US20050247553A1 - Carbonization and gasification of biomass and power generation system - Google Patents

Carbonization and gasification of biomass and power generation system Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050247553A1
US20050247553A1 US11/085,827 US8582705A US2005247553A1 US 20050247553 A1 US20050247553 A1 US 20050247553A1 US 8582705 A US8582705 A US 8582705A US 2005247553 A1 US2005247553 A1 US 2005247553A1
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Prior art keywords
gasifier
biomass
gas
temperature
gasifying
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US11/085,827
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English (en)
Inventor
Kazuyoshi Ichikawa
Jun Inumaru
Kazuhiro Kidoguchi
Saburo Hara
Masami Ashizawa
Maseo Kanai
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Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry
Kanai Office Corp
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Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry
Kanai Office Corp
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Priority claimed from JP2004085108A external-priority patent/JP4276973B2/ja
Priority claimed from JP2004180122A external-priority patent/JP2006002042A/ja
Application filed by Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Kanai Office Corp filed Critical Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry
Assigned to CENTRAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY, KANAI OFFICE CORPORATION reassignment CENTRAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ASHIZAWA, MASAMI, HARA, SABURO, ICHIKAWA, KAZUYOSHI, INUMARU, JUN, KANAI, MASAO, KIDOGUCHI, KAZUHIRO
Publication of US20050247553A1 publication Critical patent/US20050247553A1/en
Priority to US12/041,288 priority Critical patent/US20080216405A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/58—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels combined with pre-distillation of the fuel
    • C10J3/60—Processes
    • C10J3/64—Processes with decomposition of the distillation products
    • C10J3/66—Processes with decomposition of the distillation products by introducing them into the gasification zone
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/72—Other features
    • C10J3/721—Multistage gasification, e.g. plural parallel or serial gasification stages
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/72—Other features
    • C10J3/78—High-pressure apparatus
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
    • C10K3/00—Modifying the chemical composition of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide to produce an improved fuel, e.g. one of different calorific value, which may be free from carbon monoxide
    • C10K3/001—Modifying the chemical composition of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide to produce an improved fuel, e.g. one of different calorific value, which may be free from carbon monoxide by thermal treatment
    • C10K3/003—Reducing the tar content
    • C10K3/006—Reducing the tar content by steam reforming
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
    • C10K3/00—Modifying the chemical composition of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide to produce an improved fuel, e.g. one of different calorific value, which may be free from carbon monoxide
    • C10K3/02—Modifying the chemical composition of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide to produce an improved fuel, e.g. one of different calorific value, which may be free from carbon monoxide by catalytic treatment
    • C10K3/04—Modifying the chemical composition of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide to produce an improved fuel, e.g. one of different calorific value, which may be free from carbon monoxide by catalytic treatment reducing the carbon monoxide content, e.g. water-gas shift [WGS]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
    • C10J2300/0916—Biomass
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
    • C10J2300/094—Char
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
    • C10J2300/0946—Waste, e.g. MSW, tires, glass, tar sand, peat, paper, lignite, oil shale
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0956—Air or oxygen enriched air
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C10J2300/164—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with conversion of synthesis gas
    • C10J2300/1643—Conversion of synthesis gas to energy
    • C10J2300/165—Conversion of synthesis gas to energy integrated with a gas turbine or gas motor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C10J2300/1671—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with the production of electricity
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/12—Heat utilisation in combustion or incineration of waste
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/16—Combined cycle power plant [CCPP], or combined cycle gas turbine [CCGT]
    • Y02E20/18—Integrated gasification combined cycle [IGCC], e.g. combined with carbon capture and storage [CCS]

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the generation of gas by carbonization and gasification of biomass, and to the efficient generation of power using biomass as a source of energy.
  • biomass means a material which includes a substantial quantity of matter derived from living organisms.
  • Biomass may include, for example, agricultural waste, forestry waste, municipal waste, building material waste, waste generated in food production, waste treatment sludge, and the like, and mixtures of such materials.
  • a biomass may include some inorganic matter, and may also include significant quantities of organic materials that are more remotely related to living organisms, such as waste plastics.
  • the temperature inside the gasifier remains in the range from about 600° C. to 1000° C. because of the high water content in the biomass.
  • tar is often produced, and the tar adheres to piping, causing inefficient operation and requiring countermeasures such as decomposition of the tar by steam.
  • the fuel consists of a mixture of various kinds of biomass
  • it is difficult to decompose the tar using steam which is typically at a temperature in the range from 400° C. to 450° C.
  • there the adhering tar must be removed in a separate step using a suitable cleansing device.
  • An object of the invention is to provide for more efficient carbonization and gasification of biomass, by reduction of energy lost through discharge of pyrolysis gas in the carbonization process, and reduction in the deterioration of the heating value of the generated gas due to the formation of tar.
  • An entrained flow gasifier operated at a temperature of at least 1100 EC so that no tar is formed, is capable of converting ash into molten slag.
  • An entrained flow gasifier has been in the development stage for gasification of coal, and is expected to avoid the problem of tar adhesion.
  • the coal in the case of the entrained flow coal gasifier, the coal must be rendered into fine particles, for example particle having a grain size of around 100 ⁇ m. Biomass such as wood-based biomass, and waste based biomass, cannot be handled as it is, and is not easily processed. Accordingly, if biomass were to be gasified in such an apparatus, it would need to be processed using a separate device, thereby requiring a costly increase in plant scale.
  • Wood-based biomass can be used by itself as fuel. However, it is difficult to secure such a fuel reliably and consistently because the quantity of wood-based biomass that is available varies seasonally and is susceptible to variations in weather. Consequently, wood-based biomass has a high collection cost and is not cost-efficient when used by itself as a fuel. In addition, because of the difficulty of collecting the required quantity of wood-based biomass, expansion of the scale of power generation equipment is difficult to achieve, and it is difficult to use wood-based biomass to implement high-efficiency power generation.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a biomass power generation system which has high thermal efficiency and power generation efficiency, and which is capable of stably generating power by carbonization, combustion, and gasification, where the raw material to be processed includes not only wood-based biomass, but also waste-based biomass such as municipal solid waste.
  • a “one-stage charge process” in which intermediate products, namely, carbonized material and combustible pyrolysis gas, are charged into a gasifier
  • a “two-stage charge process” in which the intermediate products are respectively fed into a high-temperature gasification part (a combustor) and a gas reformer (a reductor), constituting two separate stages of a two-stage gasifier.
  • a gasifying agent air or oxygen
  • the total oxygen ratio can be controllably maintained at a low level, and gasification can be effected at high thermal efficiency, using only a small quantity of gasifying agent.
  • the temperature at the outlet of the gasifier (that is, the outlet of the gas reformer) undergoes a change depending on an amount of the combustible pyrolysis gas generated in the carbonization chamber. If the flow rate of the combustible pyrolysis gas increases, the temperature at the outlet drops, and there is a risk that tar will be formed. To avoid the formation of tar, it is desirable to maintain the temperature at the outlet of the gasifier at a level not lower than a predetermined minimum temperature.
  • biomass fuel is heated in a carbonization chamber to produce a carbonized material.
  • the system and process utilize a two-stage gasifier, comprising a high-temperature gasification part for gasifying the carbonized material, and a gas reformer for reforming combustible pyrolysis gas containing tar volatilized in the production of the carbonized material.
  • Feeding means are provided for transferring the carbonized material produced in the carbonization chamber to the high-temperature gasification part of the two-stage gasifier.
  • a pyrolysis gas flow path is also provided for sending the combustible pyrolysis gas produced in the carbonization chamber into the gas reformer of the gasifier.
  • Gasifying agent feed means introduce a gasifying agent to the high-temperature gasification part of the gasifier, and also controllably feed a gasifying agent containing oxygen to the gas reformer so that the temperature at the outlet of the gasifier can be prevented from falling below a predetermined temperature, preferably 1100° C.
  • the ratio of a pyrolysis gas, produced as a by-product in the carbonizer, relative to the amount of carbonized material obtained from carbonization is high, the rate of flow of pyrolysis gas, becomes high in relation to the rate of flow of high-temperature gas from the high-temperature gasification part to the reformer.
  • the pyrolysis gas is typically at a temperature in a range from 400 to 600° C., while the gas from the gasification part is typically at a temperature typically of at least 1500° C., a rapid drop in temperature can occurs in the gas reformer.
  • gasifying agent is fed to the gas reformer, as well as to the high-temperature gasification part, when the flow rate of combustible pyrolysis gas increases, a burning reaction between the gasifying agent and the combustible pyrolysis gas occurs.
  • the burning of pyrolysis gas which may be referred to as “re-burning” or “after-burning,” prevents a drop in gas temperature below a predetermined minimum, and is effective to prevent tar formation without impairing the desirable features of the two-stage charge process, especially its low consumption of gasifying agent.
  • the gasifying agent feed means intermittently feeds gasifying agent containing oxygen to the gas reformer, and comprises pipes, arranged to feed a gasifying agent containing oxygen both to the high-temperature gasification part, and to the gas reformer.
  • the feed of gasifying agent can be selectably switched over depending on conditions inside the gasifier.
  • gasifying agent may be fed only to the high-temperature gasification part.
  • gasifying agent may be fed to the gas reformer as well as to the high-temperature gasification part, thereby avoiding conditions under which tar is formed.
  • the carbonized material (char) produced in the carbonization chamber is charged, as a fuel, into the high-temperature gasification part of the gasifier.
  • air or oxygen as a gasifying agent, is charged into the high-temperature gasification part.
  • the water content of the carbonized material is removed in the carbonization treatment, and consequently the atmosphere in the high-temperature gasification part of the gasifier can be maintained at a high temperature, e.g., 1500° C. or greater, which is well in excess of 1100° C., the decomposition temperature of tar.
  • the combustible pyrolysis gas produced as a by-product in the carbonization chamber and charged into the gas reformer, contains water, and the water content of the pyrolysis gas enhances gasification efficiency, relative to the total quantity of the biomass charged into the carbonization chamber, so that a gas high in heating value and without a tar content, is efficiently generated.
  • the invention effectively prevents tar formation at the outlet of the gasifier without impairing the advantages of the two-stage charge process.
  • the combustible pyrolysis gas produced as a by-product in the carbonization chamber is utilized, high gasification efficiency can be achieved in comparison with that of a conventional carbonizing-gasifying system.
  • the gasifying agent is fed to the high-temperature gasification part, and the gas reformer, by a single gasifying agent feed device, through branched pipes, advantages in terms of system miniaturization, and reduction in cost can be realized.
  • the system in accordance with the invention comprises a generator set, operated by a gaseous fuel, and releasing exhaust heat in its operation, a carbonizer for receiving biomass, and receiving exhaust heat released by the generator set and utilizing the exhaust heat for pyrolytically decomposing and carbonizing biomass and producing char and pyrolysis gas containing volatilized tar.
  • the power generation system also includes a gasifier, which is preferably a two stage gasifier as described above.
  • the gasifier receives char and pyrolysis gas from said carbonizer. In the gasifier, combustion and gasification of the char takes place, and the pyrolysis gas containing tar is reformed, so that the gasifier thereby generates a gaseous fuel by which the generator set is operated.
  • the power generation system preferably comprises a heat exchanger arranged to transfer part of the heat of the gaseous fuel generated by the gasifier to the exhaust heat released by the generator set, so that the heat used for carbonization of biomass in the carbonizer comprises not only the exhaust heat from the generator set, but also heat from the gaseous fuel generated by the gasifier.
  • the carbonizer also preferably comprises plural carbonization chambers, operable in rotation. That is, one carbonization chamber is operated for a first time interval to effect carbonization and pyrolysis gas delivery while char is fed to the gasifier from a second carbonization chamber. Thereafter, the second chamber is recharged with biomass, and the functions of the carbonization chambers are interchanged. That is, carbonization and pyrolysis gas generation take place in the second carbonization chamber while char is fed from the first chamber.
  • Three or more carbonizers can be operated in rotation in a similar manner.
  • ash from the volatilized tar is preferably melted in the gasifier and converted into slag.
  • the power generation system in accordance with the invention preferably also takes advantage of the two-stage charge gasification process as described above.
  • the exhaust heat emitted by the generator set is preferably kept at a high temperature in a range of about 600 to 700° C., and is directly or indirectly fed to the carbonization chamber.
  • This heat is efficiently utilized in the pyrolytic decomposition and carbonization of biomass, without use of supplementary fuel. Accordingly, the overall thermal efficiency of the system is high, since there is no need for supplementary fuel as in the case of a conventional system, and the system is preferable in terms of environmental impact.
  • the biomass fuel is subjected to pyrolysis and stirring when passing through the carbonization chamber, thereby being converted into a fine powdery material.
  • the exhaust heat supplied to the carbonization chamber is kept at a temperature in the range of about 600 to 700° C., it will vaporize the water content of the biomass fuel sufficiently to produce a carbonized fuel which has little water content and which is high in heating value.
  • the temperature of the char inside the carbonization chamber is preferably maintained in the range from about 500 to 600° C., and a high-quality carbonized fuel is produced.
  • uniform pulverization of the biomass fuel is difficult to implement.
  • the biomass fuel although in fine powdery form, will exhibit a grain distribution to some extent. Yet it is possible to effect sufficient pulverization to avoid problems in carrying out gasification.
  • the carbonization chamber of the system carries out drying, crushing, and carbonization, and consequently a separate crusher is unnecessary.
  • combustion, and gasification of the high-quality char obtained from the carbonization chamber raise the in-furnace temperature of the gasifier to a temperature at least as high as the decomposition temperature of tar, and the problem of adhesion of tar to piping is avoided, eliminating the need for cleaning or auxiliary tar removal equipment. Furthermore, when the in-furnace temperature of the gasifier, is maintained at such a high level, the production of dioxin is also avoided. In addition, since there is no need for decomposing the tar by use of steam activation and oxygen, deterioration in the heating value of the gas used as fuel for the generator set is avoided, and overall system efficiency is enhanced.
  • waste-based biomass As fuel, and there is no need for slagging ash in a separate device. It follows that, with the present invention, wood-based biomass, mixed with waste-based biomass can be utilized as fuel, and collection of adequate quantities of biomass fuel becomes less susceptible to changes of season and variations in weather. Saving of expense, and in time and effort required for collection of biomass fuel can be reduced significantly. There are, of course, other economic advantages in the utilization of waste-based biomass, such as municipal solid waste, waste plastics, and the like in comparison with the utilization of wood-based biomass alone, which generally has a higher collection cost.
  • the invention In addition to the fact that power output can be stabilized as a result of the use of waste-based biomass in addition to wood-based biomass, the invention also makes it easier to expand the scale of a power generation plant, and thereby realize greater efficiency in power generation. Moreover, there are significant ecological advantages in the melting of ash into slag.
  • biomass power generation system With the biomass power generation system according to the invention, improved efficiency and saving of space can both be realized by the use of equipment that has not existed previously: a gasifier capable of concurrently gasifying char, decomposing tar, and melting ash into slag.
  • the invention also has the advantage of handling wood-based biomass, and waste-based biomass regardless of their grindability, making it unnecessary to pulverize fuel in a separate crusher. As a result, the overall size of the power generation system, and its total cost, can be kept small.
  • relatively small amounts of ash can be discharged from the outlet of the gasifier in the form of fly ash together with the generated gas, and the ash can be arrested in a gas purifier installed downstream of the gasifier stage.
  • a choice can be made between operation in which ash is melted, and operation with no melting of ash, depending on the ash content of the biomass fuel, even though the same furnace is in use in both cases.
  • heat from the generated gas from the gasifier can also be recovered along with the exhaust heat from the generator set for use in operation of the carbonization chamber. Consequently, the carbonization chamber can be operated at a high temperature, and with high thermal efficiency.
  • Improved operation can be achieved by utilizing plural carbonization chambers, and operating them in rotation to feed char and the pyrolysis gas continuously to the gasifier.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a configuration of a biomass carbonizing-gasifying system according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a graph comparing calculated values and values from the results of gasification tests on oil emulsion (oxygen ratio at 0.40);
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing predictions of the gasifying performance of an oxygen-blown type, one-stage, entrained flow gasifier (input temperature of a gasifying agent: 50° C.), indicating variation in carbon conversion efficiency and the temperature at the outlet of the gasifier while the oxygen ratio is varied;
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing predictions of the gasifying performance of the oxygen-blown type, one-stage, entrained flow gasifier (input temperature of a gasifying agent: 50° C.), indicating variation in generated gas ratio and cold gas efficiency while the oxygen ratio is varied;
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing predictions of the gasifying performance of an air-blown type, one-stage, entrained flow gasifier (air input temperature: 250° C.), indicating variation in carbon conversion efficiency, and temperature at the outlet of the gasifier while the oxygen ratio is varied;
  • FIG. 6 is a graph showing predictions of the gasifying performance of an oxygen-blown, one-stage charge process, indicating the variation in carbon conversion efficiency and temperature at the outlet of the gasifier, while the oxygen ratio is varied;
  • FIG. 7 is a graph showing predictions of the gasifying performance of the oxygen-blown one-stage charge process, indicating variation in generated gas ratio and cold gas efficiency while the oxygen ratio is varied;
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing prediction of the gasifying performance of an air-blown, one-stage charge process, indicating variation in carbon conversion efficiency and temperature at the outlet of the gasifier while the oxygen ratio is varied;
  • FIG. 9 is a graph showing predictions of the gasifying performance of the air-blown, one-stage charge process, indicating variation in generated gas ratio and cold gas efficiency while the oxygen ratio is varied;
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing predictions of the gasifying performance of an air-blown, two-stage charge process, indicating variation in carbon conversion efficiency, combustor outlet temperature, and temperature at the outlet of the gasifier, while the oxygen ratio is varied;
  • FIG. 11 is a graph showing prediction on the gasifying performance of the air-blown two-stage charge process, indicating variation in generated gas ratio and cold gas efficiency while the oxygen ratio is varied;
  • FIG. 12 is a graph showing predictions of the gasifying performance of a process of air charge to a gas reformer (combustor oxygen ratio: 0.64), indicating variations in carbon conversion efficiency, combustor outlet temperature, and temperature at the outlet of the gasifier, while the oxygen ratio is varied;
  • FIG. 13 is a graph showing the effect of combustor oxygen ratio (overall oxygen ratio: 0.20) on gasifying performance, indicating variations in carbon conversion efficiency, combustor outlet temperature, and temperature at the outlet of the gasifier, while the oxygen ratio is varied;
  • FIG. 14 is a graph showing the effect of combustor oxygen ratio (overall oxygen ratio: 0.20) on gasifying performance, indicating variation in generated gas ratio and cold gas efficiency while the oxygen ratio is varied;
  • FIG. 15 is a graph showing predictions of the gasifying performance of a two-stage charge process for waste, indicating variations in carbon conversion efficiency, combustor outlet temperature, and temperature at the outlet of the gasifier, while the oxygen ratio is varied;
  • FIG. 16 is a graph showing prediction of the gasifying performance of the two-stage charge process for waste, indicating variations in generated gas ratio and cold gas efficiency while the oxygen ratio is varied;
  • FIG. 17 is a simplified schematic diagram showing the configuration of a biomass power generation system according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 18 is a perspective view of a power generation system in accordance with the invention, in which plural, sequentially operable, carbonization chambers are disposed around a single gasifier.
  • the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 1 is a biomass carbonizing-gasifying system for pyrolytically decomposing a biomass fuel 1 , such as wood-based biomass, waste-based biomass including municipal solid waste, and mixtures of such biomasses.
  • the biomass carbonizing-gasifying system comprises a carbonization chamber 2 for receiving and heating biomass fuel 1 to produce a carbonized material 4 , a two-stage gasifier 7 composed of a high-temperature gasification part 8 for gasifying the carbonized material 4 , and a gas reformer 9 for reforming combustible pyrolysis gas 3 , a carbonized material feeder 13 for feeding the carbonized material 4 to the high-temperature gasification part 8 of the gasifier 7 , a pyrolysis gas flow path 12 for sending the combustible pyrolysis gas 3 into the gas reformer 9 of the gasifier 7 , and gasifying agent feed means 14 for feeding a gasifying agent 5 to the high-temperature gasification part 8 of the gasifier, and feeding a gasifying agent 6
  • the pyrolysis gas 3 contains tar volatilized in the process of producing the carbonized material 4 .
  • This volatilized tar will form tar deposits on piping unless the temperature at the outlet 10 of the gasifier is kept above a predetermined temperature.
  • the gasifying agent 5 is continuously fed to the high temperature gasification part 8 .
  • the gasifying agent 6 is fed to the gas reformer 9 only when the temperature at the outlet 10 of the gasifier 7 drops to a predetermined temperature, or when there is a risk that the temperature will drop to that predetermined temperature.
  • the biomass fuel 1 has a high water content and poor grindability, which make the raw biomass fuel unsuitable for treatment by an entrained flow gasifier. Accordingly, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 , there is adopted a carbonizing-gasifying process in which the biomass fuel 1 is separated into a volatile, combustible, pyrolysis gas 3 and carbonized material 4 , inside the carbonization chamber 2 before being charged into the gasifier 7 .
  • the gas 3 contains the water content of the biomass fuel 1 and volatile matter, and the carbonized material 4 is composed mainly of fixed carbon and ash.
  • the carbonization chamber 2 comprises an inner part for pyrolytically decomposing the biomass fuel 1 , surrounded by a jacket 2 a , into which a gas 11 is introduced at a temperature preferably around 600° C. for indirectly heating the biomass fuel 1 and effecting carbonization through evaporation of its water content, and pyrolysis of organic substances under anaerobic conditions, the content of the chamber 2 being cut off from outside air.
  • the carbonization treatment of the biomass fuel can be carried out by utilizing exhaust heat from a gas engine, gas turbine, fuel cell, or other power generating device utilizing gas generated by the gasifier as a fuel.
  • the gas 11 can be exhaust gas from the power generating device.
  • the water content of the biomass, and the combustible pyrolysis gas 3 are continuously discharged from the upper part of the carbonization chamber, and the carbonized material 4 is discharged from the bottom thereof.
  • the water content, and the combustible pyrolysis gas 3 are sent into the gas reformer 9 via the pyrolysis gas flow path 12 .
  • the carbonized material 4 is sent into the high-temperature gasification part 8 of the gasifier 7 via the carbonized material feeder 13 .
  • the carbonized material feeder 13 can be any suitable feed means, for example, a screw feeder.
  • the gasifier 7 causes the carbonized material 4 fed from the carbonization chamber 2 , and the combustible pyrolysis gas 3 containing water content and volatile matter to undergo a gasifying reaction, thereby producing CO (carbon monoxide) and H 2 (hydrogen).
  • the gasifying agent feed means 14 are capable of being selectably switched between a condition in which the gasifying agent is fed only to the high-temperature gasification part 8 , and a condition in which the gasifying agent is fed both to the high-temperature gasification part 8 , and to the gas reformer 9 .
  • Air or oxygen is fed by the gasifying agent feed means 14 , thereby causing a burning reaction to occur in the high-temperature gasification part 8 or in both the high-temperature gasification part 8 , and the gas reformer 9 .
  • the gasifying agent feed means 14 may be made up of a device for blowing air and suitable piping.
  • gasifying agent feed means 14 are shown as separate elements for the sake of convenience, and the gasifying agent fed to the high-temperature gasification part 8 is denoted by reference numeral 5 while the gasifying agent fed to the gas reformer 9 is denoted by reference numeral 6 .
  • the gasifying agent feed means 14 can comprise a single feeder with branched piping and valves such that the gasifying agent (air or oxygen) can be switched over from a condition in which it is fed only to the high temperature gasification part 8 , to a condition in which it is fed both to the high-temperature gasification part 8 , and the gas reformer 9 . Where a single feeder is used with branched feed pipes, a reduction in the overall size of the system, and a reduction in its cost can be realized.
  • the biomass fuel 1 fed to the carbonization chamber 2 first undergoes indirect pyrolysis at a temperature around, for example, 600° C. inside the carbonization chamber 2 for a sufficient length of time to be carbonized.
  • Upon the carbonization of the biomass fuel 1 its water content, and volatile matter, are exhausted from the upper part of the carbonization chamber 2 and transferred to the gas reformer 9 via the pyrolysis gas flow path 12 .
  • the time required for pyrolytic decomposition of the biomass fuel 1 is dependent on the kind of raw material, and its water content. As an example, if the temperature is set to around 600° C., carbonization can ordinarily be implemented in about 30 minutes to one hour.
  • the carbonized material 4 containing fixed carbon, ash, and relatively little volatile matter, is discharged from the carbonization chamber 2 .
  • the carbonized material 4 and the volatile gas in the carbonization chamber are fed to the gasifier 7 via different systems,
  • a gasifying agent 5 is fed to the high-temperature gasification part 8 , which is the lower part of the gasifier 7 , and combustion and gasification are carried out in the gasification part, using the carbonized material 4 as a fuel. Since the water content from the biomass has been removed and the of the carbonized material 4 at this stage is relatively free of water, a high-temperature gas a temperature not of 1500° C. or more can be generated. Furthermore, in the gas reformer 9 , which is the upper part of the gasifier 7 , gas reforming is carries out by decomposing tar contained in the pyrolysis gas 3 delivered from the carbonization chamber 2 by the use of the high-temperature gas as a heat source.
  • the flow rate of the combustible pyrolysis gas 3 (which is typically at temperature in the range of about 400 to 600° C.) is high in relation to the flow rate of the carbonized material 4 within the system, the gas from the high-temperature gasification part 8 can undergo a rapid drop in temperature inside the gas reformer 9 .
  • the temperature of the gas in reformer 9 should not be allowed to drop to a temperature lower than 1100° C., which is the decomposition temperature of tar.
  • gasifying agent 6 containing air or oxygen, is fed into the gas reformer 9 , and a portion of the combustible pyrolysis gas 3 is subjected to combustion, thereby raising the temperature of the high-temperature gas to a temperature of at least 1100° C., so that decomposition of the tar can take place.
  • Reactions inside the gasifier 7 can be expressed by means of simple chemical formulas as follows.
  • the burning reaction in the high-temperature gasification part 8 includes reactions expressed by: CO+1 ⁇ 2O 2 ⁇ CO 2 (1) and H 2 +1 ⁇ 2O 2 ⁇ H 2 O (2) while the gasifying reaction includes reactions expressed by C+CO 2 ⁇ 2CO (3) and C+H 2 O ⁇ CO+H 2 (4)
  • Ash resulting from the burning reaction and the gasifying reaction proceeding in the high-temperature gasification part 8 , is turned into molten slag, which is taken out of the bottom of the gasifier 7 .
  • plural carbonization chambers may be operated time sequence for continuous feeding of carbonized material and combustible pyrolysis gas to the gasifier.
  • the high-temperature gasification part and the gas reformer can be provided in one chamber, without a distinct partition therebetween.
  • a single chamber can be used, or a single chamber with a restriction between two parts can be used.
  • the Foundation has established a calculation technique capable of easily predicting various gasifying performances, such as carbon conversion efficiency, cold gas efficiency, gas temperature and so forth, on the basis of properties of fuel species as targets, and gasifying reaction rates thereof to enable gasifying processes, optimum operation conditions, and so forth, to be reviewed with ease.
  • gasifying performances such as carbon conversion efficiency, cold gas efficiency, gas temperature and so forth
  • the calculation technique radiation from the furnace wall of the gasifier 7 , particle behavior, the shape of the gasifier 7 , and so forth are not taken into account, and it is possible to keep track of the extent to which the reactions occurring to fuel charged into the gasifier 7 have proceeded after the elapse of time on the basis of gasifying reaction rates, and gas phase reaction rate.
  • the initial temperature was determined on the basis of the sensible heats of the fuel, and the gasifying agent (air, oxygen), respectively, and the heating value of the volatile matter when converted into CO, and so forth.
  • Average specific heat capacities at constant pressure (Cpi) of various gases were calculated by making approximations with a sixth order polynomial for gas temperature, as given below.
  • T: is in ° C.
  • the gasifier 7 was assumed to be constructed of a refractory material, and the ratio of heat loss, caused by dissipation to the furnace wall of the gasifier 7 , was found by use of a relationship between gas temperature at the outlet of the gasifier 7 , and a ratio of heat loss to heat input quantity, shown in the expression below, found when gasification tests on oil emulsion and residual oil were conducted at the new species liquid fuel gasification research furnace of the Foundation. At a temperature below 1370° C., the first expression, derived from the gasification tests on the oil emulsion was used while the second expression, derived from the gasification tests on the residual oil was used at temperatures at and above 1370° C.
  • the ratio of heat loss was determined on the basis of the outlet temperature of the gasifier 7 , and, from those expressions, and further, correction was made by taking into account the ratio of the wall surface area of the gasifier 7 to the heat input quantity. As a result, the effect of scaling up the gasifier 7 can be taken into account.
  • FIG. 2 shows comparison of test values with calculation values at an oxygen ratio (z, 900 ) of 0.40 after about 5 seconds of retention time in the furnace, when the gasifying reaction in the test was determined nearly completed.
  • values measured at the PDTF of the Foundation were adopted.
  • Table 3 shows the properties of the cedar chips used for review. Because the ash content in the cedar chips is in a trace amount (0.09%), it was assumed that the ash was discharged as fly ash downstream instead of being slagged and molten inside the gasifier 7 for subsequent discharge. For the gasifying reaction rate constants, use was made of the values for cedar barks as shown in Table 2. TABLE 3 C H O N S Cl fixed carbon ash water 30.45 3.71 25.68 0.06 0.01 ⁇ 0.01 6.07 0.09 40 (* assumed melting point of ash: 1600° C.) One-Stage Entrained Flow Process
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 show results of the review with the oxygen-blown type.
  • oxygen fed from an oxygen production unit is generally 95% in concentration
  • oxygen concentration in the gasifying agent was 95%
  • the 5% balance was nitrogen.
  • the input temperature of the gasifying agent was 50° C. It was predicted from calculation results that high efficiency operation with the carbon conversion efficiency at not less than 99.5% was feasible in an oxygen ratio range exceeding 0.58.
  • biomass is high in O content of fuel, so that the heating value thereof is low as compared with fossil fuel. Consequently, calculation showed that operation at a high oxygen ratio exceeding 0.58 was required in spite of the oxygen-blown type in order to implement operation with the temperature inside the gasifier 7 , kept sufficiently high.
  • the cold gas efficiency, as another index of high efficiency operation was 58.9%, and the generated gas heating value became as low as about 1000 kcal/m 3 N.
  • FIG. 5 shows results of the calculation of the carbon conversion efficiency, and gas temperature at the outlet of the gasifier in the case of the air-blown type.
  • the air input temperature was 250° C.
  • both the carbon conversion efficiency, and gas temperature undergo deterioration in operation at the same oxygen ratio because the amount of nitrogen increases by about 70 times (percentage of nitrogen in the gasifying agent: 5% ⁇ 79%) in operation at the same oxygen ratio. Consequently, it was found impossible to attain a carbon conversion efficiency in excess of 99%, even with the oxygen ratio at 0.80. Therefore, it was deemed difficult to execute air-blown gasification with the one-stage entrained flow process.
  • the biomass fuel is fed to the carbonization chamber 2 , and is carbonized at 600° C. for a sufficient length of time.
  • For carbonization use can be made of high-temperature exhaust gas from a process downstream of the gasifier 7 .
  • the water content, and volatile matter are discharged out of the upper part of the carbonization chamber 2 during carbonization, and after sufficient carbonization, the carbonized material 4 , containing fixed carbon, ash, and a little volatile matter, is discharged from the carbonization chamber 2 .
  • the carbonized material 4 and the pyrolysis gas (volatile gas) 3 in the carbonization chamber 2 , are fed to the gasifier 7 via different paths. There is the need to review how to feed the gasifier 7 with the carbonized material 4 and the pyrolysis gas 3 in order to determine the optimum operation conditions for gasification.
  • volatilization characteristics of cedar chips were measured to determine to what extent volatile matter in the cedar chips would undergo volatilization. As a result, it was determined that 92.6% of the volatile matter was volatilized at 600° C. Accordingly, it was assumed that the carbonized material 4 contained 7.4% of the volatile matter in addition to fixed carbon and ash.
  • the input temperature rose to 600° C. because the biomass fuel 1 was subjected to pretreatment in the carbonization chamber 2 , and gas temperature inside the gasifier 7 rose due to lack of latent heat because the water content was fed as vapor, so that the gasifying performances, such as the carbon conversion efficiency, cold gas efficiency, and so forth, are enhanced on the basis of the same oxygen ratio in comparison with the one-stage entrained flow gasifier.
  • the gasifying performances such as the carbon conversion efficiency, cold gas efficiency, and so forth, are enhanced on the basis of the same oxygen ratio in comparison with the one-stage entrained flow gasifier.
  • FIGS. 8 and 9 show the results of calculation.
  • the rise in gas temperature inside the gasifier 7 is accompanied by enhancement in carbon conversion efficiency, and cold gas efficiency in operation, at the same oxygen ratio as compared with the one-stage, entrained flow, gasifier, thereby enabling high efficiency operation even with the air-blown type.
  • Calculation results showed that high efficiency operation, with the carbon conversion efficiency at not less than 99.5%, was feasible with an oxygen ratio not less than 0.43.
  • the cold gas efficiency in this case was 67.8%, and the generated gas heating value became as low as about 840 kcal/m 3 N.
  • the retention time was set to 3 seconds inside the high-temperature gasification part 8 , and to 1 second inside the gas reformer 9 .
  • the high-temperature gasification part 8 is turned into the high temperature combustion zone at a temperature in excess of 3000° C.
  • the quantity of the volatile gas fed from the carbonization chamber 2 is large in relation to the flow rate of gas from the high-temperature gasification part 8 to the gas reformer 9 , and a rapid drop in temperature occurs inside the gas reformer 9 , thereby rendering it impossible to keep the temperature at the outlet of the gasifier at a level of at least 1100° C. Accordingly, the review was conducted only on the case of the air-blown type.
  • the temperature at the outlet of the high-temperature gasification part 8 is expected to exceed 2000° C. at an oxygen ratio 0.17, and, at that time, the temperature at the outlet of the gasifier is 1030° C., which below 1100° C., the temperature regarded as a guide for stable operation. That is because, in relation to the flow rate of the gas from the high-temperature gasification part 8 at about 2300 m 3 N/h, the flow rate of the volatile gas fed from the carbonization chamber 2 to the gas reformer 9 is about 5400 m 3 N/h, equivalent to nearly 2.5 times as much as the former, so that the temperature of the gas from the high-temperature gasification part 8 , at about 2000° C., is rapidly lowered. Accordingly it was deemed difficult to implement stable operation with this process when the temperature at the outlet of the high-temperature gasification part 8 , and the temperature at the outlet of the gasifier 7 are taken into account.
  • FIG. 12 shows the results of calculation of the carbon conversion efficiency, and gas temperature.
  • FIGS. 13 and 14 show the results of the review.
  • the combustor oxygen ratio is preferably as low as possible when the heat load on the furnace wall is considered, and it was expected from FIGS. 13 and 14 that gasifying performance with the carbon conversion efficiency, as an index of high efficiency operation, at not less than 99.5%, was obtainable with the combustor oxygen ratio at not less than 0.56.
  • FIGS. 15 and 16 show results of calculation. Fuel throughput was set to 100 t/d as with the case with cedar chips. However, as for the volatilization ratio in the carbonization chamber 2 , proportions by weight of the carbonized material 4 to the pyrolysis gas 3 were set to 40:60 by use of measured values obtained when carbonization was actually carried out at Okadora Co. Ltd., the manufacturer of carbonizers.
  • the temperature at the outlet of the high-temperature gasification part 8 is at not lower than 1600° C., it is deemed that ash contained in the waste used in the review can be satisfactorily melted and discharged from the high-temperature gasification part 8 of the gasifier.
  • FIGS. 17 and 18 show another aspect of the invention, in which power is generated from biomass.
  • the biomass power generation system comprising a carbonizer 15 capable of pyrolytically decomposing and carbonizing not only wood-based biomass, but also waste-based biomass, such as municipal solid waste and the like, a gasifier 16 for carrying out combustion and gasification of char produced in the carbonizer 15 , and a generator set 17 , operable on the gas generated in the gasifier 16 as a source of energy, for generating electric power.
  • the generator set emits exhaust heat, which, as will be seen, is utilized in the operation of the carbonizer.
  • the carbonizer 15 can be identical to the carbonizer 2 in FIG. 1 , having an internal chamber for receiving biomass, surrounded by a jacket for receiving hot gas as a source of heat for pyrolytic decomposition and carbonization of the biomass within the internal chamber.
  • the jacket of the carbonizer 15 is connected to the generator set 17 via an exhaust gas feed path 18 for directly receiving the supply of the exhaust gas emitted by the generator set 17 , so that the system achieves high thermal efficiency through effective utilization of the heat of the exhaust gas.
  • the jacket of the carbonization chamber 15 is in the shape of a vertical annular cylinder, and the exhaust gas at a high temperature, for example 600° C., is introduced into the jacket for carbonization by external heating.
  • the cylindrical inner part of the carbonizer may be provided with rotor blades (not shown), and the fuel may be pressed against the inner wall of the carbonization chamber by rotating the rotor blades, thereby enhancing heat conduction, and improvement of carbonization efficiency.
  • a carbonization chamber 15 suitable for use in carrying out the present embodiment can be, for example, a super-high speed carbonizer manufactured by Okadora Co. Ltd. However, various forms of carbonization chambers are suitable. For example, an externally heated, cylindrical, rotary kiln may be used.
  • high-quality char that is, a carbonized fuel with little water content and high in heating value
  • the exhaust gas after releasing heat to the biomass fuel, is emitted through a smokestack. That is, the carbonization chamber 15 utilizes system exhaust heat from the generator set 6 as a heat source, via the exhaust gas feed path 18 , for indirect pyrolytic decomposition of the biomass fuel.
  • the time required for pyrolysis varies depending on the kind of biomass supplied as raw material, and the water content in the biomass. In most cases, however, when exhaust gas at around 600° C. is utilized, carbonization can be implemented in about 30 minutes to one hour.
  • Plural chambers may be provided for carbonization, and operated in rotation in time sequence, thereby continuously feeding the char and pyrolysis gas to the gasifier 16 .
  • the carbonizing process inside the carbonization chambers entails some variation with respect to the amount of vaporization. However, if the plural units of the carbonizer are operated in rotation, the effects of such variation can be alleviated.
  • a raw material bunker 19 is connected to the carbonizer for charging biomass as fuel into the carbonizer 15 .
  • Raw material consisting of wood-based biomass, or raw material consisting of a of mixture of wood-based biomass, and waste-based biomass, may be first fed into the raw material bunker 19 , and then sequentially supplied to the carbonization chambers of a plural chamber carbonizer.
  • the gasifier 16 is a furnace for carrying out combustion and gasification of the char produced in the carbonization chamber 15 , reforming a combustible pyrolysis gas containing tar, volatilized during carbonization, and converting ash in the fuel into molten slag.
  • the gasifier may be installed as a single furnace in the biomass power generation system. However, in the case of a large scale biomass power generation system, e.g., a plant with capacity in excess of, for example, 50 megawatts, plural gasifier units may be connected with one another through gas turbines, the number of units and the construction thereof depending on the mode and scale of the system.
  • the temperature at the outlet of the gasifier 16 is dependent on the heating value as well as the quantity of the char, and the quantity of input air.
  • the temperature in the lower part of the furnace may reach a level as high as 1500° C. in some cases because a relatively large quantity of air, corresponding to the heating value and the quantity of char, is introduced into the gasifier, because the char and pyrolysis gas at a temperature of at least about 600° C. are charged into the gasifier 16 , because the water content in the biomass fuel is turned into steam at 600° C. before being into the gasifier, and because high-quality char (that is, a char high in heating value and containing little water) is used as fuel.
  • the in-furnace temperature of the gasifier 16 reaches 1100° C., which is the decomposition temperature of tar, or a temperature higher than that, and the pyrolysis gas containing tar, having volatilized at the time of carbonization in the carbonization chamber 15 , is subjected to reformation in the upper part (the gas reformer) of the gasifier 16 .
  • the tar contained in the pyrolysis gas undergoes decomposition under the high-temperature condition created by utilization of high heat in the lower part (the gasification/melting part) of the furnace, it is possible to avoid adhesion of the tar to piping, and the like.
  • the gasifier 16 executes high-temperature combustion in the lower part of the furnace, thereby melting the ash in the fuel, and, at the same time, executes reformation of the pyrolysis gas in the upper part of the furnace by utilizing heat generated in the lower part thereof, thereby fulfilling two functions with a single unit.
  • 1100° C. represents a preferable temperature from the viewpoint of reliably deterring formation of tar, but the formation of the tar can be deterred even at a temperature lower than 1100° C.
  • the biomass power generation system according to the present embodiment has the feature in that the in-furnace temperature is enabled to reach 1100° C., or higher because of the particular structure of the gasifier.
  • the gasifier 16 because a high in-furnace temperature is attained, not only can the tar in the pyrolysis gas be decomposed, but also, even the ash in the tar can be melted at a high temperature and converted into slag. If waste-based biomass is mixed with wood-based biomass to be burned, this will result in a good possibility that the ash contains heavy metals. However, if the ash can be melted and converted to slag, it is possible to discharge the ash in a condition where there is no risk of elution of heavy metals, or such a small risk that there is no need for taking particular countermeasures against elution of the constituents of the ash.
  • a tar—pyrolysis gas feed path 20 , and a char feed path 21 are provided between the gasifier 16 and the carbonization chambers 15 .
  • the former, namely, the tar—pyrolysis gas feed path 20 is a flow path for feeding the tar and pyrolysis gas, generated in the carbonization chambers 15 , into the gasifier 16
  • the latter, namely, the char feed path 21 is a flow path for feeding char generated in the same carbonization chambers 15 , into the gasifier 16 .
  • the char feed path 21 making use of a screw conveyer, for example, is connected to the lower part of the carbonization chambers 15 , thereby carrying out combustion and gasification by using the char as the fuel, so that the temperature in the lower part of the furnace in particular, is raised to a high temperature, whereupon there is generated a high-temperature gas at a temperature not less than 1100° C., or not less than 1500° C. in some cases, by feeding air into the lower part of the furnace.
  • gas reformation is carried out in the upper part of the furnace, and tar, pyrolytically decomposed partially in the carbonizer 15 , is decomposed in the upper part of the furnace, by the use of the high-temperature gas as a heat source.
  • the gas generated in the gasifier 16 is delivered as a heat source via a generated gas feed path 22 to the generator set 17 in a subsequent stage.
  • the generated gas can be directly delivered to the generator set 17 via the generated gas feed path 22
  • heat exchange between the generated gas and the exhaust gas from the generator set 17 is preferably carried out.
  • This can entail transfer of heat from the generated gas to the exhaust gas from the generator set 17 , so that the exhaust gas fed to the carbonizer 15 , serving as a heat source, can be rendered higher in temperature, thereby enabling higher thermal efficiency to be attained.
  • a generated gas heat exchanger 23 is installed in such a way as to cause the generated gas feed path 22 to intersect the exhaust gas feed path 18 at some midpoint, or to be in close proximity thereto.
  • the gas generated in the gasifier 16 loses its heat in the heat exchanger 23 , and is thereby cooled, and is subsequently delivered to the generator set 17 after dust, sulfur, and other contaminants contained in the gas are removed in a gas purifier 24 installed between the heat exchanger 23 and the generator set 17 .
  • the generator set 17 is operated by the gas generated in the gasifier 16 for generating electric power. It also sends out exhaust heat to the carbonizer via the exhaust gas feed path 18 .
  • the exhaust gas feed path 18 may be directly connected to the carbonization chamber 15 .
  • the generated gas heat exchanger 23 is installed at an intermediate point along the exhaust gas feed path 18 so as to enable heat exchange to be effected between the gas generated in the gasifier 16 and the exhaust gas from the generator set 17 . It follows that the heat of the exhaust gas from the generator set 17 , and also the heat from the generated gas from the gasifier 16 are recovered for utilization in the carbonizer, thereby enabling higher thermal efficiency for the system as a whole to be attained. it is possible to adopt other modes such as, for example, a mode in which the exhaust heat is utilized through the medium of steam after heat exchange with the exhaust gas.
  • plural carbonization chambers 25 are disposed around a single gasifier 26 having a high temperature gasification part 27 and a gas reformer 28 .
  • These carbonization chambers are operated in rotation in order to provide a continuous supply of char and pyrolysis gas to the gasifier 26 . That is, carbonization takes place in a first one of the carbonization chambers 25 , and pyrolysis gas is fed from the first carbonization chamber to the gas reformer 28 while char is fed from a second carbonization chamber to the high temperature gasification part 27 of the gasifier.
  • the second carbonization chamber is recharged with biomass, and the functions of the carbonization chambers are interchanged so that char is fed from the first chamber while carbonization takes place in the second chamber and pyrolysis gas is fed from the second chamber to the gas reformer.
  • More than two carbonization chambers can, of course, be associated with a single gasifier, and operated in appropriate time sequence.
  • the biomass power generation system implements high-efficiency power generation, without the use of a supplementary fuel, by integrating a carbonizing process utilizing exhaust heat of the system, with a gasifying process.
  • a thermal efficiency at 34%, which is in excess of 30%, the target value of thermal efficiency (in the case of a 100 t/d scale) for “Biomass Nippon Comprehensive Strategy,” as mentioned below. More specifically, with the biomass power generation system according to the embodiment of FIG.
  • the carbonization chamber 15 capable of effectively utilizing the exhaust heat, provided at a front stage of the system, it is possible to cause both biomasses in the mixed condition, in a sense, heterogeneous fuels, to be dried in the carbonizing process and subsequently converted into a fuel having stable properties, containing a given water content (for example, about 1%), and pulverizable if required.
  • a power generation efficiency of 30% or better can be achieved.
  • Biomass Nippon Comprehensive Strategy is a strategy for promotion of utilization of biomass, arranged jointly by the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transportation, the Ministry of the Environment, and the Ministry of Education, and decided upon at the cabinet meeting in December, 2002.
  • Biomass Nippon Comprehensive Strategy dated Dec. 12, 2002, for example, p.
  • the biomass power generation system according to the invention has several advantages over a conventional power generation set.
  • wood-based biomass fuel since not only wood-based biomass, but also waste-based biomass, such as municipal solid waste, waste plastics, and the like can be utilized, wood-based biomass fuel, the availability of which is subject to seasonal variation, can be complemented by waste-based biomass, and consequently, stable power output can be obtained.
  • waste based biomass includes waste is ordinarily disposed of at a relatively high cost. However, if such waste is collected as part of the fuel for use in power generation, the economics of wood-based biomass collection can be improved.
  • Third, the increase in the quantity of available fuel afforded by the invention makes it possible to increase the scale of power generation equipment, making high-efficiency power generation feasible.
  • the power generation system can serve as a disposal facility for general as well as industrial wastes, and contributes to environmental conservation.
  • the raw biomass is reduced in volume to about 1 ⁇ 5 to 1/7 of its initial volume, so that a compact gasifier can be utilized.
  • the system can be operated by workers with no special qualifications.
  • the embodiment described above is an example of preferred embodiments of the invention, however, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto, and that various changes and modifications may be made in the invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.
  • the municipal solid waste, waste plastics, and so forth are cited as specific examples of the waste-based biomass.
  • those materials are cited merely by way of example, and with the biomass power generation system according to the invention, other biomasses may be utilized, including biomass having high water content, such as, for example, agricultural resources, forest resources, stock farming resources, and aquatic resources, wastes of those resources, building material waste, food stuff waste, sludge, and so forth, regardless of whether it is wood-based biomass, or waste-based biomass.

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KR101251103B1 (ko) 2013-04-04
US20080216405A1 (en) 2008-09-11
KR20120030502A (ko) 2012-03-28
CA2501841C (fr) 2012-07-10

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