US10879473B2 - Organic electronic device - Google Patents

Organic electronic device Download PDF

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US10879473B2
US10879473B2 US14/895,964 US201414895964A US10879473B2 US 10879473 B2 US10879473 B2 US 10879473B2 US 201414895964 A US201414895964 A US 201414895964A US 10879473 B2 US10879473 B2 US 10879473B2
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layer
electronic device
electrode
compound
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Francois Cardinali
Omrane Fadhel
Mike Zöllner
Carsten Rothe
Mauro Furno
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NovaLED GmbH
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/553—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/576—Six-membered rings
    • C07F9/58—Pyridine rings
    • H01L51/0077—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/553—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/576—Six-membered rings
    • C07F9/60—Quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/553—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/576—Six-membered rings
    • C07F9/64—Acridine or hydrogenated acridine ring systems
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    • C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
    • C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
    • H01L51/0058—
    • H01L51/0072—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
    • H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
    • H10K85/626—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene containing more than one polycyclic condensed aromatic rings, e.g. bis-anthracene
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
    • H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
    • H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
    • H10K85/6572—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only nitrogen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. phenanthroline or carbazole
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    • C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
    • C09K2211/10—Non-macromolecular compounds
    • C09K2211/1003—Carbocyclic compounds
    • C09K2211/1007—Non-condensed systems
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    • C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
    • C09K2211/10—Non-macromolecular compounds
    • C09K2211/1003—Carbocyclic compounds
    • C09K2211/1014—Carbocyclic compounds bridged by heteroatoms, e.g. N, P, Si or B
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
    • C09K2211/10—Non-macromolecular compounds
    • C09K2211/1018—Heterocyclic compounds
    • C09K2211/1025—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands
    • C09K2211/1029—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands containing one nitrogen atom as the heteroatom
    • H01L51/5076—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
    • H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
    • H10K50/14—Carrier transporting layers
    • H10K50/16—Electron transporting layers
    • H10K50/165—Electron transporting layers comprising dopants
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an organic electronic device, to a specific compound for use in such an organic electronic device and to a semiconducting material comprising the inventive compound.
  • Organic semiconductors can be used to fabricate simple electronic components, e.g. resistors, diodes, field effect transistors, and also optoelectronic components like organic light emitting devices, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED).
  • OLED organic light emitting diodes
  • OLEDs are based on the principle of electroluminescence in which electron-hole pairs, so-called excitons, recombine under the emission of light.
  • the OLED is constructed in the form of a sandwich structure wherein at least one organic film is arranged as active material between two electrodes, positive and negative charge carriers are injected into the organic material by an external voltage applied on the electrodes, and the subsequent charge transport brings holes and electrons to a recombination zone in the organic layer (light emitting layer, LEL), where a recombination of the oppositely charged charge carriers to singlet and/or triplet excitons occurs.
  • LEL light emitting layer
  • a transparent electrode consists of conductive oxides designated as TCOs (transparent conductive oxides).
  • TCOs transparent conductive oxides
  • a very thin metal electrode can be used.
  • the starting point in the manufacture of an OLED is a substrate on which the individual layers of the OLED are applied. If the electrode nearest to the substrate is transparent, the component is designated as a “bottom-emitting OLED”. If the other electrode is designed to be transparent, the component is designated as a “top-emitting OLED”.
  • the layers of the OLEDs can comprise small molecules, polymers, or be hybrid.
  • Operational parameters of OLEDs are being constantly improved to enhance the overall power efficiency.
  • One important parameter is the operation voltage which can be tuned by improving the transport of charge carriers and/or reducing energy barriers such as the injection barriers from the electrodes.
  • Another important figure is the quantum efficiency, and also very relevant is the lifetime of the device.
  • Other organic devices, such as organic solar cells also require improving in efficiency, which nowadays, are at best at about 10%.
  • an organic solar cell has a stack of organic layers between two electrodes.
  • a solar cell there must be at least one organic layer responsible for the absorption of light and a interface which separates the excitons created by the absorption (photo-active).
  • the interface can be a bi-layer heterojunction, a bulk-heterojunction, or can comprise more layers, e.g., in a step wise interface.
  • sensitizing layers and others can be provided.
  • a good charge carrier transport is required, in some device structures the transport regions must not absorb light, therefore transport layers and photo-active layers may comprise different materials. Also charge carrier and/or exciton blocking layers may be employed.
  • transistors do not require doping of the entire semiconducting (channel) layer, because the concentration of available charge carriers is determined by an electric field supplied by a third electrode (gate electrode).
  • gate electrode third electrode
  • OTFTs convention organic thin film transistors
  • OTFTs require very high voltages to operate. There is a need to lower this operating voltage; such an optimization can be done, e.g. with appropriate injection layers.
  • Organic transistors are also called organic field-effect transistors. It is anticipated that a large number of OTFTs can be used for example in inexpensive integrated circuits for non-contact identification tags (RFID) but also for screen control. In order to achieve inexpensive applications, generally thin-layer processes are required to manufacture the transistors. In recent years, performance features have been improved to such an extent that the commercialization of organic transistors is foreseeable. For example, high field-effect mobilities of up to 5.5 cm 2 /Vs for holes have been reported in OTFTs utilizing pentacene (Lee et al., Appl. Lett. 88, 162109 (2006)).
  • a typical organic field-effect transistor comprises an active layer of organic semiconducting material (semiconducting layer) which during the operation forms an electrical conduction channel, a drain electrode and a source electrode which exchange electrical charges with the semiconducting layer, and a gate electrode which is electrically isolated from the semiconducting layer by an dielectric layer.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 7,074,500 discloses a component structure for an OLED which leads to a greatly improved charge carrier injection from the electrodes into the organic layers.
  • This effect is based on considerable band bending of the energy levels in the organic layer at the interface to the electrodes, as a result of which injection of charge carriers on the basis of a tunnel mechanism is possible.
  • the high conductivity of the doped layers also decreases the voltage drop which occurs there during operation of the OLED.
  • the injection barriers which may occur in OLEDs between the electrodes and the charge carrier transport layers are one of the main causes for an increase in the operating voltage compared to the thermodynamically justified minimum operating voltages.
  • cathode materials with a low work function, for example metals such as calcium or barium.
  • these materials are highly reactive, difficult to process and are only suitable to a limited extent as electrode materials.
  • any reduction in operating voltage brought about by using such cathodes is only partial.
  • Metals having low work function in particular alkali metals such as Li and Cs, are often used either as the cathode material or the injection layer to promote electron injection. They have also widely been used as electrical dopants in order to increase the conductivity of the ETM, see e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,384, 6,589,673. Metals like Li or Cs provide a high conductivity in matrixes which are difficult to dope otherwise (e.g. BPhen, Alq3).
  • the use of low work function metals has several disadvantages. It is well known that the metals can easily diffuse through the semiconductor, eventually arriving at the optically active layer and quenching the excitons, thereby lowering the efficiency of the device and the lifetime. Another disadvantage is their high susceptibility to oxidation upon exposure to air. Therefore, devices using such metals as dopants, injection or cathode material require rigorous exclusion of air during production and rigorous encapsulation afterwards. Another well-known disadvantage is that higher doping concentration of the dopant exceeding 10 mol. % may increase the undesired absorption of light in the doped charge transport layers. Yet another problem is high volatility of many simple redox dopants like Cs, leading to cross-contamination in the device assembling process making their use in device fabrication tools difficult.
  • LiQ lithium quinolate
  • Another object of the invention is a compound enabling the organic electronic devices with improved performance.
  • a third object of the invention is a semiconducting material comprising the inventive compound.
  • the first object is achieved by an organic electronic device, comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and a substantially organic layer comprising a compound according to formula (I) between the first and the second electrode:
  • a 1 is a C 6 -C 30 arylene or C 2 -C 30 heteroarylene comprising at least one atom selected from O, S and N in an aromatic ring and each of A 2 and A 3 is independently selected from a C 6 -C 30 aryl and C 2 -C 30 heteroaryl comprising at least one atom selected from O, S and N in an aromatic ring and wherein either
  • the aryl, heteroaryl, arylene or heteroarylene may be unsubstituted or substituted with groups comprising C and H or with a further LiO group. It is supposed that the given C count in an aryl, heteroaryl, arylene or arylene group includes also all substituents present on the said group.
  • substituted or unsubstituted arylene or heteroarylene stands for a divalent radical derived from substituted or unsubstituted arene or heteroarene, wherein the both structural moieties adjacent in formula (I) to A 1 (the OLi group and the POA 2 A 3 group) are attached directly to an aromatic ring of the arylene or heteroarylene group.
  • simple arylenes are o-, m- and p-phenylene; polycyclic arylenes may have their adjacent groups attached either on the same aromatic ring or on two different aromatic rings.
  • All (hetero)arylenes having the substituents OLi and POA 2 A 3 attached to the opposite sides of a rigid arene structure so that the bonds to these substituents are parallel, are defined as p-(hetero)arylenes, whereas in m-(hetero)arylenes, there is at least one atom between the C atoms to which OLi and POA 2 A 3 are attached and the angle between the bonds attaching the OLi and the POA 2 A 3 moieties is different from 180° (in the rigid aromatic structures) or variable, e.g. in (hetero)arylenes consisting of two or more rigid (hetero)arylene substructures bound together by single bonds.
  • Examples of generalized p-(hetero)arylenes are naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,5-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, 1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diyl, pyridine-2,5-diyl, quinoline-2,6-diyl, quinoline-3,7-diyl, quinoline-4,8-diyl, quinoline-5,8-diyl.
  • Examples of generalized m-(hetero)arylenes are naphthalene-1,3-diyl, naphthalene-1,6-diyl, naphthalene-1,7-diyl, naphthalene-1,8-diyl, naphthalene-2,7-diyl, 1,1′-biphenyl-3,4′-diyl, 1,1′-biphenyl-2,4′-diyl, 1,1′-biphenyl-2,4′-diyl, 1,1′-biphenyl-2,3′-diyl, 1,1′-biphenyl-3,3′-diyl, 1,1′-biphenyl-2,2′-diyl, pyridine-2,6-diyl, pyridine-2,4-diyl, pyridine-3,5-diyl, quinoline-2,8-diyl,
  • a 1 is C 6 -C 12 arylene or C 2 -C 12 heteroarylene. Even preferably, each of A 2 -A 3 is independently selected from a C 6 -C 10 aryl or C 2 -C 12 heteroaryl. More preferably, both A 2 and A 3 are independently selected from phenyl and pyridyl. Most preferably, A 1 is phenylene or pyridine-diyl.
  • the substantially organic layer comprises an electron transport matrix compound.
  • the electron transport matrix comprises an imidazole or a P ⁇ O functional group.
  • the compound according to formula (I) and the electron transport matrix compound are preferably present in the substantially organic layer in the form of a homogeneous mixture.
  • the organic electronic device may be selected from an organic light emitting diode, organic solar cell and organic field effect transistor.
  • the device is an organic light emitting diode with the first electrode being an anode, the second electrode being a cathode, and the device further comprising a light emitting layer between the anode and the cathode and wherein the substantially organic layer is comprised between the cathode and the LEL.
  • the LEL of the organic electronic device comprises a light emitting polymer.
  • a 1 is a C 6 -C 30 arylene or C 2 -C 30 heteroarylene comprising at least one atom selected from O, S and N in an aromatic ring and each of A 2 and A 3 is independently selected from a C 6 -C 30 aryl and C 2 -C 30 heteroaryl comprising at least one atom selected from O, S and N in an aromatic ring and wherein either
  • the aryl, heteroaryl, arylene or heteroarylene may be unsubstituted or substituted with groups comprising C and H or with a further LiO group. It is supposed that the given C count in an aryl, heteroaryl, arylene or arylene group includes also all substituents present on the said group.
  • a 1 is C 6 -C 12 arylene or C 2 -C 12 heteroarylene. Even preferably, each of A 2 -A 3 is independently selected from a C 6 -C 10 aryl or C 2 -C 12 heteroaryl. More preferably, both A 2 and A 3 are independently selected from phenyl and pyridyl. Most preferably, A 1 is phenylene or pyridine-diyl.
  • Preferred use of the compound according to formula (I) in an organic electronic device is as an electrical dopant in and/or adjacent an electron transport layer of the device.
  • the third object of the present invention is achieved by an electrically doped semiconducting material comprising at least one electron transport matrix compound and at least one compound according to formula (I).
  • the compound according to formula (I) is used in transport and/or injection layers, more preferably in an electron transport layer and/or electron injection layer, most preferably in the form of the electrically doped semiconducting material according to the invention.
  • the chemical compounds according to formula (I) are air-stable and capable to be evaporated without decomposition. They are also soluble in a variety of solvents. This makes the compounds according to formula (I) particularly easy to use in manufacturing processes.
  • the inventive organic electronic device preferably comprises a layered structure including a substrate, an anode and a cathode, the at least one substantially organic layer being disposed within the layered structure between the anode and the cathode.
  • the substantially organic layer may further comprise an electron transport matrix compound.
  • the electron transport matrix compound and compound according to formula (I) form a homogeneous mixture.
  • Compound (I) constitutes preferably 10 weight % or more of the substantially organic layer. More preferred is 40 wt. % or more.
  • the electron transport matrix is the main component of the layer.
  • fullerenes such as for example C 60
  • oxadiazole derivatives such as for example 2-(4-biphenyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole
  • quinoline-based compounds such as for example bis(phenylquinoxalines)
  • oligothiophenes perylene derivatives, such as e.g. perylenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, naphthalene derivatives such as e.g. naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, or other similar compounds known as matrices in electron transport materials.
  • the electron transport material comprises a phosphine oxide or imidazole functional groups.
  • Compounds well suitable as electron transport materials are compounds from:
  • Other suitable compounds are 7-(4′-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)dibenzo[c,h]acridine, (3-(dibenzo[c,h]acridin-7-yl)phenyl)diphenylphosphine oxide (assigned A1 in examples of the present application), (4-(dibenzo[c,h]acridin-7-yl)phenyl)diphenylphosphine oxide (assigned A2 in examples of the present application), 7-(4-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)phenyl)dibenzo[c,h]acridine.
  • Suitable hole transport materials can be, for instance, HTM from the diamine class, where a conjugated system is provided at least between the two diamine nitrogens.
  • HTM N4,N4′-di(naphthalen-1-yl)-N4,N4′-diphenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (HTM1), N4,N4,N4′′,N4′′-tetra([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-[1,1′:4′,1′′-terphenyl]-4,4′′-diamine (HTM2), N4,N4′′-di(naphthalen-1-yl)-N4,N4′′-diphenyl-[1,1′:4′,1′′-terphenyl]-4,4′′-diamine (HTM3),
  • HTM3 The synthesis of diamines is well described in literature; many diamine HTMs are readily commercially available.
  • matrix materials may also be used in a mixture with one another or with other materials in the context of the invention. It will be understood that use may also be made of suitable other organic matrix materials which have semiconductive properties.
  • the substantially organic layer is present in a pn junction, the pn junction having at least two layers, namely a p- and n-layer, and optionally an interlayer i in between, wherein the interlayer i and/or the n-layer is (are) the substantially organic semiconducting layer.
  • the organic electronic device may additionally comprise a polymer semiconducting layer.
  • the organic electronic device is a solar cell or a light emitting diode.
  • the organic electronic device may be also a field effect transistor comprising a semiconducting channel, a source electrode, and a drain electrode, the substantially organic layer being provided in between the semiconducting channel and at least one of the source electrode and the drain electrode.
  • the substantially organic layer comprising the chemical compound according to formula (I) is an electron injection layer and/or an electron transport layer.
  • any layers of the inventive organic electronic device, especially the substantially organic layer can be deposited by known techniques, such as vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE), organic vapour phase deposition, laser induced thermal transfer, spin coating, blade or slit coating, inkjet printing, etc.
  • VTE vacuum thermal evaporation
  • a preferred method for preparing the organic electronic device according to the invention is vacuum thermal evaporation.
  • the inventive organic electronic device overcomes disadvantages of prior art devices and has in particular an improved performance compared to electronic devices of the prior art, for example with regard to efficiency.
  • the substantially organic layer having the compound according to formula (I) as its main component, is adjacent to a cathode, preferably between a cathode and one of an ETL (electron transporting layer) or HBL (hole blocking layer).
  • ETL electron transporting layer
  • HBL hole blocking layer
  • the present invention has the advantages that, especially for non-inverted structures, the simplest form is also the one with a significantly improved performance compared to the structure not using an injection layer.
  • the compound according to formula (I) can be used as a pure layer and is then preferably the only layer between an electron transporting layer (ETL or HBL) and the cathode.
  • EML electron transporting layer
  • the ETL and the EML are layers of different composition, preferably of a different matrix.
  • Such a pure layer as injection layer in organic electronic devices has a preferable thickness between 0.5 nm and 5 nm.
  • the thickness of the layer comprising the compound according to formula (I) is the nominal thickness, such thickness is usually calculated from the mass deposited on a certain area by the knowledge of the material's density. For example, with vacuum thermal evaporation VTE, the nominal thickness is the value indicated by the thickness monitor equipment. In reality, since the layer is not homogeneous and not flat at least at one interface, its final thickness is difficult to measure, in this case, the average value can be used.
  • the cathode in this regard is a conductive layer having optionally any surface modifications to modify its electrical properties, e.g. to improve its work-function or conductivity. Preferably, the cathode is a double layer, more preferably it is a single layer to avoid complexity.
  • the organic layer is an electron transport layer adjacent to the cathode and comprising the compound according to formula (I). If the ETL is directly adjacent to the cathode, this simplification has the advantage that no additional injection layer is required.
  • an additional injection layer can be provided between the ETL and the cathode. This additional layer can be a layer having the chemical compound according to formula (I) as its main component, as already illustrated above.
  • the ETL is beneath the cathode (no other layer in between) wherein the cathode is the top electrode, which is formed after forming the ETL (non-inverted structure).
  • the LEL (light emitting layer) and ETL matrix can be the same if the emission zone is far from the cathode.
  • the ETL and the LEL are layers of different composition, preferably of a different matrix.
  • the substantially organic layer comprising the chemical compound according to formula (I) is used in combination with a polymer semiconductor, preferably between a cathode and a polymer layer, wherein the polymer layer preferably comprises the optoelectronic active region of the device (emitting region of an OLED or the absorbing region of a solar cell).
  • a polymer semiconductor preferably between a cathode and a polymer layer
  • the polymer layer preferably comprises the optoelectronic active region of the device (emitting region of an OLED or the absorbing region of a solar cell).
  • All alternatives of layers comprising the chemical compound according to formula (I) or being composed thereof can be used in combination with that polymer layer.
  • Exemplary alternative layers can be an injection layer being composed of the chemical compound according to formula (I), an injection layer comprising the chemical compound and a metal, an electron transport layer having the chemical compound with or without a metal. The electronic interface to the cathode is then strongly improved given the high electron injection capability of the chemical compound (I
  • the invention can be used as an alternative to conventional redox doping of organic semiconducting layers.
  • redox doping it is meant specific case of electrical doping using strong oxidizing or reducing agents as explained above. This doping can also be called charge transfer doping. It is known that the redox doping increases the density of charge carriers of a semiconducting matrix towards the charge carrier density of the undoped matrix.
  • An electrically doped semiconductor layer may also have an increased effective mobility in comparison with the undoped semiconductor matrix.
  • US2008227979 discloses in detail the doping of organic transport materials, also called matrix, with inorganic and with organic dopants. Basically, an effective electronic transfer occurs from the dopant to the matrix increasing the Fermi level of the matrix.
  • the LUMO energy level of the dopant is preferably more negative than the HOMO energy level of the matrix or at least slightly more positive, not more than 0.5 eV, to the HOMO energy level of the matrix.
  • the HOMO energy level of the dopant is preferably more positive than the LUMO energy level of the matrix or at least slightly more negative, not lower than 0.5 eV, to the LUMO energy level of the matrix. It is further more desired that the energy level difference for energy transfer from dopant to matrix is smaller than +0.3 eV.
  • One of the preferred modes of the invention is an OLED with the hole transporting side of OLED comprising a p-dopant and the electron transporting side comprising the material according to Formula (I).
  • OLED with the hole transporting side of OLED comprising a p-dopant and the electron transporting side comprising the material according to Formula (I).
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a first embodiment of an inventive organic electronic device
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a second embodiment of an inventive organic electronic device
  • FIG. 3 shows a third embodiment of an inventive organic electronic device.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 show current-voltage and current-efficiency curves of an inventive device comprising compound D1 in comparison with devices comprising previous art compounds C2 and C3, all in the matrix A1.
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 show current-voltage and current-efficiency curves of an inventive device comprising compound D1 in comparison with a device comprising previous art compound C2, both in the matrix A2.
  • FIGS. 8 and 9 show current-voltage and current-efficiency curves of an inventive device comprising compound D1 in comparison with a device comprising previous art compound C3, both in the matrix A3.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a first embodiment of an inventive organic electronic device in the form of a stack of layers forming an OLED or a solar cell.
  • 10 is a substrate
  • 11 is an anode
  • 12 is an EML or an absorbing layer
  • 13 is a EIL (electron injection layer)
  • 14 is a cathode.
  • the layer 13 can be a pure layer of a compound according to formula (I). At least one of the anode and cathode is at least semi-transparent. Inverted structures are also foreseen (not illustrated), wherein the cathode is on the substrate (cathode closer to the substrate than the anode and the order of the layers 11 - 14 is reversed).
  • the stack may comprise additional layers, such as ETL, HTL, etc.
  • FIG. 2 represents a second embodiment of the inventive organic electronic device in the form of a stack of layers forming an OLED or a solar cell.
  • 20 is a substrate
  • 21 is an anode
  • 22 is an EML or an absorbing layer
  • 23 is an ETL
  • 24 is a cathode.
  • the layer 23 comprises an electron transport matrix material and a compound according to formula (I).
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a third embodiment of the inventive device in the form of an OTFT, with semi-conductor layer 32 , a source electrode 34 and a drain electrode 35 .
  • An unpatterned (unpatterned between the source and drain electrodes) injection layer 33 provides charge carrier injection and extraction between the source-drain electrodes and semi-conducting layer.
  • OTFT also comprises a gate insulator 31 (which could be on the same side as the source drain electrodes) and a gate electrode 30 , which gate electrode 30 is on the side of the layer 31 which is not in contact with the layer 32 . Obviously, the whole stack could be inverted.
  • a substrate may also be provided.
  • insulator layer 31 may be the substrate.
  • A1 is described in the application PCT/EP2012/004961 (WO2013/079217, page 51-52), A2 is described in the application WO2011/154131 (Examples 4 and 6), A3 (CAS number 561064-11-7) is commercially available.
  • reaction solvents tetrahydrofurane (THF), acetonitrile (AcN) and dichloromethane (DCM) were dried by a solvent purification system (SPS).
  • 2-fluoropyridine 2.50 g, 1.0 eq, 25.8 mmol potassium diphenylphosphide 51.5 mL, 1.0 eq, 25.8 mmol THF 50 mL DCM 80 mL hydrogen peroxide 25 mL hexane 20 mL
  • Fluoropyridine was dissolved in dry THF.
  • the potassium diphenylphosphide solution was added drop wise during one hour at room temperature.
  • the resulting orange solution was stirred overnight at room temperature.
  • the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue dissolved in dichloromethane.
  • Hydrogen peroxide was added slowly at 0° C.
  • the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature.
  • the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue treated with hexane.
  • the resulting solid was filtered off, washed with hexane and dried in vacuum.
  • diphenyl(pyridin-2-yl)phosphine oxide 2.0 g, 1.0 eq., 7.2 mmol 2-isopropoxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2- 4.35 mL, 3.0 eq., 21.5 mmol dioxaborolane Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) 9.56 mL, 2.0 eq., 14.3 mmol THF 50 mL Chloroform 50 mL Hydrogen peroxide 10 mL DCM 15 mL
  • the starting material was dissolved in dry THF and cooled to ⁇ 78° C.
  • the borolane was added and the mixture stirred for 20 min.
  • the LDA solution was added drop wise and the temperature was allowed to rise slowly to room temperature.
  • the reaction was stirred for 3 days at room temperature.
  • the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in chloroform.
  • Hydrogen peroxide was added slowly at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature.
  • the mixture was extracted with chloroform and brine.
  • the organic phase was dried over magnesium sulphate and the solvent removed under reduced pressure.
  • the residue was dissolved in DCM and precipitated with hexane. The solid was filtered off, washed with hexane and dried in vacuum.
  • Step 3 lithium 2-(diphenylphosphoryl)pyridin-3-olate (1)
  • the starting material was suspended in dry acetonitrile.
  • the lithium tert-butoxide was added at room temperature and the mixture was heated at reflux for 13 hours.
  • the solid was filtered off, washed with acetonitrile and dried in vacuum.
  • Step 1 synthesis of quinolin-8-yl diphenylphosphinate
  • Step 2 synthesis of lithium 7-(diphenylphosphoryl)quinolin-8-olate (2)
  • Step 1 synthesis of diphenyl(quinolin-2-yl)phosphine oxide
  • Step 2 synthesis of (3-hydroxyquinolin-2-yl)diphenylphosphine oxide
  • Step 3 synthesis of lithium 2-(diphenylphosphoryl)quinolin-3-olate (3)
  • Step 1 synthesis of diphenyl(pyridin-3-yl)phosphine oxide
  • Step 2 synthesis of (2-hydroxypyridin-3-yl)diphenylphosphine oxide
  • the suspension was treated by 10 mL 30 wt. % aqueous hydrogen peroxide over 24 h. After washing twice with 30 mL brine and three times with 30 mL distilled water, the organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The residue was slurry washed with 50 mL hexane. Obtained 3.8 g (72% yield) of a pale yellow solid. Used without further purification.
  • Step 3 synthesis of lithium 3-(diphenylphosphoryl)pyridin-2-olate (4)
  • Lithium 2-(diphenylphosphoryl)phenolate (C2) described in an earlier application PCT/EP/2012/074127, and the well-known lithium 8-hydroxyquinolinolate (LiQ, C3) were used as comparative electrical n-dopants; lithium 2-(diphenylphosphoryl)pyridin-3-olate (1), referred to as D1, lithium 2-(diphenylphosphoryl)quinolin-3-olate (3), referred to as D5, and lithium 3-(diphenylphosphoryl)pyridin-2-olate (4), referred to as D6, were used as inventive n-dopants.
  • a blue emitting device was made on a commercially available glass substrate with deposited indium tin oxide (ITO) 90 nm thick layer as an anode.
  • ITO indium tin oxide
  • a blue fluorescent emitting layer of ABH113 (Sun Fine Chemicals) doped with NUBD370 (Sun Fine Chemicals) as an emitter (matrix dopant ratio of 97:3 wt. %) was deposited with a thickness of 20 nm.
  • a 36 nm thick ETL having a composition given in the Table 1 was deposited on the emitting layer.
  • a 1 nm thick layer of lithium quinolate (LiQ) followed the ETL, followed by 100 nm thick aluminium layer as a cathode.
  • Inventive devices comprising compounds of formula (I) as ETL additives perform better than devices using known LiQ (C3) and at least equally well as devices comprising compound C2 with a similar structure without a heteroatom.
  • Inventive compounds of formula (I) thus significantly broaden the offer of additives for improving electron transport and/or electron injection in organic electronic devices and allow further improving and optimizing performance of organic electronic devices beyond limits known in the art.

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