US11881824B2 - Transimpedance amplifier and receiver circuit for optical signals with a photodiode and a transimpedance amplifier - Google Patents
Transimpedance amplifier and receiver circuit for optical signals with a photodiode and a transimpedance amplifier Download PDFInfo
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- US11881824B2 US11881824B2 US17/293,936 US201917293936A US11881824B2 US 11881824 B2 US11881824 B2 US 11881824B2 US 201917293936 A US201917293936 A US 201917293936A US 11881824 B2 US11881824 B2 US 11881824B2
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- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 13
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
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- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
- H03F1/08—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce detrimental influences of internal impedances of amplifying elements
- H03F1/22—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce detrimental influences of internal impedances of amplifying elements by use of cascode coupling, i.e. earthed cathode or emitter stage followed by earthed grid or base stage respectively
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/45—Differential amplifiers
- H03F3/45071—Differential amplifiers with semiconductor devices only
- H03F3/45076—Differential amplifiers with semiconductor devices only characterised by the way of implementation of the active amplifying circuit in the differential amplifier
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
- H03F1/34—Negative-feedback-circuit arrangements with or without positive feedback
- H03F1/342—Negative-feedback-circuit arrangements with or without positive feedback in field-effect transistor amplifiers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
- H03F1/42—Modifications of amplifiers to extend the bandwidth
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/04—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements with semiconductor devices only
- H03F3/08—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements with semiconductor devices only controlled by light
- H03F3/082—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements with semiconductor devices only controlled by light with FET's
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K3/00—Circuits for generating electric pulses; Monostable, bistable or multistable circuits
- H03K3/02—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses
- H03K3/027—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses by the use of logic circuits, with internal or external positive feedback
- H03K3/033—Monostable circuits
Definitions
- the invention relates to a transimpedance amplifier and a receiver circuit for optical signals comprising a photodiode and a transimpedance amplifier.
- a transimpedance amplifier is an electrical amplifier that converts an input current into a proportional output voltage.
- a transimpedance amplifier can also be understood as a current-controlled voltage source and is used in various fields of technology to amplify current signals.
- current signals generated by detecting and converting an optical signal using a photodiode are known to be broadband amplified by a transimpedance amplifier. In this case, a current with a strength in the nA to ⁇ A range is converted into a voltage.
- Such systems are often used for distance measurement and object detection in critical applications, for example in autonomous vehicles, driver assistance systems or in medical devices such as pulse oximeters.
- the reliability of the measurement system here depends to a large extent on the quality of the signal processing and, in particular, on the precision and stability of the detection circuit. Since the transimpedance amplifier converts the signal of the photodiode into a usable voltage with low current, it represents an essential component of the circuit.
- FIG. 5 schematically shows the circuit arrangement of a transimpedance amplifier as known from the prior art, and in which the transimpedance amplifier receives a comparatively small current signal generated by a photodiode as input signal at the inverting input.
- FIG. 5 shows a transimpedance amplifier with current mirror for bias current generation.
- the circuit is implemented in CMOS technology.
- only one transistor is provided to provide amplification in the circuit.
- the resistor RX and capacitance CX form a filter that minimizes noise generated in node Q 1 at high frequencies.
- a circuit arrangement for an optical receiver is known from EP 0 951 140 A2, with which optical signals are converted into electrical signals with the aid of a photodiode and the electrical signals are amplified by means of an amplifier circuit.
- An essential feature of the technical solution described is that a circuit arrangement is provided for setting an operating point of the amplifier circuit. This circuit arrangement is used to set the operating point as a function of a level of the optical signals.
- a transimpedance amplifier is used here as a preamplifier, the differential outputs of which are connected to the input of the preamplifier via a control amplifier.
- an average differential output voltage of the transimpedance amplifier used as a preamplifier is to be controlled to zero for each incoming signal, even with different level values of the optical signal.
- a level-related differential output voltage of the preamplifier is controlled to zero by means of the control amplifier, so that the subsequent processing of the signals can be performed independently of the level of the received optical signals.
- transimpedance amplifier with multiple amplifier stages is known from DE 10 2012 024 488 A1.
- a transimpedance amplifier with several amplifier stages connected discretely in series is provided according to the solution proposed in this paper.
- the first amplifier stage is designed as a transimpedance amplification circuit, while the other stages are designed as voltage amplification circuits.
- An essential property of an amplifier is always its electronic noise, which varies depending on the operating conditions and which limits the signal-to-noise ratio in the amplifier. Another specific property is the achievable bandwidth of the amplifier. Both properties are essentially related to the power consumption of a transimpedance amplifier, with amplifiers with higher power consumption in particular having less noise and higher speed. However, high power consumption is undesirable, especially in mobile applications. For this reason, technical solutions for reducing the average current consumption of a transimpedance amplifier are known.
- the transimpedance amplifier is activated only when required.
- a multi-channel programmable transimpedance amplifier exists or existed under the type designation MTI04G, which has an integrated power-down mode.
- the integrated power-down mode allows the amplifier to be switched to a power-saving mode. If the integrated circuit function is temporarily not required, the quiescent current consumption can be reduced to 8 ⁇ A in this way.
- the internal current sources in the transimpedance amplifier are deactivated when this input is activated and all nodes of the amplifier are brought to a defined state.
- solutions are known in which the internal nodes of transistors are pulled either to a positive supply voltage VDD or to ground. With this measure it is possible to minimize leakage currents.
- transimpedance amplifiers Based on the known transimpedance amplifiers, it is still a challenge to provide a high-quality amplifier that is characterized by minimal noise and high speed and whose power consumption is also as low as possible. However, this is particularly necessary for the use of transimpedance amplifiers in mobile devices.
- FIG. 3 A circuit in which the transimpedance amplifier used is at least temporarily switched off is shown in FIG. 3 .
- a timing diagram shows the timing of the input signal, the power-down signal and the output signal.
- the invention is based on the task of further improving transimpedance amplifiers, in particular in a receiver circuit for optical signals, and such a receiver circuit.
- the object explained above is solved with a transimpedance amplifier according to claim 1 . Furthermore, said task is solved with a receiver circuit comprising the technical features indicated in claim 10 .
- a transimpedance amplifier may include a voltage-controlled operational amplifier having a non-inverting input which is grounded, an inverting input which receives a current signal to be amplified, an output which is coupled to the inverting input via a coupling resistor, and a power-down input which is activated upon receipt of at least one turn-off signal in such a way that at least one internal current source is subsequently deactivated.
- the transimpedance amplifier has been further configured in such a way that from the turn-off or power-down signal received by the power-down input, at least a first and at least a second follow-up signal are generated by means of at least one electronic component, at least one of which initiates the deactivation of at least one internal current source, the second follow-up signal being activated after the first follow-up signal has been active for a while.
- the first follow-up signal will be referred to herein as the standby signal
- the second follow-up signal will be referred to as the discharge signal.
- two signals are generated by at least one electronic component, such as by an integrated circuit, by which a subsequent action is triggered at a time interval in each case.
- the two follow-up signals are also generated serially, i.e. at a time interval from one another.
- a signal generator is provided for generating the corresponding signals, which generates or activates the desired signal when a triggering event occurs, in this case receipt of a power-down signal and/or expiry of a predetermined time period after activation of the standby signal.
- the transimpedance amplifier With the proposed transimpedance amplifier, power consumption can be further minimized and at the same time it can be ensured that the transimpedance amplifier can be reactivated as quickly as possible after an intermediate deactivation. At the same time, the noise behavior, in particular the signal-to-noise ratio, is not negatively affected and yet the broadest possible and highest possible amplification of the received current signal is achieved.
- the amplifier circuit further formed can also be integrated comparatively easily into complex circuit arrangements and also represents an interesting solution for minimizing the average current consumption of a transimpedance amplifier from an economic point of view.
- an integrated circuit when the power-down input is activated by a power-down signal, an integrated circuit first generates a standby signal and, at a time interval therefrom, a discharge signal.
- both the standby and the discharge signals are generated after the power-down signal is received, but that the discharge signal is not activated until the standby signal has already been active for a period of time determined according to requirements.
- activation of the standby signal results in deactivation of at least one internal current source of the transimpedance amplifier circuit.
- the time span between the activation of the standby signal and the activation of the discharge signal is 90-110 s, in particular about 100 ⁇ s. Based on this proposed technical solution, activation of the discharge signal occurs only with the previously specified time offset after activation of the standby signal.
- At least one switching transistor is activated on the basis of the first follow-up signal, i.e. the standby signal.
- the at least one switching transistor activated by the standby signal deactivates at least one, in particular all essential current sources, of the transimpedance amplifier.
- the at least one current source disabling switching transistor isolates the nodes of the amplifier circuit to which bias voltages are applied. This has the advantage that the normal operating state of the amplifier can be restored comparatively quickly, since the transient response of the at least one or the plurality of current sources is reduced.
- the at least one current source such as all current sources, within the amplifier circuit is in an isolated state. This ensures that the normal operating state of the amplifier can be restored comparatively quickly, but it does not result in minimized power consumption compared to the previous operating state of the transimpedance amplifier.
- a problem with the isolation of the internal current sources of the transimpedance amplifier may arise if this operating state is maintained for a longer period of time, since there is then at least the possibility that undesirable system states may be reached due to drifting node voltages, which may reduce the reliability of the circuit.
- the operating state in which at least one node to which a bias voltage is applied is isolated is maintained only for a limited period of time.
- the selected time period which can be determined and changed as required, is for example 10-1000 ⁇ s or in particular 90-110 ⁇ s, very especially about 100 ⁇ s.
- At least one of the nodes isolated in the first process step is short-circuited with a defined potential when the discharge signal is activated.
- a defined state is established in the second process step of deactivating the transimpedance amplifier.
- At least two cascaded switching transistors are activated based on the standby signal.
- the cascaded transistors ensure that there is both rapid disconnection of the at least one current source provided in the amplifier circuit and stabilization of the bias current.
- the gate voltage for the cascade is generated via a common drain amplifier.
- a receiver circuit for optical signals may have a photodiode, which generates a photodiode signal on the basis of received radiation, and having a transimpedance amplifier which is designed according to at least one of the embodiments described above and receives the photodiode signal and amplifies it over a broad band.
- the photodiode generates a current signal with comparatively low current intensity, in particular in the nano- or microampere range, which is fed to a transimpedance amplifier.
- the transimpedance amplifier thus generates an amplified voltage signal, which can be better evaluated by an evaluation unit than the original current signal.
- the receiver arrangement is such that the current signal generated by the photodiode is converted into a proportional voltage.
- the receiver arrangement can be used, among other things, in driver assistance systems and/or autonomous vehicles for distance measurement and/or object recognition. Further possible applications are in the field of telecommunications for free space data transmission or in medical devices, for example in pulse oximeters for non-invasive measurement of the arterial oxygen content in the blood.
- FIG. 1 shows a signal generator and timing diagram for generating the internal signals
- FIG. 2 shows a transimpedance amplifier with transistors for separating the bias current
- FIG. 3 shows an integrated optical receiver with photodiode and transimpedance amplifier
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation of a transimpedance amplifier with photodiode as known from the prior art
- FIG. 5 shows a simplified implementation of a transimpedance amplifier with photodiode and current mirror in CMOS technology, as known from the prior art, and
- FIG. 6 shows a circuit and timing diagram of a transimpedance amplifier with power-down input, as known from the prior art.
- FIG. 4 shows a signal generator, which generates both a standby signal (STDBY) and a discharge signal (DISCHARGE) on the basis of a received power-down signal (PWDN).
- the discharge signal (DISCH) thus follows the standby signal (STDBY) with a time delay of about 100 ⁇ s.
- Activation of the standby signal (STDBY) by the power-down signal (PWDN) results in at least the main current sources of a transimpedance amplifier circuit being disconnected with the aid of switching transistors and the nodes being isolated with bias voltages.
- STDBY standby signal
- PWDN power-down signal
- the state in which the current sources are isolated with bias voltages, i.e. float, is only maintained for a short time.
- the signal generator activates the discharge signal (DISCH) in a subsequent process step. Due to the activation of the discharge signal (DISCH), all floating nodes of the circuit arrangement are short-circuited with a defined potential, so that a defined state is established.
- the timing diagram shown in FIG. 1 shows the signal characteristics of the power-down signal (PWDN), the standby signal (STDBY) and the discharge signal (DISCHARGE). It can be clearly seen that the standby signal (STDBY) immediately follows the power-down signal (PWDN), while the discharge signal (DISCH) is activated 100 ⁇ s after a switching operation has been triggered by the standby signal (STDBY), by which the essential current sources have been disconnected. The activation of the Discharge signal (DISCH) initiates a second process step of the power-down process, in which all floating nodes are short-circuited with a defined potential.
- FIG. 2 shows a non-limiting embodiment in which the current signal generated by a photodiode is amplified by a transimpedance amplifier.
- transistors Q 5 and Q 6 are provided, which are connected as a cascade.
- a power-down signal (PWDN) at the input of a signal generator not shown here activates a standby signal (STDBY) and a discharge signal (DISCH) generated for this purpose with a time delay.
- PWDN power-down signal
- STDBY standby signal
- DISCH discharge signal
- the cascade-connected transistors switch off the bias current without disturbing the potential at the gate of the current mirror X.
- the current mirror represents a current-controlled current source that is disconnected as needed using the cascade-connected transistors Q 5 and Q 6 , and the node is isolated with bias voltage.
- the two cascade-connected transistors Q 5 and Q 6 are used to rapidly disconnect and stabilize the bias current simultaneously.
- the gate voltage for the cascade connection of transistors Q 5 and Q 6 is generated via a common drain amplifier.
- the resistor R as well as the capacitor C form a passive RC filter which reduces the noise generated by Q 1 at high frequencies.
- the power-down process takes place in two steps.
- a discharge signal (DISCH) is activated, short-circuiting the current mirror X disconnected in the first step with a defined potential.
- this node is pulled to VDD .
- This action establishes a defined state with a simultaneous reduction in power consumption, from which the transimpedance can be reactivated comparatively quickly to its normal operating state.
- the generation of the discharge signal (DISCH) is done in an advantageous way with a monostable flip-flop.
- FIG. 3 shows a chip with an integrated circuit that has a photodiode and a transimpedance amplifier.
- the transimpedance amplifier amplifies the current signal generated by the photodiode to enable better evaluation of the signal by generating a proportional voltage based on the received current signal.
- the chip has a power-down input (PWDN input) so that the transimpedance amplifier can be specifically deactivated to minimize the average power consumption of the electronic component.
- PWDN power-down signal
- STDBY standby signal
- DISCH discharge signal
- the chip shown in FIG. 6 can advantageously be used in a driver assistance system or in an autonomous vehicle for distance detection and/or object detection.
- a chip with photodiode and transimpedance amplifier in a medical device, for example in a pulse oximeter for non-invasive determination of arterial oxygen saturation in the blood.
- pulse oximetry light absorption or light emission is measured when the skin is transilluminated.
- the pulse oximeter is a spectrophotometer specially optimized for this application, in which the photodiode built into the chip shown in FIG. 6 is used to detect the light radiation emitted by the body.
- the current signal generated by the photodiode is amplified and converted into a proportional voltage by means of a transimpedance amplifier.
- the chip with integrated optical receiver shown in FIG. 6 which uses a transimpedance amplifier or a receiver arrangement, can be used in a particularly suitable manner for the aforementioned applications, since very fast power cycling in a time range of less than a microsecond can occur, and considerable energy savings are also possible in applications with short successive bursts compared to known systems.
Abstract
Description
-
- PWDN Power-down signal
- STDBY Standby signal
- DISCH Discharge signal
- PWDN inputPower-down input
- Q Transistor
- R Resistance
- C Capacity
Claims (13)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102018129488.3 | 2018-11-22 | ||
DE102018129488.3A DE102018129488A1 (en) | 2018-11-22 | 2018-11-22 | Transimpedance amplifier and receiver circuit for optical signals with a photodiode and a transimpedance amplifier |
PCT/EP2019/081906 WO2020104515A1 (en) | 2018-11-22 | 2019-11-20 | Transimpedance amplifier and receiver circuit for optical signals having a photodiode and a transimpedance amplifier |
Publications (2)
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US20220006433A1 US20220006433A1 (en) | 2022-01-06 |
US11881824B2 true US11881824B2 (en) | 2024-01-23 |
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US17/293,936 Active 2040-11-13 US11881824B2 (en) | 2018-11-22 | 2019-11-20 | Transimpedance amplifier and receiver circuit for optical signals with a photodiode and a transimpedance amplifier |
Country Status (4)
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US (1) | US11881824B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN113169713B (en) |
DE (1) | DE102018129488A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2020104515A1 (en) |
Citations (16)
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WO2002101917A2 (en) | 2001-06-11 | 2002-12-19 | Johns Hopkins University | Low-power, differential optical receiver in silicon on insulator |
US20060127095A1 (en) | 2003-01-14 | 2006-06-15 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Circuit arrangement and methods for a remote control receiver having a photodiode |
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-
2018
- 2018-11-22 DE DE102018129488.3A patent/DE102018129488A1/en active Pending
-
2019
- 2019-11-20 CN CN201980077033.7A patent/CN113169713B/en active Active
- 2019-11-20 WO PCT/EP2019/081906 patent/WO2020104515A1/en active Application Filing
- 2019-11-20 US US17/293,936 patent/US11881824B2/en active Active
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN113169713B (en) | 2024-03-08 |
WO2020104515A1 (en) | 2020-05-28 |
US20220006433A1 (en) | 2022-01-06 |
CN113169713A (en) | 2021-07-23 |
DE102018129488A1 (en) | 2020-05-28 |
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