US20020079257A1 - Fused-silica capillaries with photopolymer components - Google Patents

Fused-silica capillaries with photopolymer components Download PDF

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Publication number
US20020079257A1
US20020079257A1 US10/008,482 US848201A US2002079257A1 US 20020079257 A1 US20020079257 A1 US 20020079257A1 US 848201 A US848201 A US 848201A US 2002079257 A1 US2002079257 A1 US 2002079257A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
column
frit
separation
photopolymer
channel
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Abandoned
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US10/008,482
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English (en)
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Richard Zare
Maria Dulay
Jing-Ran Chen
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Priority to US10/008,482 priority Critical patent/US20020079257A1/en
Priority to US10/124,654 priority patent/US6875348B2/en
Publication of US20020079257A1 publication Critical patent/US20020079257A1/en
Priority to US10/674,652 priority patent/US6986841B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/416—Systems
    • G01N27/447—Systems using electrophoresis
    • G01N27/44704—Details; Accessories
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/416—Systems
    • G01N27/447—Systems using electrophoresis
    • G01N27/44704—Details; Accessories
    • G01N27/44747—Composition of gel or of carrier mixture
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
    • G01N30/02—Column chromatography
    • G01N30/60—Construction of the column
    • G01N30/6004—Construction of the column end pieces
    • G01N30/603—Construction of the column end pieces retaining the stationary phase, e.g. Frits
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
    • G01N30/02—Column chromatography
    • G01N30/26—Conditioning of the fluid carrier; Flow patterns
    • G01N30/28—Control of physical parameters of the fluid carrier
    • G01N2030/285—Control of physical parameters of the fluid carrier electrically driven carrier
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
    • G01N30/02—Column chromatography
    • G01N30/50—Conditioning of the sorbent material or stationary liquid
    • G01N30/56—Packing methods or coating methods
    • G01N2030/562—Packing methods or coating methods packing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
    • G01N30/02—Column chromatography
    • G01N30/60—Construction of the column
    • G01N30/6004—Construction of the column end pieces

Definitions

  • This invention generally relates to separation columns, particularly capillaries useful in capillary zone electrophoresis, including capillary electrochromatography, and more particularly to separation columns that includes a photopolymer component.
  • This photopolymer component may be in the form of a frit.
  • CZE capillary zone electrophoresis
  • MEKC micellar electrokinetic chromatography
  • CEC capillary electrochromatography
  • the conventional method of frit fabrication for a particle-packed column involves thermal sintering of a section of the packing material, such as ODS (octadecyl silica particles).
  • ODS octadecyl silica particles
  • This approach has several disadvantages, including (1) difficulty in generating the frit reliably and reproducibly, (2) alteration of the characteristics of the stationary phase within the frit itself, (3) difficulty in controlling the porosity of the frit, (4) weakness of the capillary at the location of the frit, (5) band broadening caused by the frit, (6) bubble formation and adsorption of polar analytes on the frit.
  • a separation column comprising a separation channel having a channel wall and a separation medium in the channel, and wherein the separation column includes a photopolymer component.
  • the photopolymer component is a frit adapted to retain the separation medium.
  • the frit has a controlled porosity and is preferably derived either from a methacrylate monomer that is polymerized via photoinitiation or from a methacrylate-substituted silicate that is photocurable. Because polymerization is initiated or cured by means of radiation, the position of the polymeric component can be localized and the porosity reproducibly controlled. Further, polymerization can be accomplished without removing the typical protective polyimide coating.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method of fabricating frits in fused-silica capillaries, and more particularly in fabricating controlled porosity frits.
  • Advantages of the invention include (i) easy and rapid preparation, (ii) short reaction times, (iii) UV transparency of the photopolymer, and (iv) fine control of pore sizes. This results in a short total frit preparation time, and avoids the use of elevated temperatures.
  • FIG. 1 panels (A), (B), and (C) are SEM micrographs where panel (A) is an oblique view of a photopolymer outlet frit in a capillary (with no particles present), panel (B) is a 5 ⁇ magnified view of (A), and panel (C) is a cross-section of a photopolymer inlet frit with embedded chromatographic particles;
  • FIG. 2 is a graphical representation showing in panel (A) a plot of absorbance versus retention time for one column and panel (B) for another column where the two analytes were thiourea and 2-methyl-naphthalene (in order of elution);
  • FIG. 3 are three representative electrochromatograms using an embodiment of the invention (column 2 of FIG. 2, panel (B)), where the analytes were thiourea, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, and 2-methyl-naphthalene (in the order of elution); and
  • FIG. 4 panels A and B are two representative electrochromatograms where in panel A Taxol (a promising anti-cancer drug) was run, whereas panel B was a Taxol analog (Baccatin III), both in relatively large-bore capillaries having frits of the present invention.
  • CZE Capillary zone electrophoresis
  • CEC capillary electrochromatography
  • photopolymer frits are prepared from a mixture of methacrylate monomers, porogenic solvents, and a photo initiator.
  • Methacrylate monomers are known for use in the preparation of chromatographic separation media (Vi Vietnamese et al., Chemistry of Materials, 9, pp. 463-471, 1997). Viklund et al. studied a variety of polymers prepared by photopolymerization and found them suitable as sorbants in analytical chemistry, and Viklund et al. is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • Photopolymerization can be achieved even in silica capillaries without removal of the polyimide coating. This procedure is particularly advantageous for the preparation of inlet frits. It was found that, by the hydrolysis of glycidyl methacrylate, the hydropholicity of the frit could be increased. This minimized the retaining effect of frits on the columns with reversed-phase chromatographic materials.
  • photopolymer frits are prepared from photocuring a methacrylate-substituted silicate, via a sol-gel reaction.
  • Suitable photocured sol-gels are known and useful for practicing this aspect of the invention, such as described by Etienne et al., J. Sol - Gel Sci. & Tech., 13, pp. 523-527 (1998), which is incorporated in its entirety by reference. Briefly, a monomer such as 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (MAPTMS) is irradiated to form a sol-gel matrix.
  • MATMS 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate
  • Such a reagent is similar to the methacrylate-based reagent already described in the first embodiment of the present invention, and is photocurable.
  • the metal alkoxide sol-gel process is described by Brinker et al., Sol - Gel Science , Academic Press, Inc., New York (1990). When the gel is cured, a hard porous glass is obtained.
  • FIG. 1, panels (A)-(C) Images of a photopolymer frit embodiment based on the polymerization of methacrylate monomers with and without ODS particles are illustrated by the electron micrographs shown in FIG. 1, panels (A)-(C).
  • FIG. 1, panel (A) shows the photopolymer in a 75 ⁇ m i.d. capillary
  • FIG. 1, panel (B) provides a magnified view of the polymer.
  • FIG. 1, panel (C) shows the polymer structure in the presence of 1.5 ⁇ m ODS particles.
  • This micrograph also demonstrates that the photopolymer loses its spherical shape in the presence of the ODS particles and the pores entrap the silica beads and hold them within their domains.
  • the UV photoinitiated polymerization does not require elevated temperature for the reaction to be completed. Therefore, the mobile phase used for packing remains in both the inlet frit and the packing during polymerization. Consequently, the conditioning time for the column prior to its use is shortened significantly.
  • FIG. 2 compares the separation of two neutral compounds, thiourea and 2-methylnaphthalene, achieved in columns furnished with porous polymer frits characterized by mean pore diameters of 2.5 (FIG. 2, panel (A)) and 4.0 ⁇ m (FIG. 2, panel (B)), respectively.
  • the column with 4- ⁇ m frits exhibits shorter retention times and a better column efficiency compared with those of the other column.
  • FIG. 3 shows electrochromatograms of runs 10 , 30 , and 50 of the Table 1 embodiment. There is almost no variation in retention times of all test compounds.
  • Table 2 shows the relative standard deviations of the capacity factor, k 1 , the efficiency, N, and the resolution, R, for each compound. These RSDs for all three monitored variables, averaged over 60 runs, were 3.5%, 3.3%, and 5.5%, respectively.
  • trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) and 2,3-epoxypropyl methacrylate (glycidyl methacrylate, GMA) were of the highest purity available from Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wis.). Toluene and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane) from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.) were used as porogenic solvents.
  • the fused capillaries used in this study were purchased from Polymicro Technologies (Phoenix, Ariz.). The 1.5 ⁇ m spherical ODS particles were provided by Micra Scientific, Inc.
  • Pore-Size Measurement The pore-size distribution of the porous polymer was determined for the samples prepared in the 4 mm tubes from the same polymerization mixtures as the capillaries, by mercury intrusion porosimetry using an automated custom-made combined BET sorptometer-porosimeter (Porous Materials, Inc., Ithaca, N.Y.).
  • Frit Fabrication and Column Packing An outlet frit was prepared by introducing the monomer mixture into the capillary. The two ends of the capillary were sealed with Parafilm. The capillary was then covered by aluminum foil, leaving 1 mm of the outlet section without polyimide coating exposed to the UV light. The rest of the outlet section that was masked during photopolymerization because the detection window for CE experiments. After an hour of polymerization at room temperature, the unreacted monomer solution was flushed from the column by a syringe pump. After slurry packing the column, 1.5 ⁇ m ODS particles were filled up to the inlet end of the capillary. The same procedure to create the outlet frit was employed to form the inlet frit.
  • the resulting columns were preconditioned with the mobile phase by pressurizing the column inlet to approximately 500 psi with a manual syringe pump (Unimicro Technologies, Inc., Pleasanton, Calif.) for a few hours prior to their use. It was noticed that the polymerization also took place without removing the polyimide coating, but the process took about four to six hours.
  • the mobile phase employed in these separations was a 5 mM phosphate and 2 mM SDS buffer (pH 7.0) containing 80% (v/v) acetonitrile. Separations were performed at an applied voltage of 10 kV and at a temperature of 20° C. The analytes were detected by monitoring their absorbance at 254 nm.

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  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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  • Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Liquids With Adsorbents In General (AREA)
US10/008,482 2000-02-18 2001-11-13 Fused-silica capillaries with photopolymer components Abandoned US20020079257A1 (en)

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US10/008,482 US20020079257A1 (en) 2000-02-18 2001-11-13 Fused-silica capillaries with photopolymer components
US10/124,654 US6875348B2 (en) 2000-02-18 2002-04-16 Separation column having a photopolymerized sol-gel component and associated methods
US10/674,652 US6986841B2 (en) 2000-02-18 2003-09-29 Fused-silica capillaries with photopolymer components

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US50770700A 2000-02-18 2000-02-18
US10/008,482 US20020079257A1 (en) 2000-02-18 2001-11-13 Fused-silica capillaries with photopolymer components

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US6986841B2 (en) 2000-02-18 2006-01-17 Zare Richard N Fused-silica capillaries with photopolymer components
EP1507574A4 (en) * 2001-08-13 2005-09-07 Univ Leland Stanford Junior SEPARATION COLUMN COMPRISING A PHOTOPOLYMERIZED SOL-GEL COMPONENT AND RELATED METHODS
US7922908B2 (en) 2002-06-26 2011-04-12 Dionex Corporation Separation system, components of a separation system and methods of making and using them
US20080179773A1 (en) * 2002-06-26 2008-07-31 Dionex Corporation Separation system, components of a separation system and methods of making and using them
US20050274662A1 (en) * 2002-06-26 2005-12-15 Teledyne Isco, Inc. Disposable monolithic column
US20050061745A1 (en) * 2002-06-26 2005-03-24 Teledyne Isco, Inc. Separation system, components of a separation system and methods of making and using them
US7074331B2 (en) * 2002-06-26 2006-07-11 Dionex Corporation Separation system, components of a separation system and methods of making and using them
US20060207939A1 (en) * 2002-06-26 2006-09-21 Allington Robert W Separation system, components of a separation system and methods of making and using them
US8795529B2 (en) 2002-06-26 2014-08-05 Dionex Corporation Disposable monolithic column
US7922909B2 (en) 2002-06-26 2011-04-12 Dionex Corporation Separation system, components of a separation system and methods of making and using them
US20080185327A1 (en) * 2002-06-26 2008-08-07 Dionex Corporation Disposable monolithic column
US7473367B2 (en) 2002-06-26 2009-01-06 Dionex Corporation Monolithic column
US20040020855A1 (en) * 2002-06-26 2004-02-05 Isco, Inc. Separation system, components of a separation system and methods of making and using them
US20050127002A1 (en) * 2003-12-12 2005-06-16 Zare Richard N. Immobilized-enzyme microreactor devices for characterization of biomolecular analytes and associated methods
US20070141550A1 (en) * 2003-12-12 2007-06-21 Zare Richard N Immobilized-enzyme microreactor devices for characterization of biomolecular analytes and associated methods
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US20170363575A1 (en) * 2014-12-05 2017-12-21 Advanced Electrophoresis Solutions Ltd Apparatus and method for separating molecules
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