US20040231118A1 - Method for producing a foil material provided with an embossed hologram as well as a foil material - Google Patents

Method for producing a foil material provided with an embossed hologram as well as a foil material Download PDF

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Publication number
US20040231118A1
US20040231118A1 US10/489,480 US48948004A US2004231118A1 US 20040231118 A1 US20040231118 A1 US 20040231118A1 US 48948004 A US48948004 A US 48948004A US 2004231118 A1 US2004231118 A1 US 2004231118A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
foil material
lubricant
foil
layer
embossing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US10/489,480
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English (en)
Inventor
Wolfgang Brickenkamp
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Novelis Deutschland GmbH
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Assigned to ALCAN DEUTSCHLAND GMBH reassignment ALCAN DEUTSCHLAND GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BRICKENKAMP, WOLFGANG
Publication of US20040231118A1 publication Critical patent/US20040231118A1/en
Assigned to CITICORP NORTH AMERICA, INC. reassignment CITICORP NORTH AMERICA, INC. SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NOVELIS CORPORATION, NOVELIS INC.
Assigned to UBS AG, STAMFORD BRANCH reassignment UBS AG, STAMFORD BRANCH SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: NOVELIS DEUTSCHLAND GMBH
Assigned to NOVELIS INC., NOVELIS CORPORATION reassignment NOVELIS INC. RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CITICORP NORTH AMERICA, INC.
Assigned to NOVELIS DEUTSCHLAND GMBH (PREVIOUSLY: ALCAN DEUTSCHLAND GMBH) reassignment NOVELIS DEUTSCHLAND GMBH (PREVIOUSLY: ALCAN DEUTSCHLAND GMBH) RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: UBS AG, STAMFORD BRANCH
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
    • D21H19/66—Coatings characterised by a special visual effect, e.g. patterned, textured
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
    • G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
    • G03H1/04—Processes or apparatus for producing holograms
    • G03H1/20—Copying holograms by holographic, i.e. optical means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2203/00—Decoration means, markings, information elements, contents indicators
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H11/00—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only
    • D21H11/02—Chemical or chemomechanical or chemothermomechanical pulp
    • D21H11/04—Kraft or sulfate pulp
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/30—Foil or other thin sheet-metal making or treating
    • Y10T29/301—Method

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a foil material provided with an embossed hologram, as well as such a foil material.
  • a holographic embossing method in which a substrate is provided with a lacquer layer, then metallisation of the material is carried out and finally a hologram is embossed through the metallisation.
  • Lacquers having specific properties are required for such a method.
  • lacquers which cure under UV light, said lacquers not being completely cured when embossing is carried out so that the embossing structure can be applied.
  • the material is then normally provided with a protective lacquer and it can subsequently be cut into narrow rolls. It is alternatively known to carry out metallisation after embossing of the partially cured lacquer has taken place.
  • the protective lacquer applied as the topmost layer is necessary to protect the fine embossing structures and to generate the required abrasion resistance and gliding property of the material.
  • the known holographic embossing methods have the disadvantage that they always require an additional, separate production step during the manufacturing process. In particular, the embossing process has to occur before the covering protective lacquer is applied. The problem arises here that it is uneconomical to produce small lot sizes with varying embossed motifs since metallisation and coating with lacquer can only be carried out economically for large lot sizes, e.g. large rolls.
  • the object of the invention is to create an economically improved method for producing a foil material provided with an embossed hologram, as well as a foil material which can be economically produced.
  • the foil material is first of all optionally metallised.
  • the method according to the invention is basically suitable for metal foils, for example aluminium foils, for metal-paper composites, in particular aluminium-paper composites, and also for paper which is to be correspondingly metallised in a first method step, i.e. is to be provided with a thin metal layer.
  • a lubricant is then applied within the scope of the method according to the invention.
  • Embossing of the metallised or metal layer occurs directly thereafter.
  • the step normally required according to the prior art of applying a suitable lacquer in which the embossing structures are formed is no longer required.
  • Embossing is rather carried out directly on the metal layer.
  • the lubricant hereby ensures that the required structures can be formed without the risk of the metal peeling off.
  • Embossing essentially occurs directly on the finished foil material since embossing does not occur on a lacquer which still has to be subsequently cured, nor is a subsequently applied cover or protective lacquer required. It has shown during tests that with the exception of the lubricant layer, which is also present at least in residual amounts following embossing, the embossed surface can form the topmost layer of the foil material produced according to the invention.
  • Coating with a protective lacquer is no longer necessary.
  • the method according to the invention thus achieves a noticeable economic improvement.
  • the foil material to be processed according to the invention it is noted that this material can be material according to EP 0 676 503 A1, and the entire disclosure of this document concerning the material used according to the invention is herewith made the subject matter of the present application. Since the material mentioned therein already comprises a lubricant coating, it is obvious that a further lubricant coating is not absolutely necessary, but is, however, possible at any time.
  • a lubricant having a softening point which lies above the temperature occurring during embossing is preferably selected as the lubricant. Efficient production can hereby be ensured in an advantageous manner.
  • the usable lubricants preferably belong to the following chemical classes: paraffins, polyethylene waxes, polypropylene waxes modified with maleic anhydride, ester and acid waxes, amide waxes, polytetrafluoroethylene waxes, polytetrafluoroethylene/polyethylene waxes, ethyl vinyl acetate copolymer waxes, natural waxes, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, metal soaps, fatty acid esters, solid acid amides, siloxanes and sulphated oils. According to the invention, they can be used as individual compounds or in mutually compatible mixtures. Most lubricants are commercially available and can be used directly without any further preparation.
  • the lubricant is a paraffin, it is preferably selected from predominantly branched-chain liquid hydrocarbons or from predominantly straight-chain solid hydrocarbons.
  • Polyethylene waxes as lubricants are preferably selected from polyethylenes having an average molecular weight of 2000 to 12000 or from air-oxidised, low molecular weight polyethylenes.
  • a preferred natural wax is carnauba wax.
  • Typical representatives of fatty acids as lubricants are stearic acid, 12-hydroxystearic acid and montan acids (mixture of long-chain carboxylic acids having 26 to 33 carbon atoms).
  • Metal soaps are also suitable as lubricants. Calcium stearate, magnesium stearate and zinc stearate are preferably used.
  • Fatty acid esters as lubricants are preferably selected from fatty acid esters of short-chain, monohydric alcohols, fatty acid esters of long-chain, monohydric alcohols, glycol fatty acid esters, glycerol fatty acid esters, montan acid ester waxes, solid or liquid high molecular weight mixed esters or esters of polybasic carboxylic acids.
  • Typical representatives of this class of compound are n-butyl stearate, stearyl stearate, propylene glycol monooleate, glycerol monooleate, glycerol monostearate, distearyl adipate, distearyl phthalate, polycondensates of pentaerythrite+adipic acid+oleic acid or stearic acid, and esters of montan acids mixed with free montan acids and calcium montanate.
  • a solid acid amide as the lubricant is advantageously a fatty acid amide selected from oleic acid amide, erucic acid amide or stearic acid amide, or N,N′-bis-stearoyl-ethylenediamine.
  • the lubricant is normally applied in that it is applied as a dispersion and then dried.
  • the solvent used hereby evaporates so that a comparatively solid lubricant coating remains.
  • embossing of a hologram within the scope of the method according to the invention, it is noted that in contrast to another embossing wherein the entire material is deformed, only a deformation of the surface hereby occurs. In other words, the unprocessed “rear side” remains largely even when a hologram is embossed.
  • a typical material thickness for the foil material used here is approximately 50 ⁇ m.
  • embossing it is preferred within the scope of the invention for embossing to be carried out in a continuous method, for example by rotation, i.e. by means of rotating rollers.
  • a foil material having an embossed hologram which consists of a metal-paper composite, in particular an aluminium-paper composite, can also be produced within the scope of the method.
  • a composite material is to be coated with lubricant on the foil side, i.e. the metal side, within the scope of the method according to the invention, and can also be processed according to the invention without the need for a lacquer coating and can be made into a foil material having an embossed hologram.
  • a cutting process is preferably carried out within the scope of the method according to the invention in a single operation together with embossing, which has further economic advantages.
  • the material according to the invention can, in particular, be produced on a combined embossing and cutting machine, in particular a roll cutting machine. The material can then be wound with little effort to at least one roll.
  • Said foil material comprises a metal layer provided with an embossed hologram as well as a lubricant layer which is applied to the finished foil material at least partially on said metal layer.
  • the method according to the invention is reflected in the associated foil material in that the topmost layer of the material is exclusively formed by the metal layer and/or the lubricant layer.
  • no protective lacquer is needed on the foil material.
  • a material which can be produced in an extremely economical manner is thus created, which can, for example, be used as an inner foil for cigarette packets.
  • the foil material can be a metallised paper, a metal foil, in particular an aluminium foil, or a metal-paper composite, in particular an aluminium-paper composite.
  • the required processability for producing the foil material according to the invention can be ensured in that the finished material has a lubricant coating in the order of magnitude of 0.02 g/m 2 .
  • the foil material according to the invention is a roll of material.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
  • Wrappers (AREA)
  • Holo Graphy (AREA)
US10/489,480 2001-09-21 2002-08-14 Method for producing a foil material provided with an embossed hologram as well as a foil material Abandoned US20040231118A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10146635A DE10146635B4 (de) 2001-09-21 2001-09-21 Verfahren zur Herstellung eines mit einer Hologrammprägung versehenen Folienmaterials sowie Folienmaterial
DE10146635.8 2001-09-21
PCT/EP2002/009139 WO2003027775A1 (de) 2001-09-21 2002-08-14 Verfahren zur herstellung eines mit einer hologrammprägung versehenen folienmaterials sowie folienmaterial

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20040231118A1 true US20040231118A1 (en) 2004-11-25

Family

ID=7699844

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/489,480 Abandoned US20040231118A1 (en) 2001-09-21 2002-08-14 Method for producing a foil material provided with an embossed hologram as well as a foil material

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US20040231118A1 (de)
EP (1) EP1430366A1 (de)
CA (1) CA2460815A1 (de)
DE (1) DE10146635B4 (de)
EA (1) EA005833B1 (de)
WO (1) WO2003027775A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102008061998A1 (de) 2008-12-12 2010-06-17 Seismografics Jk Gmbh Prägeplatte und -walze für Beugungseffekt-Bilder

Citations (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3266416A (en) * 1964-12-10 1966-08-16 Grace W R & Co Embossing method
US3490362A (en) * 1967-07-20 1970-01-20 Bernard J Massari Die plate for embossing and cutting
US4725111A (en) * 1986-07-29 1988-02-16 American Bank Note Holographics, Inc. Holograms embossed into metal surfaces
US4773718A (en) * 1986-07-29 1988-09-27 American Bank Note Holographics, Inc. Holograms embossed into metal surfaces
US4918800A (en) * 1989-04-03 1990-04-24 Eastman Kodak Company Continuous method for making decorative sheet materials
US5081923A (en) * 1990-03-29 1992-01-21 Enamel Products & Plating Company Method of creating a registered pattern on a metal coil and associated apparatus
US5111572A (en) * 1989-03-01 1992-05-12 Austria Metall Aktiengesellschaft Method of mechanical surface treatment of a blank metal sheet
US5155604A (en) * 1987-10-26 1992-10-13 Van Leer Metallized Products (Usa) Limited Coated paper sheet embossed with a diffraction or holographic pattern
US5624076A (en) * 1992-05-11 1997-04-29 Avery Dennison Corporation Process for making embossed metallic leafing pigments
US5643678A (en) * 1994-04-04 1997-07-01 Novavision, Inc. Holographic film and method for forming
US5775060A (en) * 1991-07-03 1998-07-07 Soremartec S.A. Process for forming wrappers of thin sheet materials and a device for carrying out same
US5789066A (en) * 1994-09-16 1998-08-04 Sidmar N.V. Method and device for manufacturing cold rolled metal sheets or strips and metal sheets or strips obtained
US5881444A (en) * 1997-12-12 1999-03-16 Aluminum Company Of America Techniques for transferring holograms into metal surfaces
US5902436A (en) * 1996-07-09 1999-05-11 Hampshire Holographic Manufacturing Corp. Method for transferring a metallized holographic image
US5922455A (en) * 1996-06-04 1999-07-13 Hampshire Holographic Manufacturing Corp. Holographically enhanced wrapping elements
US6112388A (en) * 1997-07-07 2000-09-05 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Embossed metallic flakelets and method for producing the same
US6168100B1 (en) * 1997-10-23 2001-01-02 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Method for producing embossed metallic flakelets
US6280553B1 (en) * 1998-09-02 2001-08-28 Daphne Yang Method for making hologram ornamental sticker
US6283018B1 (en) * 1997-11-14 2001-09-04 Fort James Corporation Method of embossing a web and cleaning deposits from embossing roll
US6432245B1 (en) * 1998-04-22 2002-08-13 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Method for manufacturing a thin metal film with embossed pattern
US6461463B1 (en) * 1999-08-11 2002-10-08 Southpac Trust International, Inc. Process for producing holographic material
US6497778B1 (en) * 2000-04-19 2002-12-24 Novavision, Inc. Method for making holographic foil
US6519821B2 (en) * 2000-05-17 2003-02-18 Armin Steuer Hot stamping method and hot stamping device
US6604457B2 (en) * 2001-05-11 2003-08-12 Graftech Inc. Process and apparatus for embossing graphite articles
US6627286B1 (en) * 1998-03-26 2003-09-30 Leonhard Kurz Gmbh & Co. Embossing foil, especially hot embossing foil
US6638386B2 (en) * 2000-04-19 2003-10-28 Novavision, Inc. Method for making holographic foil
US6916516B1 (en) * 1998-02-26 2005-07-12 Alcan Technology & Management Ltd. Packing material
US7008364B2 (en) * 2002-09-27 2006-03-07 C.G. Bretting Manufacturing Company, Inc. Sheet folding apparatus and method

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3744650A1 (de) * 1987-12-30 1989-07-20 Matthiesen Geb Sievers Gerda Holographisches praegeverfahren
DE8807814U1 (de) * 1988-06-16 1988-11-10 Lueg, Otto, Dr.
DE4412019C2 (de) * 1994-04-07 1996-08-01 Alcan Gmbh Zigaretteninneneinschlag aus metallisiertem Papier sowie Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
DE19627638A1 (de) * 1996-07-09 1998-01-15 Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh Prägezylinder für die Herstellung von Prägefolien
DE19722575A1 (de) * 1997-05-29 1998-12-03 Matthiesen Miriam Verfahren zum Einprägen von Mikrostrukturen in Metalle oder andere Hartstoffe
DE19809817A1 (de) * 1998-03-09 1999-09-16 Burkhard Mueller Schmuckelement
EP1132786A2 (de) * 2000-03-06 2001-09-12 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Holographisches Element und Verfahren zum Transferieren von mehreren holographischen Bildern von einem Polymerträger auf einen Papierträger oder gewebeartigen Träger

Patent Citations (36)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3266416A (en) * 1964-12-10 1966-08-16 Grace W R & Co Embossing method
US3490362A (en) * 1967-07-20 1970-01-20 Bernard J Massari Die plate for embossing and cutting
US4725111A (en) * 1986-07-29 1988-02-16 American Bank Note Holographics, Inc. Holograms embossed into metal surfaces
US4773718A (en) * 1986-07-29 1988-09-27 American Bank Note Holographics, Inc. Holograms embossed into metal surfaces
US5155604A (en) * 1987-10-26 1992-10-13 Van Leer Metallized Products (Usa) Limited Coated paper sheet embossed with a diffraction or holographic pattern
US5111572A (en) * 1989-03-01 1992-05-12 Austria Metall Aktiengesellschaft Method of mechanical surface treatment of a blank metal sheet
US4918800A (en) * 1989-04-03 1990-04-24 Eastman Kodak Company Continuous method for making decorative sheet materials
US5081923A (en) * 1990-03-29 1992-01-21 Enamel Products & Plating Company Method of creating a registered pattern on a metal coil and associated apparatus
US5775060A (en) * 1991-07-03 1998-07-07 Soremartec S.A. Process for forming wrappers of thin sheet materials and a device for carrying out same
US5624076A (en) * 1992-05-11 1997-04-29 Avery Dennison Corporation Process for making embossed metallic leafing pigments
US5650248A (en) * 1992-05-11 1997-07-22 Avery Dennison Corporation Process for making machine readable images
US5672410A (en) * 1992-05-11 1997-09-30 Avery Dennison Corporation Embossed metallic leafing pigments
US5674580A (en) * 1994-04-04 1997-10-07 Novavision, Inc. Plastic foil for hot leaf stamping and method for forming
US5759683A (en) * 1994-04-04 1998-06-02 Novavision, Inc. Holographic document with holographic image or diffraction pattern directly embossed thereon
US5643678A (en) * 1994-04-04 1997-07-01 Novavision, Inc. Holographic film and method for forming
US5810957A (en) * 1994-04-04 1998-09-22 Novavision, Inc. Method for forming holographic foil
US5789066A (en) * 1994-09-16 1998-08-04 Sidmar N.V. Method and device for manufacturing cold rolled metal sheets or strips and metal sheets or strips obtained
US5922455A (en) * 1996-06-04 1999-07-13 Hampshire Holographic Manufacturing Corp. Holographically enhanced wrapping elements
US5902436A (en) * 1996-07-09 1999-05-11 Hampshire Holographic Manufacturing Corp. Method for transferring a metallized holographic image
US6112388A (en) * 1997-07-07 2000-09-05 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Embossed metallic flakelets and method for producing the same
US6303222B1 (en) * 1997-07-07 2001-10-16 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Embossed metallic flakelets and method for producing the same
US6168100B1 (en) * 1997-10-23 2001-01-02 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Method for producing embossed metallic flakelets
US6283018B1 (en) * 1997-11-14 2001-09-04 Fort James Corporation Method of embossing a web and cleaning deposits from embossing roll
US6006415A (en) * 1997-12-12 1999-12-28 Aluminum Company Of America Techniques for transferring holograms into metal surfaces
US5881444A (en) * 1997-12-12 1999-03-16 Aluminum Company Of America Techniques for transferring holograms into metal surfaces
US6916516B1 (en) * 1998-02-26 2005-07-12 Alcan Technology & Management Ltd. Packing material
US6627286B1 (en) * 1998-03-26 2003-09-30 Leonhard Kurz Gmbh & Co. Embossing foil, especially hot embossing foil
US6432245B1 (en) * 1998-04-22 2002-08-13 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Method for manufacturing a thin metal film with embossed pattern
US6280553B1 (en) * 1998-09-02 2001-08-28 Daphne Yang Method for making hologram ornamental sticker
US6896755B1 (en) * 1999-08-11 2005-05-24 Southpac Trust International, Inc. Process for producing holographic material
US6461463B1 (en) * 1999-08-11 2002-10-08 Southpac Trust International, Inc. Process for producing holographic material
US6497778B1 (en) * 2000-04-19 2002-12-24 Novavision, Inc. Method for making holographic foil
US6638386B2 (en) * 2000-04-19 2003-10-28 Novavision, Inc. Method for making holographic foil
US6519821B2 (en) * 2000-05-17 2003-02-18 Armin Steuer Hot stamping method and hot stamping device
US6604457B2 (en) * 2001-05-11 2003-08-12 Graftech Inc. Process and apparatus for embossing graphite articles
US7008364B2 (en) * 2002-09-27 2006-03-07 C.G. Bretting Manufacturing Company, Inc. Sheet folding apparatus and method

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2460815A1 (en) 2003-04-03
DE10146635A1 (de) 2003-04-24
EA200400450A1 (ru) 2004-08-26
WO2003027775A1 (de) 2003-04-03
EA005833B1 (ru) 2005-06-30
DE10146635B4 (de) 2005-06-23
EP1430366A1 (de) 2004-06-23

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