US20030150605A1 - Thermal transfer interface system and methods - Google Patents

Thermal transfer interface system and methods Download PDF

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Publication number
US20030150605A1
US20030150605A1 US10/074,642 US7464202A US2003150605A1 US 20030150605 A1 US20030150605 A1 US 20030150605A1 US 7464202 A US7464202 A US 7464202A US 2003150605 A1 US2003150605 A1 US 2003150605A1
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Prior art keywords
pins
spreader
interface
spring element
thermal
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Abandoned
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US10/074,642
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English (en)
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Christian Belady
Eric Peterson
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Hewlett Packard Development Co LP
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Individual
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Priority to US10/074,642 priority Critical patent/US20030150605A1/en
Assigned to HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY reassignment HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BELADY, CHRISTIAN L., PETERSON, ERIC C.
Priority to JP2003009415A priority patent/JP4414655B2/ja
Assigned to HEWLETT-PACKARD DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, L.P. reassignment HEWLETT-PACKARD DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, L.P. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY
Publication of US20030150605A1 publication Critical patent/US20030150605A1/en
Priority to US10/676,982 priority patent/US20040173345A1/en
Priority to US10/690,450 priority patent/US6867976B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing

Definitions

  • a heat sink may for example be a ventilated conductive plate or an active device such as a thermoelectric cooler.
  • the invention provides certain features to advance the state of the art by providing, among other features, a thermal transfer interface system for dissipating heat from multiple dies in an electrical system. Other features of the invention will be apparent in the description which follows.
  • the invention provides a thermal transfer interface.
  • a thermal spreader forms a plurality of passageways.
  • a spring element couples with the spreader.
  • a plurality of thermally conductive pins are included and arranged for movement along the passageways.
  • Each of the pins has a head and a shaft moving with the spring element. At least part of the shaft is internal to the passageway; and it forms a gap with an internal surface of the passageway.
  • the gap may be an air gap or filled with a thermally conductive material such as thermal grease.
  • the pin heads collectively and macroscopically conform to an object to transfer heat from the object to the thermal spreader through the passageway gap formed between the heat sink and each of the plurality of pins.
  • the spreader is a heat sink; for example the spreader is actively cooled by liquid or ventilated by air to dissipate heat from the pins.
  • a separate heat sink couples with the spreader to dissipate the heat from the spreader.
  • the pins extend through the spreader so that they extend from the object through the spreader and into a cooling medium (e.g., air); the pins extending into the cooling medium act to dissipate heat and draw thermal energy from the spreader and/or object to the medium.
  • a cooling medium e.g., air
  • the spring element of one aspect forms a layer with a substantially planar face.
  • One or more of the pin heads protrude from the face in a direction away from the spreader.
  • one or more of the pin heads are substantially flush with the face.
  • one or more of the pin heads are embedded within the spring element. Thermal grease or other conductive medium may assist in thermal heat transfer from the object to the pins and/or spring element.
  • the pin head is slightly smaller than the remainder of the pin shaft so that a pin shoulder is formed.
  • a retaining element couples to the spreader to retain the pin shafts between the spreader and the retaining element; the pins axially move along the passageway to couple with the object, as above, but the pin element will extend from the spreader only until the shoulder abuts the retaining element.
  • the passageways are sealed to form a cavity and the pin shafts seat in the passageways such that a filler medium pressurizes the pins to form the spring element.
  • the filler medium may be air or a thermally conductive medium such as thermal grease.
  • a small gap in the spreader may be included with one or more passageways to vent over-pressurization of the filler medium.
  • the spring element includes a plurality of springs disposed between the spreader and the pin heads. In another aspect, the spring element includes a plurality of springs disposed within the passageways between the spreader and the pin shafts.
  • the pin shafts may be rectangularly shaped.
  • the passageways have a similar though slightly larger shape to accommodate the pin shaft dimensions.
  • the pin shafts are cylindrical in shape and the passageways are also cylindrical, through slightly larger in size to accommodate pin movement of the shaft therein.
  • a heat sink couples to the spreader.
  • the heat sink may for example be an active thermoelectric cooler, a cooled thermally conductive element (e.g., a thermally conductive block cooled by liquid), or a passive thermally dissipating metal block.
  • the invention has further advantages in that it may be inverted depending upon desired application. That is, the invention of one aspect is a thermal interface: it transfers heat from one side to another irrespective of applied orientation.
  • the spring element is a thermally conductive sponge-like material.
  • the spring element may one or a combination of various forms of spring elements disclosed herein.
  • the invention also provides a method for transferring thermal energy from a body to a thermal spreader and/or heat sink, including the steps of: biasing a plurality of pins against a surface of the object so that the plurality of pins contact with, and substantially conform to, a macroscopic surface of the object, and communicating thermal energy from the object through the pins to a thermal spreader forming a plurality of air gaps with the plurality of pins.
  • the step of biasing a plurality of pins against a surface of an object may include the step of biasing the plurality of pins against a plurality of dies or semiconductor packages coupled with a printed circuit board or other electrical apparatus.
  • the thermal spreader may act as the heat sink with the pins; or, in another aspect, a separate heat sink couples with the spreader.
  • FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional side view of one thermal interface system constructed according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 shows a top view of the system of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 shows the system of FIG. 1 used to dissipate heat from a plurality of dies, in accord with one embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 4 shows a side view of another thermal interface system of the invention
  • FIG. 5 shows a top view of one other thermal interface system of the invention
  • FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of the thermal interface system of FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of the thermal interface system of FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 8 shows a perspective view of several of the thermal interface systems of FIG. 5 operationally connected to dissipate heat from semiconductor packages of a printed circuit board;
  • FIG. 9 shows a cross-sectional view of the system of FIG. 8 coupled with two of the packages
  • FIG. 10 shows another spring element configuration for biasing pins according to one thermal interface system of the invention.
  • FIG. 11 shows another spring element configuration for biasing pins according to one thermal interface system of the invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional side view of one thermal interface system 10 of the invention.
  • System 10 includes a plurality of thermally conductive pins 12 that interface with an object 14 to transfer heat from object 14 to a thermal spreader 16 .
  • a spring element 18 facilitates coupling between pins 12 and object 14 such that pins 12 collectively conform with a surface 14 A of object 14 , even if surface 14 A is non-planar, such as shown.
  • each of pins 12 may for example be described with a head 12 A and a shaft 12 B, such as shown in FIG. 1.
  • pin heads 12 A are adjacent to, or in contact with object 14
  • shafts 12 B of pins 12 have at least some portion adjacent to, or in contact with thermal spreader 16
  • pins 12 pass within a like plurality of passageways 16 A of spreader 16 .
  • passageways 16 A For purposes of illustration, only one passageway 16 A is shown and identified in FIG. 1; pins 12 slide within passageways 16 A to accommodate movement of pins 12 , and/or element 18 , in conformal contact with object 14 .
  • FIG. 2 shows a top view of object 14 and system 10 .
  • spring element 18 is transparently shown so as to clearly show the plurality of passageways 16 A with pins 12 .
  • system 10 serves to dissipate heat from object 14 to spreader 16 .
  • Pins 12 are in thermal communication with object 14 when pins 12 (a) directly contact object 14 , (b) couple to object 14 through a thermally conductive medium (e.g., thermal grease or a thermally conductive spring element 18 ), and/or (c) are close to object 14 such that the air gap between pin heads 12 A and object 14 does not substantially prohibit heat transfer. It is not necessary that every pin 12 thermally communicate with object 14 .
  • a thermally conductive medium e.g., thermal grease or a thermally conductive spring element 18
  • System 10 utilizes a plurality of pins that number in the tens, hundreds, thousands or millions; collectively these pins macroscopically conform to surface 14 A of object 14 to transfer heat from object 14 , through a plurality of pins 12 and to spreader 16 .
  • Thermal spreader 16 may also form a heat sink to draw heat from object 14 .
  • Pins 12 may also form a heat sink; for example, by communicating air 19 across pins 12 extending through spreader 16 , as shown, pins 12 are cooled to collectively function as a heat sink.
  • a separate heat sink 21 may couple to thermal spreader 16 , as shown, to dissipate or assist in drawing heat from object 14 .
  • Object 14 may for example be a semiconductor die or package, such as described in connection with FIG. 3.
  • Spring element 18 may be replaced or augmented with different spring-like elements as described in more detail below.
  • FIG. 3 shows system 10 in another configuration, where the object is a plurality of objects 30 A- 30 C.
  • objects 30 A- 30 C are semiconductor packages and/or dies (collectively “dies” 30 ).
  • objects 30 are beneath system 10 , illustrating that system 10 may be configured in multiple orientations without departing from the scope of the invention; by way of example, system 10 may mount on top of dies 30 using its weight or other force to couple pins 12 to dies 30 .
  • Each of dies 30 is shown with a different physical size and with a different physical separation 32 from system 10 , as compared with other dies 30 , so as to illustrate that system 10 may accommodate physical non-uniformities and uneven surfaces of objects 30 .
  • Dies 30 may for example couple with a PCB 34 via solder or socket connections 36 , as shown; solder or socket connections 36 , and the manufacturing build-up tolerances of PCB 34 and dies 30 , may cause the variations in separation differences 32 between the multiple dies and system 10 , such as shown.
  • Pins 12 axially move along direction 31 , within passageways 16 A and relative to thermal spreader 16 to accommodate conformal contact with object 30 .
  • spreader 16 and/or pins 12 may function as a heat sink, or a separate heat sink (e.g., sink 21 , FIG. 1) may couple with spreader 16 .
  • Spring element 18 serves to bias pins 12 in accommodating physical separation differences 32 to relevant pins 12 so as to ensure macroscopic conformity (i.e., where multiple pins conform to an object surface larger than any one pin) between pins 12 and outer surfaces of dies 30 .
  • spring element 18 biases pins 38 with die 30 C
  • spring element 18 biases pins 40 with die 30 B
  • spring element 18 biases pins 42 with die 30 A.
  • Pins 44 are not engaged with object 30 and are in this example maximally extended from system 10 .
  • Other pins 12 may or may not connect with object 30 .
  • FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional view of one thermal interface system 50 of the invention.
  • System 50 is shown with three different pin configurations, one for each of pins 52 , 54 , 56 .
  • each pin is in a same configuration (e.g., each of pins is in the configuration of pin 52 , pin 54 or 56 ); in addition, only three pins 52 , 54 , 56 are shown when system 50 generally has many more pins that enable coupling to micro-features of an object 59 (e.g., object 14 , FIG. 1).
  • Pins 52 , 54 , 56 couple with a thermal spreader 58 via a spring pad 60 , as shown (other spring elements may augment or replace pad 60 , such as described below).
  • a head 52 A of pin 52 extends from spring pad 60 while a shaft 52 B of pin 52 extends at least partially within a passageway 58 A of spreader 58 .
  • a head 54 A of pin 54 is coplanar with spring pad 60 while a shaft 54 B of pin 54 extends at least partially within a passageway 58 B of heat sink 58 .
  • a head 56 A of pin 56 is embedded within spring pad 60 while a shaft 56 B of pin 56 extends at least partially within a passageway 58 C of heat sink 58 .
  • the shaft length of the pin 52 is sufficiently long to ensure thermal transfer between the shaft and spreader 58 .
  • Passageways 58 A, 58 B, 58 C are shown with a closed end 62 , though the passageways(s) may extend entirely through spreader 58 as a matter of design choice (e.g., as in FIG. 1). In the configuration of FIG. 4, passageways 58 A- 58 C thus form a cavity 65 within spreader 58 . Cavity 65 may itself function as a spring element. By way of example, air or other thermally conductive medium may fill cavity 65 and compress/expand with pin movement within passageways 58 A- 58 C.
  • vent 67 may be included within end 62 as a matter of design choice to vent over-pressurization of material in cavity 65 ; vent 67 is shown with only one passageway 58 A for ease of illustration even though system 50 may include multiple vents 67 as a matter of design choice.
  • each of pins 52 , 54 , 56 form a gap 64 with an internal surface 66 of respective passageways 58 A, 58 B, 58 C; gap 64 is formed between the smaller diameter of shaft 52 B, 54 B, 56 B within the larger diameter of respective passageways 58 A, 58 B, 58 C.
  • each of pin shafts 52 B, 54 B, 56 B may have a cylindrical shape with a diameter of about 0.06 inch, and each passageway 58 A, 58 B, 58 C then has a diameter of between about 0.0605 to 0.065 inch.
  • Gaps 64 (and/or cavities 65 ) may be filled with thermally conductive grease, gas, air or other thermally conductive medium.
  • Pin shafts 52 B, 54 B, 56 B may also be rectangular in shape; passageways 58 A, 58 B, 58 C accordingly would also be rectangular, though larger in size to accommodate pin movement therein.
  • Pins 52 , 54 , 56 may move with spring element 60 .
  • Spring element 60 is for example a thermally conductive sponge-like material, though a non-conductive pad may also be used so long as an aperture cut into the pad permits thermal energy transfer from object 59 to the relevant pin 52 .
  • a layer 70 of thermally conductive grease may cover over element 60 and pins 52 , 54 , 56 to encourage transfer of thermal energy from object 59 to spreader 58 ; grease 70 is particularly useful in the configurations of pin 52 , 54 as spring element 60 can provide thermal microscopic contact between object 59 and pin 56 .
  • system 50 may include a heat sink 71 to draw thermal energy from pins 52 and spreader 58 .
  • Thermal grease 73 can improve thermal conductivity between spreader 58 and heat sink 71 , as shown.
  • thermal energy 75 from object 59 travels through layer 70 , into pins 52 , 54 , 56 , out of pin shafts 52 B, 54 B, 56 B and into spreader 58 through the gap 64 between shafts 52 B, 54 B, 56 B, and into heat sink 71 , such as shown.
  • the interfaces of FIG. 1-FIG. 4 take advantage of the physics of thermal resistance, which equals L/KA (where L is the path length of heat flow, K is the conductivity, and A is the area though which the heat flows).
  • a way to decrease thermal resistance of interfaces 10 , 50 is therefore to decrease path length L or to increase area A. Since interface 10 , 50 is already very close to object 59 from which it dissipates heat, L is already small; the invention thus has particular advantages in increasing area A.
  • Area A is approximately equal to the number of pins forming the interface times the barrel area of the pin shafts forming gap 64 .
  • the interfaces of the invention may utilize hundreds, thousands or millions of pins, as a matter of design choice. Pins may also be arranged in any pattern with the spreader, such as shown by the configuration of pins 12 , FIG. 2, or pins 82 , FIG. 7.
  • the pins are thermally conductive; accordingly, copper, aluminum or other thermally conductive material provides acceptable materials for construction of the pins.
  • a thermal pad of the prior art may exhibit a thermal resistance of between about 2-5 inches-squared per Watt per degree C. while accommodating surface irregularities of only about 0.06 inch.
  • a prior art thermal pad with a thickness exceeding about 0.002 inch exhibits thermally insulating properties or behaviors compounding the undesirable issues discussed above relative to the prior art.
  • the interfaces 10 , 50 of the invention can for example improve such thermal resistances to at least about 0.2-0.5 inches-squared per Watt per degree C., and further accommodate macroscopic surface variations and differences (e.g., differences 32 , FIG. 3) exceeding 0.06 inch.
  • FIG. 5 shows a top view of one thermal interface system 80 of the invention
  • FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of system 80
  • FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of system 80 .
  • a plurality of pins 82 conform to a surface of an object 83 (e.g., object 14 , FIG. 1) so as to dissipate heat from object 83 to a thermal spreader 84 .
  • Each of pins 82 has a shaft 85 within respective passageways 87 of spreader 84 ; sizing of pins 82 within passageways 87 forms a small gap 86 between each pin 82 and spreader 84 .
  • Gap 86 may be filled with thermally conductive material such as grease.
  • a dimension 88 is 6 mm
  • a dimension 90 is 6.5 mm
  • a dimension 92 is 0.86 mm
  • a dimension 94 is 2.1 mm
  • a dimension 96 is 25.4 mm
  • a dimension 98 is 1.35 mm
  • a diameter 100 of each of pins 82 is 0.084 mm
  • a dimension 102 is 1.70 mm
  • a pin length dimension 104 is 1.52 mm.
  • a spring element is not shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6; however a spring element such as spring element 60 , FIG. 4, may for example be included with system 80 within the space provided by dimension 92 .
  • Helical springs such as shown in FIG. 9 or FIG. 10 may also be used.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates how two or more systems 80 may for example dissipate heat from multiple semiconductor packages 81 of a printed circuit board 110 .
  • three thermal interface systems 80 couple to packages 81 to dissipate heat generated thereby.
  • Each package 81 may include a die ( 85 , FIG. 9) that is typically smaller in surface area than each of systems 80 . That is, each package 81 may be larger than system 80 as a matter of design choice; generally, however, each system 80 at least covers the surface area of die 85 within package 81 .
  • a common heat sink 83 may couple with multiple systems 80 , as shown, to dissipate heat from spreaders 84 .
  • FIG. 9 shows a cross-sectional side view of two thermal interface systems 80 coupled with two packages 81 ; a semiconductor die 85 is within each package 81 , as shown. Pins 82 move within spreaders 84 to accommodate the height differences 93 of packages 81 ; accordingly, common heat sink 83 may couple to a substantially flat plane 101 along the top of spreaders 84 . Thermal grease at plane 101 between spreaders 84 and heat sink 83 facilitate thermal communication therebetween.
  • spring elements 18 , 60 may be replaced, or augmented by tiny springs disposed within passageways 16 A, 58 A, 58 B, 58 C so as to outwardly push pins outward from heat sink 16 , 58 , 84 in conforming to a heat generating object 14 , 30 , 59 , 83 .
  • a configuration such as this is shown in FIG. 10.
  • FIG. 10 A configuration such as this is shown in FIG. 10.
  • FIG. 10 specifically illustrates one thermal interface system 150 of the invention that incorporates a plurality of spring elements 152 disposed with passageways 154 of a thermal spreader 156 to bias pins 158 outwardly (along direction 159 ) from spreader 156 to conform to an object 160 .
  • Elements 152 couple with spreader 156 and pins 158 via connectors 162 so that pins 158 appropriately bias against object 160 to collectively conform to surface 160 A by appropriate compression against spreader 156 .
  • Spring elements may also be utilized underneath the heads of the pins, and between the heads and the spreader, as shown in the thermal interface system 161 of FIG. 11. Three pins 162 A- 162 C are shown in FIG. 11. A plurality of springs 164 generate compressive forces to bias pins 162 along direction 166 , as shown, for thermal communication with an uneven object 168 ; springs 164 compress between spreader 172 (or against element 176 described below) and pin head 163 to accommodate the uneven surface of object 168 . Like above, pins 162 move along direction 166 and within a like plurality of passageways 170 of a thermal spreader 172 . A heat sink 174 may optionally couple to spreader 172 to facilitate cooling of object 168 .
  • FIG. 11 also illustrates one pin embodiment of a thermal interface system to retain pins 162 relative to spreader 172 .
  • a retaining element 176 couples with spreader 172 .
  • Pins 162 are shown with a shoulder 178 that abuts element 176 when extended as in pin 162 A; element 176 forms apertures to accommodate passage of the above-shoulder extensions 180 of pins 162 . Accordingly, the retaining embodiment of FIG. 11 ensures that pins 162 do not completely separate from spreader 172 .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Cooling Or The Like Of Semiconductors Or Solid State Devices (AREA)
US10/074,642 2002-02-12 2002-02-12 Thermal transfer interface system and methods Abandoned US20030150605A1 (en)

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US10/074,642 US20030150605A1 (en) 2002-02-12 2002-02-12 Thermal transfer interface system and methods
JP2003009415A JP4414655B2 (ja) 2002-02-12 2003-01-17 伝熱インターフェース
US10/676,982 US20040173345A1 (en) 2002-02-12 2003-10-01 Thermal transfer interface system and methods
US10/690,450 US6867976B2 (en) 2002-02-12 2003-10-21 Pin retention for thermal transfer interfaces, and associated methods

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US20050219822A1 (en) * 2004-04-01 2005-10-06 Nachiketa Tiwari Circuit cooling
US20070008707A1 (en) * 2005-07-08 2007-01-11 David Coutu Thermally efficient motor housing assembly
US20070047209A1 (en) * 2005-09-01 2007-03-01 Alex Thompson Heat transfer plate
US20070268673A1 (en) * 2006-05-22 2007-11-22 Sun Microsystems, Inc. Heatspreader for single-device and multi-device modules
US7449775B1 (en) 2006-05-22 2008-11-11 Sun Microsystems, Inc. Integrated thermal solution for electronic packages with materials having mismatched coefficient of thermal expansion
US7475175B2 (en) 2003-03-17 2009-01-06 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Multi-processor module
US20090109617A1 (en) * 2007-10-25 2009-04-30 Zdenko Grajcar Apparatus and methods for thermal management of electronic devices
US20100271781A1 (en) * 2009-04-27 2010-10-28 Siemens Ag Cooling System, Cold Plate and Assembly Having a Cooling System
US20110048672A1 (en) * 2009-08-28 2011-03-03 International Business Machines Corporation Thermal ground plane for cooling a computer
US9049811B2 (en) 2012-11-29 2015-06-02 Bose Corporation Circuit cooling
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US7475175B2 (en) 2003-03-17 2009-01-06 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Multi-processor module
US7082034B2 (en) * 2004-04-01 2006-07-25 Bose Corporation Circuit cooling
US20050219822A1 (en) * 2004-04-01 2005-10-06 Nachiketa Tiwari Circuit cooling
US20070008707A1 (en) * 2005-07-08 2007-01-11 David Coutu Thermally efficient motor housing assembly
WO2007008345A3 (en) * 2005-07-08 2007-04-05 Intelligent Motion Systems Inc Thermally efficient motor housing assembly
US7242593B2 (en) * 2005-07-08 2007-07-10 Ims Inc. Thermally efficient motor housing assembly
US20070047209A1 (en) * 2005-09-01 2007-03-01 Alex Thompson Heat transfer plate
US7646608B2 (en) * 2005-09-01 2010-01-12 Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. Heat transfer plate
US7397664B2 (en) * 2006-05-22 2008-07-08 Sun Microsystems, Inc. Heatspreader for single-device and multi-device modules
US7449775B1 (en) 2006-05-22 2008-11-11 Sun Microsystems, Inc. Integrated thermal solution for electronic packages with materials having mismatched coefficient of thermal expansion
US20070268673A1 (en) * 2006-05-22 2007-11-22 Sun Microsystems, Inc. Heatspreader for single-device and multi-device modules
US20090109617A1 (en) * 2007-10-25 2009-04-30 Zdenko Grajcar Apparatus and methods for thermal management of electronic devices
US20110110059A1 (en) * 2007-10-25 2011-05-12 Zdenko Grajcar Apparatus and methods for thermal management of electronic devices
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US7911797B2 (en) * 2007-10-25 2011-03-22 Nexxus Lighting Apparatus and methods for thermal management of electronic devices
US20100271781A1 (en) * 2009-04-27 2010-10-28 Siemens Ag Cooling System, Cold Plate and Assembly Having a Cooling System
US8089767B2 (en) * 2009-04-27 2012-01-03 Siemens Ag Cooling system, cold plate and assembly having a cooling system
US20110048672A1 (en) * 2009-08-28 2011-03-03 International Business Machines Corporation Thermal ground plane for cooling a computer
US8776868B2 (en) * 2009-08-28 2014-07-15 International Business Machines Corporation Thermal ground plane for cooling a computer
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US20040173345A1 (en) 2004-09-09
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