US20030106845A1 - Automatic device for purifying drinking water - Google Patents

Automatic device for purifying drinking water Download PDF

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Publication number
US20030106845A1
US20030106845A1 US10/168,128 US16812802A US2003106845A1 US 20030106845 A1 US20030106845 A1 US 20030106845A1 US 16812802 A US16812802 A US 16812802A US 2003106845 A1 US2003106845 A1 US 2003106845A1
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Prior art keywords
water
electrodialysis unit
membranes
treated
membrane
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Abandoned
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US10/168,128
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English (en)
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Michel Bernard
Alain Fahrasmane
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Individual
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Individual
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
    • C02F1/4693—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis electrodialysis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
    • B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
    • B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
    • B01D61/52—Accessories; Auxiliary operation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
    • C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
    • C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
    • C02F2201/46115—Electrolytic cell with membranes or diaphragms

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns a device for purifying drinking water.
  • the distributed drinking water may still contain polluting elements which induce relatively harmful effects in terms of appearance (suspended materials), odour and taste (chlorine, organic compounds), health (presence of bacteria, limestone, nitrates, pesticides, organic compounds, heavy metals, etc).
  • the electrodialysis method is moreover known and used in high-capacity industrial applications for purifying solutions and demineralizing or desalting water.
  • This method consists of applying a continuous electric field to the aqueous solution to be treated so as to obtain the migration of the ionised species contained in the solution. Separating the pollutant ionic species from the pure solution is carried out by using:
  • ions exchanger membranes some being selective from cations and others from anions, the ionic selectivity of these membranes able to be adapted to extracting species with plurivalent and/or monovalent ionic charges, and
  • separators making the water to be treated circulate on the surfaces of the exchanger membranes.
  • the invention offers a device for purifying water for domestic or public consumption, said device comprising an electrodialysis unit including:
  • said device is characterised in that the electrodialysis unit includes means for sending the water to be treated exclusively into the separator frames between the two ion exchanger membranes and means for sending the purified water of the purified water extracting pipe into the electrode and membrane separators before sending it to the outlet of the electrodialysis unit.
  • the purified water reduces the precipitation phenomenon which is very intense on said electrode owing to the very low acidity of the surrounding medium.
  • the need for carrying out water softening pre-treatment is avoided if the water to be treated has a high percentage of limestone.
  • the layer of purified (less alkaline) water circulating on the surface of the electrodes, whose conductivity is all the more weaker when the ionic purification is high procures a self-regulation effect of the d.c. current traversing the electrodialysis unit.
  • the invention makes it possible to appreciably reduce the cost of a water purification device by applying the electrodialysis method.
  • said method can be implemented in a small electric household device which is sufficiently low so as to be accessible to consumers.
  • the device includes means for inverting the polarity applied to the electrodes, means for periodically controlling the polarity inversion means so that the respective periods of positive polarisation alternances and negative polarisation alternances are equal, and/or d.c. current feed means, so that the amount of d.c. current delivered to the system during both the polarity alternances are equal, and electrovalve means switched at each alternance so as to direct the brackish water of the electrodialysis unit and the purified water in the electrode and membrane separator frames and then to the purified water outlet of the electrodialysis unit.
  • the period of the alternances of polarity is between several minutes and several tens of minutes and preferably between two and ten minutes.
  • FIG. 1 is a skeleton diagram of a water purification device according to a first preferred embodiment variant of the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a skeleton diagram of a water purification device according to a second preferred embodiment variant of the invention
  • FIG. 3 is a skeleton diagram of a water purification device according to a preferred third embodiment variant of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is an exploded view of a preferred embodiment of an electrodialysis unit
  • FIG. 5 diagrammatically illustrates the operating principle of the electrodialysis unit shown on FIG. 4.
  • FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 show respectively in detail an electrode and membrane separator frame, a membrane separator frame and a membrane used in the electrodialysis unit shown on FIG. 4;
  • FIG. 9 shows in detail an embodiment variant of a membrane separator frame used in the electrodialysis unit shown on FIG. 4;
  • FIG. 10 is a skeleton diagram of a water purification device according to a fourth preferred embodiment variant of the invention.
  • the device of the invention shown on FIG. 1 consists of a small water purification unit for domestic usage and not connected to a drinking water distribution network.
  • This device includes an electrodialysis unit 5 connected to a water tank 1 to be treated, and a pump 3 which injects water from the tank 1 into the electrodialysis unit 5 .
  • a pretreatment unit 4 between the pump and the electrodialysis unit.
  • the electrodialysis unit 5 comprises an outlet 33 for the treated water which is collected in a tank 6 and a brackish water evacuation outlet 34 containing the pollutants extracted from the treated water and able to be connected via a pipe 7 to a waste water evacuation circuit 8 .
  • the tanks 1 and 6 are at atmospheric pressure, the tank 6 being constituted by a movable pitcher.
  • the pump 3 and the electrodialysis unit 5 are controlled and fed with electric energy by a control member 9 , for example provided with a cord and a connection plug 10 to the electric network.
  • the tank 1 comprises a water level detector 2 connected to the control member 9 which has been designed so as to stop the pump 3 and the electrodialysis unit 5 when the water level in the tank 1 is lower than a predetermined minimum threshold.
  • the pretreatment unit 4 may for example be constituted by an assembly of elements, such as filters adapted to the physico-chemical quality of the water to be treated.
  • Thus unit preferably includes an element for filtering sediment whose particles are larger than 5 ⁇ m so as to eliminate the suspended materials and the precipitated elements; an active carbon element in the form of granulates or a compacted block so as to eliminate pesticide pollutants, chlorinated compounds and organic materials, and a complexing agent, such as a sodium polyphosphate or sodium silicopolyphosphate-based element.
  • an active carbon element in the form of granulates or a compacted block so as to eliminate pesticide pollutants, chlorinated compounds and organic materials
  • a complexing agent such as a sodium polyphosphate or sodium silicopolyphosphate-based element.
  • the electrodialysis unit 5 is able to eliminate from the water to be treated the excess ionic species, such as nitrates, phosphates, calcium, carbonates, etc. To this effect, it is of the multicellular type whose internal organisation is adapted to the purification of water for domestic usage, namely “town water”, without it being necessary to have this water undergo a prior softening treatment.
  • the control member 9 includes a voltage transformer, a current rectifier for feeding the electrodialysis unit, a pump command and control circuit and a set of luminous indicator lights indicating the state of the device.
  • This device is advantageously housed in a box similar to that of a small household appliance, the pitcher 6 for receiving the treated water being movable.
  • FIG. 2 shows a device according to the invention, said device being designed so as to be directly connected to an under pressure water distribution circuit and provide when required the under pressure treated water automatically.
  • the purification device includes an electrodialysis unit 5 which can be associated with a pretreatment unit 4 , this unit being fed with the water to be treated by the water distribution circuit 12 by means of a stop valve 11 and an electrovalve 14 .
  • the pressure of the water between the stop valve 11 and the electrovalve 14 is detected by a low pressure pressure detector 13 .
  • the electrodialysis unit 5 includes two outlets 34 , 34 ′, namely one treated water outlet and one brackish water outlet, both outlets being connected to a two-channel double electrovalve unit 15 , 16 .
  • brackish water evacuation pipe 7 connected to the waste water evacuation circuit 8 , and a pipe for supplying the treated water to a tapping cock 21 , and, by means of a stop valve 20 , to an under pressure storage tank 19 .
  • the pressure in the treated water circuit is detected by a pressure detector 17 .
  • the set of electrovalves 14 , 15 , 16 is controlled by a control member 9 ′ according to indications provided by the detectors 13 , 17 .
  • the control member 9 ′ is connected to the electric distribution network by means of a connection plug 10 and feeds the electrodialysis unit 5 with continuous voltage.
  • a flow limitation element 18 for limiting the brackish water flow, especially when the pressure of the water of the circuit gradually increases when the tank 19 is being filled.
  • the pressure detector 17 on the treated water pipe makes it possible to detect when the tank is full and when the cock 21 is closed so as to order the closing of the electrovalve 14 and the cutting off the electric feeding of the electrodialysis unit 5 .
  • a change of the sate of this pressure detector triggers the inverted order, namely opening of the electrovalve 14 and putting of the electrodialysis unit into operation.
  • FIG. 3 represents a simplified variant of the device shown on FIG. 2.
  • the device shown on this figure is approximately identical to the one shown on FIG. 3, but here the treated water pipe is connected to a tank 19 ′ at atmospheric pressure, the outlet of this tank being connected to a treated water pick up valve 28 .
  • the water level of the tank 19 ′ is measured by a water level detector 27 connected to a control member 9 ′′ which controls opening of the electrovalve 14 and starting the electrodialysis unit when the level of water detected by the detector 27 is below a certain predetermined minimum threshold and carried out an opposite order when this level goes above a certain maximum threshold.
  • the electrodialysis unit 5 includes one or several treatment stages constituted by a stacking of layers including
  • external flanges 31 , 31 ′ respectively comprising water inlet 32 and outlet orifices 33 , 34 and orifices 35 for passage of the electric links for feeding the electrodes with direct current
  • two electrodes 37 , 37 ′ embodied embodied in a non-corrodable material, each electrode being inserted in a respective electrode frame 38 comprising orifices 47 for circulation of fluids inside the electrodialysis unit,
  • single or plurivalent ion exchanger membranes 44 , 45 having perforations so as to allow the circulation of fluids between the various layers, the membranes 44 being selected from cations or positive ions and the membranes 45 from anions or negative ions,
  • electrode and membrane separator frames 40 having a profile able to ensure the distribution of water exclusively to the surface of the electrodes 37 , 37 ′ and the membranes 44 , and
  • membrane separator frames 41 having a profile able to ensure the distribution of water to the surface of the membranes 44 , 45 , the position of these frames ensuring the distribution of water between the water circulation circuit of the water to be treated and the circuits where the purified and brackish water are respectively collected.
  • the external flanges 31 , 31 ′ are for example constituted by polymer plates obtained by moulding or machining. They comprise in addition side perforations 36 allowing the passage of retention or locking elements, perforations 46 allowing the centering of the various elements of the treatment stage at the time the latter is assembled, and perforations 47 allowing the feeding and extraction of electrolytes.
  • the flanges are fixed to one another so as to retain between them the various layers constituting the electrodialysis unit, these layers being sufficiently clamped against one another so as to obtain sufficient imperviousness between said layers.
  • the electrodes 37 , 37 ′ having for example a rectangular shape and with a thickness of several millimetres, are constituted by a metal sheet coated with a precious metal.
  • these are constituted by titanium whose working face is coated with oxides of precious metals or precious metals such as platinum or gold.
  • the electrodes are polarised by the direct current.
  • the electrode frames 38 in which the electrodes 37 , 37 ′ are respectively inserted are made of polymer or elastomer and have the same thickness as that of the electrodes.
  • the rear face of the electrode 37 or 37 ′/electrode frame 38 unit is covered with an electrode rear face joint 39 formed of an elastic polymer film pierced at its centre so as to allow a portion of the rear face of the electrode 37 , 37 ′ to appear and comprising other perforations needed for passage of the electrolytes.
  • the feeding of the electrodes ( 37 ) with d.c. current is effected by means of a copper wire covered with a sheath and uninsulated at its extremity which is in direct contact with the electrode. So as to obtain the required insulation and imperviousness, the sheath of the copper wire is welded or glued in the orifice 35 of the flange 31 , 31 ′ which it traverses.
  • the electrodialysis unit comprises a single treatment stage, it is constituted by the following sequence of layers:
  • CE/E 1 or E 1 /CE is an assembling of the frame 38 and the electrode 37 .
  • CSE is a separator frame 40 .
  • MC is a cation exchanger membrane 44 .
  • CS 1 is a separator frame 41 in position 1 ,
  • CS 2 is a separator frame 41 in position 2 ,
  • MA is an anion exchanger membrane 45 .
  • n is a whole value of, for example, between 1 and 150 for a domestic or public device.
  • the separator frames 41 is placed in two different positions CS 1 and CS 2 so as to define the channels for transferring fluids between the various layers corresponding to the desired circulation of fluids in the electrodialysis unit.
  • the electrodialysis unit comprises two treatment stages, it is constituted by the following sequence of layers:
  • Ms is a stage partition exchanger membrane which differs solely from the membranes 44 , 45 concerning the position and presence of the fluid passage perforations through the various layers of the electrodialysis unit.
  • the membrane Ms makes it possible to obtain a series connection instead of a parallel connection of the two stages.
  • the separator frames 40 , 41 are embodied by operations for cutting and forming under compressive conditions a material appearing in the form of sheets or films. These cutting and forming operations are carried out so that the separator frame defines between two adjacent exchanger membranes 44 , 45 a narrow channel 48 , 48 ′, 48 a which has been shaped so as to ensure a regular irrigation (at constant speed) by the water of the major part of the central portion of the surfaces of the membranes.
  • the thickness of the separator frames 40 , 41 is extremely small, less than 1 mm and preferably between 0.1 and 0.6 mm, so as to minimise the ohmic drop between the electrodes 37 and thus the energy consumption. This characteristic also makes it possible to favour the additions of material to the surface of the ion exchanger membranes and thus increase the specific ion extraction efficiencies of the membranes.
  • the separator frames 40 , 41 have a square shape, the narrow channel 48 , 48 ′, 48 a having a sinuous shape so as to occupy the major part of the central portion of the surface of the separator frame.
  • each of the two extremities of the channel 48 , 48 ′ opens via a narrower linking section 53 onto water feed 52 a and evacuation 52 b orifices which communicate with the inlets 32 and outlets 33 , 34 , 34 ′ of the electrodialysis unit.
  • the role of these narrower linking sections 53 is to maintain the surface evenness of the adjacent membranes 44 , 45 in the region of the feed orifices 52 a , 52 b and thus to ensure imperviousness between the layers at this level.
  • the separator frame 41 further comprises two perforations 54 a , 54 b able to respectively define two other fluid transfer channels between the layers of the electrodialysis unit.
  • linking sections 53 are only possible in the case of low flowrates corresponding to those required in domestic applications. In applications where a higher flowrate is required, it is necessary to provide other installations bringing about additional costs.
  • the frame 41 also includes two perforations 55 a , 55 b , also for the passage of fluids between the layers of the electrodialysis unit, and two perforations 46 allowing centering of the various layers of the electrodialysis unit when it is mounted.
  • the frame 41 has been designed so as to be able to be used in the position shown on FIG. 6 and in the returned position, a single perforation 55 a , 55 b being used by each frame for transferring fluids between the layers.
  • the perforations 52 a , 52 b , 54 a , 54 b are formed in two opposing angles of the frame and have a shape so that the distance with the edge of the membrane is sufficient to ensure external imperviousness whilst offering a relatively large surface without limiting the exchange surface defined by the channel 48 , 48 ′.
  • the separator frame 40 also includes perforations 46 , 52 a , 54 a , 52 b , 54 b placed at the same locations as on the frame 41 , and a channel 48 a , 48 b similar to that 48 , 48 ′ of the frame 41 but which does not communicate with the perforations 52 a or 54 a and 52 b or 54 b and whose extremities coincide with the locations of the perforations 55 a , 55 b of the frame 41 .
  • the width of the channels 48 , 48 ′, 48 a , 48 b of the frames 40 , 41 is between several millimetres and 1 centimetre and preferably about 2.5 mm so as to ensure a good geometrical definition of the channel and avoid a collapse of the adjacent membranes 44 , 45 , the width of the narrower sections 53 of the frames 41 being between 1 and 2 mm.
  • the length of the channel 48 , 48 ′, 48 a , 48 b can vary between several centimetres and several metres.
  • the membranes ( 54 , 55 ) also comprise perforations 46 , 52 a , 54 a , 52 b , 54 b and 55 a placed at the same locations as on the frames 40 , 41 .
  • the various layers of the electrodialysis unit can be circular.
  • the separator frames 41 ′ can be embodied in the way shown on FIG. 9. This frame also includes a serpentine cut 48 ′′ so as to delimit a sinuous channel with the two adjacent membranes 44 , 45 .
  • perforations 52 a ′ and 52 b ′ which communicate with the extremities of the cut 48 ′′ for feeding and evacuating fluid in the channel delimited by the cut, two other perforations 54 a ′ and 54 b ′ making it possible to define a channel for the transfer of fluids with the other layers of the electrodialysis unit, and perforations 55 a ′ and 55 b ′ for defining yet another channel.
  • the water to be treated is introduced through the inlet 32 in the channel 61 defined by the corresponding perforations 52 a , 52 b , 54 a , 54 b formed in the various layers of the electrodialysis unit 5 so as to disperse inside the separator frames 41 between the membranes 44 , 45 , but not in the electrode and membrane separator frames 40 .
  • the perforations 52 a , 52 b , 54 a , 54 b made in the various layers of the electrodialysis unit are embodied so as to define three channels 61 , 62 , 63 passing through the layers of the electrodialysis unit, namely a channel 61 formed of two contiguous perforations 52 a , 52 b or 54 a , 54 b for the distribution of the water to be treated in the membrane separator frames 41 , and two channels 62 , 63 for recovering the treated water and the brackish water at the outlet of the separator frames 41 , the channel 62 being connected to the outlets of the channels 48 , for example of odd sequence, and the channel 63 to the outlets of the channels 48 ′, for example of even sequence (see FIG. 5).
  • the water in the channels 48 of the separator frames 41 between the pairs of adjacent membranes constituted by an anion exchanger membrane 45 situated on the side of the electrode 37 and a cation exchanger membrane 44 situated on the side of the electrode 37 ′ is purified at the outlet of these channels.
  • the brackish water is thus recovered at the outlet of the channels 48 ′ and removed towards the outlet 34 via the channel 62 and the purified water at the outlet of the channels 48 is collected in the channel 63 .
  • the various layers each includes a fourth perforation 55 a , 55 b making it possible to define a fourth channel 64 traversing these layers which open at its two extremities respectively into the channels 48 a , 48 b of the two electrode and membrane separator frames 40 , the channel 63 being connected to the channel 48 a of the membrane and electrode separator frame 40 , situated against the anode 37 , and the outlet of the channel 48 b of the separator frame 40 situated against the electrode 37 ′ being connected to the purified water outlet 33 of the electrodialysis unit.
  • the purified water passes onto the two electrodes 37 , 37 ′ before being sent to the outlet 33 of the electrodialysis unit.
  • the passage of the purified water onto the positive electrode 37 makes it possible to place this water in an oxidizing environment with a bactericidal effect resulting from the proximity of this electrode. Thus, a post-antibacterial treatment is avoided.
  • the polarity of the d.c. current applied to the electrodes is periodically inverted at an appropriate regular frequency. This arrangement avoids accumulation via successive precipitations of insoluble materials on the negatively polarised electrode and on the membranes.
  • the positive and negative alternances preferably are of the same duration which is adapted to the quality of the water to be treated and mainly to its calcium and magnesia hardness. This duration is preferably between several minutes and several tens of minutes and even better between two and ten minutes. In the same way, the quantities of d.c. current delivered to the system during the alternances are equal.
  • the precision of the equilibrium of the durations of the alternances and of those of the d.c. quantities delivered to the system are less than 1% and preferably less than ⁇ 0.05%.
  • This balancing of the period of the negative and positive alternances can be carried out by an extremely accurate digital counter which only counts the duration of the alternances during periods when the electrodialysis unit is switched on, whilst taking account of the duration of the alternance started at the time of the preceding switching off of the electrodialysis unit.
  • This polarity inversion involves the use of the double two-channel electrovalve 15 , 16 shown on FIGS. 2 and 3, said valve being connected to the inlet 49 of the channel 48 a and to the outlets 34 , 34 ′ of the channels 62 and 63 shown on FIG. 5.
  • the purified water is either located at the outlet 34 or the outlet 34 ′. If the purified water is at the outlet 34 , the electrovalve 15 is controlled by the control element 9 ′, 9 ′′ so as to send the purified water applied at the inlet into the joining pipe between the two electrovalves 15 , 16 and connected to the inlet 49 of the electrodialyis unit 5 . In the same way, the brackish water arrives via the outlet 34 ′ on the electrovalve 16 which is ordered by the control element 9 ′, 9 ′′ so as to send the brackish water to the waste water evacuation circuit 8 .
  • the purified water is located at the outlet 34 ′ and arrives on the electrovalve 16 which is controlled so as to send the purified water to the inlet 49 , whereas the brackish water located at the outlet 34 is sent by the electrovalve 15 to the waste water evacuation circuit 8 .
  • a slight offsetting is provided between the control moments of the electrovalves 15 and 16 so as to purge the circuit in which the brackish water passes by which the purified water will transit.
  • the inversion of the polarity of the electrodes 37 , 37 ′ of the electrodialysis unit is not necessary if the water to be treated is not too hard or is previously softened.
  • the device shown on FIG. 2 can be simplified in the way shown on FIG. 10.
  • the double electrovalve 15 , 16 has been suppressed.
  • the outlet 34 ′ is connected directly to the waste water evacuation circuit 8 , whereas the outlet 34 is directly relooped onto the inlet 49 .
  • the entire device is controlled and fed with electric energy by a control element 90 .
US10/168,128 2000-01-03 2000-12-26 Automatic device for purifying drinking water Abandoned US20030106845A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0000098A FR2803284B1 (fr) 2000-01-03 2000-01-03 Dispositif automatique de purification d'eau potable
FR00/00098 2000-01-03

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US20030106845A1 true US20030106845A1 (en) 2003-06-12

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US10/168,128 Abandoned US20030106845A1 (en) 2000-01-03 2000-12-26 Automatic device for purifying drinking water

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US (1) US20030106845A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1259309B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE261333T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2859101A (fr)
DE (1) DE60008931T2 (fr)
FR (1) FR2803284B1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2001049397A1 (fr)

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AU2002337876A1 (en) 2001-10-15 2003-04-28 United States Filter Corporation Apparatus for fluid purification and methods of manufacture and use thereof
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US7846340B2 (en) 2003-11-13 2010-12-07 Siemens Water Technologies Corp. Water treatment system and method
US7959780B2 (en) 2004-07-26 2011-06-14 Emporia Capital Funding Llc Textured ion exchange membranes
US7658828B2 (en) 2005-04-13 2010-02-09 Siemens Water Technologies Holding Corp. Regeneration of adsorption media within electrical purification apparatuses
US7780833B2 (en) 2005-07-26 2010-08-24 John Hawkins Electrochemical ion exchange with textured membranes and cartridge
CN105540763A (zh) 2005-10-06 2016-05-04 派克逖克斯公司 流体的电化学离子交换处理
US7820024B2 (en) 2006-06-23 2010-10-26 Siemens Water Technologies Corp. Electrically-driven separation apparatus
CN114368809A (zh) * 2022-01-30 2022-04-19 上海安江环保科技合伙企业(有限合伙) 一种水处理单元及装置

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DE60008931T2 (de) 2005-03-31
EP1259309A1 (fr) 2002-11-27
EP1259309B1 (fr) 2004-03-10
DE60008931D1 (de) 2004-04-15
FR2803284A1 (fr) 2001-07-06
FR2803284B1 (fr) 2002-04-12
AU2859101A (en) 2001-07-16
WO2001049397A1 (fr) 2001-07-12
ATE261333T1 (de) 2004-03-15

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