US10042805B2 - Tunable bus-mediated coupling between remote qubits - Google Patents

Tunable bus-mediated coupling between remote qubits Download PDF

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US10042805B2
US10042805B2 US15/003,232 US201615003232A US10042805B2 US 10042805 B2 US10042805 B2 US 10042805B2 US 201615003232 A US201615003232 A US 201615003232A US 10042805 B2 US10042805 B2 US 10042805B2
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qubit
coupled
coupling
resonator
inductor
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US20170212860A1 (en
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Ofer Naaman
Zachary Kyle Keane
Micah Stoutimore
David George Ferguson
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Northrop Grumman Systems Corp
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Assigned to NORTHROP GRUMMAN SYSTEMS CORPORATION reassignment NORTHROP GRUMMAN SYSTEMS CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FERGUSON, DAVID GEORGE, KEANE, ZACHARY KYLE, NAAMAN, OFER, STOUTIMORE, Micah
Priority to US15/003,232 priority Critical patent/US10042805B2/en
Priority to AU2016388350A priority patent/AU2016388350B2/en
Priority to EP16826810.0A priority patent/EP3405985B1/en
Priority to JP2018533894A priority patent/JP6633765B2/ja
Priority to PCT/US2016/067827 priority patent/WO2017127205A1/en
Priority to CA3010355A priority patent/CA3010355C/en
Priority to KR1020187021117A priority patent/KR102136997B1/ko
Publication of US20170212860A1 publication Critical patent/US20170212860A1/en
Priority to US16/026,573 priority patent/US10353844B2/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
    • G06N10/00—Quantum computing, i.e. information processing based on quantum-mechanical phenomena
    • G06N10/40—Physical realisations or architectures of quantum processors or components for manipulating qubits, e.g. qubit coupling or qubit control
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F13/00—Interconnection of, or transfer of information or other signals between, memories, input/output devices or central processing units
    • G06F13/38—Information transfer, e.g. on bus
    • G06F13/40—Bus structure
    • G06F13/4004—Coupling between buses
    • G06F13/4027—Coupling between buses using bus bridges
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F13/00—Interconnection of, or transfer of information or other signals between, memories, input/output devices or central processing units
    • G06F13/38—Information transfer, e.g. on bus
    • G06F13/40—Bus structure
    • G06F13/4063—Device-to-bus coupling
    • G06F13/4068—Electrical coupling
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
    • G06N10/00—Quantum computing, i.e. information processing based on quantum-mechanical phenomena
    • G06N99/002—
    • H01L39/025—
    • H01L39/223—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N60/00—Superconducting devices
    • H10N60/10—Junction-based devices
    • H10N60/12—Josephson-effect devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N60/00—Superconducting devices
    • H10N60/80—Constructional details
    • H10N60/805—Constructional details for Josephson-effect devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to superconducting circuits, and more particularly to tunable bus-mediated coupling between remote qubits.
  • a tunable bus-mediated coupling system in one example, includes a first input port coupled to a first end of a variable inductance coupling element through a first resonator and a second input port coupled to a second end of the variable inductance coupling element through a second resonator.
  • the first input port is configured to be coupled to a first qubit
  • the second output port is configured to be coupled to a second qubit.
  • a controller is configured to control the inductance of the variable inductance coupling element between a low inductance state to provide strong coupling between the first qubit and the second qubit and a high inductance state to provide isolation between the first qubit and the second qubit.
  • a superconducting system comprising a first qubit system having a first qubit, and a second qubit system remote from the first qubit system and having a second qubit.
  • a tunable bus-mediated coupler is disposed between the first qubit and the second qubit.
  • the tunable bus-mediated coupler has a first state for strongly coupling the first qubit to the second qubit and a second state for isolating the first qubit from the second qubit.
  • a superconducting system comprising a first qubit system comprising a first qubit, a second qubit system remote from the first qubit system and comprising a second qubit, and a tunable bus-mediated coupler disposed between the first qubit and the second qubit,
  • the tunable bus-mediated coupler comprises a first input port coupled to a first end of a Josephson junction through a first resonator and a second input port coupled to a second end of the Josephson junction through a second resonator.
  • the first input port is coupled to the first qubit and the second output port is coupled to the second qubit.
  • the tunable bus-mediated coupler comprises a first termination inductor coupled between the first resonator and the Josephson junction on a first end and ground on a second end, and a second termination inductor coupled between the second resonator and the Josephson junction on a first end and ground on a second end, wherein the first termination inductor, the Josephson junction and the second termination inductor form an RF-Squid.
  • a bias inductor is inductively coupled to one of the first termination inductor and the second termination inductor, wherein an amount of current through the bias inductor controls the coupling strength between the first and the second qubit.
  • a controller controls an amount of current through the bias inductor inductively coupled to one of the first and the second termination inductors to control the inductance of the Josephson junction between a low inductance state to provide strong coupling between the first qubit and the second qubit and a high inductance state to provide isolation between the first qubit and the second qubit.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a superconducting system.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic of an example of a tunable bus-mediated coupler that could be employed in FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a graph of the voltage along the length of combined coupled-resonator system showing the even (dashed) and odd (solid) modes of oscillation.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic level diagram showing the hybridized left and right resonators of FIG. 2 producing frequency-split even and odd modes
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a graphical panel showing results of a simulation for a particular flux setting.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a graphical panel showing the frequency splitting of the even and odd bus modes due to the flux-dependent coupling.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a graph of simulation results showing the dependence of the bus mode splitting and the qubit-qubit bus-mediated coupling as a function of the junction flux-dependent critical current.
  • the present disclosure relates generally to superconducting circuits, and more particularly to tunable bus-mediated coupling (or coupler) between remote qubits.
  • a variable inductance coupling element is placed between two qubits that may reside in separate remote superconducting systems.
  • the variable inductance coupling element can be adjusted between a strongly coupled state and a decoupled (or isolation) state between qubits in addition to various states of intermediate coupling strengths in between. In this manner, manipulation can be performed on state information of isolated qubits in a decoupled state, while this state information can be exchanged between qubits during a strongly coupled state.
  • variable inductance coupling element can be a Josephson junction.
  • a variable inductance coupling element can be arranged as a single Josephson junction or series array of N Josephson junctions, each having a critical current N times larger than the original Josephson junction.
  • an RF-SQUID tunable coupler in another example, includes a Josephson junction embedded in the middle of a half-wave resonator bus.
  • the RF-SQUID facilitates bus-mediated dispersive interaction between the qubits for coupling.
  • the advantage of bus-mediated coupling is that the qubits can be physically placed remotely from each other, for example, in separate circuit blocks on the quantum processor chip.
  • the advantage of a tunable coupler, which can essentially be turned off when desired, is a reduction in frequency crowding and unwanted residual interactions between the qubits.
  • the interaction strength can be calibrated and trimmed in the field to compensate for variability in the manufacturing process, and can be controlled in real time as part of the computation protocol.
  • the Josephson junction can have a first inductance when no current or a low current is induced in the SQUID, and a second inductance when a current or a higher current is induced in its respective SQUID that is at a predetermined threshold that generates or induces a flux, for example, greater than about 0.1 ⁇ 0 and less than about 0.45 ⁇ 0 , where ⁇ 0 is equal to a flux quantum.
  • the first inductance e.g., /2 e*1/I C , where is Planck's constant divided by 2 ⁇ , e is electron charge and I C is the critical current of the Josephson junction
  • the second inductance e.g., large inductance value
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a superconducting system 10 .
  • the superconducting system includes a first qubit system 12 coupled to a second qubit system 16 through a tunable coupler system 14 .
  • the first qubit system 12 includes a plurality of qubits labeled, qubit ( 1 , 1 ) to qubit ( 1 ,N)
  • the second qubit system 16 includes a plurality of qubits labeled, qubit ( 2 , 1 ) to qubit ( 2 ,N), such that (X,N) provides X which represents the qubit system and N represents a qubit number within the qubit system, where N is an integer greater than or equal to one.
  • the first qubit system 12 and the second qubit system 16 can be separate logical blocks that perform different logical operations such as different gate operations, error correction operations, memory operations, or any of a variety of other superconducting operations.
  • the first qubit system 12 and second qubit system 16 can also include various additional qubits and other superconducting elements that are not coupled to qubits in the other qubit system, but may be coupled to other qubits in its respective system for performing a variety of qubit and other superconducting operations.
  • Each qubit in the first qubit system 12 is coupled to a respective qubit in the second qubit system 16 by a respective tunable coupler of the tunable coupler system 14 having N tunable couplers, labeled tunable coupler 1 through tunable coupler N.
  • Each tunable coupler includes a variable inductance coupling element that can be adjusted to allow for control of the coupling strength between two independent qubits of the opposing qubit systems 12 and 16 , respectively.
  • the variable inductance coupling element can be disposed between two resonators to allow for remote coupling of the two independent qubits via a tunable bus-mediated coupler.
  • variable inductance coupling element is a Josephson junction that resides in a RF SQUID disposed between two resonators.
  • the superconducting switching system 10 also includes a switch controller 18 and bias elements 16 .
  • the variable inductance coupling elements are controlled by magnetic flux via the bias elements 16 and the switch controller 18 to couple, decouple and to control the coupling strength of the coupling between respective independent qubits in opposing qubit systems 12 and 16 .
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic of an example of a tunable bus-mediated coupler 30 that could be employed in FIG. 1 .
  • the tunable bus-mediated coupler 30 is composed of a first quarter-wave transmission line resonator TL 1 and a second quarter-wave transmission line resonator TL 2 .
  • a first coupling capacitor C 1 couples a first port (Port 1 ) to a first end of the first quarter-wave transmission line resonator TL 1
  • a second coupling capacitor C 2 couples a second port (Port 2 ) to a first end of the second quarter-wave transmission line resonator TL 2 .
  • the first port (Port 1 ) can be coupled to a first qubit and the second port (Port 2 ) can be coupled to a second qubit.
  • a second end of the first quarter-wave transmission line resonator TL 1 is shorted to ground via a first terminating inductor (L 1 ) and a second end of the second quarter-wave transmission line resonator TL 2 is shorted to ground via a second terminating inductor L 2 .
  • a Josephson junction (J 1 ) is further connected between the termination inductors L 1 and L 2 , so that the Josephson junction J 1 together with termination inductors L 1 and L 2 , form an RF-SQUID 32 .
  • the RF-SQUID 32 functions as a variable transformer, controlled by a magnetic flux ⁇ e induced in the RF-SQUID loop via a mutual inductance M induced by a current flowing between a third port (Port 3 ) and a fourth port (Port 4 ) through a bias inductance L 3 .
  • ⁇ e the flux enclosed in the RF-SQUID 32
  • ⁇ e the flux enclosed in the RF-SQUID 32
  • the effective mutual coupling between the two resonators TL 1 and TL 2 is essentially zero.
  • the effective mutual coupling is appreciable and negative. Therefore, the effective mutual coupling M eff ( ⁇ e ) between the two resonators TL 1 and TL 2 is a function of the applied flux.
  • the flux can be varied between zero and ⁇ 0 /2 by changing the current through bias inductance L 3 to provide varying strengths of the effective coupling between the first and second qubits coupled to the first port (Port 1 ) and the second port (Port 2 ), respectively.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a graph 40 of the voltage along the length of combined coupled-resonator of FIG. 2 showing the even (dashed) and odd (solid) modes of oscillation.
  • the combined system exhibit two oscillating eigen-modes having different frequencies.
  • a first odd mode having a frequency ⁇ o close to the half-wave frequency of the combined system, and in which the voltages at the ends of the transmission lines oscillate 180 degrees out of phase, and an even mode having a different frequency ⁇ e in which the voltages at the ends of the transmission lines oscillate in phase.
  • the even mode frequency is greater than the odd mode frequency.
  • the even mode frequency is lower than the odd mode. In either case the even and odd modes are split in frequency by an amount 2 g c , proportional to the effective mutual M eff ( ⁇ e ).
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic level diagram 50 , showing the hybridized left and right resonators producing the frequency-split even and odd modes, and the left and right qubits each at a respective detuning ⁇ L,Ro from the odd mode, and ⁇ L,Re from the even mode.
  • g eff g L ⁇ g R ⁇ ( 2 ⁇ g c ⁇ e ⁇ ⁇ o ) EQUATION ⁇ ⁇ 2 where g eff is dependent on the flux ⁇ e via g c and, implicitly, via ⁇ e and ⁇ o , which are all flux-dependent.
  • ADS Agilent's Advanced Design Simulation
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a graph 80 of simulation results showing the dependence of the bus mode splitting g c and the qubit-qubit bus-mediated coupling g eff as a function of the junction flux-dependent critical current for a certain value of the qubit-bus frequency detuning. While in the examples shown, the bus frequency is higher than the qubit frequencies, the same behavior is replicated when the bus frequency is lower than the qubit frequencies.
  • an RF-SQUID tunable coupler embedded between two quarter wave resonators such that the combined system forms a quantum bus having two modes that contribute with opposite signs to a mediated qubit-qubit interaction.
  • the total effective interaction between the qubits is thus tunable with flux as a balance between the contributions to the mediated coupling from the two bus modes.
  • the advantage of a tunable coupling which can essentially be turned off when desired, is a reduction in frequency crowding and unwanted residual interactions between the qubits.
  • the interaction strength can be calibrated and trimmed in the field to compensate for variability in the manufacturing process, and can be controlled in real time as part of the computation protocol.

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US15/003,232 US10042805B2 (en) 2016-01-21 2016-01-21 Tunable bus-mediated coupling between remote qubits
PCT/US2016/067827 WO2017127205A1 (en) 2016-01-21 2016-12-20 Tunable bus-mediated coupling between remote qubits
EP16826810.0A EP3405985B1 (en) 2016-01-21 2016-12-20 Tunable bus-mediated coupling between remote qubits
JP2018533894A JP6633765B2 (ja) 2016-01-21 2016-12-20 遠隔キュービット間の調整可能なバス媒介結合
AU2016388350A AU2016388350B2 (en) 2016-01-21 2016-12-20 Tunable bus-mediated coupling between remote qubits
CA3010355A CA3010355C (en) 2016-01-21 2016-12-20 Tunable bus-mediated coupling between remote qubits
KR1020187021117A KR102136997B1 (ko) 2016-01-21 2016-12-20 원격 큐비트들 사이의 조정 가능한 버스-매개 커플링
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