UA104522U - Underground protective structure of increased strength - Google Patents

Abstract

Underground protective structure of increased strength improves the safety and comfort of people staying there at the expense of increasing the strength of the surrounding soil, the layout of premises, placement of doors, entrance portals, the stove with a ventilation system, a safe place to store ammunition and the like. In this case the CCD is economically advantageous in that is based on the basis of serial products - typical concrete chamber thermal networks, consisting of prefabricated buildings of docking units.

Description

The useful model belongs to the special purpose construction industry - shallow underground structures - for all-season temporary accommodation of military personnel and their protection from external influences: precipitation, frost, summer heat, blast waves and fragments from shells and bombs.

Since the First World War, two types of underground defensive structures (SDFs) have been built: temporary along the line of contact of opposing armies and stationary as elements of fortifications, for example, on the border with another country ("Mannerheim Line", "Maginot Line").

The first type of CCD consists of a pit in the ground, walls and a ceiling made of wood, above which two layers of wooden trunks (DS) are formed, and a protective earthen dome (33K) is formed on top.

Stationary CCDs are made of concrete with a thickness of more than 0.2 m with or without the arrangement of a bulk earth protective dome (ZZK).

Undoubtedly, the construction of a CCD fortification structure is much more expensive than a temporary one and takes much longer to build, especially under the conditions of monolithic construction in areas with difficult terrain (hills, ravines, bushes, roads).

Acceleration of the construction of such stationary structures is achieved by the use of a frame-assembly method with the use of prefabricated concrete structures directly in the underground pit. In the same way, concrete chambers of thermal networks (KTM) are built (serial product TK 30.24.21 of the ZBK plant named after S. Kovalska, Kyiv) for the needs of water management utilities.

KTM consists of prefabricated building structures (ZBK) with connecting nodes and elastic polymer sealants in the joints between the structures, the outer surface of which is covered with a layer of bitumen waterproofing, and the ZBK-ceiling has a circular hole with a diameter of 550-600 mm; in addition, the KTM in working condition is located in the pit below the light surface, surrounded by mechanically compacted by backfilling with uniform layers 20-30 cm thick.

A serial product - KTM - cannot function as a protective structure for the military, but it can be taken as a basis that the KTM is produced in series and mastered by builders of water management systems, which greatly simplifies the problems of development, organization of production and

From CCD installation.

The purpose of the useful model is to increase the strength of the CCD, to adapt the serial product of KTM for the use of the stationary type CCD for military personnel, while simultaneously increasing its strength, comfort and safety of the people staying there.

The task is solved by the fact that the KTM additionally: - is equipped on two opposite ends with armored doors, which are placed to the side from the center of the end walls and open in the middle, - the outer surface of the KTM under a layer of bitumen waterproofing has a polyurethane-mineral layer, which is formed in the surface layer of the ZBK by permeating polyurethane composition before applying bituminous material, which together forms polyurethane-bitumen waterproofing (PU.BIT- waterproofing), which is also arranged on the connecting ends, - has a nook with a door (toilet room), which is equipped with two ventilation holes, enclosed by light structures inside - near the floor (VO-A) and near the ceiling (VO-B), - has two ventilation holes in the ZBK - near the floor of the KTM on the end with a door (VO-B) and near the ceiling on the structure without doors (VO-G), equipped stove, the chimney of which exits into the external ventilation opening (VO-G), - equipped with a ventilation pipe that exits from the opening VO-B and connects to the chimney near the opening VO-G, - equipped on two opposite ends, where the doors are located, with reinforced concrete portals (ZP) in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped, which repeats the contours of the KTM and which is completely open on the KTM side, and on the opposite side - partially open on the part that is displaced from the center to the side opposite to the location of the door in the KTM, and the slot is raised above the bottom of the ZP to a height of at least 0.5 m, in addition, the ZP is hermetically connected to the KTM with connecting nodes with elastic polymer sealants in the joints, creating a residential block (ШБ ), and all external surfaces of the ZP and its connecting ends are covered with PU.BIT waterproofing, - at the bottom of the ZP there is a hole in which a sealed well with a bottom is installed for storing ammunition, - a circular hole in the ZBK-ceiling is closed by a hatch that opens in the middle of the KTM, and a well made of reinforced concrete rings, depending on the purpose, can be covered with earth (as an emergency exit) or closed from above with a concrete structure - a fire point that is higher than 60 light level of this surface and has an exit hatch to the latter;

and the pit, where the reinforced concrete is placed, is larger along the contour of the reinforced concrete by at least 1 m in each direction and is connected at the ends with a trench with reinforced walls, which is smaller than the width of the pit in the places of openings of the ZP, in addition, the pit is compacted at the bottom by mechanical and chemical methods (MX method) a layer of backfill soil with a thickness of at least 0.3 m; and on top of the reinforced concrete are: a layer of damping material, two rows of wooden trunks (DS), laid first across, and then - along the reinforced concrete and fixed one row with the second metal staples from the ends, and the DS of the lower row is larger than the transverse size of the reinforced concrete than 1 m on each side, and the DS of the upper row - not less than the length of the HV, and the entire above-described structure is below the light level by not less than 2 m; in addition, the backfill soil around the reinforced concrete and the bulk earth protective dome formed on top (Z3Z3K) are compacted by the MH method, and the backfill with a height of at least 0.5 m and dimensions of at least 4 m is larger than the width of the reinforced concrete, and through the backfill soil and the backfill a vertical chimney, the lower end of which reaches a level not less than 1 m below the place of connection with the pipe from the stove, and the upper part of the chimney has a protective cap and a metal grate.

List of drawing figures

Figure 1. Plan of the premises of the residential block and its location in the pit.

Figure 2-3. Designation of locations in the end ZBK of armored vehicles, doors in KTM and slots in ZP.

Figure 4. Section A-A along the ZP and its location in the pit.

Figure 5. Section B-B along the KTM and its location in the pit.

List of markings on figures. 1. Camera of thermal networks (KTM). 2. Reinforced concrete portal (ZP). 3. Armored doors. 4. End ZBK KTM. 5. Slot in ZP. 6. Location of the trench. 7. Pit location. 8. Toilet room.

From 9. Stove. 10. VO-V ventilation hole. 11. VO-A ventilation hole. 12. Ventilation hole VO-B. 13. Ventilation pipe. 14. Chimney from the stove. 15. Ventilation hole VO-G. 16. Vertical chimney. 17. A hole in the ZP for placing a well for storing ammunition. 18. A well for storing ammunition. 19. Pit in the soil. 20. Soils compacted by the MX method in the pit. 21. A layer of damping material. 22. A row of wooden trunks (DS), laid across the reinforced concrete. 23. A row of DS laid along the railway. 24. Protective earth dome (Z3ZK). 25. A well made of reinforced concrete rings. 26. The location of the firing point. 27. "Trap" - part of a vertical chimney. 28. Protective cap and metal mesh on the chimney. 29. Metal staples connecting two layers of DS.

In the proposed utility model, the KTM (1) is equipped with a ZP (10) on two sides, which provides an opportunity to additionally protect the end walls of the KTM with doors. Two armored doors (3) on the end ZBK (4) of KTM provide an opportunity to increase the safety of people in case of "jamming" of one of the doors. The proposed mutual location of the door in the KTM and the slots (5) in the ZP excludes the direct effect of the shock wave from the explosion in the soil zone near the trench (b) and the pit (7), in which the reinforced concrete is located, on the door of the KTM, and the requirement to open the door precisely in the middle provides the possibility of clearing the exit from the KTM in the event of a landslide.

The toilet room (8), the stove (9) and the supply-exhaust ventilation system are built in such a way that fresh air will be constantly supplied to the KTM room through the hole VO-B (10), and will go outside through the toilet room (through the holes VO-A (11) and VO-B (12)), the ventilation pipe (13), which connects to the chimney (14) from the stove, which passes through the hole VO-G (15) in the ZBK. Part of the air from the KTM will exit through the stove, which performs the functions of a heat pump, together with the draft generated by the vertical chimney (16) located outside the reinforced concrete.

A hole with a hatch (17) for placing a sealed well for storing ammunition is located in one of the ZP.

The trapdoor is the top of this well (18).

Reinforced concrete is placed in the pit (19), surrounded by soil compacted by the MX method (20) on all sides, except for the upper concrete, where there is a layer of damping material (21), two layers of wooden trunks, one of which (22) is laid across the reinforced concrete , and the second (23) - along the railroad. From above, the building is filled with compacted soil, and on the light surface, a ZZK (24) is formed from them.

In the compacted soil above the column-shaped hole in ZBK KTM there is a well made of reinforced concrete rings (25), above which there is a place on the light surface for arranging a reinforced concrete structure - a fire point (26).

The vertical chimney (16) is designed so that any solid object thrown into the chimney from above will fall below the location of the connection of the chimney to the stove in a place surrounded by soil - a "trap" (27). If this object is, for example, a grenade, then the explosion will occur in the soil. And in order to prevent any object from falling into the chimney, its upper part is equipped with a protective cap and a metal mesh (28).

Features of a useful model - CCD.

The bituminous waterproofing of the outer surface of reinforced concrete in this patent is reinforced with a polyurethane impregnating composition, which is used to treat the surface before applying a bituminous layer, according to patent |1)І. The polyurethane impregnating composition connects the concrete base and the bitumen layer with chemical bonds, increasing the reliability of waterproofing several times. A feature of the arrangement of the proposed PU.BiT-waterproofing is the processing after complete assembly of the reinforced concrete all the connecting ends of the ZBK, along which water seepage is often observed in the prototype.

The opening in the ZP is raised 0.5 m from the bottom of the ZP in order to protect the portal from being flooded by water from the side of the trench.

ZP increases the strength and comfort of the CCD not only due to additional protection of the end structures of the KTM from the blast wave, but also allows: - to protect the KTM from atmospheric precipitation, flooding, soil spillage in front of the entrance door to the KTM - to insulate the reinforced concrete in winter and prevent heating in the summer - to store things for domestic purposes: firewood, clothes and linen for drying - to keep service dogs - to place a well in the ground for storing ammunition (18), which cannot be directly penetrated by a projectile.

Measures to increase the strength of the CCD also include the arrangement of a layer of damping material (21) (polymer, elastic rubber or small pile) on the upper part of the reinforced concrete, two rows of DS (22, 23), connected to each other with metal staples (29) and stacked across and along the railroad.

This "sandwich" (combined floor) is not rigidly connected by its layers to each other, so it is able to effectively and reliably "extinguish" the blast wave from powerful explosions only when it is covered with a thick layer of compacted soils, the function of which is not only to absorb energy blast waves, and to significantly reduce the specific mechanical pressure on the combined concrete slab.

Thus, reinforced waterproofing of the ZBK, a wood-burning stove connected to the ventilation system and the construction of the chimney, as well as KTM equipment on both sides of the ZB with the proposed placement of entrance doors and openings create more comfortable and safer conditions for servicemen to live in.

In the prototype, mechanical compaction of the soil during backfilling in layers of 20-30 cm is provided, which ensures the compressive strength of the soil up to 0.4-0.5 MPa. In the proposed useful model, soils gain several times greater strength (up to 20 MPa per compression) because chemical (MX-method) is added to mechanical compaction. As a result of using the MX method, the soils are structured both due to the formation of cement stone and silicate gel glue in the activator-impregnated soils. The interaction of cement and activator provides an additional effect in increasing soil strength and shortening the period of acquiring this strength by several tens of times. For example, the use of 30 kg of PC400 Portland cement, 3 kg of liquid sodium glass and 3 kg of an aqueous solution of sodium aluminate (5 Uo) per 100 kg of loam forms a soil massif with a compressive strength of 15-18 MPa in 5 hours. And if a complex ether is used instead of sodium aluminate, the strength can reach 25 MPa.

Various compositions for strengthening soils are known in the form of solutions based on cements, liquid glass and hardening accelerators in various combinations or separately from each other (|ZI|.

The proposed ratio between the components "soil-cement-activator" is a special composition that meets a number of requirements precisely for solving the given task: maintaining the liquid state of the activator based on liquid glass for the period of impregnation of the mixture of soil and cement with it (up to 1 hour), ensuring filtration characteristics of the solution for the possibility of its penetration into the soil layer 20-30 cm thick and hardening no more than 2 hours after watering. The last requirement stems from the need to strengthen the soil layer quickly enough in order to continue further work on arranging the filling of the pit and reinforced concrete with soil in a short time.

The choice of the minimum amount of cement (1 part by mass), which is mixed with 10 parts by mass of soil, is due to the fact that with a ratio of "soil-cement" with a smaller proportion of cement, the influence of the latter on the strength of concrete is insignificant (less than 2095), and with a ratio of 10:4 reinforced concrete reaches a strength of up to 10-12 MPa (strength increase from 300 Ob), which meets the safety requirements of CCD, taking into account the additional contribution of the activator to the strength of the soil. A further increase in the amount of cement is impractical for two reasons: an increase in the cost of construction and an increase in the stiffness of the concrete, which reduces its damping properties.

The activator is a mixture of liquid glass with a density of 1.4-1.44 kg/dm" with a hardener - an aqueous solution, for example, sodium aluminate with a content of 5 95 (with a density of 1.06 kg/dm"), which is added to the liquid glass at a ratio of 1: (1-1.5), reducing the density of the activator to (1.15-1.2) kg/dm3. At such a density, the activator performs the following functions: it intensively seeps into the layer of soil concrete, accelerates the hardening of soil concrete, and after hardening (gelling) of the activator itself, it glues soil particles together, giving it strength.

With the "soil-cement-activator" ratio in the range of mass parts of the components from 10-1-6 to 10-4-1, the properties of primed concrete satisfy the given task in terms of technical and economic indicators.

The proposed MH-method of soil compaction, the selection of the sizes of the ZZK, their spatial arrangement and the thickness of the layer of compacted soil along the side walls (13) and the proposed structure of the "sandwich" allow to ensure the safety of servicemen in the CCS

From a direct impact of an explosive device of the order of 10 kg of trinitrotoluene.

This estimate is given by the following calculation.

During drilling and blasting operations in underground workings (tunnels), the dangerous zone was empirically determined by the seismic effect of explosions in the soil on the existing reinforced concrete shell of the structure |21: уе(2...5335О, where г is the radius of the dangerous zone (m), О is the charge of explosives (kg).

If we take into account the spatial and geometric features of the CCD in relation to underground tunnel production, when the explosion occurs practically on the light surface near the CCD, and not inside the underground structure, and only on one side of the CCD, as a result, only a smaller part of the energy acts on the CCD explosion, and if we take into account the specified parameters of the structure with compacted soils (up to 15 MPa in terms of strength), then the coefficient of reduction of the radius of the dangerous zone K-4 is theoretically determined, i.e. for CCD g (2...5)330)/4

Then, for example, in the case of an explosion of 8 kg of trinitrotoluene even on the surface of ЗЗ3К, the residential block (ЖБ) will be in a safe zone, because g-1-1.5 m, and the depth in the soil is at least 2 m, that is, the building allows a direct hitting it with the specified type of explosive without damage

railway

At the same time, it should be noted that the location of an object in a dangerous zone does not mean its complete destruction from a single explosion - it can only lead to structural damage of varying degrees (partial disintegration of compacted soils, cracks in structures, their depressurization).

In general, an increase in the strength of the CCD in relation to the above example is possible due to a greater deepening of the concrete slab or an increase in the height of the concrete slab.

The proposed technology of mechanical and chemical soil compaction allows to quickly restore soil damage in the ЗЗ3К zone by filling the funnel with an explosive device.

A well made of reinforced concrete rings, placed above a column-shaped opening with a hatch in the KTM, can be used as an exit to the firing point arranged on a light surface, and as a spare exit from the reinforced concrete. In the latter case, the well should be filled with soil to protect it from external mechanical action, and if necessary, it should be cleaned of soil by dumping it in the middle

KTM.

Thus, the proposed useful model makes it possible to create a strong, comfortable and safe CCD for the temporary residence of military personnel based on the use of a serial KTM product, which will significantly speed up and reduce the cost of the implementation of programs for the creation of military fortifications.

In addition, the proposed useful model provides for the possibility of combining the CCD with a stationary firing point (SVT) on the light surface, which, together with a safe (protected) ammunition storage, can turn the CCD and SVT into an active element of a checkpoint or fortification.

Sources of information: 1. Kolyada V.M., Kolyada S.V. Patent No. 45895A 2. "Underground hydrotechnical structures". Edited by V.M. Mostkova - M.: Vyissaya Shkola, 1986. - P. 305.

Z. Rzhanitsyn B.A. "Chemical fixing of soils in construction". - M.: Stroyizdat, 1986. - 264 p.

Claims (2)

USEFUL MODEL FORMULA 1. An underground protective structure of increased strength, which contains a typical reinforced concrete chamber of 20 thermal networks (KTM) (serial product TK 30.24.21 of the ZBK plant named after S. Kovalska, Kyiv), consisting of prefabricated building structures (ZBK) with docking nodes and elastic polymer sealants in the joints between structures, the outer surface of which is covered with a layer of bituminous waterproofing, and the ZBK-ceiling has a circular hole with a diameter of 550-600 mm; in addition, the KTM in working condition is located in a pit below the light surface, surrounded by 25 mechanically compacted with backfilling with uniform layers of 20-30 cm thick soils, and between the hole in the ZBK-ceiling and the light surface is a well sealed with respect to the soil from reinforced concrete rings with a hatch at the top, which differs in that the KTM additionally: - is equipped on two opposite ends with armored doors, which are placed to the side from the center of the end walls and open in the middle, - the outer surface of the KTM under a layer of bituminous waterproofing has a polyurethane-mineral layer, which is formed in the surface layer of ZBK with a permeating polyurethane composition before applying bituminous material, which together forms polyurethane-bitumen waterproofing (PU.BIT- waterproofing), which is also arranged on the connecting ends, 35 - has a nook with a door (toilet room) enclosed by light structures inside, which equipped with two ventilation holes near the floor ( VO-A) and near the ceiling (VO-B), - has two ventilation holes in the ZBK - near the KTM floor on the end with doors (VO-B) and near the ceiling on the structure without doors (VO-G), - equipped with a stove, the chimney of which exits into the external ventilation opening (VO-G), 40 - equipped with a ventilation pipe that exits from the VO-B opening and connects with the chimney near the VO-G opening, - is equipped with reinforced concrete portals on two opposite ends, where the doors are located ( ZP) in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped, which repeats the contours of the KTM and which is completely open on the side of the KTM, and on the opposite side - partially open on the part that is shifted from the center to 45 in the direction opposite to the location of the door in the KTM, and the slot is raised above the bottom of the ZP to a height of at least 0.5 m, in addition, the ZP is hermetically connected to the KIM connecting nodes with elastic polymer sealants in the joints, creating a residential block (ZB), and all the external surfaces of the ZP and its connecting ends are covered with PU.BIT waterproofing , - at the bottom of the ZP has a hole into which it is mounted sealed well with a bottom, for storing BO ammunition - a circular hole in the ZBK-ceiling is closed by a hatch that opens into the middle of the KTM, and a well made of reinforced concrete rings, depending on the purpose, can be covered with earth (as an emergency exit) or closed from above with/ a concrete structure - a fire point that is higher than the level of the light surface and has an exit hatch to the latter; 55 and the pit, where the reinforced concrete is placed, is larger along the contour of the reinforced concrete by at least 1 m in each direction and is connected at the ends with a trench with reinforced walls, which is smaller than the width of the pit in the places of openings of the ZP, in addition, the pit is compacted at the bottom by mechanical and by chemical methods (MX method) a layer of backfill soil with a thickness of at least 0.3 m; and on top of the reinforced concrete are: a layer of damping material, two rows of wooden trunks (DS), laid first across, and then - along the reinforced concrete and fixed one row with the second metal staples from the ends, and the DS of the lower row is not larger than the transverse size of the reinforced concrete less than 1 m on each side, and the DS of the upper row - not less than the length of the HV, and the entire above-described structure is below the light level by not less than 2 m; in addition, the backfill soil around the reinforced concrete and the bulk earth protective dome formed on top (Z3Z3K) are compacted by the MH method, and the backfill with a height of at least 0.5 m and dimensions at least 4 m larger than the width of the reinforced concrete, and through the backfill soil and the backfill a vertical chimney is brought out, the lower end of which reaches a level not less than 1 m below the place of connection with the pipe from the stove, and the upper part of the chimney has a protective cap and a metal grate. 2. An underground protective structure of increased strength according to claim 1, which is characterized by the fact that backfill soils, which are compacted by the MX method, consist of a mixture of soil, dry cement and an activator, which is formed during backfilling of soils with the uniform addition of dry cement and watering of each layer activator before mechanical compaction of this layer, and the activator is an aqueous solution of liquid sodium glass with a density of 1.40-1.44 kg/dm3 and its hardener in an amount that provides a solution density of 1.15--1.20 kg/dm3 and liquid its state for no less than 1.0 hours after preparation and no more than 2.0 hours after watering the soil-cement layer, and the ratio between the components of the soil - cement - activator in the initial state is: 10:(1-4) (1-6 ) mass parts, respectively. Z i as x y t de z 2 more / / x more and to Korea x y ! гря ж р я . I В -- « и лт ||. GA and rv, b dn sew Sh-i Ki and i N r ki I ; And and! ! 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