said ring system is a “cycloalkyl” as defined below, suitably a saturated or partially saturated mono- or bicyclic cycloalkyl as defined above.
• R 3 and R 4 form a hetero ring, it is preferably “heterocyclyl” as defined below, and includes e.g. 1-4 hetero ring atoms, such as 1 or 2 O and/or, preferably, N atoms.
• the two R 3 's form together with the —(R 2 R 4 )C-Z 1 -Z 2 -Z 3 ((R 2 ) r R 4 — moiety an optionally substituted, saturated, partially saturated or aromatic, mono- or polycyclic ring system of 5 to 20 carbon and, optionally, further hetero ring atoms, whereby the further hetero ring atoms are selected from one or two of N, O and/or S” can be mono-, bi- or polycyclic system of 5-16 ring atoms, e.g. carbon atoms, e.g. monocyclic ring of 5-12 ring atoms, and contains no further hetero atoms, or 1 or 2 further hetero atoms, e.g. N atoms.
• each R′ 5 and R 5 independently is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylenealkylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted arylenealkylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene or optionally substituted heterocyclylenealkylene; each R 6 independently is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted alkylene interrupted with one or more N, O and/or S, optionally substituted cycloalkylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylenealkylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylenealkylenecycloalkylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted arylenealkylene, optionally substituted
• k is between 0-50, or between 0-10.
• “t is 1-3” means that R′ 5 may be substituted with 1-3, e.g. 1 or 2, such as 1, substituent(s) -[Z 1 -Z 2 -R 6 -] k Z 1 -Z 2 -R 5 —H.
• each R′ 5 and R 6 have the same meaning or different meaning; each -Z 1 -Z 2 - have the same meaning and/or each R 6 have the same meaning; suitably each R′ 5 and R 5 have the same meaning or different meaning, e.g. the same meaning, each -Z 1 -Z 2 - have the same meaning and each R 6 have the same meaning.
• R′ 6 and R 5 may additionally to the definitions given above be optionally substituted cycloalkylenealkylenecycloakylene, optionally substituted arylenealkylenearylene or optionally substituted heterocyclylenealkyleneheterocyclylene.
• R 3 and R 4 represents a linking group —R 8 — to form which is a R 2 R 3 R 4 C-Z 1 -Z 2 -R 8 -[U] x which denotes a recurring structural unit of a polymer as defined above and x is 2-500, e.g. 2-200, then preferably said repeating structural unit is part of an alpha-olefin copolymer, e.g. a copolymer of ethylene with alpha-C 3 -olefin, e.g. propylene, or of ethylene or propylene with alkyl acrylate or methacrylate, such as a copolymer of ethylene with ethylacrylate.
• alpha-olefin copolymer e.g. a copolymer of ethylene with alpha-C 3 -olefin, e.g. propylene, or of ethylene or propylene with alkyl acrylate or methacrylate, such as
• the compounds of formula (I) have the formula (II) as defined above, preferably the compounds have a formula R 4 R 3 R 2 C—N ⁇ N—CR 2 R 3 R 4 (IIa).
• the compounds of formula (I′) or (I), preferably (II)/(IIa), are acyclic and R 3 and R 4 at the same C-atom form together therewith an optionally substituted, saturated, partly saturated or aromatic, mono- or polycyclic ring system as defined above or below, and R 2 , R 3 and R 4 at Z 1 are independently a monovalent radical as defined above, e.g.
• R 2 is H
• Z 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 form together —R′ 5 ([Z 1 -Z 2 —R 6 -] k Z 1 -Z 2 -R 5 —H) t as defined above or below; wherein each of said groups or moieties in said groups defined for said substituents is unsubstituted or substituted independently with 1-3 “optional substituents” as defined above.
• Examples of the compounds of formula (II) include bis(cylcoalkylazocycloalkyl)-alkane, cycloalkylalkylazoalkane, arylalkylazoarylalkane, cycloalkylazoalkane, cycloalkylazocycloalkane, arylazoalkane and arylazoaryl compounds, preferably form bis(cylcoalkylazocycloalkyl)alkane, cycloalkylazoalkane or cycloalkylazocycloalkane, wherein any of the alkyl-, aryl-, arylalkyl-, cycloalkyl- and cycloalkylalkyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 “optional substituents” as defined above.
• a further suitable subgroup of compounds (I′) are compounds of formula (IIb): R 4 R 3 R 2 C—N ⁇ N—CHR′ 3 R′ 4 (IIb) wherein one or both of (R 3 and R 4 ) and (R′ 3 and R′ 4 ) form together with said C-atom, wherein they are attached to, an optionally substituted, saturated, partially saturated or aromatic, mono- or polycyclic ring system as defined above, preferably said ring system is selected from phenyl, mono- or bicyclic cycloalkyl of 5-16 C-atoms or mono- or bicyclic heterocyclyl of 5-16 ring atoms with 1-4 N, O and/or S atoms; or each R 3 and R 4 and/or each R′ 3 and R′ 4 are independently H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl
• each R′ 5 and R 5 is independently alkylene, cycloalkylene, cycloalkylenealkylene, arylene, arylenealkylene, heterocyclylene, heterocyclylenealkylene, cycloalkylenealkylenecycloalkylene, arylenealkylenearylene or heterocyclylenealkyleneheterocyclylene; each R 6 independently is alkylene, alkylene interrupted with one or more N, O and/or S, cycloalkylene, cycloalkylenealkylene, cycloalkylenealkylenecycloalkylene, arylene, arylenealkylenearylene, heterocyclylene, heterocyclylenealkylene or
• each group or a moiety of a group defined as variants for R 3 , R 4 , R′ 3 , R′ 4 , R′ 5 , R 5 and R 6 optionally substituted independently with 1-3, e.g. 1, of —OH, —NH 2 , —COOH, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkyl-C(O)—O—, alkenyl-C(O)—O—, such as acrylate, and/or alkyl-O—C(O)—, whereby cycloalkyl and/or aryl moiety as or in said optional substituents is optionally substituted with alkyl, —OH, or alkenyl, suitably with CH 2 ⁇ CH—; as well as an oxide(s) at the azo moiety, a salt, an ester or an amide thereof.
• R 3 and R 4 form together with the C-atom a mono- or bicyclic cycloalkyl of 5-16 C-atoms, or R 2 and R 3 are H and R 4 is aryl, arylalkyl, mono- or bicyclic cycloalkyl, mono- or bicyclic cycloalkylalkyl, wherein cycloalkyl as a group or as a moiety of a group has of 5-16 C-atoms, and the other C-atom forms together with H, R′ 3 and R′ 4 a group —R′ 5 ([Z 1 -Z 2 -R 6 -] k Z 1 Z 2 -R 5 —H) t , wherein R′ 5 and R 5 are different or the same and selected from mono- or bicyclic cycloalkylenealkylenecycloakylene, arylenealkylenearylene, mono- or bicyclic heterocyclylenealkyleneheter
• a further subgroup are compounds of formula (IIb′) R 4 R 3 R 2 C—N ⁇ N—CHR′ 3 R′ 4 (IIb′)
• R 3 and R 4 )and (R′ 3 and R′ 4 ) form together with said C-atom, wherein they are attached to, a saturated, monocyclic ring system, wherein said ring system is selected from monocyclic cycloalkyl of 5-8 C-atoms or each R′ 3 and R′ 4 are independently H, C 1 -C 20 alkyl or C 5 -C 8 cycloalkyl; and R 2 is H or a bond in said ring system between said C-atom and a ring atom adjacent thereto.
• the invention further provides compounds of formula (IIc) R 4 R 3 R 2 C—N ⁇ N—CHR′ 3 R′ 4 (IIc)
• R 3 and R 4 form together with said C-atom, wherein they are attached to, an optionally substituted, saturated or partially saturated, mono- or polycyclic ring system as defined in claim 1 , preferably said ring system is selected from mono- or bicyclic cycloalkyl of 5-16 C-atoms or mono- or bicyclic heterocyclyl of 5-16 ring atoms with 1-4 N, O and/or S atoms; or each R 3 and R 4 are independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl, wherein the cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl as a group or part of a group is mono- or bicyclic ring with 5-16 ring atoms; or R 3 is H and R 4 is as defined above; and R 2 is H or a bond in said ring system between said C-atom and a ring ring
• each R′ 5 and R 5 is independently alkylene, alkylene interrupted with one or more O, N and/or S, cycloalkylene, cycloalkylenealkylene, arylenealkylene, heterocyclylene or heterocyclylenealkylene; each R 6 independently is alkylene, alkylene interrupted with one or more N, O and/or S, cycloalkylene, cycloalkylenealkylene, cycloalkylenealkylenecycloalkylene, arylenealkylene, arylenealkylenearylene, heterocyclylene, heterocyclylenealkylene or heterocyclylenealkyleneheterocyclylene, each -Z 1 -Z 2 - are —NR 1 —
• each group or a moiety of a group defined as variants for R 3 , R 4 , R′ 3 , R′ 4 , R′ 5 and R 6 is optionally substituted independently with 1-3, e.g. 1, of —OH, —NH 2 , —COOH, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkyl-C(O)—O—, alkenyl-C(O)—O—, such as acrylate, and/or alkyl-O—C(O)—, whereby cycloalkyl and/or aryl moiety as or in said substituents is optionally substituted with alkenyl, such as CH 2 ⁇ CH—;
• the bridge formed by R 5 ′ moiety between the two successive -Z 1 -Z 2 - moieties separates said two -Z 1 -Z 2 - moieties by 4 or more bridge atoms.
• R 3 and R 4 is other than methyl.
• R′ 5 and R 6 are independently cycloalkylenealkylenecycloalkylene or heterocyclylenealkyleneheterocyclylene in addition to the definitions given above for R′ 5 and R 5 .
• R 3 and R 4 that form together with said C-atom, wherein they are attached to, an optionally substituted, saturated or partially saturated, mono- or polycyclic ring system as defined herein, preferably said ring system is selected from mono- or bicyclic cycloalkyl of 5-16 C-atoms or mono- or bicyclic heterocyclyl of 5-16 ring atoms with 1-4 N, O and/or S atoms.
• R 3 and R 4 that form together with said C-atom, wherein they are attached to, an optionally substituted, saturated or partially saturated monocyclic ring system, wherein said ring system is selected from monocyclic cycloalkyl of 5-8 C-atoms or monocyclic heterocyclyl of 5-8 ring atoms with 14 N and/or O atoms.
• R 3 and R 4 that form together with said C-atom, wherein they are attached to, an optionally substituted, saturated or partially saturated monocyclic ring system, wherein said ring system is selected from monocyclic cycloalkyl of 5-8 C-atoms.
• R 3 and R 4 that form together with said C-atom, wherein they are attached to, a cycloalkyl of 5-8 C-atoms, for instance cyclohexyl.
• each R′ 5 and R 5 is independently alkylene, cycloalkylene, cycloalkylenealkylene, cycloalkylenealkylenecycloalkylene, arylenealkylene or arylenealkylenearylene; each R 6 independently is alkylene, cycloalkylene, cycloalkylenealkylene, cycloalkylenealkylenecycloalkylene, arylenealkylene, arylenealkylenearylene, each -Z 1 -Z 2 - are —NR 1 —NR 1 —, preferably —N ⁇ N—, t is 1 or 2, preferably 1, and k is as defined above, e.g. 0-10; whereby
• each group or a moiety of a group defined as variants for R 3 , R 4 , R′ 3 , R′ 4 , R′ 5 and R 6 is optionally substituted independently with 1-3, e.g. 1, of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkyl-C(O)—O—, alkenyl-C(O)—O—, such as acrylate, and/or alkyl-O—C(O)—, whereby cycloalkyl and/or aryl moiety as or in said substituents is optionally substituted with alkenyl, such as CH 2 ⁇ CH—.
• each group or a moiety of a group defined as variants for R 3 , R 4 , R′ 3 , R 4 , R′ 5 and R 6 is optionally substituted independently with 1-3, e.g. 1, of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, arylalkyl.
• each R′ 5 and R 5 is independently C 5 -C 8 cycloalkylene, C 5 -C 8 cycloalkyleneC 1 -C 8 alkylene or C 5 -C 8 cycloalkyleneC 1 -C 8 alkyleneC 5 -C 8 cycloalkylene; each R 6 independently is C 5 -C 8 cycloalkylene, C 5 -C 8 cycloalkyleneC 1 -C 8 alkylene, C 5 -C 8 cycloalkyleneC 1 -C 8 alkyleneC 5 -C 8 cycloalkylene, each -Z 1 -Z 2 - are —NR 1 —NR 1 —, preferably —N ⁇ N—, t is 1 or 2, preferably 1, and k is as defined above, e.g. 0
• each R′ 5 and R 5 is independently cyclohexylene, cyclohexylene-C 1 -C 8 alkylene, cyclohexylene-C 1 -C 8 alkylene-cyclohexylene; each R 6 independently is cyclohexylene, cyclohexyleneC 1 -C 8 alkylene, cyclohexylene-C 1 -C 8 alkylene-cyclohexylene, each -Z 1 -Z 2 - are —NR 1 —NR 1 —, preferably —N ⁇ N—, t is 1 or 2, preferably 1, and k is as defined above, e.g. 0 or 1, for example 0.
• R 3 and R 4 form together with said C-atom, wherein they are attached to, an optionally substituted, saturated or partially saturated monocyclic ring system, wherein said ring system is selected from monocyclic cycloalkyl of 5-8 C-atoms or monocyclic heterocyclyl of 5-8 ring atoms with 1-4 N and/or O atoms;
• each R′ 5 and R 5 is independently cycloalkylene, cycloalkylenealkylene or cycloalkylenealkylenecycloalkylene; each R 6 independently is cycloalkylene, cycloalkylenealkylene, cycloalkylenealkylenecycloalkylene, each -Z 1 -Z 2 are —NR 1 —NR 1 —, preferably —N ⁇ N—, t is 1 or 2, preferably 1, and k is as defined above, e.g. 0 or 1.
• R 3 and R 4 that form together with said C-atom, wherein they are attached to, a cycloalkyl of 5-8 C-atoms, for instance cyclohexyl
• each R′ 5 and R 5 is independently cyclohexylene, cyclohexylene-C 1 -C 8 alkylene, cyclohexylene-C 1 -C 8 alkylene-cyclohexylene; each R 6 independently is cyclohexylene, cyclohexyleneC 1 -C 8 alkylene, cyclohexylene-C 1 -C 8 alkylene-cyclohexylene, each -Z 1 -Z 2 - are —NR 1 —NR 1 —, preferably —N ⁇ N—, t is 1 or 2, preferably 1, and k is as defined above, e.g. 0 or 1, for example 0.
• R 3 and R 4 form together with said C-atom, wherein they are attached to, a C 5 -C 8 cycloalkyl
• R′ 5 and R 5 denotes together with H, R′ 3 and R′ 4 , which are attached thereto, a group —R′ 5 ([Z 1 -Z 2 -R 6 -] k Z 1 -Z 2 -R 5 —H) t , wherein each R′ 5 and R 5 is independently C 1 -C 8 alkylene, C 5 -C 8 cycloalkylene, C 5 -C 8 cycloalkylene-C 1 -C 8 alkylene, C 5 -C 8 cycloalkylene-C 1 -C 8 alkylene-C 5 -C 8 cycloalkylene; especially R 5 ′ is C 5 -C 8 cycloalkylene-C 1 -C 8 alkylene-C 5 -C 8 cycloalkylene and R 5 is C 5 -C 8 cycloalkylene; each -Z 1 -Z 2 - is —N ⁇ N—, t is 1 and k is 0.
• R 6 is a chain, e.g. alkylene, it is at least C 4 -alkylene, and if R 6 is a divalent ring system, the length of bridge formed by the part of the ring is at least 4 atoms, e.g. C 5-8 cycloalk-1,4-diyl.
• Such compounds may form dendrimers, especially with recurring azo groups.
• Examples of compounds of formula (IIb) include: bis(cycloalkylazocycloalkyl)alkane, arylazoalkanes, arylazoarylalkanes, arylazocycloalkanes, arylazocycloalkylalkanes, cycloalkylazocycloalkanes and alkylazoalkanes, and compounds of formula (IIc) include bis(cycloalkylazocycloalkyl)alkane; each optionally substituted e.g. with 1-3 substituent(s) as defined above, such as with a substituent R′′ ⁇ alkenyl, e.g.
• Representatives of the compounds (IIb) and (IIc) are N-cyclohexyl-N′-n-hexadecyl-diazene and 4,4′-bis(cyclohexylazo-cyclohexyl)methane.
• R 2 , R 3 and/or R 4 is a monovalent radical selected from optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl(O) 6 (alkyl), as defined above, whereby each said ring as a group or as part of a group is saturated or partially saturated, such as saturated, ring system; and any remaining R 2 , R 3 or R 4 is a group or forms a group other than aryl or heteroaryl; preferably one of R 3 and R 4 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl(O) s (alkyl), as defined above, whereby each said ring as a group or as part of a group is saturated or partially saturated, such as saturated, ring system
• R 3 and R 4 form together with said C-atom or, respectively, Z 3 , wherein they are attached to, an optionally substituted, saturated or partially saturated ring system, such as saturated or partially saturated cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl, suitably cycloalkyl, each of which may be optionally substituted, and R 2 , if present, is a bond, H or a monovalent radical as defined above other than aryl, e.g. a bond or H, such as H; preferably R 3 and R 4 form together with said C-atom; or
• any of the above defined groups or in a moiety of said groups is as defined above except an aromatic ring, such as aryl and heteroaryl.
• R 2 -R 4 at the C-atom as depicted in formula (I′) bear or form no aromatic ring systems, such as aryl and heteroaryl.
• R 2 —R 4 bear or form no aromatic ring systems, such as aryl and heteroaryl.
• alkyl as a group or as part of another group (such as in “arylalkyl”) include both straight and branched chain radicals of up to 50 carbon atoms, preferably up to 20 carbon atoms.
• alkyl as “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” are as part of another group, as “optional substituent(s)” for a given group or as R 8 , they suitably contain up to 9, preferably up to 6 or 4, e.g.
• Alkenyl and alkynyl may have one or more double or, resp., triple bonds, e.g. one double or, resp., one triple bond, e.g. radical of 1-alkenyl.
• Alkyl interrupted with a hetero atom may have a one or more, suitably 1-5, such as 1, hetero atom.
• “Cycloalkyl” as a group or as part of another group is saturated or partially saturated mono-, bi-, or polycyclic carbocycle of 3-16, preferably of 5-12 carbon atoms, suitably saturated monocyclic ring, such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl, for instance cyclohexyl, or saturated bicyclic ring, such as a “monocycle” as defined above which is fused with a saturated ring moiety of 5 to 8 ring atoms, e.g. with cyclohexyl moiety.
• partially saturated “cycloalkyl” is as defined above for saturated cycloalkyl except that it contains e.g. one to two double or, resp., triple bond(s) in the ring structure thereof, whereby in case of a bicycle also systems wherein a saturated monocycle is fused with an aromatic ring moiety, e.g. benzo moiety, are covered.
• “Aryl” is phenyl or naphthyl, preferably phenyl.
• Heterocyclyl as used alone or as part of “heterocyclyl(O) s (alkyl) n ” has 5 to 16 ring atoms with one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O and/or S and the remainder of the ring atoms being carbon atoms and can be mono-, bi-, or polycyclic, e.g. 5-6 membered monocyclic ring. Said heterocyclyl covers saturated or partially saturated heterocyclyls and aromatic heterocyclyls, i.e. heteroaryls.
• alkylene as a group or as part of another group comprises 1-20 carbon atoms, for example 1-8 carbon atoms, especially 1-4 cabon atoms, for instance methylene or ethylene.
• alkylene comprises 4-8 carbon atoms.
• Arylene is phenylene or naphthylene, preferably phenylene.
• “Cycloalkylene” as a group or as part of another group is saturated or partially saturated mono-, bi-, or polycyclic carbocycle of 3-16, preferably of 5-12 carbon atoms, suitably saturated monocyclic ring, such as cyclopentylene, cyclohexylene, cycloheptylene or cyclooctylene, for instance cyclohexylene, or saturated bicyclic ring, such as a “monocycle” as defined above which is fused with a saturated ring moiety of 5 to 8 ring atoms, e.g. with cyclohexylene moiety.
• alkyl may comprise within the limits of the given number of carbon atoms, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, 2-ethylbutyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, 1-methylpentyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, n-hexyl, 1-methylhexyl, n-heptyl, 2-methylheptyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, 1-methylheptyl, 3-methylheptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 1,1,3-trimethylhexyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, 1-methylundecyl or dodecyl.
• alkylene comprises within the limits of the given number of carbon atoms, for example methylene and the branched and unbranched isomers of ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, oclylene, nonylene, decylene, undecylene, dodecylene, tridecylene and tetradecylene.
• alkoxy may comprise within the limits of the given number of carbon atoms, for example methoxy and ethoxy and the branched and unbranched isomers of propoxy, butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, heptyloxy, octyloxy, nonyloxy, decyloxy, undecyloxy, dodecyloxy, tridecyloxy, tetradecyloxy, pentadecyloxy, hexadecyloxy, heptadecyloxy and octadecyloxy.
• alkenyl examples include vinyl, allyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, undecenyl and dodecenyl.
• cycloalkylenealkylenecycloalkylene means that this group contains the given groups, in this case cycloalkylene, alkylene and cyyloalkalene connected in the order given in the term.
• the meaning of other groups containing more than one given group is analogous to the example given above.
• an azo compound i.e. a compound containing a group of formula —N ⁇ N—.
• a hyadrazine i.e. a compound containing a group of formula —NH—NH—.
• a hydrazone i.e. a compound containing a group of formula >C ⁇ N—NH—.
• an azine i.e. a compound containing a group of formula >C ⁇ N—N ⁇ C ⁇ .
• a triazene i.e. a compound containing a group of formula —N ⁇ N—N ⁇ .
• the compound of formula (I) or (I′) is not a triazene and/or is not an oxide of N as Z 1 -Z 3 , a salt, an ester or an amide thereof, especially not a triazene and/or an oxide of N as Z 1 -Z 3 .
• each R 3 is independently and each R 4 is independently a monovalent radical selected from H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkyl interrupted with one or more O, N and/or S atom(s), optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy(alkyl) n , optionally substituted aryloxy(alkyl) n , optionally substituted arylalkyloxy(alkyl) n , optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkenyloxy(alkyl) n , optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted alkynyloxy(alkyl) n , optionally substituted heterocyclyl(O) s (alkyl) n with one to four hetero atoms selected independently from N, O and S; R—Y—C(O)-(alky
• R 3 and R 4 form together with said C-atom or, respectively, Z 3 , wherein they are attached to, an optionally substituted, saturated, partially saturated or aromatic, mono- or polycydic ring system of 5 to 20 carbon and, optionally, hetero ring atoms, whereby the optional hetero ring atoms are selected from N, O and/or S; and R 2 is a monovalent radical as defined for R 3 and R 4 above, or forms a bond between the C-atom and Z 1 or, respectively, between Z 3 and Z 2 , or forms a bond in the ring system formed by R 3 and R 4 between said C-atom or, respectively, Z 3 , and a ring atom adjacent thereto with the proviso that when one;
• R′ 5 ([Z 1 -Z 2 -R 6 -] k Z 1 -Z 2 -R 5 —H) t , wherein each R′ 5 and R 5 is independently optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted alkylene interrupted with one or more N, O and/or S, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylenealkylene, optionally substituted cycloalkylenealkylenecycloalkylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted arylenealkylene, optionally substituted arylenealkylenearylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylenealkylene or optionally substituted heterocyclylenealkyleneheterocyclylene, each R 6 independently has a meaning as given for R′ 5 and R 5 above, Z 1 and Z 2 are each independently as defined above, Z 1 and Z 2 are each independently as defined above, Z 1 and Z 2 are each independently as defined above, Z 1 and Z 2 are each
• U is R′ is H or alkyl and x is 2-500, e.g. 2-200;
• substituents at the group -Z 1 -Z 2 - in compounds of formula (I) or (I′) are:
• the compound of the invention can be added to the polymeric substrate alone or as a mixture of one or more compounds (I′).
• the amount is chosen in a manner known in the art so that an industrially acceptable flame retarding property is provided to the polymeric substrate.
• the amount varies depending i.e. on the used polymeric substrate and use of application of the obtained flame retarded polymeric substrate and can be determined by a skilled person.
• amounts from 0.1-20 weight-% based on the polymeric substrate (a), preferably 0.1-10 wt-%, for example 0.1-5 wt-%.
• the present invention further provides a FR composition, comprising
• a FR composition comprises
• a FR composition comprises
• a FR composition comprises
• composition does not contain any other FR compound.
• a flame retardant composition as described above comprises
• a further flame retardant (c) that is a halogenated flame retardant, a phosphorus compound, metal hydroxide, metal hydrate, metal oxides, a melamine based flame retardant, N-hydrocarbyloxy substituted (NOR) hindered amine FR, an aluminium compound, an antimony compound or a boron compound or mixtures thereof.
• a further flame retardant (c) that is a halogenated flame retardant, a phosphorus compound, a melamine based flame retardant, N-hydrocarbyloxy substituted (NOR) hindered amine FR or an antimony compound.
• FR compositions comprise
• the FR compositions do not contain any halogenated FR compounds.
• the present invention also provides a flame retardant composition
• a flame retardant composition comprising
• the further flame retardant is other than a halogenated flame retardant compound.
• a FR composition comprises
• composition does not contain any other FR compound.
• a flame retardant composition comprises
• the azo compound of formula (I′) is stable at temperatures higher than 180° and the polymeric substrate (a) is not an aromatic alkenyl polymer or copolymer.
• the further flame retardant (d) is a further flame retardant (c) which does not contain halogen.
• further flame retardants (c) that do not contain halogen.
• the further flame retardants (c) is not a phosphate based flame retardant.
• the further flame retardant (c) or (d) is added to the composition in amounts from 0.1-30 weight-% based on the polymeric substrate (a), preferably 1-15 wt-%, for example 1-10 wt-%.
• halogenated flame retardants useful as component (c) in compositions of present invention may be selected from organic aromatic halogenated compounds such as halogenated benzenes, biphenyls, phenols, ethers or esters thereof, bisphenols, diphenyloxides, aromatic carboxylic acids or polyacids, anhydrides, amides or imides thereof; organic cycloaliphatic or polycycloaliphatic halogenated compounds; and organic aliphatic halogenated compounds such as halogenated paraffins, oligo- or polymers, alkylphosphates or alkylisocyanurates.
• organic aromatic halogenated compounds such as halogenated benzenes, biphenyls, phenols, ethers or esters thereof, bisphenols, diphenyloxides, aromatic carboxylic acids or polyacids, anhydrides, amides or imides thereof
• organic cycloaliphatic or polycycloaliphatic halogenated compounds organic alipha
• the halogenated flame retardant may be, for example, a chlorinated or brominated compound, e.g. selected from the following compounds:
• chloroalkyl phosphate esters (ANTIBLAZE® AB-100, Al bright & Wilson; FYROL® FR-2, Akzo Nobel),
• DBDPO decabromodiphenyl oxide
• Teflon® GC polytetrafluoroethylene
• an antimony synergist such as Sb 2 O 3 .
• Examples of a phosphorus compound FR are:
• ammonium polyphosphate (APP or HOSTFLAM® AP750)
• RDP resorcinol diphosphate ogliomer
• EDAP ethylenediamine diphosphate
• the metal hydroxide is magnesium hydroxide.
• the metal oxide may be any metal oxide.
• the melamine based FR is
• melamine polyphosphate (Melapur® 200) or
• melamine cyanurate (Melapur® MC50).
• N-hydrocarbyloxy substituted (NOR) hindered amine FR is the reaction product of 2,4-bis[(1-cyclohexyloxy-2,2,6,6-piperidin-4-yl)butylamino]-6-chloro-s-triazine with N,N′-bis(3-aminopropyl)ethylenediamine) [CAS 191680-1-6] or 1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-4-octadecanoyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine.
• an aluminium compound FR is
• antimony compound examples include:
• a boron compound is for example
• the compounds of the invention may be used as FR synergists in a mixture with one or more further FR's. Such mixtures are also covered by the composition of the invention. It is possible, if desired, to combine the specific compounds (I) or (IIb)/(IIc) with halogenated FR's, but preferably any further flame retardant used in the composition of the invention is a non-halogenated FR.
• the usable further FR's include NOR-hindered amines (see WO99/00450), aluminium and boron compounds, such as aluminium trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide, intumescent systems, e.g. expandable graphite. If synergistic mixtures with the other compounds (I′) or with further FR's other than compounds (I′) as described above are used, then naturally lower amounts of a compound (I′) are needed to achieve an effective FR effect.
• the instant invention further pertains to a method of flame retarding a polymeric substrate (a), wherein a compound of formula (I) or a compound of formula (IIb) or (IIc) or a mixture thereof is added to the polymeric substrate.
• the polymeric substrate does not contain one or more halogenated flame retardants.
• any instant compound may be used as a flame retardant for a polymeric substrate (a).
• An embodiment of this invention is the use of a compound of formula (I) as a flame retardant for a polymeric substrate (a).
• a compound of formula (I) as a flame retardant in combination with at least one further flame retardant (c) for a polymeric substrate (a).
• the polymeric substrate (a) does not contain any other flame retardants.
• Another embodiment of this invention is the use of a compound of formula (I′) as a flame retardant for a polymeric substrate (a)
• the polymeric substrate does not contain one or more halogenated flame retardants.
• a compound of formula (I′) as a flame retardant in combination with at least one further flame retardant (d) for a polymeric substrate (a) with the proviso that the polymeric substrate does not contain one or more halogenated flame retardants.
• the polymeric substrate (a) does not contain any other flame retardants.
• hydrazine compounds that can be used in the present invention are methyl hydrazine, dimethyl hydrazine, trimethyl hydrazine, N,N dimethyl hydrazine, N,N′ dimethyl hydrazine, ethyl hydrazine, N,N diethyl hydrazine, N,N′ diethyl hydrazine, N,N didodecyl hydrazine, N,N′ didodecyl hydrazine, N,N dicetyl hydrazine, N,N′ dicetyl hydrazine, hexyl hydrazine, octyl hydrazine, N,N dihexyl hydrazine, N,N dioctyl hydrazine, cyclopentyl hydrazine, triethyl hydrazine, triallyl hydrazine, tripropyl hydrazine, cycl
• the instant azine compounds are as described by D. Kolbah and D. Koruncev in Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie, 4. Auflage, Band 10/2, S. 89-122, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart 1967 such as diethyliden hydrazine, dibutyliden hydrazine, dibenzylidenhydrazine, diisopropyliden hydrazine, bis(1,5-dimethyl-cyclohex-1-en-3-yliden)hydrazine and bis(diphenylmethylen)hydrazine.
• hydrazone compounds that can be used in the present invention are described by E. Enders in Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie, 4. Auflage, Band 10/2, S. 410-487, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart 1967, especially benzaldehyd phenylhydrazone, glyoxal-bis-phenylhydrazone, phenylglyoxal-bis-phenylhydrazone, acetophenone-phenylhydrazone, benzophenone-phenylhydrazone, D-glucose-phenylosazone, (2-hydroxy-propionaldehyd)-phenylhydrazone, phenylglyoxal-phenylhydrazone, benzophenone-alpha-acetyl-phenylhydrazone, salicylaldehyd-phenylhydrazone, (4-isopropyl-benzaldehyd)-phenylhydrazone and 1,4dioxo-1
• triazenes are described by E. Mueller in Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie, 4. Auflage, Band 10/2, S. 827-835, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart 1967 such as 1,3-dimethyl-triazene, 1-methyl-3-benzyl-triazene and 1,3-dimethyl-3-anilinocarbonyl-triazene.
• oxides of diazenes are described by E. Enders in Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie, 4. Auflage, Band 10/3, S. 473-476, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart 1967, E. Müller in Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie, 4. Auflage, Band 10/2, S. 787-790, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart 1967, especially N-phenyl-N′-benzyl-diimin-N-oxid, dicyclohexyl-diazen-N-oxid, dipropyl-diazen-N-oxid and dicyclododecyl-diazen-N-oxid.
• the polymeric substrates (a) can be chosen from a wide variety of polymers including polyolefins, such as thermoplastic polyolefins, aromatic polyolefins, e.g. polystyrenes, high impact polystyrene or ABS, polycarbonates, PVC, or polysaccharide based polymers, preferably polypropylene, polyethylene, thermoplastic polyolefin, ABS, polycarbonate and high impact polystyrene, as well as any copolymers, block polymers, graft polymers or any mixtures or blends thereof.
• polyolefins such as thermoplastic polyolefins, aromatic polyolefins, e.g. polystyrenes, high impact polystyrene or ABS, polycarbonates, PVC, or polysaccharide based polymers, preferably polypropylene, polyethylene, thermoplastic polyolefin, ABS, polycarbonate and high impact polystyrene, as well as any copo
• polymeric substrates (a) that are organic, for instance natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic organic polymeric substrates, especially synthetic organic polymeric substrates, for instance thermoplastic synthetic organic polymeric substrates.
• polymeric substrates (a) which can be protected with the instant compounds are the following:
• Polymers of monoolefins and diolefins for example polypropylene, polyisobutylene, polybut-1-ene, poly-4-methylpent-1-ene, polyisoprene or polybutadiene, as well as polymers of cycloolefins, for instance of cyclopentene or norbornene, polyethylene (which optionally can be crosslinked), for example high density polyethylene (HDPE), high density and high molecular weight polyethylene (HDPE-HMW), high density and ultrahigh molecular weight poly-ethylene (HDPE-UHMW), medium density polyethylene (MDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), (VLDPE) and (ULDPE).
• HDPE high density polyethylene
• HDPE-HMW high density and high molecular weight polyethylene
• HDPE-UHMW high density and ultrahigh molecular weight poly-ethylene
• MDPE medium density polyethylene
• LDPE low density polyethylene
• LLDPE linear low
• Polyolefins i.e. the polymers of monoolefins exemplified in the preceding paragraph, preferably polyethylene and polypropylene, can be prepared by different, and especially by the following, methods:
• Copolymers of monoolefins and diolefins with each other or with other vinyl monomers for example ethylene/propylene copolymers, linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and mixtures thereof with low density polyethylene (LDPE), propylene/but-1-ene copolymers, propylene/isobutylene copolymers, ethylene/but-1-ene copolymers, ethylene/hexene copolymers, ethylene/methylpentene copolymers, ethylene/heptene copolymers, ethyleneloctene copolymers, propylene/butadiene copolymers, isobutylene/isoprene copolymers, ethylene/alkyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene/alkyl methacrylate copolymers, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers and their copolymers with carbon monoxide or ethylene/acrylic acid copolymers and their salts (ionomers)
• Hydrocarbon resins for example C 5 -C 9
• hydrogenated modifications thereof e.g. tackifiers
• mixtures of polyalkylenes and starch
• Polystyrene poly(p-methylstyrene), poly( ⁇ -methylstyrene).
• Copolymers of styrene or ⁇ -methylstyrene with dienes or acrylic derivatives for example styrene/butadiene, styrene/acrylonitrile, styrene/alkyl methacrylate; styrene/butadiene/alkyl acrylate, styrene/butadiene/alkyl methacrylate, styrene/maleic anhydride, styrene/acrylonitrile/methyl acrylate; mixtures of high impact strength of styrene copolymers and another polymer, for example a polyacrylate, a diene polymer or an ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymer; and block copolymers of styrene such as styrene/butadiene/styrene, styrene/isoprene/styrene, styrene/ethylene/
• Graft copolymers of styrene or ⁇ -methylstyrene for example styrene on polybutadiene, styrene on polybutadiene-styrene or polybutadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers; styrene and acrylonitrile (or methacrylonitrile) on polybutadiene; styrene, acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate on polybutadiene; styrene and maleic anhydride on polybutadiene; styrene, acrylonitrile and maleic anhydride or maleimide on polybutadiene; styrene and maleimide on polybutadiene; styrene and alkyl acrylates or methacrylates on polybutadiene; styrene and acrylonitrile on ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymers; styrene and acrylon
• Halogen-containing polymers such as polychloroprene, chlorinated rubbers, chlorinated and brominated copolymer of isobutylene-isoprene (halobutyl rubber), chlorinated or sulfochlorinated polyethylene, copolymers of ethylene and chlorinated ethylene, epichlorohydrin homo- and copolymers, especially polymers of halogen-containing vinyl compounds, for example polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, as well as copolymers thereof such as vinyl chloride/vinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate or vinylidene chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers.
• halogen-containing polymers such as polychloroprene, chlorinated rubbers, chlorinated and brominated copolymer of isobutylene-isoprene (halobutyl rubber), chlorinated
• Polymers derived from x,p-unsaturated acids and derivatives thereof such as polyacrylates and polymethacrylates; polymethyl methacrylates, polyacrylamides and polyacrylonitriles. impact-modified with butyl acrylate.
• Copolymers of the monomers mentioned under 9) with each other or with other unsaturated monomers for example acrylonitrile/ butadiene copolymers, acrylonitrile/alkyl acrylate copolymers, acrylonitrile/alkoxyalkyl acrylate or acrylonitrile/vinyl halide copolymers or acrylonitrile/alkyl methacrylate/butadiene terpolymers.
• Polymers derived from unsaturated alcohols and amines or the acyl derivatives or acetals thereof for example polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl stearate, polyvinyl benzoate, polyvinyl maleate, polyvinyl butyral, polyallyl phthalate or polyallyl melamine; as well as their copolymers with olefins mentioned in 1) above.
• Polyacetals such as polyoxymethylene and those polyoxymethylenes which contain ethylene oxide as a comonomer; polyacetals modified with thermoplastic polyurethanes, acrylates or MBS.
• Polyamides and copolyamides derived from diamines and dicarboxylic acids and/or from aminocarboxylic acids or the corresponding lactams for example polyamide 4, polyamide 6, polyamide 6/6, 6/10, 6/9, 6/12, 4/6, 12/12, polyamide 11, polyamide 12, aromatic polyamides starting from m-xylene diamine and adipic acid; polyamides prepared from hexamethylenediamine and isophthalic or/and terephthalic acid and with or without an elastomer as modifier, for example poly-2,4,4,-trimethylhexamethylene terephthalamide or poly-m-phenylene isophthalamide; and also block copolymers of the aforementioned polyamides with polyolefins, olefin copolymers, ionomers or chemically bonded or grafted elastomers; or with polyethers, e.g. with polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol or polytetramethylene glycol
• Polyureas Polyureas, polyimides, polyamide-imides, polyetherimids, polyesterimids, polyhydantoins and polybenzimidazoles.
• Polyesters derived from dicarboxylic acids and diols and/or from hydroxycarboxylic acids or the corresponding lactones for example polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, poly-1,4-dimethylolcyclohexane terephthalate and polyhydroxybenzoates, as well as block copolyether esters derived from hydroxyl-terminated polyethers; and also poly-esters modified with polycarbonates or MBS.
• Unsaturated polyester resins derived from copolyesters of saturated and unsaturated dicarboxylic acids with polyhydric alcohols and vinyl compounds as crosslinking agents, and also halogen-containing modifications thereof of low flammability.
• Crosslinkable acrylic resins derived from substituted acrylates for example epoxy acrylates, urethane acrylates or polyester acrylates.
• Crosslinked epoxy resins derived from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic or aromatic glycidyl compounds, e.g. products of diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A and bisphenol F, which are crosslinked with customary hardeners such as anhydrides or amines, with or without accelerators.
• Blends of the aforementioned polymers for example PP/EPDM, Poly-amide/EPDM or ABS, PVC/EVA, PVC/ABS, PVC/MBS, PC/ABS, PBTP/ABS, PC/ASA, PC/PBT, PVC/CPE, PVC/acrylates, POM/thermoplastic PUR, PC/thermoplastic PUR, POM/acrylate, POM/MBS, PPO/HIPS, PPO/PA 6.6 and copolymers, PA/HDPE, PA/PP, PA/PPO, PBT/PC/ABS or PBT/PET/PC.
• polyblends for example PP/EPDM, Poly-amide/EPDM or ABS, PVC/EVA, PVC/ABS, PVC/MBS, PC/ABS, PBTP/ABS, PC/ASA, PC/PBT, PVC/CPE, PVC/acrylates, POM/thermoplastic PUR, PC/thermoplastic PUR, POM/acrylate, POM/
• Polymeric substrates (a) of interest in present compositions are polystyrene and their copolymers, such as listed above under items 5-7, or polyolefines and their copolymers, such as listed above under items 1-3, e.g. polypropylene, polyethylene, polyisobutylene, polybut-1-ene, polybutadiene and their copolymers.
• Polymeric substrates (a) of technical interest in present compositions are polyolefins.
• polymeric substrates are polypropylene (PP) and its copolymers, especially polypropylene.
• the polymeric substrate (a) does not contain halogen.
• aromatic alkenyl homo or copolymer are polystyrene, poly(p-methylstyrene), poly( ⁇ -methylstyrene) and its copolymers such as listed above under items 5-7, for instance polystyrene and its copolymers, for example polystyrene.
• the polymeric substrate (a) is not an aromatic alkenyl homo or copoylmer.
• the addition of the instant compounds to the polymeric substrate (a) can be carried out in all customary mixing machines in which the polymeric substrates is melted and mixed with the additives. Suitable machines are known to those skilled in the art. They are predominantly mixers, kneaders and extruders. The process is preferably carried out in an extruder by introducing the instant compounds during processing.
• processing machines are single-screw extruders, contrarotating and corotating twin-screw extruders, planetary-gear extruders, ring extruders or cokneaders. It is also possible to use processing machines provided with at least one gas removal compartment to which a vacuum can be applied.
• the screw length is 1-60 screw diameters, preferably 35-48 screw diameters.
• the rotational speed of the screw is preferably 10-600 rotations per minute (rpm), very particularly preferably 25-300 rpm.
• the maximum throughput is dependent on the screw diameter, the rotational speed and the driving force.
• the process of the present invention can also be carried out at a level lower than maximum throughput by varying the parameters mentioned or employing weighing machines delivering dosage amounts.
• the polymeric substrates need to be subjected to an elevated temperature for a sufficient period of time, so that the desired degradation occurs.
• the temperature is generally above the softening point of the polymeric substrates.
• a temperature range lower than 280° C. particularly from about 160° C. to 280° C. is employed.
• the temperature range from about 200° C. to 270° C. is employed.
• the period of time necessary for degradation can vary as a function of the temperature, the amount of material to be degraded and the type of, for example, extruder used. It is usually from about 10 seconds to 20 minutes, in particular from 20 seconds to 10 minutes.
• incorporation of the instant compounds into the polymeric substrates can be effected, for example, by mixing in or applying the these compounds by the methods which are customary in the art. The incorporation can take place prior to or during the shaping operation, or by applying the dissolved or dispersed compound to the polymer, with or without subsequent evaporation of the solvent. In the case of elastomers, these can also be stabilized as latices.
• a further possibility for incorporating the instant compounds into polymeric substrates is to add them before, during or directly after the polymerization of the corresponding monomers or prior to crosslinking. In this context the instant compounds can be added as it is or else in encapsulated form (for example in waxes, oils or polymers).
• the instant compounds can also be added in the form of a masterbatch containing said compound in a concentration, for example, of from 2.5 to 25% by weight to the polymeric substrate to be flame retarded.
• Novel polymer compositions can be employed in various forms and/or processed to give various products, for example as (to give) films, fibres, tapes, moulding compositions, profiles, or as binders for coating materials, adhesives or putties.
• the present compound of the invention is/are added to the polymeric substrate and the admixture is further processed to a product of an end application.
• the addition can be effected at any stage, e.g. during the polymerisation process of the polymer or during compounding.
• the compound of the invention can be incorporated to the backbone of a polymeric substrate or of part of a polymeric substrate, or of one or more polymeric component(s) of the polymeric substrate. Grafting can be effected in a manner known in the art using compounds (I′)/(I) which comprise functionalities in the substituents R 2 —R 4 , e.g.
• the compounds (I′)/(I) and their use as FR cover also such embodiments, wherein they are incorporated chemically to a part or all of the polymeric material (“functionalised/grafted” polymeric material) of the polymeric substrate. If polymeric substrate comprises two or more different polymeric materials, the compound(s) (I′)/(I) can be combined by mixing or grafting with one of the materials, and the rest be added to the obtained first composition.
• a flame retardant composition used herein covers any bulk polymeric material, e.g. pellets, which is further processed to end products as well as the final applications, i.e. the end products.
• the flame retardant of the invention may thus be used i.a. for producing cables, fibres, textiles, films, laminates, polymer foams, electronic components etc.
• additives other than flame retardants can also be added to the flame retardant composition of the invention in a conventional manner.
• examples include UV absorbers, light stabilisers, antioxidants, colorants etc.
• This invention further pertains to any instant composition comprising further additives.
• further additives are phenolic and/or aminic antioxidants, hindered amine light stabilizers, UV-absorbers, phosphites, phosphonites, benzofuranones, metal stearates, metal oxides, pigements, dyes, organophsophorus compounds, hydroxylamines or mixtures thereof, especially phenolic antioxidants, hindered amine light stabilizers, phosphites, phosphonites, 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazoles, 2-hydroxybenzophenones or mixtures thereof.
• Alkylated monophenols for example 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2-tert-butyl-4,6-di-methylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-n-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol, 2,6-dicyclopentyl-4-methylphenol, 2-( ⁇ -methylcyclohexyl)-4,6-dimethyl-phenol, 2,6-dioctadecyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxymethylphenol, nonylphenols which are linear or branched in the side chains, for example, 2,6-di-nonyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(1′-methylundec-1′-yl)phenol
• Alkylthiomethylphenols for example 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-methylphenol, 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-ethylphenol, 2,6-di-dodecylthiomethyl-4-nonylphenol.
• Hydroquinones and alkylated hydroquinones for example 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxy-phenol, 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-amylhydroquinone, 2,6-diphenyl-4-octade-cyloxyphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl stearate, bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)adipate.
• 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxy-phenol 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-amylhydroquinone, 2,6-dipheny
• Tocopherols for example ⁇ -tocopherol, ⁇ -tocopherol, ⁇ -tocopherol, ⁇ -tocopherol and mixtures thereof (Vitamin E).
• Hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers for example 2,2′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2′-thiobis(4-octylphenol), 4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol), 4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol), 4,4′-thiobis-(3,6-di-sec-amylphenol), 4,4′-bis(2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)disulfide.
• 2,2′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol 2,2′-thiobis(4-octylphenol), 4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol), 4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol), 4,4′-thiobis-(3,6-di-sec-amylphenol), 4,4′-bis(2,6
• Alkylidenebisphenols for example 2,2′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol), 2,2′-methylenebis[4-methyl-6-( ⁇ -methylcyclohexyl)-phenol], 2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol), 2,2′-methylenebis(6-nonyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2′-methylenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2′-ethylidenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2′-ethylidenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol), 2,2′-methylenebis[6-( ⁇ -methylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol], 2,2′-methylenebis[6-( ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol
• O—, N— and S-benzyl compounds for example 3,5,3′,5′-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4′-dihydroxydibenzyl ether, octadecyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzylmercaptoacetate, tridecyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzylmercaptoacetate, tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)amine, bis(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)dithioterephthalate, bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide, isooctyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylmercaptoacetate.
• Hydroxybenzylated malonates for example dioctadecyl-2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-malonate, di-octadecyl-2-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylbenzyl)-malonate, didodecylmercaptoethyl-2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)malonate, bis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]-2,2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)malonate.
• Aromatic hydroxybenzyl compounds for example 1,3,5-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene, 1,4-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol.
• Triazine Compounds for example 2,4-bis(octylmercapto)-6-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanilino)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanilino)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-1,2,3-triazine, 1,3,5-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-benzyl)isocyanurate, 1,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)isocyanurate, 2,4,6-
• Benzylphosphonates for example dimethyl-2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, diethyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, dioctadecyl3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, dioctadecyl-5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylbenzylphosphonate, the calcium salt of the monoethyl ester of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonic acid.
• Acylaminophenols for example 4-hydroxylauranilide, 4-hydroxystearanilide, octyl N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate.
• esters of ⁇ -(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols e.g. with methanol, ethanol, n-octanol, i-octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[
• esters of ⁇ -(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or poly-hydric alcohols e.g. with methanol, ethanol, n-octanol, i-octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexane-diol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate, N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo
• esters of ⁇ -(3.5-dicyclohexyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols e.g. with methanol, ethanol, octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
• esters of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols e.g. with methanol, ethanol, octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
• Aminic antioxidants for example N,N′-di-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-bis(1,4-dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-bis(1-ethyl-3-methylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-bis(1-methylheptyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-dicyclohexyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-bis(2-naphthyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N-isopropyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-
• 2-(2′-Hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazoles for example 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl)-benzotriazole, 2-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(5′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)-5-chloro-benzotriazole, 2-(3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl)-5-chloro-benzotriazole, 2-(3′-sec-butyl-5′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-4′-octyloxy
• Esters of substituted and unsubstituted benzoic acids as for example 4-tertbutyl-phenyl salicylate, phenyl salicylate, octylphenyl salicylate, dibenzoyl resorcinol, bis(4-tert-butylbenzoyl)resorcinol, benzoyl resorcinol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, hexadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, octadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, 2-methyl-4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate.
• Acrylates for example ethyl ⁇ -cyano- ⁇ , ⁇ -diphenylacrylate, isooctyl ⁇ -cyano- ⁇ , ⁇ -diphenylacrylate, methyl ⁇ -carbomethoxycinnamate, methyl ⁇ -cyano- ⁇ -methyl-p-methoxy-cinnamate, butyl ⁇ -cyano- ⁇ -methyl-p-methoxy-cinnamate, methyl ⁇ -carbomethoxy-p-methoxycinnamate and N-( ⁇ -carbomethoxy- ⁇ -cyanovinyl)-2-methylindoline.
• Nickel compounds for example nickel complexes of 2,2′-thio-bis-[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol], such as the 1:1 or 1:2 complex, with or without additional ligands such as n-butylamine, triethanolamine or N-cyclohexyldiethanolamine, nickel dibutyldithiocarbamate, nickel salts of the monoalkyl esters, e.g. the methyl or ethyl ester, of 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzylphosphonic acid, nickel complexes of ketoximes, e.g. of 2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl undecylketoxime, nickel complexes of 1-phenyl-4-lauroyl-5-hydroxypyrazole, with or without additional ligands.
• additional ligands such as n-butylamine, triethanolamine or N-cyclohexyldiethanolamine, nickel dibutyldithiocarbamate
• sterically hindered amines for example bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)succinate, bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate, bis(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate, bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl) n-butyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylmalonate, the condensate of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine and succinic acid, linear or cyclic condensates of N,N′-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)hexamethylenediamine and 4-tert-octylamino-2
• Oxamides for example 4,4′-dioctyloxyoxanilide, 2,2′-diethoxyoxanilide, 2,2′-dioctyloxy-5,5′-di-tert-butoxanilide, 2,2′-didodecyloxy-5,5′-di-tert-butoxanilide, 2-ethoxy-2′-ethyloxanilide, N,N′-bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)oxamide, 2-ethoxy-5-tert-butyl-2′-ethoxanilide and its mixture with 2-ethoxy-2′-ethyl-5,4′-di-tert-butoxanilide, mixtures of o- and p-methoxy-disubstituted oxanilides and mixtures of o- and p-ethoxy-disubstituted oxanilides.
• Metal deactivators for example N,N′-diphenyloxamide, N-salicylal-N′-salicyloyl hydrazine, N,N′-bis(salicyloyl)hydrazine, N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hydrazine, 3-salicyloylamino-1,2,4-triazole, bis(benzylidene)oxalyl dihydrazide, oxanilide, isophthaloyl dihydrazide, sebacoyl bisphenylhydrazide, N,N′-diacetyladipoyl dihydrazide, N,N′-bis(salicyloyl)oxalyl dihydrazide, N,N′-bis(salicyloyl)thiopropionyl dihydrazide.
• N,N′-diphenyloxamide N
• Phosphites and phosphonites for example triphenyl phosphite, diphenyl alkyl phosphites, phenyl dialkyl phosphites, tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite, trilauryl phosphite, trioctadecyl phosphite, distearyl pentaerythritol diphosphite, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, diisodecyl pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl)-pentaerythritol diphosphite, diisodecyloxypentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,
• phosphites Especially preferred are the following phosphites:
• Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite (Irgafos®168, Ciba Specialty Chemicals), tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite,
• Hydroxylamines for example, N,N-dibenzylhydroxylamine, N,N-diethylhydroxylamine, N,N-dioctylhydroxylamine, N,N-dilaurylhydroxylamine, N,N-ditetradecylhydroxylamine, N,N-dihexadecylhydroxylamine, N,N-dioctadecylhydroxylamine, N-hexadecyl-N-octadecylhydroxylamine, N-heptadecyl-N-octadecylhydroxylamine, N,N-dialkylhydroxylamine derived from hydrogenated tallow amine.
• Nitrones for example, N-benzyl-alpha-phenyl-nitrone, N-ethyl-alpha-methyl-nitrone, N-octyl-alpha-heptyl-nitrone, N-lauryl-alpha-undecyl-nitrone, N-tetradecyl-alpha-tridcyl-nitrone, N-hexadecyl-alpha-pentadecyl-nitrone, N-octadecyl-alpha-heptadecyl-nitrone, N-hexadecyl-alpha-heptadecyl-nitrone, N-ocatadecyl-alpha-pentadecyl-nitrone, N-heptadecyl-alpha-heptadecyl-nitrone, N-octadecyl-alpha-hexadecyl-nitrone, nitro
• Thiosynergists for example, dilauryl thiodipropionate or distearyl thiodipropionate.
• Peroxide scavengers for example esters of p-thiodipropionic acid, for example the lauryl, stearyl, myristyl or tridecyl esters, mercaptobenzimidazole or the zinc salt of 2-mercapto-benzimidazole, zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate, dioctadecyl disulfide, pentaerythritol tetrakis(p-dodecylmercapto)propionate.
• esters of p-thiodipropionic acid for example the lauryl, stearyl, myristyl or tridecyl esters
• mercaptobenzimidazole or the zinc salt of 2-mercapto-benzimidazole zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate
• dioctadecyl disulfide pentaerythritol tetrakis(p-dodecyl
• Polyamide stabilisers for example, copper salts in combination with iodides and/or phosphorus compounds and salts of divalent manganese.
• Basic co-stabilisers for example, melamine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dicyandiamide, triallyl cyanurate, urea derivatives, hydrazine derivatives, amines, polyamides, polyurethanes, alkali metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts of higher fatty acids for example calcium stearate, zinc stearate, magnesium behenate, magnesium stearate, sodium ricinoleate and potassium palmitate, antimony pyrocatecholate or zink pyrocatecholate.
• Basic co-stabilisers for example, melamine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dicyandiamide, triallyl cyanurate, urea derivatives, hydrazine derivatives, amines, polyamides, polyurethanes, alkali metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts of higher fatty acids for example calcium stearate, zinc stearate, magnesium behenate, magnesium stearate, sodium
• Nucleating agents for example, inorganic substances such as talcum, metal oxides such as titanium dioxide or magnesium oxide, phosphates, carbonates or sulfates of, preferably, alkaline earth metals; organic compounds such as mono- or polycarboxylic acids and the salts thereof, e.g. 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid, adipic acid, diphenylacetic acid, sodium succinate or sodium benzoate; polymeric compounds such as ionic copolymers (ionomers).
• inorganic substances such as talcum, metal oxides such as titanium dioxide or magnesium oxide, phosphates, carbonates or sulfates of, preferably, alkaline earth metals
• organic compounds such as mono- or polycarboxylic acids and the salts thereof, e.g. 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid, adipic acid, diphenylacetic acid, sodium succinate or sodium benzoate
• polymeric compounds such as ionic copolymers (ionomers
• Fillers and reinforcing agents for example, calcium carbonate, silicates, glass fibres, glass bulbs, asbestos, talc, kaolin, mica, barium sulfate, metal oxides and hydroxides, carbon black, graphite, wood flour and flours or fibers of other natural products, synthetic fibers.
• additives for example, plasticisers, lubricants, emulsifiers, pigments, rheology additives, catalysts, flow-control agents, optical brighteners, flameproofing agents, antistatic agents and blowing agents.
• the further additives are judiciously employed in amounts of 0.1-10% by weight, for example 0.2-5% by weight, based on the polymeric substrate (a).
• the compounds of the invention can be prepared accordingly or analogously to wide variety of synthetic routes disclosed in the prior art. Some of the various methods are described below for certain preferred subgroups of the compounds.
• Compounds (I′)/(I) of interest include symmetrical azoalkanes.
• the symmetrical azoalkanes can be obtained by reacting sulfuryl chloride with at least 2 equivalents of the suitable alkylamine, followed by oxidation of the obtained N,N′-dialkylsulfamide to the azoalkane.
• Suitable oxidizing agents include alkaline hypochlorite.
• Azoalkanes can also be prepared by oxidation of the N,N′-dialkylhydrazine equivalent with copper (II) chloride, copper(II) acetate or mercury(II) oxide for example.
• the azo functionality is part of a ring, the azo compound of interest is obtained from the oxidation of the cyclic hydrazine equivalent.
• hydrazines Another group of compounds (I′)/(I) of interest are hydrazines.
• Acyclic and cyclic hydrazines may be prepared by alkylation of N,N′diformylhydrazine, diacetyl diazene, bis(2-methyl-1-oxopropyl)diazene or di(ar)alkyl azodicarboxylate for instance, and subsequent hydrolysis.
• a possible alternative to the synthesis of hydrazines is via the reduction of the corresponding azine, using a reducing agent such as lithium aluminum hydride or using catalytic hydrogenation techniques.
• Cyclic or acyclic hyrazones can be obtained from the condensation of a suitable carbonyl-containing compound such as aldehyde or ketone with a monosubstituted hydrazine. Hydrazones of particular interest are the tautomer equivalents to the azo compounds of interest.
• Azines are prepared from the condensation reaction of identical or different carbonyl-containing compound such as aldehyde or ketone with hydrazine.
• Another group of compounds (I′)/(I) of interest are triazenes.
• Alkylation of azides with nucleophiles such as grignard reagents yields 1,3-disubstituted triazenes.
• 1,1,3-trisubstituted triazenes are obtained from further alkylation of 1,3-disubstituted triazenes under alkaline conditions.
• Another group of compounds (I′)/(I) of interest is constituted of the oxides(s) of azo compounds, which includes diazene-N,N′-dioxide and diazene-N-oxide derivatives of the azo compounds. These compounds can be synthesized by treatment of the corresponding azo chemicals with an oxidative agent such as peroxy acids or peroxides.
• N-cyclohexylsulfamic acid 50 g, 279 mmol
• PCl 5 58.1 g, 279 mmol
• Distillation of the solution yields N-cyclohexylsulfamoyl chloride as a colorless solid (45.5 g, 82%).
• N-cyclohexyl-N′-hexadecylsulfamide is oxidized to the N-cyclohexyl-N′-n-hexadecyl-diazene using basic bleach in a procedure similar to the one described above for the synthesis of azocyclohexane from N,N′-bis(cyclohexyl)sulfamide.
• N-cyclohexyl-N′-n-hexadecyl-diazene product is obtained as a yellow solid of low melting point, in a yield of 77% from 20.0 g of N-cyclohexyl-N′-hexadecylsulfamide (50 mmol).
• 4,4′-bis(cyclohexylazocyclohexyl)methane is prepared from cyclohexylsulfamoyl chloride and 4,4′-diaminodicyclohexylmethane following a similar multistep synthesis as the one used for the synthesis of N-cyclohexyl-N′-n-hexadecyl-diazene, in an overall yield of 26%.
• Polypropylene is blended with 0.1% by weight of calcium stearate, 0.2% of CIBA® Irganox® B 501 and 0%, 0.25% or 0.5% of the test FR's.
• the blends are melt processed into fibres, spun into socks and subsequently compression molded into thin films.
• the FR efficacy is tested according to the known DIN 4102 Part 1 Classification B2 test method.

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