US20040082629A1

US20040082629A1 - Insecticidal aminothiazole derivatives

Info

Publication number: US20040082629A1
Application number: US10/279,053
Authority: US
Inventors: Isao Iwataki; Takao Iwasa; Renpei Hatano; Elizabeth Moyano
Original assignee: Nippon Soda Co Ltd
Current assignee: Nippon Soda Co Ltd
Priority date: 2002-10-23
Filing date: 2002-10-23
Publication date: 2004-04-29
Also published as: AU2003302763A8; WO2004056177A2; WO2004056177A3; JP2004143174A; AU2003302763A1; US6737382B1

Abstract

Insecticidal aminothiazole derivatives and the use as an insecticide and acaricide of the compounds of formula (1):

wherein R¹is cyano or fluoroalkyl, R²is halogen, SCN or aryl, R³is H, C₁-C₆alkyl, SO₂R⁵or C(O)R⁶, R⁴and R⁶are, independently, aryl, phenylalkyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl groups, being optionally substituted by one or more of halogen, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, nitro, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylenedioxy, alkylcarbonyl, amino, alkylamino, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl or alkoxycarbonylalkoxy; said aryl, phenylalkyl groups may additionally be fused to a cycloalkyl ring, R⁵is C₁-C₆alkyl, haloalkyl, X is O, S, NR⁷, R⁷is alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenylalkyloxy, alkynylalkyloxy, alkoxycarbonylalkyloxy.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the invention

The present invention relates to novel thiazole derivatives, which have insecticidal and acaricidal activity. The preparation and use, in agriculture and horticulture, of agrochemical compositions containing these novel insecticidal thiazoles are also disclosed.

2. Description of the Related Art

It is known in the art that certain thiazole derivatives such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,199,506, 4,284,426, 4,371,389, 4,437,875, 4,437,876 have herbicide antidote properties and in Japan Kokai Koho 06-25199 have fungicidal properties. Furthermore, it is known in the art that UK patent application GB 2331748 discloses 5-cyano or thiocarbamoyl thiazole derivatives and their use as insecticides, acaricides or nematocides. The present invention concerns the novel thiazole derivatives which have excellent insecticidal and acaricidal activity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, thiazole derivatives are provided having the formula (1):

wherein

R ¹is cyano or fluoroalkyl,

R ²is halogen, SCN or aryl,

R ³is H, C₁-C₆alkyl, SO₂R⁵or C(O)R⁶,

R ⁴and R⁶are, independently, aryl, phenylalkyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl groups, being optionally substituted by one or more of halogen, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, nitro, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylenedioxy, alkylcarbonyl, amino, alkylamino, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl or alkoxycarbonylalkoxy; said aryl, phenylalkyl groups may additionally be fused to a cycloalkyl ring,

R ⁵is C₁-C₆alkyl, haloalkyl,

X is O, S,NR ⁷,

R ⁷is alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenylalkyloxy, alkynylalkyloxy. alkoxycarbonylalkyloxy.

The present invention is directed to agrochemical compositions comprising as an active ingredient at least one of the novel thiazole derivatives of the present invention, as well as to the use of these active ingredients or compositions for pest control, and, in particular as insecticides and acaricides useful in agriculture and horticulture.

For a better understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the following description and its scope will be pointed out in the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

For purposes of the present invention the general terms used hereinabove and hereinbelow have the following meanings, unless otherwise defined:

Alkyl groups are, in accordance with the number of carbon atoms, straight-chain or branched and will typically be methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-amyl, tert-amyl, 1-hexyl, or 3-hexyl. Cycloalkyl groups are generally cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl. Halogen and halo substituents will be understood generally as meaning fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo. chloro, bromo, or iodo are preferred meanings in this invention. Haloalkyl can contain identical or different halogenatoms, typically fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, difluorochloromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, trichloromethyl Fluoroalkyl is generally fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, n-heptafluoroprpyl, n-nonafluorobutyl, n-undecafluoropentyl, n-tridecafluorohexyl and preferably trifluoromethyl and pentafluoroethyl.

Alkoxy is typically methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, isopropyloxy, n-butyloxy, isobutyloxy, sec-butyloxy, and tert-butyloxy. methoxy and ethoxy are preferred.

Aryl is typically substituted phenyl or naphthyl, furyl, thienyl, six-membered heteroaromatic ring system such as pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl (1,2,3-, 1,2,4- and 1,3,5-), quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl,cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, five membered heteroaromatic ring such as thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiadiazolyl oxadiazolyl, pyrollyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl (1,2,3- and 1,2,4-), tetrazolyl, fused five membered rings such as benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzimidazolinyl; being optionally substituted by one or more of halogen, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, nitro, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylenedioxy, alkylcarbonyl, amino, alkylamino, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl or alkoxycarbonylalkoxy.

Alkenyl and alkynyl groups preferably contain from 2 to 6, more preferably from 2 to 4, carbon atoms. They can be in the form of straight or branched chains, and, where appropriate, the alkenyl groups can be of either (E)- or (Z)-configuration. Examples are vinyl, allyl, propargyl.

The alkylenedioxy groups are optionally substituted with halogene (especially fluorine) and are such as methlenedioxy or difluoromethylenedioxy. Alkoxyalkyl is C ₁-C₄alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl such as methoxymethyl or ethoxymethyl.

The present invention provides the use as insecticides or acaricides of thiazole derivatives having the following formula (1):

wherein R ¹is cyano or fluoroalkyl (especially C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl), R²is halogen, SCN or aryl (especially phenyl, naphthyl, pyridinyl; being optionally substituted by one or more of halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, nitro, alkylthio, or alkylsulfonyl), R³is H, C₁-C₆alkyl, SO₂R⁵or C(O)R⁶, R⁴and R⁶are, independently, aryl (especially phenyl, naphthyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, thienyl, furyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl (1,2,4, and 1,3,4), oxadiazolyl (1,2,4- and 1,3,4); being optionally substituted by one or more of halogen, cyano, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, nitro, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, amino, alkylamino, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, or alkylsulfonyl), R⁵is alkyl (especially C₁-C₆alkyl), haloalkyl (especially C₁-C₆haloalkyl), X is O, S, NR⁷, R⁷is alkyl (especially C₁-C₆alkyl), cycloalkyl (especially C₃-C₆cycloalkyl), alkoxy (especially C₁-C₆alkoxy), alkenylalkyloxy (especially (C₂-C₆)alkenyl(C₁-C₆)alkyloxy), alkynylalkyloxy (especially (C₂-C₆)alkynyl(C₁-C₆)alkyloxy), alkoxycarbonylalkyloxy (especially (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyloxy).

Examples of specific compounds of formula (1) which are of use as insecticides and acaricides include the compounds listed in Table 1 at the end of this disclosure.

A compound of formula (1) wherein R ²is halogen and X is oxygen can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (2):

with a compound R ⁴C(O)Cl in the presence of an organic base such as pyridine and triethylamine, or inorganic base such as potassium carbonate and sodium hydride.

A compound of formula (1) wherein R ²is halogen and X is sulfur can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (1) wherein X is oxygen with phosphorous pentasulfide in a high boiling solvent such as pyridine, picoline, lutidine, or xylene, sulfolane or by reacting a compound of formula (3):

with a substituted thioamide R ⁴C(S)NHR³in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride or sodium hydroxide.

Surprisingly, it has now been found that the novel compounds of formula (1) have, for practical purposes, a very advantageous spectrum of activities for protecting plants against insect and acarine pests, include such as Coleoptera, Diabrotica, Diptera, Homoptera and Lepidoptera, Heteroptera, Thysanoptera, Orthoptera and Acarina. The pests include those pests associated with agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry, forestry, the storage of products of vegetable origin, such as fruit, grain, and timber, and also those pests associated with the transmission of diseases of man and animals. Examples of insect and acarine pest species which may be controlled by the compounds of formula (1) include: Pieris brassicae (white butterfly), Pseudaletia separata (rice armyworm), Heliothis virescens (tobacco budworm), Trialeurodes spp. (white flies), Aedes aegypti (mosquito), Agrotis spp. (cutworms), Blatta orientalis (cockroach), Anopheles spp. (mosquitos), Chilo partellus (maize stem borer), Culex spp. ((mosquitos), Dysdercus fasciatus (capsid), Musca domestica (housefly), Plutella xylostella (diamond back moth), Aonidiella spp. (scale insects), , Bemisia tabaci (sweetpotato white fly), Blattella germanica (German cockroach), Myzus persicae (green peach aphid), Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid), Aphis fabae (bean aphid), Periplaneta americana (American cockroach), Phaedon cochleariae (mustard beetle), Spodoptera littoralis (cotton leafworm), Chortiocetes terminifera (locust), Diabrotica spp. (rootworms), Nilaparvata lugens (brown rice planthopper), Nephotettix cincticeps (green rice leafhopper), Tetranychus cinnabarinus (carmine spider mite), Panonychus ulmi (European red mite), Phyllocoptruta oleivora (citrus rust mite), Panonychus citri (citrus red mite), Tetranychus urticae (two-spotted spider mite), Polyphagotarsonemus latus (brode mite) and Brevipalpus spp. (mites).

Compounds of the formula (1) are nomally used in the form of compositions and can be applied to the crop and/or plant to be treated, simultaneously with or in succession with other compounds such as fertilizers, micronutrient donors or other preparations which influence the growth of plants. The thiazole derivatives of formula (1) can also be selectively combined with herbicides, as well as, other insecticides, fungicides, bactericides, nematocides, molluscicides or mixtures of several of these preparations and, if desired together with further carriers, surfactants or application promoting adjuvants employed in the art of formulation. In some cases, by mixing of the thiazole derivatives of formula (1) with other insecticides results synergistic insecticidal activity.

When applying the compound of the present invention in a practical way, the compound may be applied in a form as it is without adding other components. When the compound of the present invention is applied for plant protection purpose, the compound can be prepared into general types of formulations for plant protection use, such as wettable powder, granules, dust, emulsifiable concentrate, water soluble powder, suspension concentrate, flowable liquid, and so on.

In case the compound of the present invention is prepared into a solid type formulation, appropriate additives and carriers may be incorporated with the compound. Examples of the additive and the carrier include phytogenic powders, such as soybean powder and flour, mineral fine powders, such as diatomaceous earth, apatite, gypsum, talc, bentonite, pyrophyllite and clay, and organic and inorganic compounds, such as sodium benzoate, urea and Glauber's salt. In case the compound of the present invention is prepared into a liquid type formulation, an appropriate solvent is used for dissolving or dispersing the compound in the liquid type formulation. Examples of the solvent used for the liquid formulation include petroleum fractions, such as kerosine, xylene and solvent naphtha, cyclohexane, cyclohexanone, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, alcohol, acetone, methyl isobutyl ketone, mineral oils, vegetable oils and water.

In addition, in order to provide uniformity and stability to the compound in the prepared formulations, it is possible to add surface active agents into each formulation upon necessity. There is no limitation for the surface active agent, and examples of the surface active agent that can be added to the above-mentioned formulations include nonionic surface active agents, such as polyoxyethylene-added alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene-added higher fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene-added sorbitan higher fatty acid ester and polyoxyethylene-added tristyryl phenyl ether, a sulfate ester of polyoxyethylene-added alkyl phenyl ether, an alkyl benzene sulfonate, a polycarbonate, a lignin sulfonate, a formaldehyde condensate of alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, and a copolymer of isobutylene and maleic anhydride.

In general, the content of an active ingredient in each of the formulations recited above is preferably in a range of from 0.01 to 90% by weight, and more preferably from 0.05 to 85% by weight based on the total weight of the formulation. Each of the prepared formulations, such as wettable powder, emulsifiable concentrate, suspension concentrate and flowable solution, is diluted with water to be prepared and adjusted into the suspension or emulsion with a desired concentration, and is applied to crop plants. For the formulations, such as granular and dust formulations, the formulation itself is directly applied to the target crop plants or soil.

Needless to say that the compound alone according to the present invention has sufficient insecticidal and acaricidal activity, however, it can be combined for the use with one or more of various types of other plant protection chemicals, for example, fungicides, insecticides, acaricides and synergists.

Hereunder, representative examples for fungicides, insecticides, acaricides and plant growth regulators those which can be combined to use with the compound according to the present invention will be recited below.

Fungicides:

Captan, Folpet, Thiuram, Ziram, Zineb, Maneb, Mancozeb, Propineb, Polycarbamate, Chlorothalonil, Quintozene, Captafol, Iprodione, Procymidone, Vinclozolin, Fluorimide, Cymoxanil, Mepronil, Flutolanil, Pencycuron, Oxycarboxine, Fosetyl aluminium, Propamocarb, Triadimefon, Triadimenol, Propiconazole, Diclobutrazol, Bitertanol, Hexaconazol, Microbutanil, Flusilazole, Etaconazole, Fluotrimazole, Flutriafen, Penconazole, Diniconazole, Cyproconazole, Fenarimol, Triflumizole, Prochloraz, Imazalyl, Pefurazoate, Tridemorph, Fenpropimorph, Triforine, Buthiobate, Pyrifenox, Anilazine, Polyoxins, Metalaxyl, Oxadixyl, Furalaxyl, Isoprothiolane, Probenazole, Pyrrolenitrine, Blastocidin-S, Kasugamycin, Balidamycin, Dihydrostreptomycin sulfate, Benomyl, Carbendazim, Thiophanate methyl, Hymexazol, Basic copper chloride, Basic copper sulfate, Fentin acetate, Triphenyltin hydroxide, Diethofencarb, Metasulfocarb, Quinomethionate, Binapacryl, Lecithin, Sodium hydrogencarbonate, Dithianone, Dinocap, Fenaminosulf, Diclomezine, GuazatineDodine, IBP, Edifenphos, Mepanipyrim, Ferimzone, Trichlamide, Metasulfocarb, Fluazinam, Ethoquinolac, Dimetomorph, Pyroquilon, Tecloftalam, Fthalide, Fenazine oxide, Thiabedazole, Tricyclazole, Vinclozolin, Cymoxanil, Cyclobutanil, Guaztine, Propamocarb hydrochloride, Oxolinic acid.

Insecticides and Acaricides:

Organophosphorous and carbamate insecticides: Fenthion, Fenitrothion, Diazinon, Chlorpyrifos, ESP, Vamidothion, Fenthoate, Dimethoate, Formothion, Malathion, Trichlorfon, Thiometon, Phosmet, Dichlorvos, Acephate, EPBP, Methyl parathion, Oxadimeton methyl, Ethion, Salithion, Cyanophos, Isoxathione, Pyridafenthion, Phosalone, Methidathion, Sulprofos, Chlorfevinphos, Tetrachlorvinphos, Dimethylvinphos, Propaphos, Isofenphos, Ethyl thiometon, Profenophos, Pyraclofos, Monocrotophos, Azinphos methyl, Aldicarb, Methomyl, Dithiocarb, Carbofuran, Carbosulfan, Benfuracarb, Furathiocarb, Propoxur, BPMC, MTMC, MIPC, carbaryl, Pyrimicarb, Ethiofencarb, Fenoxycarb, cartap, thiocyclam, bensultap, etc.

Pyrethroid insecticides: Permethrin, Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Fenvalerate, Fenpropathrin, Pyrethrin, Allethrin, Tetramethrin, Resmethrin, Dimethrin, Propathrin, Fenothrin, Prothrin, Fluvalinate, Cyfluthrin, Cyhalothrin, Flucythrinate, Ethofenprox, Cycloprothrin, Tralomethrin, Silafluofen, Brofenprox, Acrinathrin, etc.

Bezoyl urea and other insecticides: Diflubenzuron, Chlorfluazuron, Hexaflumuron, Triflumuron, Tetrabenzuron, Fulfenoxuron, Flucycloxuron, Buprofezin, Pyriproxyfen, Methoprene, Benzoepin, Diafenthiuron, Imidacloprid, Fipronyl, Nicotin sulfate, Rotenone, Metaldehyde, Machine oil, Microbial insecticides such as BT and insect-pathogenic viruses, etc.

NEMATICIDES: Fenamiphos, Fosthiazate, etc.

Acaricides:

Chlorbenzilate, Fenisobromolate, Dicofol, Amitraz, BPPS, Benzomate, Hexythiazox, Fenbutatin oxide, Polynactin, Quinomethionate, CPCBS, Tetradifon, Avermectin, Milbemectin, Clofentezin, Cyhexatin, Pyridaben, Fenpyroxymate, Tebufenpyrad, Pyrimidifen, Fenothiocarb, Dienochlor, etc.

Plant Groth Regulators: Gibberellins(e.g., Gibberellin A3, Gibberellin A4, Gibberellin A7), IAA, NAA, etc.

EXAMPLES

The following examples serve to provide further appreciation of the invention but are not meant in any way to restrict the effective scope of the invention. The structures of isolated novel compounds were confirmed by NMR, Mass, and/or other appropriate analysis. [0047]

Example 1

2-Amino-5-chloro-4-trifuloromethylthiazole: [0048]
2-Amino-4-trifluoromethylthiazole (10 g) was dissolved in acetonitrile (80 ml) and N-chlorosuccinimide (8.8 g) was added at room temperature with stirring. The mixture was refluxed for 9 hr and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in chloroform and washed with cold diluted aqueous sodium hydroxide. The chloroform layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give crude 2-Amino-5-chloro-4-trifuloromethylthiazole (12 g). It was recrystallized from n-hexane-benzene (1:1 mixture) as colorless needles (6.8 g), m. p. 107-108° C. [0049]

Example 2

2-Amino-5-iodo-4-trifuloromethylthiazole: [0050]
2-Amino-4-trifluoromethylthiazole (10 g) was dissolved in acetonitrile (100 ml) and N-iodosuccinimide (14.7 g) was added at room temperature with stirring. The mixture was refluxed for 6 hr and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in chloroform and washed with cold diluted aqueous sodium hydroxide. The chloroform layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give crude 2-Amino-5-iodo-4-trifuloromethylthiazole (16 g). It was recrystallized from n-hexane-benzene (1:1 mixture) as pale orange prisms (10.9 g), m. p. 108-109° C. [0051]

Example 3

2-Amino-5-thiocyanato-4-trifuloromethylthiazole: [0052]
2-Amino-4-trifluoromethylthiazole (10 g), ammonium thiocyanate (13.6 g) was mixed in acetic acid (120 ml) and bromine (9.6 g) in acetic acid (100 ml) was added dropwise at 5-10° C. for 1 hr with stirring. The mixture was further stirred for 1 hr at room temperature. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was added ice water then neutralized with aqueous sodium carbonate. The precipitates were filtered off and recrystallized from methanol-water to give 2-Amino-5-thiocyanato-4-trifuloromethylthiazole (9.5 g) as pale green crystals, m. p. 147-150° C. [0053]

Example 4

N-(5-Iodo-4-trifluoromethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,6-dichloro-benzamide; [0054]
2-Amino-5-iodo-4-trifluoromethylthiazole (0.8 g) was dissolved in pyridine (3 ml) and 2,6-dichlorobenzoylchloride (0.6 g) was added at room temperature with stirring. The mixture was stirred for 1 day at room temperature. The mixture was poured into ice water and acidified with aqueous hydrochloric acid then extracted with chloroform. The chloroform layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The solid thus obtained was recrystallized from methanol to give N-(5-iodo-4-trifluoromethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide (0.9 g), m. p. 157-159° C. [0055]

Example 5

N-(5-Iodo-4-trifluoromethylthiazol-2-yl)-4-trifluoromethyl-benzamide; [0056]
2-Amino-5-iodo-4-trifluoromethylthiazole (2.5 g) was dissolved in pyridine (8 ml) and 4-trifluoromethylbenzoylchloride (1.8 g) was added at room temperature with stirring. The mixture was stirred for 1 day at room temperature. The mixture was poured into ice water and acidified with aqueous hydrochloric acid then extracted with chloroform. The chloroform layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The solid thus obtained was recrystallized from methanol to give N-(5-iodo-4-trifluoromethylthiazol-2-yl)-4-trifluoro-methylbenzamide (2.9 g), m. p. 197-198° C. [0057]

Example 6

N-(5-Bromo-4-trifluoromethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,4-dicloro-benzamide; [0058]
2-Amino-5-bromo-4-trifluoromethylthiazole (1.0 g) was dissolved in pyridine (5 ml) and 3,4-dichlorobenzoylchloride (0.85 g) was added at room temperature with stirring. The mixture was stirred for 5 hr at room temperature. The mixture was poured into ice water and acidified with aqueous hydrochloric acid then extracted with chloroform. The chloroform layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The solid thus obtained was recrystallized from methanol to give N-(5-bromo-4-trifluoromethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,4-dicloro-benzamide (1.29 g), m. p. 191-192° C. [0059]

Example 7

N-(5-Chloro-4-trifluoromethylthiazol-2-yl)-4-chloro-3-nitrobenzamide; [0060]
2-Amino-5-chloro-4-trifluoromethylthiazole (1.0 g) was dissolved in pyridine (5 ml) and 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzoylchloride (1.1 g) was added at room temperature with stirring. The mixture was stirred for 1 day at room temperature. The mixture was poured into ice water and acidified with aqueous hydrochloric acid then extracted with chloroform. The chloroform layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The solid thus obtained was recrystallized from methanol to give N-(5-chloro-4-trifluoromethylthiazol-2-yl)-4-chloro-3-nitro-benzamide (0.83 g), m. p. 183-184° C. [0061]

Example 8

N-(5-Iodo-4-trifluoromethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-bis-trifluoromethylbenzamide; [0062]
2-Amino-5-iodo-4-trifluoromethylthiazole (1.0 g) was dissolved in pyridine (2 ml) and 3,5-bis-trifluoromethylbenzoylchloride (0.95 g) was added at room temperature with stirring. The mixture was stirred for 6 hr at room temperature. The mixture was poured into ice water and acidified with aqueous hydrochloric acid then extracted with chloroform. The chloroform layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The solid thus obtained was recrystallized from methanol to give N-(5-iodo-4-trifluoromethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-bis-trifluoromethylbenzamide (1.3 g), m. p. 172-173° C. [0063]

Example 9

N-(5-Bromo-4-trifluoromethylthiazol-2-yl)thiophene-2-carboxamide; [0064]
2-Amino-5-iodo-4-trifluoromethylthiazole (1.2 g) was dissolved in pyridine (2 ml) and thiophene-2-carbonyl chloride (0.80 g) was added at room temperature with stirring. The mixture was stirred for 6 hr at room temperature. The mixture was poured into ice water and acidified with aqueous hydrochloric acid then extracted with chloroform. The chloroform layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The solid thus obtained was recrystallized from methanol to give N-(5-iodo-4-trifluoromethylthiazol-2-yl)thiophene-2-carboxamide (1.2 g), m. p. 184-185° C. [0065]

Example 10

N-(5-(4-Fluorophenyl)-4-trifluoromethylthiazol-2-yl)-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide; [0066]
N-(5-Iodo-4-trifluoromethylthiazol-2-yl)-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide (0.8 g), powdered sodium hydroxide (0.29 g), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(0) (0.2 g) and 4-fluorophenylboronic acid (0.24 g) were mixed together in tetrahydrofuran (30 ml). The resulting suspension was refluxed for 8 hr with stirring. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was mixed with water then extracted with chloroform. The chloroform layer was dried over magnesium chloride and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The solid remained was recrystallized from methanol to give N-(5-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-trifluoromethylthiazol-2-yl)-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide as slightly gray needles (0.55 g), m. p. 203-205° C. [0067]

Example 11

N-(5-thiocyanato-4-trifluoromethylthiazol-2-yl)-3-trifluoromethylbenzamide; [0068]
2-Amino-5-thiocyanato-4-trifluoromethylthiazole (0.8 g) was dissolved in pyridine (5 ml) and 3-trifluoromethylbenzoylchloride (0.8 g) was added at room temperature with stirring. The mixture was stirred for one night at room temperature. The mixture was poured into ice water and acidified with aqueous hydrochloric acid then extracted with chloroform. The chloroform layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The solid thus obtained was recrystallized from carbon tetrachloride to give N-(5-thiocyanato-4-trifluoromethylthiazol-2-yl)-3-trifluoromethylbenzamide (0.8 g), m. p. 167-168° C. [0069]
Examples for carrying out the formulations comprising the compound of the present invention will be explained. However, it should be noted that the type and incorporating rate of additives are not limited to those described in the following examples and may be modified over extensive range. Note that the term of “part” in the formulation example described below denotes “part by weight”. [0070]

Example 12

Wettable Powder Formulation [0071]

A compound of present invention 40 part

Diatomaceous earth 53 part

Higher alcohol sulfate 4 part

Alkylnaphthalenesulfonate 3 part
The components given above are mixed and pulverized to fine particles to thereby give a wettable powder formulation for the compound of the present invention with the content of 40% based on the active ingredient. [0072]

Example 13

Emulsifiable Concentrate Formulation [0073]

A compound of present invention 30 part

Xylene 33 part

Dimethylformamide 30 part

Polyoxyethylene alkyl allyl ether 7 part
The components given above are mixed and prepared to a solution to thereby give an emulsifiable concentrate formulation for the compound of the present invention with the content of 30% based on the active ingredient. [0074]

Example 14

Dust Formulation [0075]

A compound of present invention 10 part

Talc 89 part

Polyoxyethylene alkyl allyl ether 1 part
The components given above are mixed and pulverized to fine particles to thereby give a dust formulation for the compound of the present invention with the content of 10% based on the active ingredient. [0076]

Example 15

Granular Formulation [0077]

A compound of present invention 5 part

Clay 73 part

Bentonite 20 part

Dioctylsulfosuccinate sodium salt 1 part

Sodium phosphate 1 part
The components given above are mixed, thoroughly grinded, added with water, then kneaded, and granulated, and further dried to thereby give a granular formulation for the compound of the present invention with the content of 5% based on the active ingredient. [0078]

Example 16

Suspension Concentrate Formulation



	A compound of present invention	10 part
	Sodium ligninsulfonate	4 part
	Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate	1 part
	Xanthane gum	0.2 part
	Water	84.8 part

The components given above are mixed and grinded by wet grinding to a particle size of less than 1 μm to thereby give a suspension concentrate for the compound of the present invention with the content of 10% based on the active ingredient. [0080]

Example 17

Efficacy Against Tetranychus Urticae (Tu; Two-spotted Spider Mites [0081]
Fifteen adult females were inoculated on a potted Kidney-bean seedling. On the next day, the chemical solution at different concentration was sprayed on the Kidney-bean seedling by a glass nozzle using an air compressor. After air-dried the Kidney-bean pot was maintained in a room kept at 25° C. and 65% RH. [0082]
On three days after treatment, the numbers of dead and alive mites were counted and mortality was calculated by Abbott's formula. Each test was duplicated. [0083]
Abbott's formula: [0084] $mortality = \frac{Survival rate in untreated plot - Survival rate in treated plot}{Survival rate in untreated plot} \times 100$
The results show that the following compounds had mortality of 100%: 19, 23, 33, 47, 88. [0085]

Example 18

Efficacy Against Pseudaletia separata Walker (Ps; Rice Armyworm) [0086]
A piece of Maize leaf (ca.7×1.5 cm) was dipped in the chemical solution at 125 ppm for 30 sec and air-dried. The leaf was placed in a glass petri dish (9 cm diameter) and five second-instar larvae of [0087] Pseudaletia separata were introduced into the petri dish. Five days after the treatment, the number of survival larvae was counted and the mortality was calculated by Abbott's formula. Each test was duplicated. The results show that the following compounds had mortality of 100%: 1, 7, 13, 14, 19, 20, 23, 33, 35, 44, 45, 47, 59, 81, 88, 89.

Example 19

Efficacy Against Plutella xylostella Linne (Px; Diamondback Moth) [0088]

The chemical solution at 125 ppm was sprayed on a Cabbage seedling by a glass nozzle using an air compressor. After airdried, a small leaf (ca. 5 cm diameter) was detached from the treated plant and placed in a glass petri dish (ca.9cm diameter). Five second-instar larvae of Plutella xylostella were introduced into the petri dish. Three days after the treatment, the number of survival larvae was counted and the mortality was calculated by Abbott's formula. Each test was duplicated. The results show that the following compounds had mortality of 100%: 1, 13, 19, 23, 45, 47, 88, 89.

TABLE 1

Compound No.	R¹	R²	R³	R⁴	X	m.p.

1	CF₃	I	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O	171-172
2	CF₃	I	H	2,6-F₂—C₆H₃	O	203-204
3	CF₃	Cl	H	4-Me—C₆H₄	O	142-143
4	CF₃	Cl	Me	3-Cl—C₆H₄	O
5	CF₃	Cl	H	2,4-F₂—C₆H₃	O
6	CF₃	Cl	H	2,4,6-Me₃—C₆H₂	O
7	CF₃	I	H	4-t-Bu—C₆H₄	O	189-190
8	CF₃	F	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O
9	CF₃	F	H	4-Cl—C₆H₄	O
10	CF₃	Br	H	2,4-Cl₂—C₆H₃	S
11	CF₃	I	H	3,4-Cl₂—C₆H₃	S
12	CF₃	Cl	H	2,4-F₂—C₆H₃	S
13	CF₃	Br	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O	113-114
14	CF₃	Br	H	C₆H₅	O	155-157
15	CF₃	I	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	N—OMe	107-108
16	CN	I	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O
17	CN	I	H	3-Cl—C₆H₄	O
18	CF₃	I	Me	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	S
19	CF₃	Br	H	3,4-Cl₂—C₆H₃	O	191-192
20	CF₃	Br	H	2,6-Cl₂—C₆H₃	O	154-155
21	C₂F₅	I	H	3-Cl—C₆H₄	O
22	C₂F₅	I	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O
23	CF₃	Br	H	4-CF₃—C₆H₄	O	193-194
24	CF₃	Cl	H	4-t-Bu—C₆H₄	S
25	CF₃	I	H	4-OMe—C₆H₄	N—OEt
26	CF₃	4-CF₃—C₆H₄	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O
27	CN	4-C₆H₅—C₆H₄	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O
28	CF₃	Br	H	2-CF₃—C₆H₄	O
29	CF₃	Br	H	3-Cl—C₆H₄	O
30	CF₃	Br	H	3-OCF₃—C₆H₄	O
31	CF₃	F	H	2,6-OMe₂—C₆H₃	O
32	CF₃	SCN	H	4-Cl—C₆H₄	O
33	CF₃	Br	H	2,4-F₂—C₆H₃	O	143-144
34	CF₃	Br	H	2-thienyl	O	184-185
35	CF₃	I	H	1-C₆H₅-5-CF₃-pyrazol-4-yl	O	144-145
36	C₃F₇	I	H	4-Cl—C₆H₄	O
37	CF₃	F	H	2,4-Cl₂—C₆H₃	O
38	CF₃	4-C₆H₅O—C₆H₄	H	4-Me—C₆H₄	O
39	CF₃	Cl	Me	4-Me—C₆H₄	O	120-121
40	CF₃	I	H	2,4,6-Cl₃—C₆H₂	O
41	CF₃	I	H	4-C₆H₄—C₆H₄	O
42	CF₃	I	H	4-n-C₆H₁₁-C₆H₄	O
43	CN	Br	H	3-Cl—C₆H₄	S
44	CF₃	I	H	2,6-Cl₂—C₆H₃	O	157-159
45	CF₃	I	H	4-CF₃—C₆H₄	O	197-198
46	CF₃	Br	H	t-Bu	O	145-147
47	CF₃	Cl	H	2,4-Cl₂—C₆H₃	O	146-147
48	CF₃	Cl	H	n-C₁₇H₃₅	O	23-24
49	CF₃	Cl	H	cyclohexyl	O
50	CF₃	I	H	4-C₆H₄—C₆H₄	S
51	CF₃	Br	H	2,4-Me₂—C₆H₃	S
52	CF₃	Br	H	4-C₆H₄O—C₆H₄	O
53	CF₃	Br	H	4-Cl-2-Me—C₆H₃	O
54	CF₃	Br	Me	2,4-F₂—C₆H₃	O
55	CN	I	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	S
56	CF₃	Br	H	2,6-(OMe)₂—C₆H₃	O
57	CF₃	Cl	Me	4-Me—C₆H₄	S	101-102
58	CF₃	Cl	H	2,6-Cl₂—C₆H₃	O	153-154
59	CF₃	Cl	H	C₆H₅	O	143-144
60	C₃F₇	I	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O
61	CF₃	I	Me	3,4-Cl₂—C₆H₃	S
62	CF₃	Br	H	3-CN—C₆H₄	O
63	CF₃	3-C₆H₅—C₆H₄—	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O
64	CF₃	I	H	4-CO₂Et—C₆H₄	O
65	CF₃	Br	H	3-F—C₆H₄	O
66	CF₃	Br	H	3,5-Me₂—C₆H₃	O

67

CF₃

I

H

3-CF₃—C₆H₄

N—O—CH₂CO₂Et

68	CF₃	Br	H	2-Cl-4-CN—C₆H₃	O
69	CF₃	Br	H	2-Cl-4-OMe—C₆H₃	O
70	CF₃	Cl	H	3-Cl—C₆H₄	S
71	CF₃	I	H	1-naphthyl	S
72	CF₃	I	H	3-Cl—C₆H₄	N—O-allyl
73	CF₃	I	H	4-EtOCO₂—C₆H₄	O
74	CF₃	Cl	Me	2,4-Cl₂—C₆H₃	O	95-96
75	CN	Br	H	4-CF₃—C₆H₄	S	220-223
76	CF₃	Br	H	4-NO₂—C₆H₄	O
77	CF₃	Cl	Me	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O	82-83
78	CF₃	Br	H	3-Ac—C₆H₄	O
79	CF₃	I	i-Bu	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O
80	CF₃	Cl	H	4-Cl-3-NO₂—C₆H₃	O	183-184
81	CF₃	4-F—C₆H₅	H	4-CF₃—C₆H₄	O	203-205
82	CF₃	I	H	2-Cl-4-CF₃-thiazol-5-yl	O	146-147

83

CF₃

I

H

3-CF₃—C₆H₄

N—O-propargyl

84	CF₃	Br	H	3,4-OCH₂O—C₆H₃	O
85	CF₃	Br	H	4-Me₂N—C₆H₄	O
86	CF₃	I	H	3-OCF₃—C₆H₄	O	152-155
87	CF₃	I	H	2-CF₃—C₆H₄	O	137-138
88	CF₃	Cl	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O	115-116
89	CF₃	I	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	S	157-158
90	CF₃	Br	H	3-Cl—C₆H₄	O	133-134
91	CF₃	I	H	1-CH₃-3-CF₃-pyrazol-4-yl	O	196-200
92	CF₃	I	H	4-SMe—C₆H₄	O
93	CF₃	Cl	H	2-OMe—C₆H₄	O	187-188
94	CF₃	Cl	H	3,5-(CF₃)₂—C₆H₃	O	136-137
95	CF₃	Cl	H	3,5-Me₂—C₆H₃	O	158-159
96	CF₃	Cl	H	3,4-Cl₂—C₆H₃	O	198-199
97	CF₃	I	H	4-SO₂Me—C₆H₄	O
98	CF₃	Br	H	4-(Cl₂C═H)—C₆H₄	O
99	CF₃	Br	H	4-AcOCH₂—C₆H₄	O
100	CF₃	I	H	C₆H₅CH₂	O
101	CN	Br	H	4-CF₃—C₆H₄	O	235-236
102	CF₃	I	H	3,5-(CF₃)₂—C₆H₃	O	172-173
103	CF₃	I	Ac	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O
104	CF₃	I	CF₃SO₂	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O
105	CF₃	I	MeSO₂	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O
106	CF₃	Cl	Me	2,4-Cl₂—C₆H₃	S
107	CF₃	I	CF₃SO₂	3-Cl—C₆H₄	O
108	CF₃	Cl	H	2,4-F₂—C₆H₃	O	120-121
109	CF₃	Cl	H	4-t-Bu—C₆H₄	O	173-174
110	C₂F₅	I	H	3,5-(CF₃)₂—C₆H₃	O
111	CF₃	Cl	Me	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	S	104-105
112	CN	Cl	H	3-Cl—C₆H₄	O
113	CF₃	3,5-Me₂—C₆H₃	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O
114	CF₃	I	Et	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O
114	CF₃	I	Ac	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	N—OMe
115	CF₃	I	H	3,5-(CF₃)₂—C₆H₃	S
116	CN	Br	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	S	215-216
117	CF₃	I	H	2-CF₃—C₆H₄	S
118	CF₃	F	H	4-F—C₆H₄	O
119	CF₃	Cl	H	3-pyridinyl	O	184-185
120	CN	I	H	3,5-(CF₃)₂—C₆H₃	O
121	CN	Br	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O	209-210
122	CF₃	Cl	H	n-C₆H₁₃—C₆H₄	O
123	CF₃	Cl	H	1-naphthyl	O	141-142
124	CF₃	Cl	H	4-C₆H₄—C₆H₄	O	153-154
125	CF₃	Cl	H	3-OCF₃—C₆H₄	O
126	CF₃	I	CF₃SO₂	3,5-(CF₃)₂—C₆H₃	O
127	CF₃	Cl	H	C₆H₅CH₂	O	85-86
128	CF₃	SCN	H	2,4-Cl₂—C₆H₃	O
129	CF₃	Br	H	3-pyridinyl	O	182-183
130	CF₃	Cl	H	1-naphthyl	S
131	CF₃	SCN	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O	167-168
132	CF₃	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O	250 up
133	CF₃	4-Cl—C₆H₄	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O
134	CF₃	I	H	4-Cl—C₆H₄	O
135	CF₃	I	H	3-pyridinyl	O
136	CF₃	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	O
137	CF₃	I	H	5-I-4-CF₃-thiazol-2-yl	O
138	CF₃	I	H	1-naphthyl	O
139	CF₃	SCN	H	2,6-F₂—C₆H₃	O	125-127
140	CF₃	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	H	3-CF₃—C₆H₄	S	101-103
141	CF₃	Cl	H	3,4-Cl₂—C₆H₃	S	145-146
142	CF₃	Br	propargyl	2,4-F₂—C₆H₃	O	50-52

Claims

We claim:

1. An insecticide and/or acaricide wherein the insecticide and/or acaricide includes a compound having at least one of a thiazole derivative of formula (1):

wherein R¹is cyano or fluoroalkyl (especially C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl), R²is halogen, SCN or aryl (especially phenyl, naphthyl, pyridinyl; being optionally substituted by one or more of halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, nitro, alkylthio, or alkylsulfonyl), R³is H, C₁-C₆alkyl, SO₂R⁵or C(O)R⁶, R⁴and R⁶are, independently, aryl (especially phenyl, naphthyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, thienyl, furyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl (1,2,4, and 1,3,4), oxadiazolyl (1,2,4 and 1,3,4); being optionally substituted by one or more of halogen, cyano, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, nitro, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, amino, alkylamino, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, or alkylsulfonyl), R⁵is alkyl (especially C₁-C₆alkyl), haloalkyl (especially C₁-C₆haloalkyl), X is O, S, NR⁷, R⁷is alkyl (especially C₁-C₆alkyl), cycloalkyl (especially C₃-C₆cycloalkyl), alkoxy (especially C₁-C₆alkoxy), alkenylalkyloxy (especially (C₂-C₆)alkenyl(C₁-C₆)alkyloxy), alkynylalkyloxy (especially (C₂-C₆)alkynyl(C₁-C₆)alkyloxy), alkoxycarbonylalkyloxy.

2. An agrochemical composition comprising an insecticidally or acaricidally effective amount of a compound having at least one of a thiazole derivative of formula (1)

wherein R¹is cyano or fluoroalkyl (especially C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl), R²is halogen, SCN or aryl (especially phenyl, naphthyl, pyridinyl; being optionally substituted by one or more of halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, nitro, alkylthio, or alkylsulfonyl), R³is H, C₁-C₆alkyl, SO₂R⁵or C(O)R⁶, R⁴and R⁶are, independently, aryl (especially phenyl, naphthyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, thienyl, furyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl (1,2,4, and 1,3,4), oxadiazolyl (1,2,4 and 1,3,4); being optionally substituted by one or more of halogen, cyano, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, nitro, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, amino, alkylamino, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, or alkylsulfonyl), R⁵is alkyl (especially C₁-C₆alkyl), haloalkyl (especially C₁-C₆haloalkyl), X is O, S, NR⁷, R⁷is alkyl (especially C₁-C₆alkyl), cycloalkyl (especially C₃-C₆cycloalkyl), alkoxy (especially C₁-C₆alkoxy), alkenylalkyloxy (especially (C₂-C₆)alkenyl(C₁-C₆)alkyloxy), alkynylalkyloxy (especially (C₂-C₆)alkynyl(C₁-C₆)alkyloxy), alkoxycarbonylalkyloxy; and

a carrier or diluent to combat and control insect pests at a locus.

3. A thiazole derivative of formula (1):

4. An insecticidal or acaricidal composition comprising a thiazole derivative of formula (1):

5. A process for preparing a compound of formula (1)

wherein R¹is cyano or fluoroalkyl (especially C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl), R²is halogen, SCN or aryl (especially phenyl, naphthyl, pyridinyl; being optionally substituted by one or more of halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, nitro, alkylthio, or alkylsulfonyl), R³is H, C₁-C₆alkyl, SO₂R⁵or C(O)R⁶, R⁴and R⁶are, independently, aryl (especially phenyl, naphthyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, thienyl, furyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl (1,2,4, and 1,3,4), oxadiazolyl (1,2,4 and 1,3,4); being optionally substituted by one or more of halogen, cyano, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, nitro, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, amino, alkylamino, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, or alkylsulfonyl), R⁵is alkyl (especially C₁-C₆alkyl), haloalkyl (especially C₁-C₆haloalkyl), X is O,

by reacting a compound of formula (2)

with a R⁴C(O)Cl in the presence of an organic base or an inorganic base.

6. A process for preparing a compound of formula (1)

wherein R¹is cyano or fluoroalkyl (especially C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl), R²is halogen, SCN or aryl (especially phenyl, naphthyl, pyridinyl; being optionally substituted by one or more of halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, nitro, alkylthio, or alkylsulfonyl), R³is H, C₁-C₆alkyl, SO₂R⁵or C(O)R⁶, R⁴and R⁶are, independently, aryl (especially phenyl, naphthyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, thienyl, furyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl (1,2,4, and 1,3,4), oxadiazolyl (1,2,4 and 1,3,4); being optionally substituted by one or more of halogen, cyano, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, nitro, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, amino, alkylamino, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, or alkylsulfonyl), R⁵is alkyl (especially C₁-C₆alkyl), haloalkyl (especially C₁-C₆haloalkyl), X is O, S, NR⁷, R⁷is alkyl (especially C₁-C₆alkyl), cycloalkyl (especially C₃-C₆cycloalkyl), alkoxy (especially C₁-C₆alkoxy), alkenylalkyloxy (especially (C₂-C₆)alkenyl(C₁-C₆)alkyloxy), alkynylalkyloxy (especially (C₂-C₆)alkynyl(C₁-C₆)alkyloxy), alkoxycarbonylalkyloxy

by reacting a compound of formula (1) with phosphorous pentasulfide in a high boiling point solvent selected from the group consisting of pyridine, picoline, lutidine, xylene and sulfolane.