Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/10—Aromatic or araliphatic carboxylic acids, or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/36—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing at least one carboxylic group or a thio analogue, or a derivative thereof, and a singly bound oxygen or sulfur atom attached to the same carbon skeleton, this oxygen or sulfur atom not being a member of a carboxylic group or of a thio analogue, or of a derivative thereof, e.g. hydroxy-carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/38—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing at least one carboxylic group or a thio analogue, or a derivative thereof, and a singly bound oxygen or sulfur atom attached to the same carbon skeleton, this oxygen or sulfur atom not being a member of a carboxylic group or of a thio analogue, or of a derivative thereof, e.g. hydroxy-carboxylic acids having at least one oxygen or sulfur atom attached to an aromatic ring system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N39/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing aryloxy- or arylthio-aliphatic or cycloaliphatic compounds, containing the group or, e.g. phenoxyethylamine, phenylthio-acetonitrile, phenoxyacetone
  • A01N39/02—Aryloxy-carboxylic acids; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N39/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing aryloxy- or arylthio-aliphatic or cycloaliphatic compounds, containing the group or, e.g. phenoxyethylamine, phenylthio-acetonitrile, phenoxyacetone
  • A01N39/02—Aryloxy-carboxylic acids; Derivatives thereof
  • A01N39/04—Aryloxy-acetic acids; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N41/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a sulfur atom bound to a hetero atom
  • A01N41/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a sulfur atom bound to a hetero atom containing a sulfur-to-oxygen double bond
  • A01N41/04—Sulfonic acids; Derivatives thereof
  • A01N41/06—Sulfonic acid amides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • A01N43/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
  • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
  • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
  • C05G3/60—Biocides or preservatives, e.g. disinfectants, pesticides or herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants

Definitions

• This invention relates to a method of controlling broadleaf weeds in turf, vineyards and orchards using an herbicidally effective amount of penoxsulam, 2-(2,2-difluoroethoxy)-N-(5,8-dimethoxy[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]-pyrimidin-2-yl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide.
• herbicides for example, 2,4-D, mecoprop-P, clopyralid, triclopyr and methylarsonic acid
• have serious deficiencies such as requiring a high application rate to be effective, possessing less than desirable environmental profiles, having too great or too poor soil mobility and/or being toxic to non-target plants and or the turfgrass species.
• penoxsulam 2-(2,2-difluoroethoxy)-N-(5,8-dimethoxy[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-2-yl)-6-(trifluoromethyl) benzenesulfonamide
• the invention concerns a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in turfgrass, vineyards and orchards which comprises contacting the vegetation or the locus thereof with, or applying to the soil to prevent the emergence or subsequent growth of vegetation, a herbicidally effective amount of penoxsulam.
• the invention includes herbicidal compositions comprising an herbicidally effective amount of a) penoxsulam in admixture with an agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier and b) a fertilizer.
• compositions of penoxsulam and fertilizer are granule compositions having an average particle size of from about 0.5 millimeters (mm) to about 2.5 mm. These compositions are preferentially applied as dry product.
• Penoxsulam has now been found to be useful in controlling broadleaf weeds and sedges in turfgrass and in vine and orchard floors.
• Penoxsulam is particularly effective against most important weeds in these applications, viz., white clover, Trifolium repens L. (TRFRE); buckhorn plantain, Plantago lanceolata L. (PLALA); dandelion, Taraxacum officinale (TAROF); broadleaf plantain, Plantago major L. (PLAMA); ground ivy, Glechoma hederacea L. (GLEHE); common lespedeza, Lespedeza striata (LESST); pennywort (dollarweed), Hydrocotyle spp (HYDSS); Virginia buttonweed, Diodia virginiana L. (DIQVI); English daisy, Bellis perennis L. (BELPE); and yellow nutsedge, Cypres esculentus L. (CYPES).
• TRFRE Trifolium repens L.
• PLALA Plantago lanceolata L.
• TROF Taraxacum officinale
• PLAMA Plant
• penoxsulam causes acceptable or no damage to mature, well-established Bermudagrass, creeping bentgrass, red fescue, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, zoysiagrass, centipedegrass, St. Augustinegrass and Kentucky bluegrass.
• penoxsulam has been shown to be effective in controlling Windgrass, Apera spica-venti (APESV); redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus (AMARE); common purslane, Portulaca oleracea (POROL); giant foxtail, Setaria faberi (SETFA); bamyardgrass, Echinochloa crus - galli (ECHCG); junglerice, Echinochloa colonum (ECHCO); london rocket, Sisymbrium irio (SSYIR); wild mustard, Sinapsis arvense (SINAR); sun spurge, Euphorbia helioscopia (EPHHE); redstem filaree, Erodiuam cicutarium (EROCI); common mallow, Malva neglecta (MALNE); little mallow, Malva parviflora (MALPA); annual sowthistle, Sonchus oleraceus (SONOL); and common
• herbicide is used herein to mean an active ingredient that kills, controls or otherwise adversely modifies the growth of plants.
• An herbicidally effective or vegetation controlling amount is an amount of active ingredient which causes an adversely modifying effect and includes deviations from natural development, killing, regulation, desiccation, retardation, and the like.
• plants and vegetation include emerging seedlings and established vegetation.
• Herbicidal activity is exhibited by penoxsulam when it is applied directly to the plant or to the locus of the plant at any stage of growth or before planting or emergence. The effect observed depends upon the plant species to be controlled, the stage of growth of the plant, the application parameters of dilution and spray drop size, the particle size of solid components, the environmental conditions at the time of use, the specific adjuvants and carriers employed, the soil type, and the like, as well as the amount of chemical applied. These and other factors can be adjusted as is known in the art to promote non-selective or selective herbicidal action. Generally, it is preferred to apply penoxsulam postemergence in turf to relatively immature undesirable vegetation. In orchard floor applications, penoxsulam can be applied pre-emergence, as well as postemergence to relatively immature undesirable vegetation, to achieve the maximum control of weeds.
• Penoxsulam is often best applied in conjunction with one or more other herbicides to obtain control of a wider variety of undesirable vegetation.
• penoxsulam can be formulated with the other herbicide or herbicides, tank mixed with the other herbicide or herbicides, or applied sequentially with the other herbicide or herbicides.
• Penoxsulam can also be applied with herbicide safeners such as benoxacor, benthiocarb, cloquintocet, cyometrinil, daimuron, dichlormid, dicyclonon, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, isoxadifen-ethyl, mefenpyr-diethyl, MG191, MON4660, oxabetrinil, R29148 and N-phenylsulfonylbenzoic acid amides.
• herbicide safeners such as benoxacor, benthiocarb, cloquintocet, cyometrinil, daimuron, dichlormid, dicyclonon, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, isoxadifen-ethyl, me
• penoxsulam While it is possible to utilize penoxsulam directly as an herbicide, it is preferable to use it in mixtures containing a herbicidally effective amount of penoxsulam along with at least one agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier.
• Suitable adjuvants or carriers should not react chemically with penoxsulam or other composition ingredients.
• Such mixtures can be designed for application directly to weeds or their locus or can be concentrates or formulations that are normally diluted with additional carriers and adjuvants before application. They can be solids, such as, for example, dusts, granules, water dispersible granules, or wettable powders, or liquids, such as, for example, emulsifiable concentrates, solutions, emulsions or suspensions.
• Suitable agricultural adjuvants and carriers that are useful in preparing the herbicidal mixtures of the invention are well known to those skilled in the art.
• Liquid carriers that can be employed include water, toluene, xylene, petroleum naphtha, crop oil, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, amyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerine, ammonium sulfate solutions or ammonium nitrate solutions and the like. Water is generally the carrier of choice for the dilution of concentrates.
• Suitable solid carriers include talc, pyrophyllite clay, silica, attapulgus clay, kieselguhr, chalk, diatomaceous earth, lime, calcium carbonate, bentonite clay, Fuller's earth, cotton seed hulls, wheat flour, soybean flour, pumice, wood flour, walnut shell flour, lignin, granule fertilizer and the like.
• compositions of the present invention It is usually desirable to incorporate one or more surface-active agents into the compositions of the present invention.
• Such surface-active agents are advantageously employed in both solid and liquid compositions, especially those designed to be diluted with carrier before application.
• the surface-active agents can be anionic, cationic or nonionic in character and can be employed as emulsifying agents, wetting agents, suspending agents, or for other purposes.
• Typical surface-active agents include salts of alkyl sulfates, such as diethanolammonium lauryl sulfate; alkylarylsulfonate salts, such as calcium dodecyl-benzenesulfonate; alkylphenol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as polyoxyethylene (9) nonylphenol ether; alcohol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as polyoxyethylene (8) tridecyl ether; soaps, such as sodium stearate; alkylnaphthalenesulfonate salts, such as sodium dibutylnaphthalenesulfonate; dialkyl esters of sulfosuccinate salts, such as sodium di(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate; sorbitol esters, such as sorbitol oleate; quaternary amines, such as lauryl trimethylammonium chloride; polyethylene glycol esters of fatty acids, such as
• compositions may also contain other compatible components, for example, other herbicides, plant growth regulators, fungicides, insecticides, and the like and can be formulated with liquid fertilizers or solid, particulate fertilizer carriers such as ammonium nitrate, urea and the like that are used to deliver nutrients to turfgrass.
• Nitrogen based fertilizers are routinely used in turfgrass management to feed grass and stimulate growth.
• penoxsulam when delivered on a granule nitrogen fertilizer or one that contains nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium, gave unexpected weed control that was superior to commercial granule standards.
• These penoxsulam formulations provided better consistency and spectrum of weed control and were less injurious than liquid applications of penoxsulam.
• smaller fertilizer granule carriers provided more effective weed control than larger granules.
• Particularly effective compositions of penoxsulam and fertilizer are granule compositions having an average particle size of from about 0.5 millimeters (mm) to about 2.5 mm and applied as dry product.
• the granule compositions have an average particle size of from about 0.75 mm to about 2.15 mm. Most preferably, the granule compositions have an average particle size of from about 0.75 mm to about 1.25 mm.
• Such a granule is prepared by spraying an aqueous suspension of pulverized penoxsulam on to a bed of fertilizer granules, under efficient flowing conditions. A solution of penoxsulam in an organic solvent may be used as alternative spray liquor. The water or the organic solvent used as diluent may be removed by heating and/or vacuum drying, if desired. If the granule gets sticky due to residual moisture, a small amount of absorbent, such as amorphous silica, may be added to keep granule free-flowing.
• the concentration of penoxsulam in the herbicidal compositions of this invention is generally from about 0.001 to about 98 percent by weight. Concentrations from about 0.01 to about 90 percent by weight are often employed.
• the active ingredient is generally present in a concentration from about 5 to about 98 weight percent, preferably about 10 to about 90 weight percent.
• Such compositions are typically diluted with an inert carrier, such as water, before application.
• the diluted compositions usually applied to weeds, the locus of weeds, or to the soil, generally contain about 0.0001 to about 1 weight percent active ingredient and preferably contain about 0.001 to about 0.05 weight percent.
• compositions can be applied to weeds or their locus by the use of conventional ground or aerial dusters, sprayers, and granule applicators, by addition to irrigation water, and by other conventional means known to those skilled in the art.
• a 50% aqueous suspension concentrate of penoxsulam was at first prepared: Penoxsulam was dispersed in water, in the presence of surfactants and other inert ingredients, and pulverized by means of bead-milling until an average particle size of 2 to 5 micrometer was achieved. The milled concentrate was diluted with water and sprayed on to a bed of fertilizer granules in a tumbler to obtain a final formulation product.
• Turf tolerance studies were conducted in monoculture stands of perennial ryegrass, tall fescue and St. Augustine-grass. Replicated trials, containing a minimum of three replications and having individual plots ranging in size from 25 to 50 ft. sq (2.3 to 4.6 square meters), were initiated in the late spring when turf was actively growing.
• Granule (GR) treatments were uniformly applied to individual plots using a common hand-shaker method while liquid (2SC) applications were made with a backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver a liquid volume between 40 and 60 gallons per acre (338 to 507 liters per hectare) at an operating pressure of 40 to 60 psi (275 to 413 kilopascals).
• the two carriers were a 46-O-0 and 28-4-12 fertilizer blend and the particle sizes averaged 0.75 mm and 2.15 mm.
• Post emergence applications were made to the flat covering both soil and misted foliage. Trial was sub-irrigated daily, and watered over the top 1 time per week starting 7 days after application to simulate a natural rainfall event. Active weed growth was maintained throughout the study period. Weed control of each species in the post emergence study was assessed at 2, 3 and 4 weeks after treatment. Pre-emergence trial design was 2 species per flat, 4 replicate flats, block design. Pre-emergence applications were made to the soil surface using a common hand shaker method on an area basis. Overhead irrigation was maintained throughout the trial. Weed control of each species in the pre-emergence study was assessed at 2, 3, 4 and 5 weeks after application.
• Control was determined visually by comparing treated and untreated flats and scored on a 0 to 100 percent scale where 0 corresponds to no control and 100 corresponds to complete kill. Treatments evaluated, application rate employed, weed species evaluated and results are presented in the following Tables VII-IX.
• Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine if there may be any synergistic response when penoxsulam is combined with other herbicides for post emergence broadleaf or sedge control.
• Field studies were conducted in established turfgrass sites containing a natural population of target broadleaf weeds. Replicated trials, containing a minimum of three replications and having individual plots ranging in size from 25 to 50 ft. sq (2.3 to 4.6 square meters), were initiated in the late spring when turf and weeds were actively growing. Granule treatments were uniformly applied to individual plots using a common hand-shaker method. Applications were made in the early morning when dew was present. Natural rainfall and supplemental irrigation were used to maintain healthy turf and active weed growth throughout the study period. Control of each weed species in the study site was made at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after treatment. Control was determined visually by comparing treated and untreated weeds and scored on a 0 to 100 percent scale where 0 corresponds to no control and 100 corresponds to complete kill.
• Component B was dicamba at 0.1 lb ai/A. Individual products and mixture were applied on a 30-3-4 granule fertilizer formulated to deliver 116 pounds fertilizer per acre (129 kg per hectare). Loadings for the individual component on the fertilizer were:
• Post emergence greenhouse studies were conducted by applying a 0.14% w/w (weight for weight) penoxsulam loaded urea granule alone and in combination with commercial turf granules. The loading for the commercial granules is listed below Table XI.
• Greenhouse studies were applied on a kilogram of product per hectare basis (KG PR/Ha) post emergence to broadleaf weeds and sedge reared from seed or nutlet in 12.7′′ (32.25 cm) by 8.8′′ (22.35 cm) flats of a loam soil. Trial design was replicated block, one species per flat, 4 replicate flats per treatment.
• Post emergence applications were made to the flat covering both soil and misted foliage using a common hand-shaker method distributing the samples uniformly over the flat.
• Trial was sub-irrigated daily, and watered over the top 1 time per week starting 7 days after application to simulate a natural rainfall event. Active weed growth was maintained throughout the study period.
• Weed control was assessed at 2, 3 and 4 weeks after treatment. Control was determined visually by comparing treated and untreated flats and scored on a 0 to 100 percent scale where 0 corresponds to no control and 100 corresponds to complete kill.

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• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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