US20050257861A1 - Dual seam-welded air hardenable steel tubing and structural members - Google Patents

Dual seam-welded air hardenable steel tubing and structural members Download PDF

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US20050257861A1
US20050257861A1 US11/031,328 US3132805A US2005257861A1 US 20050257861 A1 US20050257861 A1 US 20050257861A1 US 3132805 A US3132805 A US 3132805A US 2005257861 A1 US2005257861 A1 US 2005257861A1
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steel
air hardenable
welded
stainless steel
seam
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Davor Raos
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C26/00—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00
    • C23C26/02—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00 applying molten material to the substrate
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K31/00—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups
    • B23K31/02—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups relating to soldering or welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
    • B23K9/02—Seam welding; Backing means; Inserts
    • B23K9/025—Seam welding; Backing means; Inserts for rectilinear seams
    • B23K9/0253—Seam welding; Backing means; Inserts for rectilinear seams for the longitudinal seam of tubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
    • B23K9/16—Arc welding or cutting making use of shielding gas
    • B23K9/167—Arc welding or cutting making use of shielding gas and of a non-consumable electrode
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/08—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/50—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for welded joints
    • C21D9/505—Cooling thereof
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L9/00—Rigid pipes
    • F16L9/02—Rigid pipes of metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
    • B23K2101/006—Vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
    • B23K2101/04—Tubular or hollow articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
    • B23K2101/04—Tubular or hollow articles
    • B23K2101/06—Tubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
    • B23K2101/04—Tubular or hollow articles
    • B23K2101/10—Pipe-lines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
    • B23K2101/34—Coated articles, e.g. plated or painted; Surface treated articles
    • B23K2101/35—Surface treated articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
    • B23K2103/02—Iron or ferrous alloys
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
    • B23K2103/16—Composite materials, e.g. fibre reinforced
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C21D6/002—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/10—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of tubular bodies
    • C21D8/105—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of tubular bodies of ferrous alloys

Definitions

  • the field of the present invention is seam-welded, air hardenable steel tubing and pipe, structures created therefrom and methods for manufacturing seam-welded, air hardenable steel tubing.
  • Air hardenable steel is herein defined as steel that reaches a level of hardness sufficient to cause cracking when processed in a prior art roller-forming tube mill.
  • Other steels which are sometimes called “air hardenable” do not reach a comparable level of hardness and therefore do not crack when processed in a prior art roller-forming tube mill; these steels are categorized herein as “partially or non-air hardenable” steels.
  • 4130 steel An example of a non-air hardenable steel currently used to manufacture seam-welded tubing is 4130 steel (UNS G10220). This steel does not crack when formed in a prior art roller-forming tube mill; however, it must be liquid-quenched after heat-treating to attain a high strength and unfortunately this liquid quenching tends to induce high levels of distortion. As a result, liquid quenched materials like 4130 have limitations when used for applications requiring frame-type structures that must be straight and free from distortion. An example of such an application is a bicycle frame. Theoretically, the highest strength-to-weight ratio would be attained if the parts could be welded together and then heated and liquid quenched as a whole, resulting in a frame with uniformly high-strength throughout all areas.
  • 410S is a low carbon modification of 410 (UNS S41000).
  • the low carbon level (0.08% maximum) of 410S prevents austenite formation upon heating, thereby preventing martensite formation upon cooling. This means that the metal doesn't crack in a prior art roller-forming tube mill, but also that it doesn't harden to a high strength condition.
  • Tubing comprised of 410S lacks the strength needed for high performance load bearing applications.
  • Air hardenable steel has been mainly used in applications that do not require welding.
  • Air hardening steels such as martensitic stainless, were first commercially developed for use in cutlery.
  • Common uses of air hardenable stainless steel include knife blades, surgical instruments, shafts, spindles and pins.
  • Air hardenable stainless steels include a relatively high carbon content compared to other stainless steels (0.15% maximum in 410 to 0.75% maximum carbon in 440), and between 12 and 18% chromium. This composition results in steel with good corrosion resistance and the ability to harden via heat treatment to a high strength condition, but one that presents difficulties related to welding.
  • Non-stainless air hardenable steels which are much more expensive than stainless types, also present difficulties related to welding, and have been primarily used for cutting tools.
  • the method may only be reliable for relatively short welds joining relatively small workpieces, where accumulated stresses due to weld shrinkage are relatively low and significant cooling of the workpieces does not occur before the weld bead is run from one end to the other. Or, it may indicate that others in the industry did not envision applying the method to the production of seam-welded air hardenable steel tubes, perhaps because they did not envision the tremendous utility of this type of tubing.
  • seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing would give the highest overall performance for most structural applications. But, we discovered that seam-welded air hardenable steel tubing, of either the preferred stainless type or of the non-stainless type, was not available. No one had solved the technical challenge of producing seam-welded tubing from air hardenable steel strip such that the tubing's heat affected zone is substantially free of cracks. Accordingly, the prior art did not provide a seam-welded, air hardenable steel tube.
  • Structural materials are currently available in a broad range of strength-to-weight ratios, but the costs of these materials generally increase disproportionately to their strength-to-weight ratios.
  • a heavy frame requires a more powerful propulsion system, which leads to higher fuel consumption, higher emissions, and higher maintenance costs.
  • the more powerful propulsion system is itself more expensive to build, uses more material, requires more energy to produce and leads to more emissions related to its manufacture.
  • a weak frame compromises the durability of the vehicle and the safety of its occupants.
  • reinforced concrete bridges are weak and heavy, subject to failure in earthquakes and susceptible to aging. They also must be built on-site and take too long to build, which means new bridge construction undertaken to alleviate traffic congestion aggravates the problem during the lengthy construction period.
  • Alternative bridge-building materials such as carbon composites are much stronger than reinforced concrete, and bridges of these materials can be erected faster than their concrete counterparts, but these materials are prohibitively expensive.
  • Solving traffic congestion problems is also dependent upon the development of a structural material that will deliver the required performance characteristics at a supportable cost. In many urban areas, the cost of expanding highways and freeways is prohibitive. Expanding vertically—building elevated inter-city high-speed trains and elevated “double-decker” freeways—is often proposed, but subsequent calculations of construction costs for the elevated railway or roadbed prohibit widespread adoption of these space-efficient solutions.
  • the present invention provides a steel tube comprising air hardenable steel and a longitudinal welded seam, the tube characterized by a heat-affected zone substantially stable and free from cracks.
  • an air hardenable steel is one that when welded and processed in a prior art tube mill will tend to crack.
  • Air hardenable steels do not include steels specifically modified to partially inhibit hardening and thereby circumvent such cracking tendency. Therefore, as defined herein, OX Platinum is an example of steel excluded from the air hardenable steel category.
  • the preferred embodiment of the present invention is a seam-welded tube of air hardenable stainless steel.
  • This embodiment provides revolutionary steel tubing that will enable new technologies and find widespread use in many diverse applications including moving vehicles, aircraft, bridges, buildings, fluid and gas transfer piping, elevated railways and roadbeds, heat exchangers, and ships.
  • the principal advantages of this new tubing lie in its high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratio, lightness, low cost of production, resistance to corrosion, and modular construction and pre-fabrication possibilities.
  • a structural material with these advantages can solve many critical problems currently facing industry, government, and society at large, including pollution, traffic congestion, moving vehicle safety, aging transportation infrastructures, and structural damage, loss of human life and economic waste from seismic and weather related catastrophes.
  • FIG. 1 provides a comparison of the present invention (represented by the diamond) to the prior art in this regard.
  • the chart shows the inverse relationship between cost and strength-to-weight ratio for traditional structural materials: the better the strength-to-weight ratio, the higher the cost.
  • the present invention is distinctly off of the linear progression defined by the traditional materials. This graphically demonstrates the tremendous advancement in performance per unit cost afforded by the present invention.
  • the tubing of the present invention also provides higher stiffness for a given weight and cost than currently available structural materials. This factor will allow the safety and performance of many structures, both moving and stationary, to be improved.
  • the seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing of the present invention is so cost-competitive because the alloying constituents (iron, carbon, and chromium) are inexpensive and plentiful and because the methods of production of the present invention are suitable to automation, enabling a high quality product to be produced without the use of high-cost labor. This contrasts with the high labor costs incurred in the production of drawn air hardenable stainless steel tubing.
  • the seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing of the present invention recites the use of higher carbon steels, that is, greater than 0.08% carbon content.
  • minimal alloying constituents, other than iron, carbon and chromium, are used to produce such tubing.
  • the present invention 's inherent corrosion-resistant properties often allows an additional weight savings because painting, zinc coating, or engineering thicker walls in anticipation of corrosion is unnecessary. Unsightly galvanized finishes, which are damaging to the environment when they are applied, can be eliminated.
  • the tubing of the present invention can be made in a wide range of colors with no additional processing—including silver, black, and subdued hues of red, blue, green, and gold—simply by varying the temperature point in the heat treating process at which the material is transitioned from a controlled atmosphere to air. This finish can enhance the appearance of many articles.
  • the present invention provides methods of manufacturing seam-welded air hardenable steel tubing that include controlling the cooling rate of the heat-affected-zone.
  • the cooling rate is reduced to the point necessary to substantially reduce hardening of the heat affected-zone following seam welding. Embrittlement, and thus cracking, is effectively eliminated by the present invention.
  • the present invention further provides dual seam welded air hardenable tubing or structural supports that can be adapted to any of the structures set forth in FIGS. 5 or 6 , either as a part of such a frame or the entire frame can be comprised thereof.
  • FIG. 1 provides a relative strength/weight/cost chart.
  • FIG. 2 provides a side view of a tube mill of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 provides a top view of a tube mill of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 provides a cooling profile chart.
  • FIG. 5 provides a side view of a static structure of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 provides a side view of a mobile structure of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 provides a dual seam welded structural support of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 provides a dual seam welded structural support of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 provides a dual seam welded structural support of the present invention.
  • the present invention includes methods of creating tubes and tube-based structures from air hardenable steels, including stainless steels.
  • the specific combination of steps and materials set forth herein have never before been identified as together leading to a quantum improvement in the strength/weight/cost ratio of tubes and tube-based structures.
  • the air-hardening characteristic specifically allows a tube-based frame or other structure to be hardened to a high strength condition without concomitantly introducing an unacceptable amount of distortion, such as is the case with liquid quenching.
  • the air hardening characteristic of the steel also leads to cracking after welding in a prior art roller-forming mill, which led others in the industry to conclude that such material could not be seam-welded into a tube.
  • the present invention includes methods that make the production of seam-welded tubing from air hardenable steel possible for the first time.
  • the preferred method of the present invention includes positively controlling the cooling rate of the weld zone immediately following welding on the mill, such that the weld zone never becomes fully hardened.
  • This cooling rate control consists of applying heat to the seam downstream of the weld box to prevent rapid heat loss.
  • the preferred method of the present invention consists of the following steps: Air hardening steel strip is roller-formed into a tube (step 1 ) and seam-welded in a continuous process (step 2 ). Immediately following welding, and prior to sizing, the weld zone-cooling rate is positively controlled (step 3 ). The cooling rate is held to a profile that prevents the weld zone from fully hardening and becoming brittle, so that welding-induced stresses and sizing and straightening pass pressures do not crack the weld region.
  • the welding process is a gas tungsten arc welding process, formerly known as the tungsten inert gas process (TIG).
  • TIG tungsten inert gas process
  • the weld zone cooling rate is positively controlled through the use of a torch assembly or induction coil applied to the tubing downstream of the weld box.
  • cooling rate control and thus crack prevention may be effected in the tube-making process by preheating the steel strip prior to welding.
  • references to preheating as a method of controlling cracking when welding air hardenable steel exist in the prior art focus solely on joining separate pieces of the material as opposed to producing tubes.
  • the preheating method is a relatively imprecise and unreliable method of cooling rate control, and its prevalence in manuals teaching the art may have hindered the development of other, more positive methods of cooling rate control, such as the preferred method disclosed herein.
  • the preheating method is also less energy efficient than the positive cooling rate control method taught herein.
  • preheating the strip may be sufficient to produce a seam-welded air hardenable steel tube substantially free of cracks.
  • this method has not been proposed in the prior art as a method of producing seam-welded air hardenable steel tubing, and it was not envisioned that this specific application of this method could produce a novel structural material with great utility, it is an object of the present invention to create seam-welded air hardenable steel tubing using the preheating method as the only source of cooling rate control. Insulation of the tube downstream of the weld box to minimize heat loss to the surrounding air would maximize the chances of success in using the pre-heat system as the sole means of cooling rate control. It is also conceivable that under certain circumstances, best results would be achievable through the application of both preheating and post-heating methods of cooling rate control, in the same process.
  • the tube mill was modified to suit the best material rather than, as in the prior art, modifying the material to suit prior art tube mills, to the detriment of tube performance. Accordingly, the present invention includes a new type of tube mill for the creation of seam-welded air hardenable steel tubing.
  • step 4 To create a very light and strong frame structure, individual tube sections produced by one of the above methods are welded to form a frame of the desired configuration (step 4 ), and then the entire frame structure is heat-treated (step 5 ) to bring it to a uniformly hardened, high-strength condition.
  • the frame weldment can include other components such as plates and flanges when required, which may or may not be made of air hardenable steel. After heat-treating, all air hardenable parts of the resulting structure are in the same high strength condition.
  • the structure can be made free from weak spots, eliminating the need for thickened (butted) tube walls at the ends of the tubes, such as those traditionally used in many bicycle frames.
  • the tube can be heat-treated to a hardened, high strength condition as it exits the tube mill, in a continuous process.
  • individually-heat-treated tube sections may be assembled into a frame structure and then the entire structure can be heat-treated.
  • the tube can be hydroformed, and subsequently heat-treated if desired.
  • the flat air hardenable steel strip from which the tube is made can be faced on one or both sides with a thin layer of a different type of metal, before it enters the roller-forming mill.
  • the facing layer(s) could be applied after the tube is formed. This technique can be employed, for example, to provide a higher corrosion resistance than the base tube would provide alone.
  • a typical facing material for use in highly corrosive environments can be 316 stainless steel. Other criterion may be used for the selection of facing materials as well, such as electrical conductivity, surface roughness, surface friction coefficient, color and appearance.
  • the facing layers can be applied to the strip stock or base tube by lamination, plasma spraying, or other commonly known methods.
  • the facing layers would be applied to the strip stock by pinch rolling, such that the facing is welded to the substrate strip as the facing and strip pass between two rollers.
  • the facing layer on one side can be composed of a different type or thickness of metal than the facing layer on the other side. Tailoring the facing layers individually would be appropriate, for example, in applications where the corrosive conditions found on the inside of the tube differ from those found on the outside, as is often the case in heat exchangers.
  • seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing is ideal for many applications and offers great potential to remove many of the compromises between performance, environmental safety, and personal safety on the one side, and cost on the other, that are necessarily tolerated today.
  • the present invention provides moving vehicle frames constructed of seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubes.
  • FIG. 6 provides a representation of a vehicle frame of the present invention.
  • Vehicle frames of this material would be substantially lighter than conventional vehicle frames, allowing smaller propulsion systems and thereby increasing fuel efficiency and reducing vehicle cost. Due to its high strength-to-weight ratio and stiffness-to-weight ratio, the present invention will enable alternative power motor vehicle technology, such as electric, hybrid-electric, or fuel cell powered vehicles. Vehicle frames can be made lighter much less expensively than through the use of existing composite materials or common steel. The availability of lighter vehicle frames would mean alternative power sources currently being developed could finally economically compete with the internal combustion engine. Many societal benefits would accrue from the popularization of cleaner and potentially more efficiently powered vehicles, including, most notably, emissions reduction. The tubing of the present invention could therefore contribute to the reduction of global warming, inasmuch as it is caused by vehicle emissions.
  • the present invention would also vastly improve motor vehicle safety.
  • vehicles sporting a frame of this high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight tubing would protect occupants from injury and death much better than a comparably sized conventional vehicle.
  • the crashworthiness of rail cars a major concern to the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration and its counterparts in other countries, could also be significantly improved through the use of this new structural material.
  • a breakthrough in vehicle durability can be realized through the use of seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing as a structural medium.
  • the material's inherent corrosion-resistant properties make painting, zinc coating, or engineering thicker walls in anticipation of corrosion unnecessary.
  • Stainless steel tubing can last virtually forever; when other vehicle components wear out and the vehicle is discarded, the tubing frame or components thereof can be re-used and recycled.
  • a structural frame of seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing can be fabricated largely by robot with a minimum use of hard tooling.
  • the tooling for a particular model of car, for example, would consist mainly of software programs. This will allow for much quicker, easier, and less expensive production setup for each new model, as well as allowing a given production line to quickly switch between different models.
  • the present invention offers additional advantages for moving vehicles used for commercial purposes, such as trucks with flatbed trailers. Without compromising strength or durability, the present invention can substantially reduce the weight of these vehicles, thereby enabling their operators to carry more payload and increase profits. Furthermore, overall efficiency of cargo hauling is increased with attendant reduction in environmental damage.
  • the present invention would enable high-performance golf carts that are much lighter than comparably priced carts available on the market today. Vehicle lightness is important in this application to minimize damage to the golf course.
  • Other types of utility vehicles including Neighborhood Electric Vehicles, could also be produced at a lower cost and with higher performance through the use of seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing.
  • seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing Other moving vehicle applications that would benefit from seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing include utility and boat trailers, buses, recreational vehicles such as snowmobiles and all terrain vehicles, and various kinds of pushcarts, including wheelbarrows and service carts such as those used in hotels and aircraft.
  • bridges Another excellent application for the tubing disclosed herein is bridges. Many of the world's bridges need to be replaced due to age or because they did't built to support today's volume of traffic and have become “bottlenecks” exacerbating traffic congestion. In the United States alone, 30.45% of the total bridges, according to the National Bridge Research Organization, are targeted for replacement. Two problems governmental organizations face in undertaking a project of this magnitude are cost and traffic disruption; both of these problems are solved with the new structural material disclosed herein.
  • the ability to pre-fabricate a bridge off-site enables the construction of cost-effective, modular, temporary bridges in addition to permanent structures. It is envisioned that governments and relief organizations could stock an inventory of such modular bridges for fast deployment to relieve human suffering and prevent economic losses when floods occur.
  • the military also requires temporary bridges that are mobile/portable (lightweight), can be produced at low cost, and are impact resistant. No structural material currently in existence can meet all of these requirements; the current solution being considered for military use is composite materials, which are lightweight but carry an extremely high price tag and could shatter from the shock of a nearby explosion. Also, composites have poor heat tolerance.
  • the present invention enables low cost, lightweight bridges that can withstand shock and heat.
  • Seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing is also a superior bridge-building material in terms of earthquake safety, a major concern in the industry.
  • Bridges of seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing would perform vastly better than reinforced concrete bridges or traditional steel bridges during seismic disturbances. Indeed, the vulnerability of concrete pillars can be seen in the efforts transportation departments are currently exerting to retrofit them with steel jackets.
  • the support pillars of a seam-welded air hardenable steel tubing bridge would have a much lighter load to carry than its concrete counterpart.
  • bridges of seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing can be disassembled, moved, and quickly erected in a new location at a moderate cost.
  • FIG. 5 provides a representation of the invention.
  • maglev magnetic levitation
  • the present invention would also provide a cost-effective and high performance solution for elevated structures for other types of trains, including intra-city or airport monorails, light rail systems, and People Mover systems.
  • Elevated platforms made of seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing would be superior to their reinforced concrete counterparts in terms of earthquake safety, maintenance requirements, building speed and appearance.
  • a modular building construction system consisting of prefabricated truss-assemblies bolted or otherwise joined on site is envisioned. This system can be used in conjunction with conventional materials such as wood, drywall, various compositions of siding and paneling, etc., which would be most effectively employed as “fill-in” and covering materials and not relied upon for basic building strength.
  • the inherent qualities of seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing enable a much higher overall cost efficiency in building construction.
  • the basic load-bearing structure consisting of columns and trusses of seam-welded air hardenable steel tubing, would be lightweight and inexpensive to transport, and therefore could be factory-produced off-site. Factory production via automated machinery is less expensive and results in a more standardized product than that producible by on-site skilled labor.
  • Fast, easy, accurately aligned, on-site assembly is possible due to the inherent straightness and lack of distortion in the tube-based trusses, their lightness, and their suitability for use with standardized fittings.
  • the tubing's high strength-to-weight ratio and stiffness-to-weight ratio enable longer spans with fewer vertical supports than can be made with conventional steel or wood.
  • seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing as a structural medium in buildings yields increased resistance to collapse in fire, a reduction of the fuel available for a fire, superior performance in earthquakes, severe storms and strong winds, increased durability and energy efficiency, and less susceptibility to flood and termite damage.
  • Reduction of the risk of damage by fire or natural disaster will drive insurance costs down—an important consideration for private homes as well as for hospitals, schools, hotels, factories, shopping centers and malls, industrial buildings, aircraft hangars, and other public buildings.
  • use of seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing in building construction will reduce the rate by which we deplete our forests.
  • Seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing offers new possibilities in architectural design. For example, it is desirable to design the interiors of many large public buildings, such as airport terminals, malls, train stations, and convention halls, as large, open spaces free from support columns. With the use of the present tubing material, long spans can be accommodated without resorting to very deep trusses. Furthermore, the total dead weight of a given truss is drastically reduced, with the attendant advantage of requiring less massive support columns, foundations, etc. In residential construction, roof trusses made by this system enable attic spaces free of the obstructing vertical members that are part of wood trusses.
  • the present invention also enables the construction of cost-effective movable and modular buildings, such as sheds, temporary buildings and mobile homes.
  • the present tubing system can yield substantial economic gains in the area of fluid and gas transfer, including the transfer of water, sewage and energy industry products such as crude oil, refined oil products and natural gas.
  • the strength-to-weight ratio and stiffness-to-weight ratio of the pipe are important, for example where a long horizontal run is elevated from the ground or where there is internal pressure.
  • the high strength-to-weight ratio and stiffness-to-weight ratio of seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing enable longer horizontal spans between supports and thinner walls, resulting in advantages in terms of transport and placement of the pipe.
  • the present pipe can be produced in situ, in very long, continuous lengths, by the use of a mobile tube mill mounted on a truck trailer or ship, for example. Pipe thus produced in one continuous length results in far fewer joints for a given application, which reduces the cost and maximizes the strength-to-weight ratio of the pipe.
  • tubular materials for use in lifting, transporting, and refining oil and gas.
  • advantages of seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing mentioned above apply in this area as well.
  • the present tubing system can be used to produce high performance, low cost lifting rods for use in reciprocating artificial lift systems.
  • a “sucker rod” made of conventional material will be replaced by a sucker rod fabricated from a tube of the present invention, with the further advantage that the interior of the tube can be used for injecting well conditioning fluids or chemicals or alternately used as additional space for flowing well product to the surface.
  • the tubing may be produced in one continuous length in situ, with the same advantages as mentioned above.
  • seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing makes it an ideal material for aircraft structures.
  • Seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing or truss structures made therefrom could be used for many parts of an aircraft structure, from the major framing, including wing spars, to interior accessories such as seat frames.
  • the present invention can reduce the cost of aircraft construction with no performance penalty.
  • Seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing could be advantageously used for fabricating fan blades for turbo-fan engines and connecting rods for piston engines.
  • Framing members of seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing can be used in the construction of ships, resulting in a dramatic weight savings and increased corrosion resistance in comparison with the use of traditional steel.
  • the present tube is very high strength, it is useful for heat exchangers because the tube walls can be made thinner, thus improving heat transfer per unit area of tubing wall.
  • one or both sides of the tubes in a heat exchanger can be faced with a thin layer of special material to give the desired characteristics.
  • Frame weight is very important in bicycles and exotic lightweight materials like carbon and titanium have found considerable use in this application despite their very high cost.
  • the present invention allows for the production of bicycle frames, at a reasonable cost, of essentially the same weight, strength and stiffness as ones made of expensive, exotic materials.
  • drawn titanium has a greater strength-to-weight ratio on straight lengths of material. But it requires substantial wall thickness near weld zones as the metal loses strength in the heat-affected zone.
  • the total mass of metal needed to create a bicycle of a certain strength would be similar in the case of titanium and the 410 tubing of the present invention. The cost difference is estimated to be 40 fold cheaper for a frame made from the present invention.
  • Air hardenable stainless steel inherently has very good spring characteristics.
  • the tubing disclosed herein can thus be used as a spring medium in configurations such as helical tube and torque tube.
  • springs of seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing would be lighter due to the elimination of the unstressed central core area of the spring medium, and would have a higher resistance to corrosion.
  • Hollow springs of seam-welded air hardenable stainless steel tubing would be particularly suitable to the application of moving vehicles, where the reduction of overall vehicle weight is critical.
  • the present invention makes possible the production of inexpensive, lightweight and high performance devices for the aid of physically-challenged individuals, including wheelchair frames, crutches and the like.
  • the present tube can be advantageously employed for missile and rocket construction, as the missile and rocket walls can be made thinner and less costly than with traditional materials of the same strength. Reduced wall thickness lowers drag for a given internal space.
  • the present tube can be advantageously employed in the construction of large-scale space or extra-terrestrial structures such as space stations, etc., due to its low cost and high performance.
  • tubing disclosed herein is an excellent option for any application requiring a light, strong, and/or corrosion-resistant structure.
  • a 100-foot run of tubing of 1.125′′ OD diameter with 0.020′′ wall thickness was manufactured. It was manufactured on a mill of the present invention from 3.555′′ width 410 stainless steel strip from Ulbrich Steel of Fresno, Calif., in a manner provided hereinabove.
  • the welding machine used on the mill was a Lincoln® Squarewave TIG 255, manufactured by the Lincoln Electric Company, of Cleveland, Ohio, and was set at approximately 35 amps in an argon atmosphere. No filler was added. The feed speed of the stainless steel strip into the weld box was two inches per second.
  • the welded tubing was subjected to positively controlled cooling through use of an acetylene torch positioned downstream of the weld box. The flame thereof was adjusted so the heat-affected zone cooled slowly from the upper to the lower critical temperature, the difference between the natural and the controlled cooling rate being represented by FIG. 4 . We estimate that the controlled cooling rate was approximately six times the natural cooling rate.
  • the upper and lower critical for 410 stainless is 1850° and 1450° respectively.
  • Tubing sections from the above run were cut and assembled into a bicycle frame with other drawn tubing.
  • the drawn tubing included in the assembled frame included 410 stainless steel drawn tubing sections of 0.5′′ and 0.625′′ OD with 0.020′′ wall thickness for the rear triangle.
  • the seam-welded and drawn tubing sections were assembled by hand via butt welding using a Lincoln® Squarewave TIG 255, manufactured by the Lincoln Electric Company, of Cleveland, Ohio using standard 410 stainless filler rod supplied by San Diego Welding Supply of San Diego, Calif. and modulating the amperage of the welder between approximately 8 to 10 amps.
  • the assembled frame was then heat treated in a batch-type vacuum furnace to a range of 1900 to 2000° F. Certified Metalcraft of El Cajon, Calif. provided the heat-treating furnace.
  • This bicycle using this frame was subjected to rigorous field-testing in remote and difficult terrain and was found to be light, responsive and suitably stiff. The frame did not fail. No performance differences between the drawn and seam-welded portions of the frame were noticed.
  • Fatigue testing at room temperature was performed to generate data concerning the strength of a hardened, seam-welded stainless steel tube of the present invention that was hardened in a manner similar to that of the bicycle frame.
  • the test piece was tested in accordance with MIL-STD-1312-11A.
  • the work piece was subjected to 130,000 cycles with a low load of 500 pounds (7,000 psi) and a high load of 5,000 pounds (70,000 psi) of axial tension. This piece was not tested to failure.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 provide side and top views of a tube mill of the present invention.
  • Strip 10 is fed through sizing and shaping rollers 16 that is then fed into a welding box 20 .
  • Downstream of the welding box 20 is a torch assembly 18 used to control the cooling rate of the welded piece.
  • the welded piece is then sized in sizing rollers 14 to produce the seam-welded air hardenable tubing 12 of the present invention.
  • the invention provides a novel support beam having improved strength with a minimal amount of weight and being composed of readily available materials. It is particularly adapted as a crossmember in an automobile frame, more preferably a truck frame.
  • the support beam of FIG. 7 recites a rectangular box having two risers, a top and a bottom and being open on opposite ends.
  • the two risers have two sets of matching holes: 8 larger diameter holes and four (two sets of two) smaller diameter holes.
  • transverse hollow structure mates each of the small holes such that there are four such transverse supports.
  • this transverse pipe or tube is a seam welded 410 stainless steel pipe of the present invention of a gauge between 18ga and 14ga. In the preferred embodiment it is 16ga. Prior to being welded as described below, it is preferable that the tubing be fully annealed.
  • the Material of the box is 16 gauge 410 stainless steel. It is preferable that it be in an annealed form prior to working.
  • the various holes described above are preferably cut (stamped) into two workpieces of 16 gauge 410 stainless steel.
  • the work pieces are then aligned to create the box structure described above.
  • the box is then welded along the two seams to create a unitary structure.
  • the four transverse structures (pipe) are then welded (around a portion of the tubes circumference, at the intersection of the tube and the inside walls of the crossmember) into their respective holes so the completed structure as set forth in FIG. 1 is shown.
  • the entire structure is then heat-treated to a temperature of 1750-1850 deg F., air-hardened, then tempered (if needed).
  • FIGS. 7-9 provide crossmember in various configurations.
  • FIG. 7 provides an extruded-style profile with a leading edge bottom chamfer across the width of the part. It was made from 0.060′′ thick material.
  • FIG. 8 provides a crossmember made from 0.071′′ thick material for testing purposes, identical in geometry to the crossmember in FIG. 7 .
  • Both styles utilized transverse “crush tubes” which were formed from seam welded tubing and welded to the crossmember on both ends of the “crush tubes”, the weld being made from the inside of the crossmember)
  • FIG. 9 provides a dual seamed air hardenable crossmember where the work pieces joined together are shaped differently.
  • One of the halves is in a tapered configuration, which obviously cannot be produced on a tubing mill. This would consist of two halves formed from flat sheet in a stamping and shearing/trimming operation. Then the two longitudinal seams would be robotically welded.
  • the welding is of the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW or TIG: tungsten-inert-gas) type with or without 410 stainless steel filler rod material as needed.
  • GTAW Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
  • TIG tungsten-inert-gas
  • the lightening holes/cutouts can be of any shape, with circular cutouts being used in FIGS. 7-9 for simplicity.
  • FIGS. 7-9 were heat treated as follows: (estimates +/ ⁇ 10%) Stress relieving 600 deg F 2 hrs open furnace hardening 1750-1850 deg F. 3-5 min vacuum furnace air-cool 600 deg F. 25-30 min tempering
  • the heat treatment was done according to both MIL-H-6875 (heat treatment of steel, process for alloys 410 and 440c) as well as AMS 2759/5D (heat treatment: martensitic corrosion-resistant steel parts).

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US20080115863A1 (en) * 2001-06-29 2008-05-22 Mccrink Edward J Method for improving the performance of seam-welded joints using post-weld heat treatment
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CN103831591A (zh) * 2014-03-07 2014-06-04 河北镁轮镁合金科技有限公司 镁合金薄壁无缝管车架的焊接方法
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US11466732B2 (en) 2017-09-12 2022-10-11 Federal-Mogul Wiesbaden Gmbh Anti-friction lacquer and sliding element having such an anti-friction lacquer
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US20080115863A1 (en) * 2001-06-29 2008-05-22 Mccrink Edward J Method for improving the performance of seam-welded joints using post-weld heat treatment
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US20070034673A1 (en) * 2004-12-30 2007-02-15 Mccrink Edward J Seam-welded air hardenable steel constructions
WO2008086028A1 (en) * 2007-01-10 2008-07-17 Kva, Inc Method for controlling weld metal microstructure using localized controlled cooling of seam-welded joints
WO2008088834A1 (en) * 2007-01-17 2008-07-24 Kva, Inc. Method for improving the performance of seam-welded joints using post-weld heat treatment
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US20090310286A1 (en) * 2008-06-17 2009-12-17 Landon Miller Integrated mounting system for communication and surveillance infrastructures
US20120167376A1 (en) * 2010-12-29 2012-07-05 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Method of varying material properties
US8752295B2 (en) * 2010-12-29 2014-06-17 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Method of varying material properties
CN103831591A (zh) * 2014-03-07 2014-06-04 河北镁轮镁合金科技有限公司 镁合金薄壁无缝管车架的焊接方法
US20190211630A1 (en) * 2017-08-11 2019-07-11 Weatherford Technology Holdings, Llc Corrosion resistant sucker rod
US11542408B2 (en) 2017-09-12 2023-01-03 Federal-Mogul Wiesbaden Gmbh Solid film lubricant, method for producing same, sliding element comprising same and use thereof
US11466732B2 (en) 2017-09-12 2022-10-11 Federal-Mogul Wiesbaden Gmbh Anti-friction lacquer and sliding element having such an anti-friction lacquer
WO2021108768A1 (en) * 2019-11-27 2021-06-03 Cascade Corporation Connection between forks and hangers on forks

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EP1551591A4 (en) 2008-03-12
KR20050038595A (ko) 2005-04-27
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HK1080786A1 (en) 2006-05-04
EP1551591A1 (en) 2005-07-13

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