US10347968B2 - Compact micro base stations in wireless networks - Google Patents

Compact micro base stations in wireless networks Download PDF

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US10347968B2
US10347968B2 US14/769,357 US201414769357A US10347968B2 US 10347968 B2 US10347968 B2 US 10347968B2 US 201414769357 A US201414769357 A US 201414769357A US 10347968 B2 US10347968 B2 US 10347968B2
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pole
antenna
street cabinet
unit
base station
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US20150380805A1 (en
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Miguel Arranz
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ZTE Espana SL
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ZTE Espana SL
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Assigned to ZHONGXING CORPORATION SLU reassignment ZHONGXING CORPORATION SLU ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ARRANZ, MIGUEL
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/24—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/1242—Rigid masts specially adapted for supporting an aerial
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/24—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
    • H01Q1/241—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM
    • H01Q1/246—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM specially adapted for base stations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q23/00—Antennas with active circuits or circuit elements integrated within them or attached to them
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H01Q9/0464—Annular ring patch
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole
    • H01Q9/18—Vertical disposition of the antenna
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K7/00—Constructional details common to different types of electric apparatus
    • H05K7/18—Construction of rack or frame
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K7/00—Constructional details common to different types of electric apparatus
    • H05K7/18—Construction of rack or frame
    • H05K7/186—Construction of rack or frame for supporting telecommunication equipment

Definitions

  • This patent document relates to wireless communication technologies.
  • a wireless communication system can include a network of base stations (or radio cells) to wirelessly communicate with one or more wireless devices or user equipment (UE) devices via radio frequency (RF) signals.
  • UE devices include a mobile device or mobile station (MS), a wireless air card or USB device, access terminal (AT), a subscriber station (SS), a portable computer (e.g., a laptop, a netbook computer or a tablet device), and an electronic reader.
  • Each base station can emit radio signals that carry signaling and data to UE devices via forward links (FLs) or downlinks (DLs) within a limited geographic coverage area known as a radio cell (or cell).
  • FLs forward links
  • DLs downlinks
  • a radio cell is synonymously described as a base station throughout this patent document.
  • the signaling can include various control and network management signals.
  • the data can include any or all of voice data, text data, graphic data, application data, audio data, and video data.
  • a base station can be referred to as an access point (AP) or an access network (AN), or can be included as part of an AN.
  • a UE device can transmit a signal on a reverse link (RL), or uplink (UL), to a base station.
  • the wireless communication system can include one or more radio access network controllers to control one or more base stations.
  • LTE Long-Term Evolution
  • HSPA+ Evolved High-Speed Packet Access
  • CDMA Code division Multiple Access
  • HRPD High Rate Packet Data
  • WCDMA Wideband CDMA
  • WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
  • a small cell base station device configured in a street cabinet unit for wireless communication includes a radio unit and/or a baseband unit to reside within the street cabinet unit, a pole attached to the exterior of the street cabinet unit, in which the pole structured to include an orifice, an antenna attached to the pole such that the antenna is at a height above the top surface of the street cabinet unit, and a feeder cable that electrically couples the antenna to the radio unit and/or the baseband unit, the feeder cable at least partially contained within the orifice.
  • a small cell base station device for wireless communication includes a street cabinet unit including an enclosure, a radio unit and/or a baseband unit that resides within the enclosure of the street cabinet unit and configured to generate wireless communication signals, a pole attached to the exterior of the street cabinet unit, the pole structured to include an orifice, an antenna attached to the pole such that the antenna is at a height above the top surface of the street cabinet unit and configured to transmit the wireless communication signals to provide wireless service in a nearby area, and a feeder cable that electrically couples the antenna to the radio unit or the baseband unit to direct the wireless communication signals from the radio unit and/or the baseband unit to the antenna, the feeder cable at least partially contained within the orifice.
  • a method for providing a small cell base station device in an existing street cabinet includes locating an existing street cabinet including equipment utilizing electrical power, installing a small cell base station device into the existing street cabinet, in which the installing includes attaching a mast of the device to the exterior of the street cabinet such that an antenna of the device attached to the mast is raised to a height above the top surface of the street cabinet unit and connecting the device to an electrical power connection in the street cabinet, and providing electrical power to the device to enable the device to operate.
  • the pole of the exemplary small cell base station device can be configured as a tubular pole.
  • the tubular pole can include a diameter in a range between 4 and 8 cm.
  • the pole of the exemplary small cell base station device can include a length in a range of 3.5 m to 4 m.
  • the pole of the exemplary small cell base station device can include a central hollow interior to provide the orifice.
  • the pole can be attached to the exterior of the street cabinet unit using one or more brackets.
  • the feeder cable can be configured within the orifice of the pole through an opening into the street cabinet unit, in which the opening is located under the bracket(s).
  • the antenna can be configured as a cylindrical patch antenna.
  • the exemplary cylindrical patch antenna can be positioned at the highest end of the pole and separated with an electrical distance of at least ⁇ /2, where ⁇ is the wavelength in the signal band of interest.
  • the antenna can be configured as a dipole antenna.
  • the device can be operated in a frequency range of 1.8 to 3.5 GHz.
  • FIG. 1 shows a diagram of an exemplary wireless communication network or system.
  • FIG. 2 shows a diagram of an exemplary radio transceiver station for implementing a wireless device, a base station or other wireless communication modules.
  • FIG. 3 shows an exemplary plot showing the decoupling growth of traffic and revenues for mobile operators.
  • FIG. 4 shows exemplary images of existing small cell deployments in an urban area.
  • FIGS. 5A and 5B show exemplary images of existing street cabinets in urban environments.
  • FIG. 6 shows a schematic of an exemplary small cell wireless communications base station of the disclosed technology configured in a street cabinet unit.
  • FIG. 7 shows an illustration of the exemplary cylindrically bended patch antenna including exemplary shape, dimensions and connections.
  • FIG. 8 shows an illustration of the radiation pattern for a square loop antenna.
  • FIG. 9 shows an illustration of the radiation pattern for a conventional dipole.
  • FIG. 10 shows an illustration of the overall radiation pattern for an exemplary cylindrically bent patch.
  • implementation of the disclosed technology can provide a cost efficient deployment of small cells in urban environments that overcomes several practical obstacles currently preventing massive implementations of small cell wireless technology.
  • the disclosed technology facilitates the installation of an exemplary small cell wireless communication base station through synergies with existing street cabinets, e.g., providing Fix Access services and others.
  • FIG. 1 shows a diagram of an example wireless communication network or system.
  • This wireless communication network can include one or more base stations (BSs) 105 , 107 and one or more wireless devices 110 .
  • a base station 105 , 107 can transmit a signal on a forward link (FL), known as a downlink (DL) signal, to one or more wireless devices 110 .
  • a wireless device 110 can transmit a signal on a reverse link (RL), known as an uplink (UL) signal, to one or more base stations 105 , 107 .
  • a wireless communication system can include one or more core networks 125 to control one or more base stations 105 , 107 .
  • One or more base stations form a radio access network.
  • a base station due to its nature of providing radio access for a wireless device, either alone or in combination with one or more other base stations, can be referred to as an access point (AP), an access network (AN) or eNodeB.
  • Examples of wireless communication systems that can implement the present techniques, systems and devices include, among others, wireless communication systems based on Code division Multiple Access (CDMA) such as CDMA2000 1 ⁇ , High Rate Packet Data (HRPD), Long-Term Evolution (LTE), Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX).
  • CDMA Code division Multiple Access
  • HRPD High Rate Packet Data
  • LTE Long-Term Evolution
  • UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
  • WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
  • FIG. 2 shows an example of a radio transceiver station for implementing a wireless device, a base station or other wireless communication modules.
  • radio stations include base stations and wireless devices in FIG. 1 .
  • a small cell base station device configured in a street cabinet unit for wireless communication as described below can implement a radio unit or a baseband unit based on the radio transceiver in FIG. 2 .
  • a radio station 205 such as a base station or a wireless device can include processor electronics 210 such as a microprocessor that implements methods such as one or more of the techniques presented in this patent document.
  • a radio station 205 can include transceiver electronics 215 to send and/or receive wireless signals over one or more communication interfaces such as one or more antennas 220 .
  • a radio station 205 can include other communication interfaces for transmitting and receiving data.
  • a radio station 205 can include one or more wired communication interfaces to communicate with a wired network.
  • a radio station 205 can include one or more memories 225 configured to store information such as data and/or instructions.
  • processor electronics 210 can include at least a portion of transceiver electronics 215 and a memory 225 .
  • radio stations 205 can communicate with each other based on a CDMA air interface. In some implementations, radio stations 205 can communicate with each other based on an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) air interface which can include Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) air interface. In some implementations, radio stations 205 can communicate using one or more wireless technologies such as CDMA such as CDMA2000 1 ⁇ , HRPD, WiMAX, LTE, and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS).
  • CDMA such as CDMA2000 1 ⁇ , HRPD, WiMAX, LTE, and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS).
  • a radio station 205 may additionally be configured with a local area network connectivity such as a 802.11 (a/b/g/n) interface.
  • a local area network connectivity such as a 802.11 (a/b/g/n) interface.
  • the availability of such an interface may make it possible to communicatively couple the radio station 205 to the Internet via the local area connection.
  • a user may access services over her user equipment (UE) by connecting to the service via a wireless local area network connection (e.g., home Wi-Fi access) through a fixed broadband network such as a cable modem network or a DSL network or fiber network.
  • UE user equipment
  • a wireless local area network connection e.g., home Wi-Fi access
  • a fixed broadband network such as a cable modem network or a DSL network or fiber network.
  • FIG. 3 shows an exemplary plot showing the decoupling growth of traffic and revenues for mobile operators.
  • ‘small cell’ wireless communication technologies have been introduced, which has recently been gaining traction from the overall industry and standardization bodies.
  • 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
  • Het Net Heterogeneous Networks
  • Small cells are small-sized, low-powered radio access nodes that operate as cellular base stations in spectrums having a small range of 10 meters to 200 meters, e.g., which is in contrast to a mobile ‘macrocell’ which can have a range of a few kilometers.
  • Small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells, which can be deployed to cover a limited, designated area, e.g., such as in-building areas.
  • beamforming technologies can be employed to further enhance and focus small cell coverage.
  • small cells are centrally managed by mobile network operators. For example, small cells have been implemented by mobile operators struggling to support the growth in mobile data traffic, e.g., particularly in urban areas.
  • small cells are a vital element to 3G data off-loading, and many mobile network operators see small cells as vital to managing LTE advanced spectrum more efficiently, as compared to using just macrocells.
  • FIG. 4 shows exemplary images of existing small cell deployments in an urban area.
  • the small cell communication link is mounted to an existing telephone phone or mounted to a building.
  • some implementation barriers can include, but are not limited to:
  • Implementation barriers may result in consequences that may effectively prevent the practical and massive deployment of small cells.
  • such consequences can include high costs per small cell, e.g., which arrive at negative profitability; and large implementation time, e.g., which doesn't fulfill operator needs.
  • street cabinets usually allocate active and passive equipment able to provide the means for delivery of voice and data services in urban environments (e.g., such as P2P fiber, xPON, xDSL, docsys, etc.).
  • urban environments e.g., such as P2P fiber, xPON, xDSL, docsys, etc.
  • street cabinets already have available fiber, energy, security means and regulatory permits.
  • millions of street cabinets have been deployed worldwide, e.g., particularly throughout urban environments.
  • the incumbent fix operator manages around 4,000 street cabinets.
  • operators usually leave in their street cabinets room for the introduction of new cards or equipment, as a forward looking caution against the never-ending evolution of the telecommunications technologies.
  • FIGS. 5A and 5B show exemplary images of existing street cabinets that provide equipment for delivery of voice and data services in urban environments.
  • the image of FIG. 5A shows a height dimension of the exemplary street cabinet to be 1.5 m.
  • the image of FIG. 5B shows a view of the interior of the street cabinet, e.g., including communications equipment and unused space.
  • These exemplary existing street cabinets are not designed to facilitate small cells.
  • the case structure of the street cabinets are typically designed for the size of the current equipment that they house, e.g., which is around 1.5 meters of height.
  • the coverage obtained would be marginal at best, and the risk of vandalism would be high.
  • compliance with local regulations e.g., with respect to health and safety
  • the disclosed technology can be implemented to overcome at least some or all of the described drawbacks relating to the practical implementation of small cells in combination with street cabinets, as previously described in examples (a)-(f).
  • a small cell base station device configured in a street cabinet unit for wireless communication includes a radio unit or a baseband unit to reside within the street cabinet unit, a pole attached to the exterior of the street cabinet unit, in which the pole structured to include an orifice, an antenna attached to the pole such that the antenna is at a height above the top surface of the street cabinet unit, and a feeder cable that electrically couples the antenna to the radio unit and/or the baseband unit, the feeder cable at least partially contained within the orifice.
  • FIG. 6 shows a schematic of an implementation of an exemplary small cell base station device 600 of the disclosed technology configured in a street cabinet unit 601 .
  • the device 600 includes a remote radio unit (RRU) and/or a baseband unit (BU) 650 that is housed within the enclosure 602 of the street cabinet unit 601 .
  • the device 600 includes a pole 610 attached to the exterior of the street cabinet unit 601 , in which the pole is structured to include an orifice 603 .
  • the pole 610 can be attached to a side of the street cabinet unit 601 using one or more brackets 640 .
  • the device 600 includes an antenna 630 attached to the pole 610 such that the antenna 630 is positioned at a height above the top surface of the street cabinet unit 601 .
  • the pole 610 can be configured to a length such that the antenna 630 is raised to a height in a range of 3.5 m to 4 m.
  • the device 600 includes one or more feeder cables 620 that electrically couples the antenna 630 to the RRU and/or the BU 650 residing within the street cabinet unit 601 , in which the feeder cable 620 is at least partially contained within the orifice of the pole 610 .
  • the pole 610 can be configured as a tubular pole.
  • the pole 610 can include a central hollow interior to provide the orifice 603 that contains the feeder cable 620 coupling the RRU/BU 650 in the street cabinet unit 601 with the antenna 630 .
  • the exemplary tubular pole 610 can include a diameter in a range between 4 and 8 cm, or, for example, other ranges, which can be based on the used band.
  • the feeder cable 620 can be configured within the orifice of the pole through an opening into the street cabinet unit 601 , in which the opening is located under the bracket(s) 640 .
  • existing street cabinets may already include such openings.
  • the disclosed small cell base station devices can utilize a variety of antenna configurations.
  • the antenna 630 can be configured as a dipole antenna.
  • conventional dipole antennas can be used on the higher end of the pole 610 , such existing dipole antennas may add a visual impact on the overall construction. For example, obtrusive visual impacts may result in practical resistance to acquire installation and/or operation permits and social acceptance.
  • the antenna 630 can be configured as a cylindrical patch antenna, e.g., in which an exemplary embodiment is shown in FIG. 7 .
  • the cylindrically bended patch antenna can also referred to as circularly bended patch antennas and circularly bended textile antennas.
  • the cylindrical patch antenna can be positioned at the highest end of the pole (e.g., in a range of 3.5 m to 4 m) and separated with an electrical distance of at least 212 .
  • This exemplary configuration is practical for small cell frequencies, e.g., such as those within the range of 1.8 to 3.5 GHz.
  • the exemplary circularly bended patch antenna can provide the right diagram pattern with reasonable dimensions of the patch and the radius of the pole.
  • the disclosed small cell base station devices can be advantageous for at least the following exemplary features. For example, site engineering for each individual small cell base station device will not be required. For example, installation for each individual small cell base station device will not require skilled workforce. For example, visual impact of a small cell base station device is negligible or substantially minimized, e.g., particularly through the employment of cylindrically bended antennas.
  • the disclosed small cell base station devices can be referred to as a “hot street cabinet”, e.g., as it is capable of providing capacity relied mechanisms for cellular ‘hot spots’ using existing street cabinets.
  • FIG. 7 shows an illustration of the exemplary cylindrically bended patch antenna 630 showing an exemplary shape, dimensions and connections.
  • the cylindrically bended patch antenna 630 can include two antennas elements 731 and 732 separated from each other at a distance corresponding to an electrical distance of ⁇ /2.
  • the cylindrically bended patch antenna 630 can be configured in a housing structure 710 .
  • the housing structure 710 can be attached on top of the end of the pole 610 , e.g., extending the overall length of the device by residing above the pole.
  • the housing structure 710 can be attached at the side of the pole 610 . In the example shown in FIG.
  • the housing structure 710 is structured as a cylindrical body with a hollow interior to facilitate the feeder cable 610 to electrically connect to the antenna 630 components.
  • the housing structure 710 can be configured with a circumference corresponding to an electrical distance of ⁇ .
  • the antenna element 731 includes two antenna sub-elements 731 a and 731 b .
  • the antenna element 732 includes two antenna sub-elements 732 a and 732 b .
  • the length of the exemplary antenna elements 731 and 732 are configured at a length corresponding to an electrical distance of ⁇ .
  • the exemplary cylindrically bended patch antenna 630 can be connected to the RRU/BU 650 of the device 600 using two feeder cables 620 , e.g., in which a feeder cable 721 electrically connects the RRU/BU 650 to the antenna element 731 and the feeder cable 722 electrically connects the RRU/BU 650 to the antenna element 732 .
  • a feeder cable 721 electrically connects the RRU/BU 650 to the antenna element 731
  • the feeder cable 722 electrically connects the RRU/BU 650 to the antenna element 732 .
  • more antenna elements could be located along the pole to provide advance techniques such as MIMO N ⁇ N or beamforming, without adding any noticeable visual impact.
  • FIG. 8 shows an illustration of the radiation pattern for a square loop antenna.
  • the case for circular loop antenna can be the same for an overall ring perimeter of ⁇ .
  • FIG. 9 shows an illustration of the radiation pattern for a conventional dipole.
  • FIG. 10 shows an illustration of the overall radiation pattern for an exemplary cylindrically bent patch.
  • exemplary advantages and features enabled by implementation of the disclosed small cell wireless devices in street cabinets may include, but are not limited to, (a) lack of requirement for site acquisition (e.g., as the site already exists and arrangement is in place, there is no additional extra fee for introducing new equipment within the mini shelter); (b) lack of requirement for implementation permits (e.g., as the site already exists and arrangement is in place, there is no further permit required for introducing new equipment within the mini shelter); (c) no negative environmental impact effects; (d) reuse of the existing energy supply and back up mechanisms; and (e) in the case of the exemplary small cell wireless devices in street cabinets used for Fixed Access equipment, the node is already passed with high capacity fiber.
  • the disclosed technology includes a method for providing a small cell base station device in an existing street cabinet.
  • the method includes a process to locate an existing street cabinet including equipment utilizing electrical power.
  • the method includes a process to install a small cell base station device into the existing street cabinet.
  • the process to install the small cell base station device e.g., such as the device 600
  • the process to install the small cell base station device can include connecting the device to an electrical power connection in the street cabinet.
  • the method includes a process to provide electrical power to the device to enable the device to operate.
  • Implementations of the subject matter and the functional operations described in this patent document can be implemented in various systems, digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Implementations of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented as one or more computer program products, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a tangible and non-transitory computer readable medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus.
  • the computer readable medium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition of matter effecting a machine-readable propagated signal, or a combination of one or more of them.
  • data processing apparatus encompasses all apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers.
  • the apparatus can include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of one or more of them.
  • a computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, script, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment.
  • a computer program does not necessarily correspond to a file in a file system.
  • a program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub programs, or portions of code).
  • a computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.
  • the processes and logic flows described in this specification can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output.
  • the processes and logic flows can also be performed by, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit).
  • processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer.
  • a processor will receive instructions and data from a read only memory or a random access memory or both.
  • the essential elements of a computer are a processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data.
  • a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks.
  • mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks.
  • a computer need not have such devices.
  • Computer readable media suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of nonvolatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices.
  • semiconductor memory devices e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices.
  • the processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Support Of Aerials (AREA)
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