US20060063802A1 - Methods for the treatment of tinnitus induced by cochlear excitotoxicity - Google Patents

Methods for the treatment of tinnitus induced by cochlear excitotoxicity Download PDF

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US20060063802A1
US20060063802A1 US11/236,941 US23694105A US2006063802A1 US 20060063802 A1 US20060063802 A1 US 20060063802A1 US 23694105 A US23694105 A US 23694105A US 2006063802 A1 US2006063802 A1 US 2006063802A1
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tinnitus
animal
cochlear
treatment
nmda receptor
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Matthieu Guitton
Jean-Luc Puel
Remy Pujol
Jerome Ruel
Jing Wang
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Auris Medical AG
Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale INSERM
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Priority claimed from US10/812,298 external-priority patent/US8268866B2/en
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Assigned to AURIS MEDICAL AG reassignment AURIS MEDICAL AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: RUEL, JEROME, WANG, JING
Publication of US20060063802A1 publication Critical patent/US20060063802A1/en
Priority to PCT/IB2006/003511 priority patent/WO2007119098A2/en
Priority to AU2006341983A priority patent/AU2006341983A1/en
Priority to EP06850445A priority patent/EP1940370A2/en
Priority to CA002617661A priority patent/CA2617661A1/en
Priority to JP2008532901A priority patent/JP2009510047A/ja
Priority to US12/752,556 priority patent/US8507525B2/en
Priority to US13/937,712 priority patent/US20140017172A1/en
Priority to US14/448,999 priority patent/US9072662B2/en
Priority to US14/728,386 priority patent/US9463168B2/en
Priority to US15/258,186 priority patent/US20170224638A1/en
Priority to US15/813,571 priority patent/US20180256514A1/en
Priority to US16/518,328 priority patent/US10966940B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
    • A61K49/0004—Screening or testing of compounds for diagnosis of disorders, assessment of conditions, e.g. renal clearance, gastric emptying, testing for diabetes, allergy, rheuma, pancreas functions
    • A61K49/0008—Screening agents using (non-human) animal models or transgenic animal models or chimeric hosts, e.g. Alzheimer disease animal model, transgenic model for heart failure
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/439—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom the ring forming part of a bridged ring system, e.g. quinuclidine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4535—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a heterocyclic ring having sulfur as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pizotifen
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/517—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic ring systems, e.g. quinazoline, perimidine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
    • A61K31/662—Phosphorus acids or esters thereof having P—C bonds, e.g. foscarnet, trichlorfon
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
    • A61P27/16—Otologicals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

  • This invention relates to methods for the delivery of pharmaceutical compounds to the inner ear for the treatment of tinnitus induced by cochlear excitotoxicity.
  • this invention relates to the local administration of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists to the inner ear to suppress the NMDA receptor mediated aberrant activity of the auditory nerve following acute, repeated or prolonged or chronic occurrences of cochlear excitotoxicity provoked by incidents such as acoustic trauma, presbycusis, ischemia, anoxia, treatment with one or more certain ototoxic medications or sudden deafness and thus, block tinnitus in the case of such incidents.
  • NMDA N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
  • Tinnitus the perception of sound without external acoustic stimulation, is a very common inner ear disorder. It is estimated that 8.6 million Americans, about 3 percent of the U.S. population, suffer from chronic tinnitus (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 10, #200, October 1999). According to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), a million or more persons find that their tinnitus prevents them from leading a normal life (0.3% of the population).
  • ASHA American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
  • Tinnitus is not a disease, but rather a symptom common to various hearing disorders, just as pain accompanies many different illnesses. It is most frequently associated with noise-induced hearing loss, presbycusis and Mérier's Disease (Nicolas-Puel et al., International Tinnitus Journal 8 (1): 37-44 (2002)). Other, less frequent origins include exposure to ototoxic drugs (aminoglycoside antibiotics, high-dose loop diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and certain chemotherapeutic agents), reduced vascular flow (ischemia), autoimmune processes, infectious diseases, conductive hearing loss, otosclerosis, head trauma etc. In over 90% of cases, tinnitus is associated with hearing loss of known origin, and well over 70% originate within the inner ear (Nicolas-Puel et al., International Tinnitus Journal 8 (1): 37-44 (2002)).
  • Excitotoxicity which was first described by Olney et al., J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 31(3): 464-488 (1972), is generally characterized as an excessive synaptic release of glutamate, which is the most important neurotransmitter in the Central Nervous System as well as in the auditory system.
  • Cochlear excitotoxicity is provoked either by exposure to excessive noise such as in the case of acute or repeated acoustic trauma (which leads to noise-induced hearing loss or presbycusis), sudden deafness or anoxia/ischemia (Pujol and Puel, Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 884: 249-254 (1999)) or treatment with one or more certain ototoxic medications.
  • excessive noise such as in the case of acute or repeated acoustic trauma (which leads to noise-induced hearing loss or presbycusis), sudden deafness or anoxia/ischemia (Pujol and Puel, Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 884: 249-254 (1999)) or treatment with one or more certain ototoxic medications.
  • the release of excessive amounts of glutamate is induced either by the excessive sound pressure entering the cochlea in case of acoustic trauma or the reduced blood flow to the glutamate regulating system in case of anoxia/ischemia respectively sudden
  • excitotoxicity is characterized by a two-step mechanism: first, there is an acute swelling of the type I afferent dendrites mediated by the ionotropic glutamate receptors, which leads to a disruption of the postsynaptic structures and a loss of function. Within the next 5 days, synaptic repair (neo-synaptogenesis) is observed with a full or partial recovery of cochlear potentials (Puel et al., Acta Otolaryngol. 117 (2): 214-218 (1997)). In the second phase of excitotoxicity, which may develop after strong and/or repetitive injury, a cascade of metabolic events triggered by the entry of Ca 2+ leads to neuronal death of the spiral ganglion neurons.
  • Cochlear excitotoxicity may induce tinnitus during the process of rupturing of the postsynaptic structures and, provided the rupture is not terminal, the following neo-synaptogenesis at the inner hair cell synaptic complex (Puel et al., Audiol. Neurootol. 7 (1): 49-54 (2002)).
  • a key role in functional recovery after excitotoxicity is played by the NMDA receptors, which are not involved in the activity of auditory nerve fibres under physiological conditions (Puel et al., Audiol. Neurootol. 7 (1): 49-54 (2002)), but are up-regulated during the process of neo-synaptogenesis (Puel et al., C. R.
  • NMDA receptor antagonists to the cochlea prevent excitotoxicity induced by acoustic trauma or ischemia (Duan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 (13): 7597-7602 (2000); Puel, Prog. Neurobiol. 47 (6): 449-476 (1995); Puel et al., J. Comp. Neurol. 341 (2): 241-256 (1994)).
  • tinnitus induced by cochlear excitotoxicity is the result of a cascade of glutamate mediated processes leading to the up-regulation of mRNA of NMDA receptors
  • salicylate-induced tinnitus is mediated by changes in the arachidonic acid metabolism (see e.g. Cazals Y., Prog. Neurobiol. 62: 583-631 (2000)).
  • Salicylate has been shown to inhibit cyclooxygenase activity (see e.g. Vane and Botting, Am. J. Med. 104: 2S-8S (1998)).
  • arachidonic acid potentiates NMDA receptor currents (Miller et al., Nature 355: 722-725 (1992); Horimoto et al., NeuroReport 7: 2463-2467 (1996); Casado and Ascher, J. Physiol. 513: 317-330 (1998)). Electrophysiological studies have demonstrated that arachidonic acid increases the channel opening probability of NMDA receptor in various systems, including cerebellar granule cells, dissociated pyramidal cells, cortical neurons, and adult hippocampal slices (see e.g.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,961 to Sands discloses the administration of an NMDA receptor-specific antagonist for the purpose of treating tinnitus. Its neuroprotective properties in the case of glutamate excitotoxicity are demonstrated in cell culture. However, the compound's pharmacological action and efficacy under pathophysiological conditions in vivo are not shown, i.e. there is no relation to tinnitus induced by cochlear excitotoxicity. This must be considered a serious deficiency given the complexities of the inner hair cell synaptic complex.
  • NMDA receptor antagonists Systemic administration of NMDA receptor antagonists to treat inner ear disorders is usually ineffective, as the cochlea is protected like the brain by a biological barrier. Relatively high doses to achieve a desired therapeutic effect would thus be required, but various potent side effects of NMDA receptor antagonists such as reduced learning, memory or motility significantly restrict the maximum tolerable doses.
  • plasma levels after systemic administration were consistently below those needed for maximal neuroprotection in animal models, as clinical doses had to be limited due to a number of potentially adverse CNS effects, catatonia, increased blood pressure and anaesthesia (Kemp and McKernan, Nature Neuroscience 5 , supplement: 1039-1042 (2002)).
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,066,652 to Zenner et al. discloses a method for treating tinnitus through administration of adamantane, a known NMDA receptor antagonist.
  • the inventors cite results from a clinical study with systemic administration which showed a reduction in tinnitus during treatment. Hypotheses brought forward to explain the results obtained centre on outer hair cells and the presynapse, and do not specifically cover the role of NMDA receptors.
  • the invention relates to methods for preventing and/or treating tinnitus induced by cochlear excitotoxicity in a human.
  • the methods include administering to a human a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an NMDA receptor antagonist.
  • the NMDA receptor antagonist administered is effective to suppress or reduce NMDA receptor mediated aberrant activity of the auditory nerve in the human in need of such treatment.
  • the NMDA receptor antagonist administered is effective to prevent NMDA receptor mediated aberrant activity of the auditory nerve in the human in need of such treatment.
  • the tinnitus to be prevented and/or treated may be provoked by acoustic trauma, presbycusis, ischemia, anoxia, treatment with one or more ototoxic medications, sudden deafness, or other cochlear excitotoxic-inducing occurrence.
  • the present invention also relates to novel methods for the screening of compounds for the treatment and prevention of tinnitus wherein the method utilizes an electrophysiological method of measuring and quantifying the extent of tinnitus.
  • the methods include the administration to a test animal of a test compound wherein the test animal, for example, comprises an electrode in contact with the round window membrane of the ear.
  • the electrode is used to measure the ensemble spontaneous activity (ESA) of the ear where a spectral peak at about 200 to 250 Hz is indicative of tinnitus.
  • ESA ensemble spontaneous activity
  • the administration of test compounds to the animal, to the round window membrane or to the inner ear is embodied in the present invention.
  • the animal may have acquired tinnitus by, for example, acustic trama, presbycusis, ischemia, anoxia, treatment with one or more ototoxic medications, sudden deafness, or other equivalent cochlear excitotoxic-inducing occurrence.
  • FIG. 1 shows CAP measurements 7 days after trauma in control animals. Hearing loss induced by acoustic trauma was assessed by recording CAP measurements 7 days after trauma. A permanent threshold shift of maximally 13 dB ⁇ 2.0 was observed at 10 kHz on the seventh day following acoustic trauma.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the measurement of score and false positive responses following acoustic trauma in control animals.
  • A Acoustic trauma led to a decrease in correct behavioral responses to sound stimulation, followed by partial recovery over time, reflecting the induced hearing loss.
  • B The number of false positives differed substantially among tested animals following acoustic trauma. Group 1 animals did not experience tinnitus, group 2 animals experienced tinnitus only transiently, while group 3 animals experienced tinnitus both transiently and then permanently.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates that hair cell loss resp. hearing loss induced by acoustic trauma does not play a significant role in the generation of tinnitus.
  • Treatment with D-JNKI-1 prevented hearing loss after acute acoustic trauma, as shown by the rapid recovery of score following trauma (A) but had no significant effect on the prevention of tinnitus, as the prevalence and patterns of tinnitus were essentially the same as in untreated animals (B).
  • FIG. 4 illustrates that local administration of the NMDA antagonist 7-CK to the round window membrane resulted in the prevention of tinnitus.
  • A The average behavioral score dropped from day 0 to day 1 and recovered subsequently; however improvement was slower than in untreated animals.
  • B Local administration of the NMDA antagonist 7-CK resulted in suppressing persistent tinnitus induced by cochlear excitotoxicity; only cases of transient tinnitus could be observed.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates that local administration of the NMDA antagonist S-(+)-Ketamine to the round window membrane resulted in the prevention of persistent tinnitus.
  • A The average behavioral score dropped from day 0 to day 1 and recovered subsequently; however improvement was slower than in untreated animals.
  • B Local administration of the NMDA antagonist S(+)-Ketamine resulted in suppressing persistent tinnitus induced by cochlear excitotoxicity, only cases of transient tinnitus could be observed.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates that acoustic trauma produces substantial morphological damage on the sensory outer hair cells (OHC) and inner hair cell (IHC) synaptic complex, whereas administration of salicylate does not.
  • the stereocilia of OHC and IHC remain intact following salicylate injections over 2 days ( 6 A), while those animals which were exposed to acoustic trauma display severe damage to OHC stereociliary bundles as well as disarrayed and in some cases even fused (indicated by black arrowhead) IHC stereocilia ( 6 D).
  • the two afferent nerve endings are normal, and a characteristic presynaptic body facing afferent a2 is clearly visible. Contrary to this, ( 6 F) displays swollen (a1) and disrupted (a2) nerve endings and the presynaptic body facing a2.
  • Scale bars for A and D are 10 ⁇ m (scanning electron microscopy), for B and E 5 ⁇ m, and for C and F 0.25 ⁇ m (all transmission electron microscopy).
  • FIG. 7 illustrates the expression of the NR1 subunit of the cochlear NMDA receptor following exposure to salicylate or acoustic trauma, determined by Western Blot immunodetection.
  • the salicylate treatment did not induce any significant modification of NR1 NMDA receptor subunit expression (4% higher than control animals).
  • acoustic trauma led to a clear overexpression 5 days after the incident (+50% over control animals), which is consistent with the observation of persisting tinnitus.
  • 24 hours post trauma there is no significant overexpression detectable (+8%), which suggests that the mechanisms of transitory and permanent tinnitus after acoustic trauma are fundamentally different.
  • Immunoblots from the brain of control animals were performed to verify that the molecular weight of the NR1 subunit is identical in both brain and cochlea.
  • FIG. 8 shows the ensemble spontaneous activity (ESA) of the cochlear nerve in guinea pigs following cochlear excitotoxicity which induces tinnitus and the effects of a subsequent treatment by an NMDA antagonist.
  • ESA ensemble spontaneous activity
  • A shows the permanent threshold shift (PTS) of the auditory function resulting from the exposure to noise at the beginning of the experiment.
  • PTS permanent threshold shift
  • B shows the ESA recording just prior to the exposure of the animal to 130 dB of sound at 6 kHz during 40 minutes. Note the spectral peak centered at around 900 Hz to 1 kHz which is indicative of a normal hearing activity.
  • C shows the ESA recording 5 days after the noise exposure on T0.
  • the present invention is based on experimental findings with an animal model of tinnitus induced by cochlear excitotoxicity.
  • the invention relates to the use of pharmaceutical compounds that act specifically as NMDA receptor antagonists. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that an NMDA receptor antagonist of the present invention binds to the NMDA receptor at one of its various binding sites, thereby blocking (partly or entirely) the opening of the receptor's ion channel.
  • the NMDA receptor is activated in a complex manner such that both glutamate and glycine binding are required to open the ion channel and permit calcium entry (Kemp and McKernan, Nature Neuroscience 5 , supplement: 1039-1042 (2002)).
  • Glutamate has the neurotransmitter role, as it is released from presynaptic terminals in an activity-dependent manner, whereas glycine acts as a modulator, which is present in the extracellular fluid at more constant levels.
  • the ion-channel integral to the NMDA receptor is voltage-dependently blocked by magnesium, and depolarization removes this block. Binding of an NMDA receptor antagonist to either of the three antagonist sites results in partial or complete blockage of the NMDA receptor and hence blocks or reduces the opening of the ion channel and depolarization of the neuron.
  • the NMDA receptor antagonist thus suppresses the aberrant excitation of the auditory nerve through up-regulated NMDA receptors which may follow cochlear excitotoxicity and thus also reduces or eliminates the perception of tinnitus. Following delivery of the NMDA receptor antagonist, the NMDA receptors are no longer up-regulated.
  • NMDA receptors which are only up-regulated under pathophysiological conditions, to suppress the NMDA receptor mediated aberrant activity of the auditory nerve, undesired side-effects on hearing can be avoided, as normal auditory neurotransmission is primarily mediated by AMPA receptors.
  • the invention relates to a method for treating tinnitus induced by cochlear excitotoxicity in a human.
  • the method comprises administering to a human a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an NMDA receptor antagonist.
  • the NMDA receptor antagonist is administered in an amount and for a period of time, effective to suppress or reduce NMDA receptor-mediated aberrant activity of the auditory nerve in a human in need of such treatment. Suppression or reduction of the NMDA receptor-mediated aberrant activity of the auditory nerve results in suppression or reduction of the tinnitus in the treated individual.
  • the NMDA receptor antagonist is administered after or during the human's exposure to a cochlear excitotoxic-inducing occurrence.
  • the invention in another embodiment, relates to a method for preventing tinnitus induced by cochlear excitotoxicity in a human.
  • This method comprises administering to a human a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an NMDA receptor antagonist.
  • the NMDA receptor antagonist is administered in an amount and for a period of time, effective to prevent NMDA receptor-mediated aberrant activity of the auditory nerve in an individual in need of such treatment.
  • Prevention of NMDA receptor-mediated aberrant activity of the auditory nerve prevents tinnitus in the treated individual.
  • the NMDA receptor antagonist is administered prior to or during the human's exposure to a potential cochlear excitotoxic-inducing occurrence.
  • the tinnitus prevented and/or treated may be acute, subacute, or chronic.
  • the present invention relates to methods of screening compounds for the treatment and/or prevention of tinnitus.
  • the methods of the present invention comprise the administration of a compound to an animal that has tinnitus as measured by an ensemble spontaneous activity (ESA) with a spectral peak centered at about 200 to 250 Hz.
  • ESA ensemble spontaneous activity
  • Such conditions may be caused by, for example, acoustic trauma such as, for example, cochlear excitotoxicity.
  • the compound may be administered, for example, locally, to the cochlear round window membrane or directly into the inner ear.
  • the reduction in the ensemble spontaneous activity (ESA) with a spectral peak centered at about 200 to 250 Hz to a lower value is indicative of a reduction in the level of tinnitus experienced by the animal.
  • the level in the reduction of the ESA can be compared to either, for example, a control animal suffering from tinnitus treated with a control agent, the untreated (or control agent treated) ear on the test animal or historic data.
  • the methods of the present invention can be used to screen any compound for the ability to treat tinnitus, in a preferred embodiment, the compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist.
  • the ESA measurement is obtained, for example, through an electrode in contact with the round window membrane of the ear and is read in relationship to a second electrode located in another part of the body such as, for example, neck muscle.
  • tinnitus may be induced, for example, by exposing the animal to acoustic trauma, an example of which is subjecting the animal to a noise of about 130 dB at about 6 kHz for about 40 minutes.
  • the present invention also relates to an electrophysical method for identifying compounds effective in the prevention of Tinnitus.
  • the method comprises administering a test compound to a test animal and exposing both the test animal and a control animal to conditions capable of inducing tinnitus as determined by measuring the ESA to determine if the spectral peak at about 200 to 250 Hz, wherein the reduction of the spectral peak at about 200 to 250 Hz in the test animal as compared to the control animal is indicative of the prevention of tinnitus.
  • the methods of the present invention can be used to screen any compound for the ability to prevent tinnitus, in a preferred embodiment, the compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist.
  • the ESA measurement is obtained, for example, through an electrode in contact with the round window membrane of the ear and is read in relationship to a second electrode located in another part of the body such as, for example, neck muscle.
  • tinnitus results from cochlear excitotoxicity following acoustic trauma, prebycusis, ischemia, anoxia, treatment with one or more certain ototoxic medications and/or sudden deafness.
  • acoustic trauma prebycusis, ischemia, anoxia, treatment with one or more certain ototoxic medications and/or sudden deafness.
  • the prevention of tinnitus induced by acoustic trauma is exemplified herein.
  • tinnitus induced not only by acoustic trauma but also by prebycusis, ischemia, anoxia, treatment with one or more certain ototoxic medications and/or sudden deafness since tinnitus resulting from all such occurrences share a common mechanistic cause.
  • the acoustic trauma, prebycusis, ischemia, anoxia, treatment with one or more certain ototoxic medications and/or sudden deafness may be characterized as acute, repeated, or prolonged.
  • cochlear excitotoxicity resulting from such occurrences may be characterized as acute, repeated, or prolonged, depending on the duration of the cochlear excitotoxic-inducing occurrence.
  • ototoxic medication is intended to mean any compound characterized by the ability to induce tinnitus via cochlear excitotoxicity upon therapeutic administration.
  • Cochlear excitotoxicity arises as a side-effect of the administration of ototoxic medications, which are generally administered as therapeutic compounds for treating conditions which may be unrelated to hearing or hearing perception.
  • Ototoxic medications characterized as such include, for example, aminoglycoside antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin. Correlation of use of such ototoxic medications with cochlear excitotoxicity and the incidence of tinnitus is well known in the art, but prior to the present invention, no effective treatment has been available.
  • Oxytoxic as used in the context of the present invention, is intended to mean any compound characterized by having a deleterious effect upon either the eighth nerve or upon the organs of hearing and balance.
  • Formulations of the pharmaceutical compounds to be administered in connection with the methods of the present invention comprise a selective NMDA receptor antagonist which binds to the NMDA receptor either at the competitive NMDA antagonist binding site, the non-competitive NMDA antagonist binding site within the ion channel, or to the glycine site.
  • Exemplary compounds include, but are not necessarily limited to, ifenprodil, Ketamine, memantine, dizocilpine (MK-801), gacyclidine, traxoprodil (non-competitive NMDA antagonists), D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-AP5), 3-(( ⁇ )2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP), conantokins (competitive NMDA antagonists), 7-chlorokynurenate (7-CK), and Licostinel (glycine site antagonists).
  • ifenprodil Ketamine, memantine, dizocilpine (MK-801), gacyclidine, traxoprodil (non-competitive NMDA antagonists), D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-AP5), 3-(( ⁇ )2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1
  • An NMDA antagonist for use in the present invention may be any derivative, analogue, and/or enantiomeric form of an NMDA antagonist thereof which retains the function of an NMDA antagonist.
  • the composition for administration in the methods of the present invention may comprise one or more NMDA receptor antagonists.
  • Ketamine one of the preferred compounds of the present invention, belongs to the class of arylcycloalkylamines, and any derivative, analogue, and/or enantiomeric form of ketamine or arylcycloalkylamine that retains the function of an NMDA antagonist may be used in conjunction with the present invention.
  • class of arylcycloalkylamines compounds having the general formula I, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 independently are H, Cl, F, I, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , NH 2 , OH or COOH and wherein R6 and R7 are independently H, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , OH, Cl, F, or I may be preferred.
  • a preferred arylcycloalkylamine is ketamine (C 13 H 16 ClNO (free base), 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)-cyclohexanone), the structural formula of which is represented by formula II.
  • Ketamine is a non-competitive NMDA-receptor antagonist which binds to the PCP-binding site, a separate site of the NMDA-receptor complex located within the ion channel, thereby blocking the transmembranous ion flux.
  • Ketamine may be provided by methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,254,124.
  • the preferred compound is (S)-Ketamine, as it binds with a 3-4-fold higher affinity to the PCP binding site of the NMDA receptor than (R)-ketamine (Vollenweider et al., Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 7: 25-38 (1997)).
  • the synthesis of the optical isomers may be carried out as described by DE 2062620 or WO01/98265, which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • ketamine may also be administered as hydrochloride salt (C 13 H 17 Cl 2 NO) of its free base form (ketamine hydrochloride).
  • 7-chlorokynurenate 7-CK
  • 7-chlorokynurenate 7-CK
  • Any derivative or analogue of 7-CK may also be used in methods of the present invention.
  • Administration and Formulation is represented by the following structure of formula III. Any derivative or analogue of 7-CK may also be used in methods of the present invention.
  • NMDA antagonists in the present invention may be accomplished in a variety of other ways.
  • the only requirement for administration in the present invention is that a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an NMDA antagonist be able to reach the site of the NMDA receptor mediated aberrant activity of the auditory nerve in the afflicted individual.
  • Administration of the compound to the inner ear may be accomplished by various delivery techniques. These include the use of devices or drug carriers to transport and/or deliver the compound in a targeted fashion to the membranes of the round or oval window, where it diffuses into the inner ear or is actively infused. Examples are otowicks (see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 6,120,484 to Silverstein, incorporated herein by reference), round window catheters (see e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,421,818; 5,474,529; 5,476,446; 6,045,528; all to Arenberg, or U.S. Pat. No.
  • the compound may also be administered to the inner ear by transtympanic injection, where the middle ear or part of it is filled by a solution or other carriers of the compound (see e.g. Hoffer et al., Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 36 (2): 353-358 (2003)).
  • the preferred method of administration to the inner ear is by diffusion across the round window membrane, which is relatively easily accessible from the middle ear space, and allows the inner ear to remain intact, thus avoiding any potential problems from leaking intracochlear fluids.
  • a compound contained within the pharmaceutical composition of this invention may be provided in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt include, but are not limited to, those formed with organic acids (e.g. acetic, lactic, citric, malic, formaric, tartaric, stearic, ascorbic, succinic, benzoic, methanesulfonic, toluenesulfonic, or pamoic acid), inorganic acids (e.g., hydrochloridic, nitric, diphosphoric, sulphuric, or phosphoric acid), and polymeric acids (e.g., tannic acid, carboxymethyl cellulose, polylactic, polyglycolic, or co-polymers of polylactic-glycolic acids).
  • organic acids e.g. acetic, lactic, citric, malic, formaric, tartaric, stearic, ascorbic, succinic, benzoic, methanesulfonic, toluene
  • compositions for any route of administration of this invention contain a therapeutically effective amount of active ingredient, and, as may be necessary, inorganic or organic, solid or liquid pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions suited for topical administration to the inner ear include aqueous solutions or suspensions, which, e.g. in the case of lyophilized formulations that contain the active ingredient alone or together with a carrier, may be prepared prior to use. They further include gels, which may be biodegradable or non-biodegradable, aqueous or non-aqueous, or microsphere based.
  • Such a gel examples include, but are not limited to, poloxamers, hyaluronates, xyloglucans, chitosans, polyesters, poly(lactides), poly(glycolide) or their co-polymers PLGA, sucrose acetate isobutyrate, and glycerol monooleate.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions suited for enteral or parenteral administration include tablets or gelatine capsules or aqueous solutions or suspensions as described above.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be sterilized and/or may contain adjuvants, e.g. preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents and/or emulsifiers, salts for regulating the osmotic pressure and/or buffers.
  • adjuvants e.g. preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents and/or emulsifiers, salts for regulating the osmotic pressure and/or buffers.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may, if desired, contain further pharmacologically active substances. They may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy, e.g. by conventional mixing, granulating, confectioning, dissolving or lyophilizing methods, and contain from about 0.01 to 100%, preferably from about 0.1 to 50% (lyophilisates up to 100%), of active ingredient.
  • the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention is formulated for topical application.
  • Suitable vehicles for otic administration are organic or inorganic substances, which are pharmaceutically acceptable and which do not react with the active compounds, for example saline, alcohols, vegetable oils, benzyl alcohols, alkylene glycols, polyethylene glycols, glycerol triacetate, gelatin, carbohydrates such as lactose or starch, magnesium, stearate, talc and petrolatum.
  • the indicated preparations can be sterilized and/or contain ancillary substances such as lubricants, preservatives, such as thiomersal (e.g., at 50%), stabilizers and/or wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts to influence the osmotic pressure, buffer substances, colorants, and/or aromatizing substances. They can, if required, also contain one or more other active ingredients.
  • Otic compositions in accordance with the present invention can comprise various ingredients, including other biologically-active-agents, such as antibiotics, e.g., fluoroquinolones, anti-inflammatory agents, e.g., steroids, cortisone, analgesics, antipyrine, benzocaine, procaine, etc.
  • compositions of the present invention for topical administration can comprise other ingredients which are phamaceutically-acceptable.
  • a topical excipient is selected that does not enhance delivery of the agent to the systemic circulation or to the central nervous system when administered to the ear.
  • the topical excipient not have substantial occlusive properties, which enhance percutaneous transmission through the mucosa into the systemic circulation.
  • occlusive vehicles include hydrocarbon bases, anhydrous absorption bases such as hydrophilic petrolatum and anhydrous lanolin (e.g., Aquaphor), and water-in-oil emulsion bases such as lanolin and cold cream.
  • vehicles which are substantially non-occlusive include those which are water-soluble, such as oil-in-water emulsion bases (creams or hydrophilic ointments) and water-soluble bases such as polyethylene glycol-based vehicles and aqueous solutions gelled with various agents such as methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (e.g., K Y Gel).
  • water-soluble such as oil-in-water emulsion bases (creams or hydrophilic ointments) and water-soluble bases such as polyethylene glycol-based vehicles and aqueous solutions gelled with various agents such as methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (e.g., K Y Gel).
  • Suitable topical excipients and vehicles can be routinely selected for a particular use by those skilled in the art, and especially with reference to one of many standard texts in the art, such as Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 18, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. (1990), in particular Chapter 87.
  • biologically active agents in accordance with the present invention can be combined with enhancing agents which enhance the penetration of an agent.
  • the compound can be administered prior to, during or after tinnitus has been induced by excitotoxicity.
  • the amount to be administered may vary, depending upon the method of administration, duration of therapy, the condition of the subject to be treated, the severity of tinnitus and the efficacy of the particular compound used, age, body weight, general state of health, sex, diet, time and route of administration, rate of excretion and drug combination ultimately will be decided by the attending physician.
  • the duration of therapy may range between about one hour and several days, weeks or months, and may extend up to chronic treatment.
  • the therapeutically effective amount of the compound to be delivered may range between about 0.1 nanogram/hour to about 100 micrograms/hour.
  • ketamine can be otically administered in an amount to treat tinnitus, preferably in dosages of about 10 ⁇ g/30 ml to about 10,000 ⁇ g/30 ml, preferably about 500 ⁇ g/30 ml, or about 0.01-2 ⁇ g per dosage.
  • dosage for topical administration, it is meant the amount of agent administered in a single treatment, e.g., about 0.05-1 ⁇ g ketamine administered to the ear in two drops.
  • Other anti tinnitus agents mentioned herein can be administered analogously, taking into account the potency of the drug.
  • a therapeutically effective dose is defined as an amount effective to suppress or reduce NMDA receptor-mediated aberrant activity of the auditory nerve in a treated individual.
  • a therapeutically effective dose is also the amount effective to suppress or reduce tinnitus in the afflicted individual.
  • a therapeutically effective dose may vary, depending on the choice of specific NMDA antagonist for treatment and on the method of its administration. For example, a higher dose of an intravenously administered NMDA antagonist would be required than that of the same pharmaceutical composition administered locally to the round window membrane or oval window of the ear.
  • NMDA antagonist of the present invention binds the NMDA receptor with a higher binding affinity than an NMDA antagonist that binds with a lower affinity.
  • NMDA antagonists with higher binding affinities for the NMDA receptor are preferred.
  • (S)-Ketamine which binds with a 3-4-fold higher affinity to the PCP binding site of the NMDA receptor than (R)-ketamine (Vollenweider et al., Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 7: 25-38 (1997)) is a preferred compound for use in the methods of the present invention.
  • duration of therapy may also vary, depending on the specific form of tinnitus for which treatment is desired—acute, subacute, or chronic. As a guide, shorter durations of therapy are preferred and are sufficient when the tinnitus does not recur once therapy has ceased. Longer durations of therapy may be employed for an individual in which tinnitus persists following short therapy.
  • the findings disclosed herein relating to the treatment or prevention of tinnitus may allow for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of tinnitus, particularly induced by cochlear excitotoxicity.
  • a compound of the class of arylcycloalkylamines preferably of general formula I or more preferably the arylcycloalkylamine ketamine represented by formula II may be used.
  • An NMDA receptor antagonist selected from the group consisting of 7-chlorokynurenate, D-AP5, MK 801 and gacyclidine may also be used.
  • compositions according to the invention which is formulated for topical application, in particular as a solution, gel or other controlled release formulation, an ointment or a cream or by means of an invasive drug delivery techniques, respectively, to be administered topically via the round window membrane or the oval window membrane to the inner ear or directly into the inner ear.
  • the experiments were performed in two stages. First, the hearing loss following acute acoustic trauma as well as the incidence of tinnitus were evaluated with no therapeutic compound administered. In the second stage, the efficacy of three pharmaceutical compounds in suppressing tinnitus was tested: S-(+)-Ketamine, a NMDA receptor antagonist (Sigma-Aldrich), 7-chlorokynurenate (7-CK; Sigma-Aldrich), another NMDA receptor antagonist, which was previously tested in a model of salicylate induced tinnitus (Guitton et al., J.
  • mice were caged individually at a constant temperature with a day/night cycle of 12/12 hours. All behavioral tests were performed in the dark phase, the usual period of animal activity, for every animal individually at about the same time each day. Outside the experiments, the animals received water and nutrition ad libidum. A total of 60 animals were used: 30 for the first stage (of which 25 were tested by behavioral techniques and 5 by electrophysiology), and 30 for the second stage with 10 for each pharmaceutical compound tested.
  • Behavioral conditioning and testing Animals were conditioned to achieve active avoidance (Guitton et al., J. of Neuroscience 23 (9): 3944-3952 (2003)). Behavioral testing consisted of the performance of a task whenever a sound was produced in a conditioning box with an electrical floor and a climbing pole. Animal conditioning was achieved in a total of 10 sessions, each lasting between 15 and 20 minutes, with a conditioning stimulus of a pure tone at 50 dB SPL of 3 seconds duration at a frequency of 10 kHz. The unconditional stimulus consisted of an electric shock to the feet of the animals (3.7 mA) during maximally 30 seconds. Interstimulus intervals were 1 second. The electric shocks were stopped by the investigator once the animal correctly climbed onto the pole. Intervals between trials were at least one minute long.
  • the score was defined as the animal's performance, measured by the number of cases when it climbed correctly onto the pole in response to the sound. As soon as an animal had reached a score of at least 80% in three consecutive sessions, it was considered successfully conditioned and employed in the experiments.
  • the compound action potential (CAP) of the auditory nerve was measured by an electrode implanted onto the round window membrane of the animals (with a reference electrode placed in a neck muscle).
  • the reference electrode and the round window electrode were soldered to a plug fixed on the skull.
  • 10 tone bursts per second (with a duration of 9 ms and a rise/fall cycle of 1 ms) generated by an arbitrary function generator (LeCroy Corp., model 9100R), were applied to the animal's ear in free filed via a JBL 075 earphone.
  • 10 frequencies were tested (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 26, and 32 kHz) with burst levels from 0 to 100 dB SPL in steps of 5 dB.
  • Auditory nerve responses were amplified (Grass P511K, Astro-Med Inc.), filtered (100 Hz to 3 kHz) and averaged on a PC (Dimension Pentium, Dell).
  • CAP amplitudes were measured peak-to-peak between the first negative depression N1 and the subsequent positive wave P1.
  • the CAP threshold was defined as the sound intensity (in dB SPL) needed to elicit a measurable response (greater than 5 ⁇ V).
  • the bullae were then closed with dental cement (Unifast Trad, GC Corporation), the wounds disinfected and sutured. The animals were then exposed to the traumatizing sound. Behavioral tests were resumed 24 hours after the acoustic trauma (day 1), and repeated daily for a total of 8 days.
  • the acoustic trauma also led to a decrease in score (25 animals tested in the behavioral model).
  • the average score dropped significantly from the high initial level of day 0 (i.e. before the acoustic trauma) of 87% ⁇ 1.6 to a low of 59% ⁇ 1.0 on day 1, where the acoustic trauma was provoked (p ⁇ 0.001). Partial functional recovery could be observed from day 2 (69% ⁇ 1.2), leveling off on day 4 at an average score of 80% ⁇ 2.0.
  • Statistical analysis of the results showed that the observed decreases in score were significant (p ⁇ 0.05), also from day 2 to day 8 (80% ⁇ 1.4 on the last day).
  • the reduced ability of animals to react correctly to the conditioned sound stimulus is consistent with the fact that the hearing loss provoked by the traumatizing sound has significantly reduced their ability to hear sound at the frequency of the acoustic stimulus.
  • D-JNKI-1 was applied locally to the round window membrane.
  • the pharmaceutical compound could not prevent the decrease of score from day 0 (88% ⁇ 2.5) to day 1 (65% ⁇ 1.7).
  • treatment resulted in rapid, full functional recovery to pretraumatic levels on day 2 (90% ⁇ 2.6), which persisted subsequently (92% ⁇ 2.0 on day 8).
  • D-JNKI-1 prevented permanent hearing loss after acute acoustic trauma, it had no significant effect on the number of false positives and thus the prevention of tinnitus.
  • the samples were dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol (30-100%), critical point-dried in CO 2 , coated with gold palladium, and examined using a Hitachi S4000 microscope.
  • the cochleas were postfixed in a 1% aqueous solution of osmium tetroxide for 2 hours, rinsed in phosphate buffer, dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol (30-100%), and embedded in Epon resin.
  • Transverse ultrathin sections of the organ of Corti were taken from the apical half of the cochlea. The sections, mounted on formvar-coated or mesh grids, were stained with uranyl acetate, and lead citrate and examined using a Hitachi 7100 microscope.
  • the salicylate dose used is known to induce tinnitus (Guitton et al., J. of Neuroscience 23 (9): 3944-3952 (2003)).
  • Another group of 3 animals served as control and was injected i.p. with a NaCl 0.9% solution of the same volume as salicylate treated animals.
  • Samples were obtained after 24 hours in the salicylate and control groups and 24 hours respecitively 5 days post incident for the acoustic trauma group. As had been shown in Experiment 1, transitory tinnitus occurred 24 hours after the trauma, and persisting tinnitus could be observed from the third day on; therefore it can be expected that persisting tinnitus is present at day 5. Because salicylate cannot induce persisting tinnitus, any treatment and measurement beyond 24 hours cannot be expected to yield results different from those after 24 hours.
  • Tissues were harvested in cold PBS and homogenized in sample buffer, and the lysates were centrifuged to remove detergent-insoluble material and separated on a 10% SDS-PAGE in Tris/Tricine. After gel electrophoresis, proteins were transferred electrophoretically to nitrocellulose membranes (PVDF transfer membrane Hybond-P, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, USA). Blots were first incubated with a primary anti-antibody against the NMDA NR1 receptor subunit (1/1000 dilution; rabbit polyclonal antibody, Chemicon international, USA), and with a primary antibody anti-actin (1/50000 dilution, mouse monoclonal anti- ⁇ -actin, Sigma, USA) overnight at 4° C.
  • FIG. 7 shows the expression of the NR1 subunit of the cochlear NMDA receptor following exposure to salicylate or acoustic trauma, determined by Western Blot immunodetection.
  • the salicylate treatment did not induce any significant modification of NR1 NMDA receptor subunit expression (4% higher than control animals).
  • acoustic trauma led to a clear overexpression 5 days after the incident (+50% over control animals), which is consistent with the observation of persisting tinnitus.
  • the difference in NMDA NR1 expression shows that tinnitus induced by acoustic trauma is up-regulating NMDA receptors, whereas salicylate does not.
  • FIG. 7 shows further that 24 hours post trauma, there is no overexpression detectable (+8%), which suggests that the mechanisms of transitory and permanent tinnitus after acoustic trauma are fundamentally different.
  • ESA noise trauma model an animal model with guinea pigs that were exposed to intensive noise, producing acute acoustic trauma, and whose ESA was recorded to control for the absence or presence of tinnitus.
  • ESA noise trauma model The possibility to record tinnitus by electrophysiological tests provides an excellent tool for evaluating the therapeutic benefits of pharmaceutical compounds in suppressing tinnitus.
  • the development of the ESA noise trauma model required extensive experimentation with different noise trauma protocols as well as the development and testing of specific measurement tools for extended observation periods in vivo.
  • the experiment was performed in two stages. First, guinea pigs were exposed to intense noise stimulation in order to provoke acute acoustic trauma (day 0). Auditory thresholds and ESA were determined and then followed further by repeated electrophysiological measurements. If persisting tinnitus could still be detected after at least 5 days, an NMDA receptor antagonists (ketamine or 7-CK) was applied in a hyaluronic acid formulation onto the round window membrane of the cochlea. The waiting period was observed to ensure that no cases of transitory, short-term tinnitus were included; in addition, we were seeking to extend the observation period used in Example 1. After treatment with the NMDA receptor antagonists, electrophysiological measurements of hearing thresholds and ESA continued for at least 10 days.
  • NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine or 7-CK
  • the primary endpoints of the study were to test whether the pharmacological treatment could suppress tinnitus even after its onset, and whether such treatment effect was persisting or not.
  • contralateral ears were exposed to the same noise exposure and followed by electrophysiology.
  • mice were caged individually. Outside the experiments, the animals received water and nutrition ad libidum. A total of 8 animals were tested in stage 1, of which 3 animals showed persisting and stable tinnitus in their right ear for at least 10 days (minimum 10 days, maximum 30 days), as measured by ESA, and were subsequently treated by one of the two NMDA receptor antagonists. In two contralateral left ears, tinnitus was observed, so that they could be used as a control group.
  • a teflon-coated platinum electrode implanted onto the round window membranes of both cochleas measured the ESA and the compound action potential of the auditory nerve (CAP).
  • the surgery was performed using a posterior auricular surgical procedure (dorsal approach) prior to noise exposure.
  • the reference electrode and the round window electrode were soldered to a plug fixed on the skull using dental cement (Unifast Trad, GC Corporation).
  • the ESA was recorded from the platinum wire placed in the round window niche.
  • the signal was amplified by a DC powered amplifier (Radio Spare VIP 20) and A to D converted (48 kHz sampling frequency) by a 24 bits converter (National Instrument 4474, USA).
  • Spectral analysis of the signal was performed with the customized computer software LabVIEW 7.1 (200 averages, Hanning window, 0-3125 kHz) and the power spectrum was displayed as a function of frequency on a PC computer (Dell Dimension).
  • the CAP was measured concomitantly with ESA measurements using the same electrode. Tone bursts (with a duration of 9 ms and a rise/fall cycle of 1 ms, 10 per second) generated by an arbitrary function generator (LeCroy Corp., model 9100R) were applied to the animal's ear in free filed via a JBL 075 earphone. CAP audiograms were obtained by varying burst levels from 0 to 100 dB SPL in steps of 5 dB at the frequencies 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, and 26 kHz. Auditory nerve responses were amplified (Tektronic TM 503; gain 2000), filtered (3.5 kHz low pass) and averaged on a PC (Dimension Pentium, Dell).
  • CAP amplitudes were measured peak-to-peak between the first negative depression N1 and the subsequent positive wave P1.
  • the CAP threshold was defined as the sound intensity (in dB SPL) needed to elicit a measurable response (greater than 5 ⁇ V).
  • the ESA was measured just before acute acoustic trauma and 20 minutes following noise exposure on day 0, and then repeatedly for at least 10 days as described above. Upon the last ESA measurement confirming the presence of persisting and stable tinnitus, the animals received the NMDA receptor antagonist treatment onto the round window membrane of the cochlea (treatment day T). Subsequently, ESA was measured again on the first day after treatment (T+1) as well as 10 days after treatment (T+10).
  • T On treatment day (T), the animals were anaesthetized with a single-dose s.c. (subcutaneous) injection of Zoletil 50 (Virbac, France)-Rompun 2% (Bayer, Germany) at 55 ⁇ l/100 grams and operated under aseptic conditions. The right bullae were re-opened through a posterior auricular surgical procedure (lateral dorsal approach) with particular care being applied in order not to displace the recording electrode.
  • the regular spectral peak of ESA centered at 900 Hz to 1 kHz was present prior to the noise exposure.
  • the ESA recording showed the emergence of abnormal activity of the cochlear nerve with a spectral peak centered at 200 to 250 Hz, which persisted and remained stable thereafter.
  • the regular spectral peak centered at 900 Hz to 1 kHz which represents the ensemble spontaneous activity of the auditory nerve, was significantly reduced and recovered only within 5 days. This evolution is consistent with the occurrence of temporary threshold shift and the following recovery of auditory function.
  • the present results confirm those obtained in the previous experiments and show that the local administration of NMDA receptor antagonists is very effective in suppressing tinnitus induced by cochlear excitotoxicity. It is important to note that the conditions of the experiment are very close to real life conditions with regard to the patterns of hearing loss following acute acoustic trauma and the possibility to treat tinnitus only after its onset. The present results clearly show for the first time ever that the tested pharmaceutical compounds are not only effective when administered preventively, i.e. before the onset of tinnitus, but also afterwards, and that the therapeutic window is not limited to just a few hours or days.

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AU2006341983A AU2006341983A1 (en) 2005-09-28 2006-09-27 Use of an NMDA receptor antagonist the treatment of tinnitus induced by cochlear excitotoxicity
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US13/937,712 US20140017172A1 (en) 2004-03-29 2013-07-09 Methods for the treatment of tinnitus induced by cochlear excitotoxicity
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US14/728,386 US9463168B2 (en) 2004-03-29 2015-06-02 Methods for the treatment of tinnitus induced by cochlear excitotoxicity
US15/258,186 US20170224638A1 (en) 2004-03-29 2016-09-07 Methods for the treatment of tinnitus induced by cochlear excitotoxicity
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