US10193671B2 - System and method for transmission symbol arrangement for reducing mutual interference - Google Patents

System and method for transmission symbol arrangement for reducing mutual interference Download PDF

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US10193671B2
US10193671B2 US14/535,038 US201414535038A US10193671B2 US 10193671 B2 US10193671 B2 US 10193671B2 US 201414535038 A US201414535038 A US 201414535038A US 10193671 B2 US10193671 B2 US 10193671B2
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Prior art keywords
transmitting device
transmission symbol
tones
accordance
blocks
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US20160134400A1 (en
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Zhihang Yi
Hosein Nikopour
Mohammadhadi Baligh
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Huawei Technologies Co Ltd
FutureWei Technologies Inc
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Huawei Technologies Co Ltd
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Assigned to FUTUREWEI TECHNOLOGIES, INC. reassignment FUTUREWEI TECHNOLOGIES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BALIGH, MOHAMMADHADI, NIKOPOUR, HOSEIN, YI, Zhihang
Assigned to HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. reassignment HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FUTUREWEI TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Priority to EP15857002.8A priority patent/EP3207751B1/fr
Priority to PCT/CN2015/093911 priority patent/WO2016070829A1/fr
Priority to JP2017542259A priority patent/JP6495464B2/ja
Priority to CN201580059875.1A priority patent/CN107148802B/zh
Publication of US20160134400A1 publication Critical patent/US20160134400A1/en
Publication of US10193671B2 publication Critical patent/US10193671B2/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0048—Allocation of pilot signals, i.e. of signals known to the receiver
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
    • H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J13/00—Code division multiplex systems
    • H04J13/16—Code allocation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
    • H04L5/0014—Three-dimensional division
    • H04L5/0023—Time-frequency-space

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates generally to digital communications, and more particularly to a system and method for transmission symbol arrangement for reducing mutual interference.
  • a pilot signal or a reference signal is transmitted by a transmitting device, such as an evolved NodeB (eNB) and/or a user equipment (UE), to help a receiving device in decoding the transmission by assisting in channel estimation.
  • a transmitting device such as an evolved NodeB (eNB) and/or a user equipment (UE)
  • eNB evolved NodeB
  • UE user equipment
  • Example embodiments of the present disclosure which provide a system and method for transmission symbol arrangement for reducing mutual interference.
  • a method for operating a transmitting device includes determining, by the transmitting device, a spreading pattern associated with the transmitting device, and placing, by the transmitting device, a pilot signal associated with the transmitting device into resources of a first transmission symbol in accordance with the spreading pattern.
  • the method also includes transmitting, by the transmitting device, the first transmission symbol to a receiving device.
  • a method for operating a receiving device includes determining, by the receiving device, a spreading pattern associated with a transmitting device, and receiving, by the receiving device, a first transmission symbol from the transmitting device. The method also includes detecting, by the receiving device, a pilot signal associated with the transmitting device in resources of the first transmission symbol in accordance with the spreading pattern.
  • a transmitting device in accordance with another example embodiment of the present disclosure, includes a processor, and a transmitter operatively coupled to the processor.
  • the processor determines a spreading pattern associated with the transmitting device, and places a pilot signal associated with the transmitting device into resources of a first transmission symbol in accordance with the spreading pattern.
  • the transmitter transmits the first transmission symbol to a receiving device.
  • a receiving device includes a processor, and a receiver operatively coupled to the processor.
  • the processor determines a spreading pattern associated with a transmitting device, and detects a pilot signal associated with the transmitting device in resources of a first transmission symbol in accordance with the spreading pattern.
  • the receiver receives the first transmission symbol from the transmitting device.
  • One advantage of an embodiment is that more simultaneous UE transmissions are supported without suffering decreased channel estimation performance.
  • a further advantage of an embodiment is that with the increased number of simultaneous UE transmissions, UEs can transmit more frequently in general.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an example communications system according to example embodiments described herein;
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an example orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) symbols in a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) compliant communications system;
  • 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • FIG. 3 a illustrates an example OFDM symbols with pilot signals fully occupying a single time slot according to example embodiments described herein;
  • FIG. 3 b illustrates example time slots containing pilot signals transmitted by a plurality of transmitting devices according to example embodiments described herein;
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a diagram of sequences highlighting an example data arrangement technique according to example embodiments described herein;
  • FIG. 5 a illustrates example OFDM symbols with pilot signals of a transmitting device placed in tones in accordance with a spreading pattern associated with the transmitting device according to example embodiments described herein;
  • FIG. 5 b illustrates example time slots containing pilot signals transmitted by a plurality of transmitting devices with the pilot signals placed in tones in accordance with spreading patterns associated with the plurality of transmitting devices according to example embodiments described herein;
  • FIG. 6 a illustrates example OFDM symbols with a single partition according to example embodiments described herein;
  • FIG. 6 b illustrates example OFDM symbols with two partitions according to example embodiments described herein;
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a diagram of sequences highlighting an example data arrangement technique for a downlink transmission according to example embodiments described herein;
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a flow diagram of example operations occurring in a receiving device as the receiving device receives OFDM symbols with pilot signals and/or data arranged in accordance with spreading patterns of transmitting devices according to example embodiments described herein;
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a flow diagram of example operations occurring in a transmitting device as the transmitting device transmits OFDM symbols with pilot signals and/or data arranged in accordance with spreading patterns of transmitting device according to example embodiments described herein;
  • FIG. 10 illustrates an example communications device according to example embodiments described herein.
  • a transmitting device determines a spreading pattern associated with the transmitting device, places a pilot signal associated with the transmitting device into resources of a first transmission symbol in accordance with the spreading pattern, and transmits the first transmission symbol to a receiving device.
  • SCMA sparse code multiple access
  • LDS low density signature
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an example communications system 100 .
  • Communications system 100 includes an eNB 105 serving a plurality of UEs, such as UE 110 , UE 112 , and UE 114 .
  • UEs may be able to communicate directly without going through eNB 105 .
  • Communications system 100 may also include a relay node (RN) 115 .
  • RN 115 may use network resources of eNB 105 to help improve coverage and overall performance. As shown in FIG. 1 , RN 115 may serve UE 114 to help improve coverage for UE 114 .
  • eNB 105 and RN 115 may simultaneously transmit to UE 114 to further improve overall performance.
  • an eNB may also be commonly referred to as a base station, NodeB, controller, communications controller, and the like.
  • a UE may also be commonly referred to as a mobile station, mobile, user, subscriber, terminal, and the like.
  • communications systems may employ multiple eNBs capable of communicating with a number of RNs and UEs, only one eNB, and a number of RNs and UEs are illustrated for simplicity.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a diagram of example orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) symbols 200 in a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) compliant communications system.
  • An OFDM symbol is an example of a transmission symbol.
  • OFDM symbols, such as OFDM symbols 200 includes a plurality of network resources and may include time resources, frequency resource, or a combination of time and frequency resources (individual blocks in FIG. 2 represent a time-frequency resource of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), also commonly referred to as a tone).
  • OFDMA orthogonal frequency division multiple access
  • Time resources may be referred to as time slots and frequency resources may be referred to as tones.
  • OFDM symbols 200 include a time slot 205 and a time slot 210 and tone 215 and tone 220 .
  • An individual network resource may be referred to by a combination of its time resource and frequency resource.
  • network resource 225 may be referred to as tone 215 of time slot 205 .
  • Network resources of OFDM symbols 200 may contain data (shown as network resources labeled “D”), pilot signals (shown as network resources labeled “P”), control signals, or a combination thereof.
  • pilot signals are transmitted in specified time slots, such as time slot 210 , to help a receiving device perform channel estimation. Multiple transmitting devices may transmit their pilot signals in the same time slot. Accurate channel estimation may be necessary to have good data detection performance.
  • CDM Code division multiplexing
  • SCMA sparse code multiple access
  • LDS low density signature
  • SCMA codeword or LDS spreading signature comprises a sequence of values, generally presented as zero and non-zero values. Collectively, the zero and non-zero pattern of SCMA codewords and/or LDS spreading signatures may be referred to as spreading patterns.
  • SCMA and LDS are used for multiplexing different layers of data. LDS uses repetitions of the same symbol on layer-specific nonzero position in time or frequency. As an example, in LDS-OFDM a constellation point is repeated (with some possible phase rotations) over nonzero frequency tones of a LDS block.
  • SCMA is a generalization of LDS where a multidimensional codebook is used to spread data over tones without necessarily repeating symbols.
  • SCMA is a modulation technique that encodes data streams, such as binary data streams into multidimensional codewords selected from SCMA codebooks.
  • SCMA directly encodes the data stream into multidimensional codewords and circumvents quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) bits to symbol mapping, which may lead to coding gain over conventional QAM modulation and LDS spreading.
  • QAM quadrature amplitude modulation
  • SCMA encoding techniques convey data streams using a multidimensional codeword rather than a QAM symbol.
  • SCMA encoding provides multiple access through the use of different codebooks for different multiplexed layers, as opposed to the use of different spreading sequences (or signatures) for difference multiplexed layers, e.g., a LDS signatures in LDS, as is common in conventional CDMA encoding.
  • SCMA encoding typically uses codebooks with sparse codewords that enable receivers to use low complexity algorithms, such as message passing algorithms (MPA), to detect respective codewords from combined codewords received by the receiver, thereby reducing processing complexity in the receivers.
  • MPA message passing algorithms
  • FIG. 3 a illustrates example OFDM symbols 300 with pilot signals fully occupying a single time slot.
  • OFDM symbols 300 may be an example of OFDM symbols transmitted in a SCMA or LDS communications system. Pilot signals transmitted by transmitting devices fully occupy a time slot 305 , while data transmitted by the transmitting devices are spread in accordance with a spreading pattern, such as a low density signature in a LDS communications system or a sparse codeword in a SCMA communications system.
  • FIG. 3 a illustrates data transmitted by a transmitting device with spreading pattern 0 0 1 1. It is noted that data transmitted by other transmitting devices are not shown in FIG. 3 a to maintain clarity.
  • FIG. 3 b illustrates example time slots 350 containing pilot signals transmitted by a plurality of transmitting devices.
  • the pilot signals may be transmitted by the transmitting device that are representative of Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) compliant transmitting devices. Since the pilot signals transmitted by the plurality of transmitting devices fully occupy the tones, there is significant mutual interference.
  • the pilot signals transmitted by UEs 2 - 6 induce interference to UE 1 .
  • the pilot signals transmitted by each of the plurality of transmitting devices collide with every other transmitting device and suffer heavy mutual interference, a large number of active transmitting devices typically cannot be supported. Furthermore, transmission power is supported on tones which are not needed to estimate the channels corresponding to the tones. As an illustrative example, referring back to FIG. 3 a , to help ensure good performance, only the channels corresponding to tones labeled “D” need to be estimated. However, in LTE, the pilot signals are transmitted in all of the tones.
  • the data transmitted of a transmitting device may be spread using a spreading pattern associated with the transmitting device.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a diagram of sequences 400 highlighting an example data arrangement technique.
  • Sequences 400 include a first data stream 405 illustrates data after being spread by spreading pattern 0 0 1 1. It is noted that the use of different spreading patterns will result in different sequences.
  • a second data stream 410 illustrates the data after arrangement with the data arrangement technique.
  • the data arrangement corresponds to the spreading pattern associated with the transmitting device.
  • C spreading patterns
  • C The total length of the data stream is C ⁇ L tones.
  • C ⁇ L 16 tones.
  • the example data arrangement technique may be expressed as:
  • the I-th element of the k-th spreading pattern, e.g., SCMA codeword or LDS sequence, of a first data stream is placed in the k-th tone of the I-th sub-block of a second data stream, where the second data stream is the first data stream after application of the data arrangement.
  • SCMA codeword or LDS sequence e.g., SCMA codeword or LDS sequence
  • tone 412 that is the first element of the first spreading pattern (e.g., SCMA codeword or LDS sequence). Tone 412 is placed in the first tone of the first sub-block (shown as tone 414 ) in accordance with the example data arrangement technique.
  • tone 416 is the second element of the first spreading pattern. Tone 416 is placed in the first tone of the second sub-block (shown as tone 418 ) in accordance with the example data arrangement technique.
  • tone 420 is the third element of the first spreading pattern. Tone 420 is placed in the first tone of the third sub-block (shown as tone 422 ). Remaining tones of spreading patterns of first data stream 405 may be placed in a similar manner. It is noted that the example data arrangement technique shown is for illustrative purposes only and that variations in the arrangement are possible. Therefore the discussion should not be construed as being limiting to either the scope or the spirit of the example embodiments.
  • pilot signals of a particular transmitting device may be transmitted according to a spreading pattern (e.g., SCMA codebook or LDS spreading signature) associated with the transmitting device.
  • a spreading pattern e.g., SCMA codebook or LDS spreading signature
  • the pilot signals are transmitted at the same tones as the data transmitted by the transmitting device.
  • FIG. 5 a illustrates example OFDM symbols 500 with pilot signals of a transmitting device placed in tones in accordance with a spreading pattern associated with the transmitting device.
  • OFDM symbols 500 may be an example of OFDM symbols transmitted in a SCMA or LDS communications system. Pilot signals transmitted by transmitting devices are placed in tones of a time slot in accordance with spreading patterns (e.g., SCMA codebook or LDS spreading signatures) associated with the transmitting devices.
  • OFDM symbols 500 includes pilot signals placed in sub-blocks 3 and 4 of time slot 505 with sub-blocks being numbered starting at 1 at the top of a time slot, corresponding to spreading pattern 0 0 1 1. It is noted that each of the sub-blocks corresponds to a group of contiguous tones.
  • FIG. 5 b illustrates example time slots 550 containing pilot signals transmitted by a plurality of transmitting devices with the pilot signals placed in tones in accordance with spreading pattern associated with the plurality of transmitting devices. Since the pilot signals transmitted by the plurality of transmitting devices occupy tones in accordance with the spreading patterns associated with the plurality of transmitting devices, mutual interference is reduced.
  • sub-block 555 that includes pilot signals transmitted by UE 1 . It is noted that only sub-blocks 560 and 565 are also occupied by pilot signals transmitted by UE 3 and UE 5 . Therefore, only UE 1 , UE 3 , and UE 5 suffer mutual interference in the tone that corresponds to sub-blocks 555 , 560 , and 565 .
  • the transmit power level of the pilot tones may be increased.
  • the increased transmit power level may result in better channel estimation performance as well as overall communications performance.
  • Frequency diversity may be achieved when a transmission is made in multiple frequency bands, e.g., tones, to improve the reliability of the delivery of the transmission.
  • Frequency diversity is typically used to combat fading, interference, and the like. In general, frequency diversity uses a wider frequency bandwidth range to perform the transmission.
  • the arrangement of the pilot signals and/or the data may be performed in a different manner to exploit frequency diversity.
  • it may be possible to partition the available bandwidth of an OFDM symbol into multiple blocks and within each block, place the pilot signals and/or data in accordance with spreading patterns.
  • FIG. 6 a illustrates example OFDM symbols 600 with a single partition.
  • the data and pilot signals are transmitted according to spreading pattern 0 1 0 1.
  • FIG. 6 b illustrates example OFDM symbols 650 with two partitions.
  • the data and pilot signals are transmitted according to spreading pattern 0 1 0 1.
  • Pilot signals and/or data of transmissions made by transmitting devices may be placed in each partition of OFDM symbols 650 in accordance with spreading patterns associated with the transmitting devices. Therefore, the pilot signals and/or data of transmissions may occur in each of the two partitions.
  • the same arrangement technique may be used to place pilot signals and/or data in each partition or different arrangement techniques may be used for each partition.
  • An optimum value for M may be determined for a variety of situations and stored at transmitting devices and receiving devices and may be selected depending on situation.
  • M the number of partitions
  • the example embodiments presented herein are operable for any number of partitions. Therefore, the discussion of 1 and 2 partitions should not be construed as being limiting to either the scope or spirit of the example embodiments.
  • a variation of the data arrangement technique may involve the transmitting device looping through the partitions instead of filling each partition completely prior to moving to the next partition.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a diagram of stream 700 highlighting an example data arrangement technique for a downlink transmission.
  • a first sequence 705 illustrates data after being spread by the spreading pattern 0 0 1 1. It is noted that the use of different spreading patterns will result in different sequences.
  • a second sequence 710 illustrates the data after arrangement with the data arrangement technique.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a flow diagram of example operations 800 occurring in a receiving device as the receiving device receives OFDM symbols with pilot signals and/or data arranged in accordance with spreading patterns of transmitting devices.
  • Operations 800 may be indicative of operations occurring in a receiving device, such as an eNB in an uplink transmission or a UE in a downlink transmission, as the receiving device receives OFDM symbols with pilot signals and/or data arranged in accordance with spreading patterns of transmitting devices.
  • Operations 800 may begin with the receiving device determining a spreading pattern SN for transmitting device N (block 805 ).
  • the spreading pattern SN may be assigned to transmitting device N when it initially powered on or attached with a communications system including the receiving device.
  • the receiving device may determine a number of partitions M and a blocks configuration for the partitions (block 810 ).
  • the receiving device may determine the number of partitions M to optimize frequency diversity, as well as capability of the communicating devices (the transmitting device and the receiving device).
  • the value of M may be pre-determined for a variety of situations and stored in the receiving device.
  • the blocks configuration may specify how the bandwidth available is divided and the specific frequency ranges, tones, sub-blocks, and the like, belonging to each partition.
  • the receiving device may receive an OFDM symbol (block 815 ).
  • the receiving device may detect information associated with the transmitting device in accordance to the spreading pattern SN and the blocks configuration (block 820 ).
  • the receiving device may determine the location of the pilot signals of the transmitting device and the receiving device may detect the pilot signals at the locations and use the pilot signals for channel estimation.
  • the channel estimates may be used by the receiving device to detect data transmitted by the transmitting device.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a flow diagram of example operations 900 occurring in a transmitting device as the transmitting device transmits OFDM symbols with pilot signals and/or data arranged in accordance with spreading patterns of transmitting device.
  • Operations 900 may be indicative of operations occurring in a transmitting device, such as an eNB in a downlink transmission or a UE in an uplink transmission, as the transmitting device transmits OFDM symbols with pilot signals and/or data arranged in accordance with spreading pattern of transmitting device.
  • Operations 900 may begin with the transmitting device determining a spreading pattern SN for transmitting device N (block 905 ).
  • the spreading pattern SN may be assigned to transmitting device N when it initially powered on or attached with a communications system including the receiving device.
  • the transmitting device may determine a number of partitions M and a blocks configuration for the partitions (block 910 ).
  • the transmitting device may determine the number of partitions M to optimize frequency diversity, as well as capability of the communicating devices (the transmitting device and the receiving device).
  • the value of M may be pre-determined for a variety of situations and stored in the transmitting device.
  • the blocks configuration may specify how the bandwidth available is divided and the specific frequency ranges, tones, sub-blocks, and the like, belonging to each partition.
  • the transmitting device may partition the frequency range of the OFDM symbols into M partitions (block 915 ).
  • the transmitting device may place information (pilot signals and/or data) in the OFDM symbol in accordance with the spreading pattern SN (block 920 ).
  • the transmitting device may utilize a data arrangement technique such as those disclosed herein to place the information in the OFDM symbol.
  • the transmitting device may transmit the OFDM symbol (block 925 ).
  • FIG. 10 illustrates an example communications device 1000 .
  • Communications device 1000 may be an implementation of a transmitting device, such as an eNB in a downlink transmission or a UE in an uplink transmission, or a receiving device, such as an eNB in an uplink transmission or a UE in a downlink transmission.
  • Communications device 1000 may be used to implement various ones of the embodiments discussed herein.
  • a transmitter 1005 is configured to transmit packets, OFDM symbols, and the like.
  • Communications device 1000 also includes a receiver 1010 that is configured to receive packets, OFDM symbols, and the like.
  • a pattern determining unit 1020 is configured to determine a spreading pattern, e.g., a SCMA codebook or LDS spreading signature, for a transmitting device or of a transmitting device.
  • a partition managing unit 1022 is configured to determine a number of partitions M, as well as generate a blocks configuration for the bandwidth of an OFDM symbol according to the number of partitions M.
  • An information placing unit 1024 is configured to place pilot signals and/or data in an OFDM symbol in accordance with a spreading pattern of a transmitting device and a blocks configuration.
  • An information detecting unit 1026 is configured to detect pilot signals and/or data from a transmitting device in accordance with the spreading pattern of the spreading device and the blocks configuration of the OFDM symbol.
  • a memory 1030 is configured to store spreading patterns, blocks configuration, number of partitions M, and the like.
  • the elements of communications device 1000 may be implemented as specific hardware logic blocks. In an alternative, the elements of communications device 1000 may be implemented as software executing in a processor, controller, application specific integrated circuit, or so on. In yet another alternative, the elements of communications device 1000 may be implemented as a combination of software and/or hardware.
  • receiver 1010 and transmitter 1005 may be implemented as a specific hardware block, while pattern determining unit 1020 , partition managing unit 1022 , information placing unit 1024 , and information detecting unit 1026 may be software modules executing in a microprocessor (such as processor 1015 ) or a custom circuit or a custom compiled logic array of a field programmable logic array. Pattern determining unit 1020 , partition managing unit 1022 , information placing unit 1024 , and information detecting unit 1026 may be modules stored in memory 1030 .

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  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
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US14/535,038 2014-11-06 2014-11-06 System and method for transmission symbol arrangement for reducing mutual interference Active 2035-02-16 US10193671B2 (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US14/535,038 US10193671B2 (en) 2014-11-06 2014-11-06 System and method for transmission symbol arrangement for reducing mutual interference
EP15857002.8A EP3207751B1 (fr) 2014-11-06 2015-11-05 Système et procédé d'agencement d'un symbole de transmission permettant de réduire une interférence mutuelle
CN201580059875.1A CN107148802B (zh) 2014-11-06 2015-11-05 用于降低相互干扰的传输符号安排的系统和方法
PCT/CN2015/093911 WO2016070829A1 (fr) 2014-11-06 2015-11-05 Système et procédé d'agencement d'un symbole de transmission permettant de réduire une interférence mutuelle
JP2017542259A JP6495464B2 (ja) 2014-11-06 2015-11-05 相互干渉低減のための送信シンボル配置に関するシステムおよび方法

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US14/535,038 US10193671B2 (en) 2014-11-06 2014-11-06 System and method for transmission symbol arrangement for reducing mutual interference

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