US20010055034A1 - System and method for optimizing image resolution using pixelated imaging devices - Google Patents

System and method for optimizing image resolution using pixelated imaging devices Download PDF

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US20010055034A1
US20010055034A1 US09/775,884 US77588401A US2001055034A1 US 20010055034 A1 US20010055034 A1 US 20010055034A1 US 77588401 A US77588401 A US 77588401A US 2001055034 A1 US2001055034 A1 US 2001055034A1
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compensation
transfer function
imagers
pixel
imaging devices
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Kenbe Goertzen
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QuVis Inc
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Publication of US20010055034A1 publication Critical patent/US20010055034A1/en
Priority to US10/228,627 priority patent/US6900821B2/en
Priority to US11/137,050 priority patent/US20050212827A1/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T1/00—General purpose image data processing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T3/00—Geometric image transformations in the plane of the image
    • G06T3/40—Scaling of whole images or parts thereof, e.g. expanding or contracting
    • G06T3/4053—Scaling of whole images or parts thereof, e.g. expanding or contracting based on super-resolution, i.e. the output image resolution being higher than the sensor resolution
    • G06T3/4069—Scaling of whole images or parts thereof, e.g. expanding or contracting based on super-resolution, i.e. the output image resolution being higher than the sensor resolution by subpixel displacements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T5/00—Image enhancement or restoration
    • G06T5/50—Image enhancement or restoration using two or more images, e.g. averaging or subtraction
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/007—Use of pixel shift techniques, e.g. by mechanical shift of the physical pixels or by optical shift of the perceived pixels
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
    • H04N23/80—Camera processing pipelines; Components thereof
    • H04N23/84—Camera processing pipelines; Components thereof for processing colour signals
    • H04N23/88—Camera processing pipelines; Components thereof for processing colour signals for colour balance, e.g. white-balance circuits or colour temperature control
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
    • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
    • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
    • H04N9/3179—Video signal processing therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
    • G09G2300/02—Composition of display devices
    • G09G2300/023—Display panel composed of stacked panels
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2340/00—Aspects of display data processing
    • G09G2340/04—Changes in size, position or resolution of an image
    • G09G2340/0407—Resolution change, inclusive of the use of different resolutions for different screen areas
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/001—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes using specific devices not provided for in groups G09G3/02 - G09G3/36, e.g. using an intermediate record carrier such as a film slide; Projection systems; Display of non-alphanumerical information, solely or in combination with alphanumerical information, e.g. digital display on projected diapositive as background

Definitions

  • the invention generally relates to systems and methods for optimizing the resolution of graphical displays, and more particularly the invention relates to systems and methods for optimizing the resolution of pixelated displays.
  • a method of processing image data for display on a pixelated imaging device comprises: pre-compensation filtering an image input to produce pre-compensation filtered pixel values, the pre-compensation filter having a transfer function that approximates the function that equals one divided by a pixel transfer function; and displaying the pre-compensation filtered pixel values on the pixelated imaging device.
  • a method further comprises: pre-compensation filtering an image input for each of a plurality of superposed pixelated imaging devices, at least two of which are unaligned, to produce multiple sets of pre-compensation filtered pixel values; and displaying the multiple pre-compensation filtered pixel values on the plurality of superposed pixelated imaging devices.
  • a method further comprises: displaying the multiple pre-compensation filtered pixel values on six imagers, the six imagers being positioned into four phase families, the first and third phase families corresponding to separate green imagers, the second and fourth phase families corresponding to separate sets of aligned blue and red imagers.
  • FIG. 1 shows an imager arrangement for optimizing display resolution in accordance with an embodiment of the invention
  • FIGS. 2A and 2B show schematic block diagrams of methods of processing image signals to optimize image resolution, in accordance with two different embodiments of the invention
  • FIGS. 3A and 3B detail implementation of pre-compensation filters in accordance with two different embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 shows a one-dimensional pixel transfer function
  • FIG. 5 shows a set of transfer functions, determined in accordance with an embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 6 shows a two-dimensional pixel transfer function
  • FIG. 7 shows a two-dimensional pre-compensated pixel transfer function, determined in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 8 shows an extended pre-compensation filter tranfer function, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 9 shows a set of multiple unaligned imagers for optimizing image appearance to the human eye, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows an imager arrangement for optimizing display resolution in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
  • Each of pixelatled imaging devices 101 - 104 includes pixel hardware that forms an array of regular polygons, tiling a planar area.
  • multiple pixelated imaging devices 101 - 104 are superposed in an unaligned fashion, to form a combined display device 109 .
  • Each successive imaging device of the four superposed imaging devices 101 - 104 is offset by one-quarter of the pixel dimension S, in both the vertical and horizontal directions.
  • the unaligned superposition of FIG. 1 thus allows increased display resolution for a given minimum pixel dimension S, which may, for example, be the smallest pixel dimension that is presently capable of being implemented in hardware for a single separate display.
  • the polygons of imaging devices 101 - 104 are square, but they may also be rectangular, or any other shape, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. While four pixelated imaging devices are shown in FIG. 1, any number may be used. In addition, the lack of alignment of the separate imaging devices may be produced by a variety of different methods, in accordance with other embodiments of the invention. For example, pixelated imaging devices with square or rectangular pixels may be spatially shifted by a different amount in the horizontal direction than in the vertical direction. Two or more imaging devices may be aligned with each other, with no spatial shift, while others are unaligned with each other, in the same display.
  • the below chart shows a comparison of three displays: in the “Aligned” array, three pixelated imagers are fully aligned, with no offset as shown in FIG. 1.
  • the “1 ⁇ 2 offset” array three imagers are used, one having green color information, and the other two having blue and red information; the blue and red arrays are aligned with each other, but both diagonally offset by 1 ⁇ 2 of the pixel diagonal spacing from the green imager.
  • the “1 ⁇ 4 offset” array six imagers are used, two for red information, two for green, and two for blue, as will be further described below in connection with FIG. 9.
  • Imager Visibility is used to refer to the relative visibility of the imager as compared with the image when viewing the image of a close distance.
  • unaligned imagers reduce the imager visibility, which is caused by the imagers' finite resolution and interpixel gaps; in general the reduction of imager visibility is proportional to the number of offsets used.
  • FIGS. 2A and 2B show schematic block diagrams of methods of processing image signals to optimize image resolution, in accordance with two different embodiments of the invention.
  • frequency response tapers off to zero at the Nyquist frequency of the 2D box filter implemented by the filter. This response varies according to radial frequency direction, and phase relationship to the pixel grid.
  • an embodiment according to the invention oversamples an image relative to the display, and generates pixel values by using a two- or three-dimensional pre-compensation filter.
  • the filter combines radial bandlimiting, to avoid aliasing, with pre-compensation for the imperfect and directional frequency response function of the display.
  • an image input is fed to a pre-compensation filter.
  • the image input may be in any of a variety of formats, including, for example, HDTV, NTSC, PAL etc.
  • the pre-compensation filter transforms the image input and feeds the resulting output directly to a pixelated imaging device, where an image is displayed in step 223 .
  • the pixelated imaging device may be a conventional display, so that the pre-compensation filter improves the sharpness and resolution of a conventional display in a fashion described further below.
  • the pre-compensation filter transforms the image input into a set of pre-compensated image signals, and feeds each pre-compensated signal to a different imaging device of a combined set of superposed, unaligned pixelated imaging devices.
  • the pre-compensation filter may feed a separate pre-compensated output signal to each of the imaging devices 101 - 104 that form the combined pixelated imaging device 109 of the embodiment of FIG. 1.
  • a resulting image is displayed on the combined set of superposed, unaligned pixelated imaging devices.
  • step 331 of FIG. 3A the transfer function of an individual pixel is determined. This may be performed by determining the Fourier Transform (or other frequency-domain representation) of the pixel's impulse response.
  • a pixel could be modeled in two dimensions as a square finite impulse response filter with unity coefficients inside the pixel's spatial location and zero coefficients elsewhere.
  • a transfer function for such a pixel is given by:
  • step 333 of FIG. 3A an adjusted transfer function for the pre-compensation filter is determined.
  • This step may involve, for example, gain-limiting the pre-compensation filter's transfer function; or clipping off its values at aliasing frequencies.
  • H G ⁇ [ x ] ⁇ 0 , Abs ⁇ [ x ] > ⁇ ; Sign ⁇ [ Sinc ⁇ [ x ] ] ⁇ ( G - ( ( G / 2 ) ⁇ 2 ) ⁇ abs ⁇ [ Sinc ⁇ [ x ] ] ⁇ , Abs ⁇ [ Sinc ⁇ [ x ] ] ⁇ 2 / G ; 1 / Sinc ⁇ [ x ] , otherwise ⁇ Eq . ⁇ 4 ⁇
  • G being a gain factor that could be set, for example, to equal 4.
  • H G ⁇ [ u , V ] ⁇ 0 , Abs ⁇ [ u ] > ⁇ ; 0 , Abs ⁇ [ V ] > ⁇ ; Sign ⁇ [ Sinc ⁇ [ u ] * Sinc ⁇ [ v ] ] ⁇ ( G - ( ( G / 2 ) ⁇ 2 ) ⁇ Abs [ Sinc ⁇ [ u ] * Sinc ⁇ [ V ] ) , _ ⁇ ⁇ _ ⁇ ⁇ _ ⁇ _ ⁇ _ ⁇ for ⁇ ⁇ _ ⁇ ⁇ Abs ⁇ [ Sinc ⁇ [ u ] * Sinc ⁇ [ V ] ] ⁇ 2 / G ; 1 / ( Sinc ⁇ [ u ] * Sinc ⁇ [ V ] ]
  • G being a gain factor that could be set, for example, to equal 4.
  • step 334 of FIG. 3A the adjusted transfer function of the pre-compensation filter calculated in step 333 is used to calculate individual coefficients of a pre-compensation finite impulse response filter. This is performed by a transform back into the spatial domain (out of the frequency domain), using, for example, an inverse Fourier transform.
  • step 335 of FIG. 3A the entire pre-compensation finite impulse response filter is determined, by combining individual coefficients as calculated in step 334 into a single array formed from coefficients that correspond to each pixel location in the display.
  • Equation 6 could be used to calculate a coefficient for each pair (m,n) of a coordinate system covering a two-dimensional pixelated imaging device.
  • step 336 of FIG. 3A the pre-compensation finite impulse response filter determined in step 335 is used to transform image input data; and, in step 337 , the resulting filtered image is displayed.
  • a pre-compensation filter of the embodiment of FIG. 3A may be used to improve the resolution of a pixelated imaging device, which may be, for example, a conventional pixelated display.
  • FIG. 5 shows a graph of transfer functions in accordance with the one-dimensional example used above.
  • the pixel transfer function H[x] 550 is plotted on the same axes as the transfer function 552 of the pre-compensation finite impulse response filter formed from coefficients C[m,n].
  • Transfer function 551 is the pre-compensated pixel transfer function that results from transforming an image input with the pre-compensation filter before feeding it to the pixelated display.
  • a similar contrast may be observed by comparing the shape of the two-dimensional pixel transfer function of a display that lacks pre-compensation (FIG. 6) with the “square-shouldered” pixel transfer function of a pre-compensated display (FIG. 7).
  • the pre-compensation filter need not be “clipped off” within the frequency band shown above; instead, it may have an extended frequency range.
  • FIG. 8 shows a pixel transfer function 801 , an extended pre-compensation filter transfer function 802 , and the “square-shouldered” transfer function 803 that results from using the pre-compensation filter 802 to filter image input.
  • FIG. 3A may be used with a single pixelated imaging device
  • the embodiment of FIG. 3B may be used with multiple, superposed imaging devices, such as the unaligned imaging devices of the embodiment of FIG. 1.
  • Steps 338 - 340 of FIG. 3B mirror steps 331 - 333 of FIG. 3A.
  • step 341 of FIG. 3B individual coefficients of pre-compensation filters are calculated in a similar fashion to that of step 334 of FIG. 3A, but by also taking into consideration the spatial phase shift of the unaligned imagers to which the filters correspond. For example, a set of four pre-compensation filters would be used to filter inputs to the four unaligned imagers 101 - 104 of the embodiment of FIG. 1, with one pre-compensation filter corresponding to each one of the imagers 101 - 104 .
  • Equation 6 For example, having the values of m and n both range from ⁇ 33 ⁇ 4 to +4 1 ⁇ 4 could be used to calculate coefficients of a filter corresponding to a one-quarter diagonal pixel offset imager; as compared with ranges from ⁇ 4 to +4 for an imager with zero diagonal offset, and ⁇ 3 1 ⁇ 2 to +4 1 ⁇ 2 for an imager with a one-half diagonal pixel offset.
  • step 342 the individual coefficients calculated in step 341 are used to calculate an entire pre-compensation finite impulse response filter, for each spatially phase-shifted pixelated imaging device.
  • Arrow 343 indicates that individual coefficients are calculated, in step 341 , until the coefficients for all pre-compensation filters are filled. For example, four filter arrays would be filled with coefficients, to create four pre-compensation filters for the unaligned imagers of the embodiment of FIG. 1.
  • each pre-compensation filter is used to transform image input data for its corresponding phase-shifted pixelated imaging device.
  • step 345 a superposed, pre-compensation filtered image is displayed.
  • FIG. 9 shows a method in accordance with an embodiment of the invention that optimizes image resolution by adapting the previously described methods to the human eye's optics.
  • the eye's perception of Red and Green is 1 ⁇ 3 its perception of luminance
  • its perception of Blue and Yellow is 1 ⁇ 8 its perception of luminance.
  • high-frequency information in the luminance component of an image is more valuable than information in the chrominance components, for optimizing an image's appearance.
  • FIG. 9 uses a set of six superposed, unaligned imagers to take into account these aspects of the eye's perception. Two imagers are fed red chrominance information, two are fed green chrominance information, and two are fed blue chrominance information.
  • a first, single green imager 901 has zero phase offset; a second imager 902 comprising a blue imager aligned with a red imager has a 1 ⁇ 4 diagonal pixel offset as compared with the single green imager 901 ; a third imager 903 comprising a single green imager has a 1 ⁇ 2 diagonal pixel offset as compared with the single green imager 901 ; and a fourth imager 904 comprising a blue imager aligned with a red imager has a 3 ⁇ 4 diagonal pixel offset as compared with the single green imager 901 .
  • FIG. 9 may be operated in a similar fashion to that described in FIGS. 2B and 3B, or may be fed phase-shifted signals without pre-compensation.
  • a perception-based representation of the image such as a YUV or HIS representation, for example, instead of an RGB representation—is processed by its own reconstruction filter.
  • the output of the filter yields the appropriate perception-based pixel value for each element of each grid; this is then converted to the appropriate color value for each element of each grid.
  • Multiple unaligned sensors may be set up, in an analogous fashion to the multiple displays of FIG. 1; or one image may be split among multiple real or time-multiplexed imagers by beam splitters.
  • each imager may operate in one color frequency band.
  • a set of six unaligned color sensors may be implemented in a similar fashion to that described for FIG. 9.
  • the image inputs from each sensor device may be pre-compensation filtered.
  • each sensor may be considered as a single 2D-filtered view of an infinite number of possible image signals, that provides constraints on the image to be displayed.
  • A, displayed image is then calculated by determining the lowest energy signal that satisfies the constraints established by the signals from the various separate sensors. That is, the energy ⁇ m ⁇ ⁇ n ⁇ Abs ⁇ [ S ⁇ [ m , n ] ] ⁇ 2 ⁇ Eq.7 ⁇
  • [0056] is minimized for proposed signals S[m,n] that satisfy the boundary conditions established by sensor image signals S 1 [m,n] . . . S k [m,n], for k imagers.
  • the proposed signal S[m,n] that provides the minimum energy value is then used as the sensed signal for display.
  • a color camera is implemented b, dividing the visible spectrum for each physical sensor using a diachroic prism.
  • six imagers are used, with a prism dividing the image into six color frequency ranges. Information from each color frequency range is then supplied to a displaced imager. The lowest energy luminance and color difference signals are then solved. These signals satisfy the constraints generated by the six imager signals and their known 2D frequency response and phasing.
  • the sagital and tangential frequency response of the optics at that light frequency may be included in calculations, to correct for the Modular Transfer Function (MTF) of the optics.
  • MTF Modular Transfer Function
  • a playback device is implemented.
  • the playback device filters and interpolates the original signal to provide the correct transfer function and signal value at the location of each pixel on each imager. If more than one imager is used for each color component, the component image energy may be divided and weighted for perception among the imagers. If each color component is divided into separate color frequencies, the image energy may be divided among those components and weighted by perception.
  • Another embodiment comprises a recording device.
  • To record the signal there are two approaches. One is to record each imager's information as a separate component. This preserves all of the information.
  • the other alternative is to record a combined high-frequency luminance signal and two combined color difference signals. If three to six imagers are used, good results c(an be obtained by recording a luminance signal with twice the resolution in both dimensions as the two color difference signals.
  • multiple imagers are operated with two clases of polarized light. Separate eye views are supplied to imagers, so that a single projection device gives a three-dimensional appearance to the projected image.
  • An embodiment of the invention also provides a technique for manufacturing imagers for use with the embodiments described above.
  • color component imagers are assembled with little concern to their precise orientation, or response, spot response sensors (for projection), or calibrated spot generators (in the case of a camera), allow inspection at the geometric extremes of the image. This inspection, combined with a hyperaccuity-based signal processing approach, determine exact placement phase, scale, rotation and tilt of each manufactured display. If tilt is not required, two sensors suffice.
  • such sensors can be used in manufacturing to set placement parameters.
  • such sensors are used in the product to automatically optimize response for component grid placement.
  • the sensors can also be used for automatic color correction and white balance for the current environment.
  • the process and the feedback hardware required can be generalized to compensate for manufacturing tolerance, operational, or calibration requirements.
  • automatic compensation requires a full image sensor for a projector, or a reference image generator for a camera. In this case, flat field, black field, linearity, color shift, geometric distortion, and modulated transfer function can all be compensated for.
  • Some embodiments of the invention may be implemented, at least in part, in any conventional computer programming language comprising computer program code.
  • preferred embodiments may be implemented, at least in part, in a procedural programming language (e.g., “C”) or an object oriented programming language (e.g., “C++”).
  • object oriented programming language e.g., “C++”.
  • Alternative embodiments of the invention may be implemented, at least in part, as preprogrammed hardware elements (e.g., application specific integrated circuits, FPGAs, and digital signal processors), or other related components.

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  • Color Television Image Signal Generators (AREA)
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