US20030173211A1 - Electrochemical half-cell - Google Patents

Electrochemical half-cell Download PDF

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Publication number
US20030173211A1
US20030173211A1 US10/354,087 US35408703A US2003173211A1 US 20030173211 A1 US20030173211 A1 US 20030173211A1 US 35408703 A US35408703 A US 35408703A US 2003173211 A1 US2003173211 A1 US 2003173211A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
current distributor
electrochemical half
cell according
base support
thickness
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US10/354,087
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English (en)
Inventor
Fritz Gestermann
Andreas Bulan
Richard Malchow
Hans-Dieter Pinter
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Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of US20030173211A1 publication Critical patent/US20030173211A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/0247—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the form
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
    • C25B11/03—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form perforated or foraminous
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/24—Halogens or compounds thereof
    • C25B1/26—Chlorine; Compounds thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
    • C25B11/03—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form perforated or foraminous
    • C25B11/031—Porous electrodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/60—Constructional parts of cells
    • C25B9/65—Means for supplying current; Electrode connections; Electric inter-cell connections
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
    • H01M8/0232—Metals or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
    • H01M8/0241—Composites
    • H01M8/0245—Composites in the form of layered or coated products
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electrochemical half-cell, in particular for the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid) by means of gas diffusion electrodes.
  • a method for the electrolysis of hydrochloric acid by means of gas diffusion electrodes is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,035.
  • An anode space having a suitable anode consisting of, for example, a substrate which comprises a titanium-palladium alloy and is coated with a mixed oxide of ruthenium, iridium and titanium, is filled with the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride.
  • the chlorine formed at the anode escapes from the anode space and is fed to a suitable treatment.
  • the anode space is separated from a cathode space by a commercial cation exchange membrane. On the cathode side, a gas diffusion electrode rests on the cationic exchange membrane.
  • Gas diffusion electrodes are, for example, oxygen-consuming cathodes (OCC).
  • OCC oxygen-consuming cathodes
  • air air enriched with oxygen or pure oxygen is usually passed into the cathode space and is reacted at the OCC.
  • the hydrochloric acid electrolysis known per se has the disadvantage that, at current densities which are greater than 4 000 A/m 2 , hydrogen evolution is observed on the cathode side.
  • the hydrogen formed mixes with the gas fed in excess to the cathode half-cell, i.e. with the air, with the air enriched with oxygen or with the oxygen.
  • a further disadvantage is that, at high current densities, very high voltages also occur.
  • high current densities and low voltages are necessary for economic reasons when carrying out the method industrially.
  • EP-A-785 294 likewise discloses a method for the electrolysis of hydrochloric acid by means of gas diffusion electrodes.
  • a two-layer current distributor whose first layer consists of a net or an expanded metal having a large mesh size and a thickness which results in sufficient mechanical stability is described therein.
  • the second layer likewise consists of a net or an expanded metal but has a smaller mesh size than the first layer and thus offers a large number of contact points with the gas diffusion electrode resting thereon.
  • the present invention is directed to an electrochemical half-cell, in particular for electrolysis of aqueous solutions of hydrogen chloride, at least comprising a gas space, the gas space having a gas feed and a gas discharge as well as a liquid outlet, and a gas diffusion electrode which rests on an electrically conductive current distributor and makes electrically conductive contact with the current distributor, the current distributor having a free area in the range from 5 to 65%, preferably from 10 to 60%, particularly preferably from 15 to 50%, based on the total area of the current distributor, and a thickness of from 0.3 mm to 5 mm, preferably from 0.35 to 2 mm.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic of an electrolysis cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a current distributor of the present invention generally is capable of performing several functions. It should typically produce the electrical contact with a gas diffusion electrode. At the same time, it should generally ensure that the current distributor does not hinder the transport of gas in the gas space to the gas diffusion electrode and the transport of water of reaction formed during operation of the electrolysis and of hydrochloric acid, which passes through an ion exchange membrane from the anode half-element into the cathode half-element.
  • the gas diffusion electrode therefore preferably rests on the current distributor over substantially its whole surface.
  • the current distributor and the gas diffusion electrode generally are capable of forming two planar layers lying one on top of the other.
  • the current distributor should generally be connected to the cathode half-element with as low a contact resistance as possible.
  • At least one side of the gas diffusion electrode is electrically conductive.
  • the electrically conductive contact between the gas diffusion electrode and the current conductor can be achieved by virtue of the fact that the gas diffusion electrode rests loosely on the current distributor.
  • the ion exchange membrane is pressed onto the gas diffusion electrode, which in turn is pressed onto the current distributor.
  • the gas diffusion electrode is optionally additionally fastened to the current distributor.
  • the fastening may be effected if desired, in a detachable manner, for example, by means of a clamp connection, or in a fixed manner, for example by means of an adhesive bond or by sewing on, or in any suitable manner.
  • the gas diffusion electrode may also be connected to the current distributor in an electrically conductive manner. This is desirable in particular when the gas diffusion electrode does not have an electrically conductive back, per se, but is instead provided on its back with an additional, electrically nonconductive layer.
  • the current distributor is projected onto the gas diffusion electrode, it is generally possible to distinguish regions which cover the gas diffusion electrode and regions which do not cover it.
  • the total uncovered area is referred to below as a “free area” of the current distributor.
  • the total area of the current distributor which makes contact with the gas diffusion electrode is referred to as “contact area.” If, for example, a perforated metal sheet is used as the current distributor, the covered area corresponds almost exactly to the contact area.
  • the current distributor is an expanded metal, net, woven fabric or the like, the total covered area may not make contact with the gas diffusion electrode but only a relatively small part thereof, since the webs of the expanded metal or the like do not lie in a plane. If the expanded metal, net, woven fabric or the like is rolled flat, the contact area increases. Moreover, the covered area of the current distributor would also increase accordingly.
  • the total area of the current distributor is understood here as meaning the total surface area which is calculated by measuring the length and width of the current distributor.
  • the contact area can be measured, for example, as follows: the current distributor is pressed into an inkpad like a stamp, and is then pressed onto a sheet of paper which rests on a gas diffusion electrode. This visualizes the regions in which the current distributor makes contact with the gas diffusion electrode. The contact area can be measured in this manner. The covered area or the free area can then be calculated based on the contact area.
  • the thickness of the current distributor means the web thickness.
  • the following parameters are used for characterizing the expanded metals:
  • the web thickness corresponds to the thickness of the metal sheet used for producing the expanded metal.
  • the web width results from the distance between two cuts which are parallel to one another but offset.
  • the mesh size characterizes the length of the cut and the mesh width the maximum distance between two adjacent webs which is formed by stretching deformation.
  • the current distributor preferably comprises at least one of expanded metal, net, woven fabric, foam, nonwoven, slotted metal sheet and/or perforated plate.
  • the current distributor preferably comprises an electrically conductive material, in particular of metal.
  • the current distributor preferably includes titanium or a noble metal-stabilized titanium, for example a noble metal-doped titanium or a noble metal-titanium alloy.
  • the current distributor can be coated in some embodiments with a noble metal oxide.
  • the noble metal stabilization of the titanium or the noble metal oxide coating can be produced, for example, using a metal of the platinum metal group, i.e. Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt.
  • the current distributor is preferably an expanded metal having a mesh length in the range from 4 to 8 mm, a mesh width in the range from 3 to 5 mm, a web width in the range from 0.4 to 1.8 mm and a web thickness in the range from 0.4 to 2 mm.
  • the current distributor if it comprises an expanded metal, is rolled flat.
  • the current distributor is particularly preferably completely rolled flat. This produces a maximum contact area of the gas diffusion electrode on the current distributor. If the current distributor is rolled flat, the free area of the current distributor relates to the free area after rolling.
  • the current distributor rests on an electrically conductive base support and has an electrically conductive connection to the base support, and, in order to achieve higher mechanical stability, the base support preferably comprises at least one of an expanded metal, net, woven fabric, foam, nonwoven, slotted metal sheet and/or perforated plate.
  • the base support preferably comprises titanium or a noble metal-stabilized titanium, it being possible for the noble metal to be, for example, an element of the platinum metal group.
  • the base support can be, in particular embodiments, connected with low resistance to the current distributor. If the current distributor is connected to a base support, the base support advantageously can have an electrically conductive connection to the cathode half-element in order to establish the current supply. Alternatively, however, the current distributor may also have an electrically conductive connection to the cathode half-element.
  • the connection of the base support to the electrode half-element has in particular low resistance, i.e. a low contact resistance.
  • a low-resistance connection is understood as meaning, for example, a weld joint, sinter connection or solder connection. What is important for the base support as well as for the current distributor is that they generally do not substantially hinder transport of liquid through the gas diffusion electrode and the transport of gas to the gas diffusion electrode.
  • a current distributor of the present invention can be connected directly to the cathode half-element with low resistance if desired. If present, the base support may also be connected directly to the cathode half-element with low resistance.
  • a low-resistance connection of the current distributor or of the base support to the cathode half-element can be effected, for example, with the aid of support elements.
  • the support elements may be, for example, trapezoidal profiles or Z-profiles as well known in the art.
  • the connection of the current distributor or of the base support to the cathode half-cell should generally ensure contact of the gas diffusion electrode over substantially the entire area thereof with the current distributor. Sufficient stability can be achieved, for example, by the base support or by a sufficient number of support elements.
  • the base support is preferably an expanded metal having a mesh length of from 10 to 40 mm, a mesh width of from 5 to 15 mm, a web width of from 2 to 5 mm and a web thickness of from 0.8 to 4 mm.
  • a net having a thickness of from 1 to 4 mm and a mesh size of from 7 to 25 mm is preferably used as the base support.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the base support is a perforated metal sheet or slotted metal sheet having a free area of not more than 70% and a thickness from 1 to 4 mm.
  • the electrolysis cell has an anode half-element 1 consisting of an electrolyte space 12 and an anode 3 , for example a noble metal oxide-coated titanium electrode.
  • the electrode area of the anode and cathode is in each case 0.86 m 2 .
  • the anode half-element 1 is separated from the cathode half-element 2 by a commercial cation exchange membrane 4 , for example Nafion®0 type 324.
  • the cathode half-element 2 consists of a gas space 13 and a cathode which is formed from a current distributor 6 and a gas diffusion electrode 5 .
  • the cation exchange membrane 4 rests on the gas diffusion electrode 5 .
  • the current distributor 6 rests on a base support 14 and has an electrically conductive connection to it.
  • the gas diffusion electrode 5 requires good contact with the current distributor 6 and with the ion exchange membrane 4 .
  • This contact can be produced, for example, by ensuring that the pressure in the anode half-element 1 is higher than the pressure in the cathode half-element 2 .
  • the cation exchange membrane is pressed onto the gas diffusion cathode by higher pressure in the anode half-element and said gas diffusion cathode in turn is pressed onto the current distributor.
  • This can be effected, for example, by a liquid immersion seal 10 through which the chlorine gas form during operation of the electrolysis cell is passed.
  • the pressure difference between anode half-cell and cathode half-cell was 400 mbar, the pressure in the anode half-element having been higher.
  • the hydrochloric acid was pumped through the anode half-element at a volume flow rate of about 450 l/h via a feed 7 and a discharge 15 .
  • the concentration of the hydrochloric acid circulated by pumping was 12-13% by weight.
  • At a current density of 5 000 A/m 2 about 23 litres of 30% strength by weight hydrochloric acid were added.
  • the hydrochloric acid consumed was replaced.
  • the chlorine formed at the anode was likewise removed from the anode half-element 1 via the discharge 15 and separated from the hydrochloric acid via the immersion seal 10 .
  • the chlorine is fed to a suitable treatment.
  • Oxygen was passed into the gas space 13 of the cathode half-element via a feed 8 at a volume flow rate of 1 750 l/h. The purity of the oxygen was 99.9%. Excess oxygen was removed from the cathode half-element via the discharge 11 . The water formed during the reduction of the oxygen at the gas diffusion electrode is removed from the gas space 13 via a discharge 9 .
  • the voltage during operation of the electrolysis was 2.02 V at a current density of 5 kA/m 2 .
  • the concentration of hydrogen in the oxygen which was removed from the cathode half-element was 2 000 ppm. This was due to the comparatively high voltage.
  • the voltage during operation of the electrolysis was 1.57 V at a current density of 5 kA/m 2 .
  • the concentration of hydrogen in the oxygen which was removed from the cathode half-element was less than 1 ppm.
  • the voltage during operation of the electrolysis was 1.44 V at a current density of 5 kA/m 2 .
  • the concentration of hydrogen in the oxygen which was removed from the cathode half-element was less than 1 ppm.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
US10/354,087 2002-01-31 2003-01-30 Electrochemical half-cell Abandoned US20030173211A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10203689A DE10203689A1 (de) 2002-01-31 2002-01-31 Kathodischer Stromverteiler für Elektrolysezellen
DE10203689.6 2002-01-31

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20030173211A1 true US20030173211A1 (en) 2003-09-18

Family

ID=7713433

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/354,087 Abandoned US20030173211A1 (en) 2002-01-31 2003-01-30 Electrochemical half-cell

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US20030173211A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1472390A2 (fr)
JP (1) JP2005516120A (fr)
KR (1) KR20040089130A (fr)
CN (1) CN1625610A (fr)
BR (1) BR0307249A (fr)
DE (1) DE10203689A1 (fr)
PL (1) PL370278A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2003064728A2 (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20060042935A1 (en) * 2002-11-27 2006-03-02 Hiroyoshi Houda Bipolar zero-gap type electrolytic cell
US20080029404A1 (en) * 2006-05-18 2008-02-07 Bayer Material Science Ag Processes for the production of chlorine from hydrogen chloride and oxygen
US20090214406A1 (en) * 2006-02-07 2009-08-27 Juergen Quell Catalytic converter with improved start-up behaviour
US9175135B2 (en) 2010-03-30 2015-11-03 Bayer Materialscience Ag Process for preparing diaryl carbonates and polycarbonates

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10149779A1 (de) * 2001-10-09 2003-04-10 Bayer Ag Verfahren zur Rückführung von Prozessgas in elektrochemischen Prozessen
DE10342148A1 (de) * 2003-09-12 2005-04-07 Bayer Materialscience Ag Verfahren zur Elektrolyse einer wässrigen Lösung von Chlorwasserstoff oder Alkalichlorid
ITMI20060054A1 (it) * 2006-01-16 2007-07-17 Uhdenora Spa Distributore di corrente elastico per celle a percolatore
AT509237A2 (de) * 2009-07-01 2011-07-15 Vtu Holding Gmbh Elektrodenvorrichtung
ES2643234T3 (es) 2010-03-30 2017-11-21 Covestro Deutschland Ag Procedimiento para la preparación de carbonatos de diarilo y policarbonatos
CN105585080B (zh) * 2016-03-02 2018-01-16 蓝星(北京)化工机械有限公司 电降解高浓度有机废水用氧阴极电解槽

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4354917A (en) * 1980-10-31 1982-10-19 Diamond Shamrock Corporation Gas electrode with asymmetric current distributor
US4432838A (en) * 1980-05-05 1984-02-21 Olin Corporation Method for producing reticulate electrodes for electrolytic cells
US4690748A (en) * 1985-12-16 1987-09-01 The Dow Chemical Company Plastic electrochemical cell terminal unit
US4731168A (en) * 1986-02-18 1988-03-15 The Dow Chemical Company Electrogenerative cell for the oxidation or halogenation of hydrocarbons
US4732660A (en) * 1985-09-09 1988-03-22 The Dow Chemical Company Membrane electrolyzer
US5454995A (en) * 1994-04-18 1995-10-03 Cincinnati Milacron, Inc. Method for reducing cycle time in an injection molding machine
US5770035A (en) * 1996-01-19 1998-06-23 De Nora S.P.A. Method for the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid
US6039853A (en) * 1997-04-14 2000-03-21 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Electrochemical half-cell

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT1284072B1 (it) * 1996-06-26 1998-05-08 De Nora Spa Cella elettrochimica a membrana provvista di elettrodi a diffusione gassosa contattati da portacorrente metallici lisci e porosi a
US6383677B1 (en) * 1999-10-07 2002-05-07 Allen Engineering Company, Inc. Fuel cell current collector

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4432838A (en) * 1980-05-05 1984-02-21 Olin Corporation Method for producing reticulate electrodes for electrolytic cells
US4354917A (en) * 1980-10-31 1982-10-19 Diamond Shamrock Corporation Gas electrode with asymmetric current distributor
US4732660A (en) * 1985-09-09 1988-03-22 The Dow Chemical Company Membrane electrolyzer
US4690748A (en) * 1985-12-16 1987-09-01 The Dow Chemical Company Plastic electrochemical cell terminal unit
US4731168A (en) * 1986-02-18 1988-03-15 The Dow Chemical Company Electrogenerative cell for the oxidation or halogenation of hydrocarbons
US5454995A (en) * 1994-04-18 1995-10-03 Cincinnati Milacron, Inc. Method for reducing cycle time in an injection molding machine
US5770035A (en) * 1996-01-19 1998-06-23 De Nora S.P.A. Method for the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid
US6039853A (en) * 1997-04-14 2000-03-21 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Electrochemical half-cell

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20060042935A1 (en) * 2002-11-27 2006-03-02 Hiroyoshi Houda Bipolar zero-gap type electrolytic cell
US7323090B2 (en) * 2002-11-27 2008-01-29 Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation Bipolar zero-gap type electrolytic cell
US20090214406A1 (en) * 2006-02-07 2009-08-27 Juergen Quell Catalytic converter with improved start-up behaviour
US7767622B2 (en) * 2006-02-07 2010-08-03 Umicore Ag & Co. Kg Catalytic converter with improved start-up behaviour
US20080029404A1 (en) * 2006-05-18 2008-02-07 Bayer Material Science Ag Processes for the production of chlorine from hydrogen chloride and oxygen
US9447510B2 (en) 2006-05-18 2016-09-20 Covestro Deutschland Ag Processes for the production of chlorine from hydrogen chloride and oxygen
US9175135B2 (en) 2010-03-30 2015-11-03 Bayer Materialscience Ag Process for preparing diaryl carbonates and polycarbonates

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR20040089130A (ko) 2004-10-20
JP2005516120A (ja) 2005-06-02
BR0307249A (pt) 2004-12-14
CN1625610A (zh) 2005-06-08
DE10203689A1 (de) 2003-08-07
WO2003064728A3 (fr) 2004-01-15
PL370278A1 (en) 2005-05-16
EP1472390A2 (fr) 2004-11-03
WO2003064728A2 (fr) 2003-08-07

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