TWI820289B - β-內醯胺類化合物或其鹽於長效預防或治療葡萄糖代謝失調之用途 - Google Patents
β-內醯胺類化合物或其鹽於長效預防或治療葡萄糖代謝失調之用途 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI820289B TWI820289B TW109101975A TW109101975A TWI820289B TW I820289 B TWI820289 B TW I820289B TW 109101975 A TW109101975 A TW 109101975A TW 109101975 A TW109101975 A TW 109101975A TW I820289 B TWI820289 B TW I820289B
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Abstract
本揭露提供一種用於預防或治療葡萄糖代謝失調的長效方法,該方法包括向有此需要的受試者施用β-內醯胺類化合物或其藥學上可接受的鹽。該預防或治療葡萄糖代謝失調的方法具有長效作用,即使在停止藥物治療後也能持續作用兩天以上。
Description
本揭露係關於預防或治療葡萄糖代謝失調的方法,尤其關於藉由向有需要的受試者施用β-內醯胺類化合物或其藥學上可接受的鹽來長效預防或治療葡萄糖代謝失調的方法。
人體器官的正常運作需要能量,許多組織利用脂肪或蛋白質作為能量來源,而其他組織(例如腦和紅血球細胞)則僅利用葡萄糖。因此,葡萄糖是最重要的細胞能量來源,其代謝因而受到高度調節。
高血糖濃度會刺激胰腺β細胞產生的胰島素分泌。分泌到血液中的胰島素活化肌肉和脂肪細胞對葡萄糖的吸收,導致肝醣和三酸甘油酯的儲存以及蛋白質的合成,從而使血液中的葡萄糖濃度保持在適當的範圍內。破壞該調節網絡可能導致糖尿病及其相關綜合症。
葡萄糖代謝失調可能導致高血糖症、高胰島素血症或葡萄糖失耐症。通常與葡萄糖濃度異常有關之失調的實例是胰島素抗性,其中肝臟、脂肪和
肌肉細胞失去對正常血液胰島素濃度作出反應的能力。肥胖與胰島素抗性有著複雜的關係,導致各種類型代謝失調的發生(例如第2型糖尿病)。脂肪細胞中積累的三酸甘油酯和該細胞釋放的游離脂肪酸都是膽固醇前體,它們在糖尿病及其相關疾病的發生和進展中起著重要作用。
在做出糖尿病的最終臨床診斷之前,患者會有好一段時間被認為是糖尿病前期。空腹血糖不良(IFG,100-126mg/dL)和葡萄糖耐受性不良(IGT,140-200mg/dL)是診斷糖尿病前期的兩個主要測試。患有糖尿病前期的人血糖濃度高於正常濃度,但不足以被視為糖尿病。糖尿病前期帶有較高未來罹患糖尿病和心臟病的風險。糖尿病前期可藉由飲食和運動來控制;例如,藉由飲食和運動將體重減輕5%至10%,可顯著降低未來罹患糖尿病的風險。可能還需要醫療干預措施,以防止其發展成糖尿病。
為了在一天之內,例如在飯前、飯後以及空腹時間長的睡眠期間中,將血糖濃度維持在穩定濃度,已使用具有不同起效、高峰和持續時間的藥物。例如,根據美國食品藥品監督管理局(FDA)的規定,胰島素的治療方法有四種類型,其中包括:(i)速效胰島素,其在服用後僅需15分鐘便開始起作用,並在30至90分鐘內達到高峰,同時持續三到五個小時;(ii)大約需要30至60分鐘才能活躍的短效胰島素,其在二到四個小時內達到高峰,同時持續五到八個小時;(iii)中效胰島素,需要一到三個小時開始運作,並在8個小時達到高峰,同時持續12至16個小時;和(iv)長效胰島素,需要最長的時間才能開始運作,但可以持續長達24小時。
儘管有多種治療選擇,但是控制葡萄糖代謝失調仍然是個問題。患者並非總是能達到其血糖目標,並遵守依賴於特定頻率和餐點劑量的治療計
劃,因而留下人為失誤的空間。具有長效作用的治療是較佳的,因為用於控制血糖濃度的治療中的注射次數較少,從而改善患者的生活品質,並改善治療依從性。然而,目前作用最長的胰島素為42小時,且仍然需要每天注射一次。
因此,仍然需要有用於長效治療葡萄糖代謝失調的組成物和方法。
鑑於前述內容,本揭露提供一種β-內醯胺類化合物或其藥學上可接受的鹽,其可預防或治療葡萄糖代謝失調並具有長效作用。
在本揭露的具體實施例中,提供一種在有其需要的受試者中長效預防或治療葡萄糖代謝失調的方法。該方法包括向受試者施用有效量的β-內醯胺類化合物或其藥學上可接受的鹽。
在本揭露的具體實施例中,用於長效預防或治療葡萄糖代謝失調的β-內醯胺類化合物是由式(I)表示的化合物或其藥學上可接受的鹽:
其中:
R1和R3獨立地為H或經取代或未經取代的部分(moiety),該部分係選自下列所組成之群組:烷基、烯基、炔基、羥烷基、氟烷基、氯烷基、溴烷基、碘烷基、全氟烷基、芳基、雜芳基、環烷基、環烯基、羧基、芳烷基、芳
烯基、芳炔基、雜芳烷基、雜芳烯基、雜芳炔基、雜環基、醯基、芐基、苯基、胺基羰基、胺基烷基、胺基、羥基、烷氧基、醯氧基、甲矽烷氧基、醯胺基、醯亞胺基、胺基甲醯基、鹵素、硫基、硫醚基、磺基、磺酸基、胺磺醯基、噻唑基、四氫噻唑基、吡咯基、吡咯烷基、三唑基、氮雜環丁烷基和磺醯胺基,
R2為H或(C1-C6)-烷基;以及
R4為H、(C1-C6)-烷基、鹼金屬或鹼土金屬,其中,鹼金屬或鹼土金屬為鈉、鉀、鋰、銫、銣、鋇、鈣或鎂。
在本揭露的具體實施例中,式(I)的化合物可為下式(II)表示的化合物:
其中,R定義如上述之R1,而R2和R3定義如上述。
在本揭露的具體實施例中,於式(I)或式(II)中,R3由以下式(I-a)至式(I-l)之一者表示:
其中:
R9和R13獨立地為H、(C1-C6)-烷基、鹼金屬或鹼土金屬,其中,鹼金屬或鹼土金屬為鈉、鉀、鋰、銫、銣、鋇、鈣或鎂;
R10和R11獨立地為H、鹵素、氰基、(C1-C6)-烷基、硝基、羥基、羧基、(C1-C6)-烷氧基、(C1-C6)-烷氧基羰基、胺基磺醯基、(C1-C6)-烷基胺基磺醯基、二-(C1-C6)-烷基胺基磺醯基、胺基甲醯基、(C1-C6)-烷基胺基甲醯基、二-(C1-C6)-烷基胺基甲醯基、三氟甲基、磺酸基、胺基、(C1-C6)-烷基胺基、二-(C1-C6)-烷基胺基、(C1-C6)-烷醯基胺基、(C1-C6)-烷醯基(N-(C1-C6)-烷基)胺基、(C1-C6)-烷烴磺醯胺基或(C1-C6)-烷基-S(O)n,其中n為0到2;以及
R12為H或(C1-C6)-烷基。
在本揭露的具體實施例中,式(II)化合物可為由下式表示的化合物:
其中,R定義如上述之R1。
在本揭露的具體實施例中,用於長效預防或治療葡萄糖代謝失調的化合物是由式(III)表式的化合物或其藥學上可接受的鹽:
其中:
R'為H或經取代或未經取代的部分,該部分係選自下列所組成之群組:烷基、烯基、炔基、羥烷基、氟烷基、氯烷基、溴烷基、碘烷基、全氟烷基、芳基、苯基、苯氧基、芐基、萘基、異唑基、哌基、氧代哌基、吡咯烷基、吡唑基、吡啶二基、雜芳基、吡啶基、環戊哌啶基、喹啉基、環烷基、
環烯基、羧基、芳烷基、芳烯基、芳炔基、雜芳烷基、雜芳烯基、雜芳炔基、雜環基、醯基、胺基羰基、胺基烷基、胺基、亞胺基、烷基胺基、咪唑基、氧代咪唑烷基、氰基、呋喃基、羥基、烷氧基、醯氧基、甲矽烷氧基、醯胺基、醯亞胺基、胺基甲醯基、三基、三唑基、四唑基、鹵素、硫基、硫醚基、噻吩基、硫雜環丁烷基、硫苯基、噻唑基、噻二唑基、磺基、氫硫基(sulfanyl)、磺醯基、膦酸基、磺酸基和磺醯胺基;
R5為H或經取代或未經取代的烷氧基;以及
R6與R7連接形成經取代或未經取代的5員或6員雜環。
在本揭露的具體實施例中,式(III)化合物可為下式表示的化合物:
其中,R'和R5定義如上述,且R8定義如R'。
在本揭露的具體實施例中,在式(IIIA)中,R'為經取代的部分,該部分係選自烷基、羥烷基、芳基、雜芳基和芳烷基所組成之群組。
在本揭露的具體實施例中,在式(IIIB)中,R5為H或甲氧基,並且R8為經取代的部分,該部分係選自雜芳基、雜環基、烷氧基和硫基所組成之群組。
在本揭露的具體實施例中,用於長效預防或治療葡萄糖代謝失調症的β-內醯胺類化合物可為青黴素類、頭孢菌素類(cephalosporins)和碳青黴烯類(carbapenems)化合物中的一種或多種。在另一具體實施例中,β-內醯胺類化合物係選自下列所組成之群組:厄他培南(ertapenem)、多利培南(doripenem)、亞胺培南(imipenem)、美羅培南(meropenem)、比阿培南(biapenem)、帕尼培南(panipenem)、托姆培南(tomopenem)、來那培南(lenapenem)、替比培南(tebipenem)、扎魯培南(razupenem)、噻吩培南(thienpenem)、青黴素G、青黴素O、青黴素N、青黴素K、青黴素V、非奈西林(phenethicillin)、普羅西林(propacillin)、胺芐西林(ampicillin)、阿莫西林(amoxicillin)、阿洛西林(azlocillin)、羧芐西林(carbenicillin)、表西林(epicillin)、甲氧西林(methicillin)、美佐洛林(mezlocillin)、奧沙西林(oxacillin)、哌拉西林(piperacillin)、氯西林(cloxacillin)、雙氯西林(dicloxacillin)、氟氯西林(flucloxacillin)、舒尼西林(sulbenicillin)、替卡西林(ticarcillin)、納夫西林(nafcillin)、甲胺芐青黴素(metampicillin)、奧沙西林(oxacillin)、頭孢曲松(ceftriaxone)、頭孢洛汀(cefalotin)、頭孢西丁(cefoxitin)、頭孢替坦(cefotetan)、頭孢他啶(ceftazidime)、頭孢噻肟(cefotaxime)、頭孢吡肟(cefepime)、頭孢三烯(cefacetrile)、頭孢羥胺芐(cefadroxil)、頭孢胺芐(cefalexin)、頭孢洛黴素(cefaloglycin)、頭孢烯銨(cefalonium)、頭孢洛啶(cefaloridine)、頭孢哌靈(cefapirin)、頭孢他嗪(cefatrizine)、頭孢扎氟醚
(cefazaflur)、頭孢他酮(cefazedone)、頭孢唑林(cefazolin)、頭孢拉定(cefradine)、頭孢羅定(cefroxadine)、頭孢唑(ceftezole)、頭孢克洛(cefaclor)、頭孢尼西德(cefonicid)、頭孢曲唑(cefprozil)、頭孢呋辛(cefuroxime)、頭孢唑酮(cefuzonam)、頭孢美唑(cefmetazole)、頭孢布宗(cefbuperazone)、頭孢米諾(cefminox)、頭孢替安(cefotiam)、頭孢卡班(cefcapene)、頭孢達肟(cefdaloxime)、頭孢地尼(cefdinir)、頭孢地烯(cefditoren)、頭孢他美(cefetamet)、頭孢克肟(cefixime)、頭孢甲肟(cefmenoxime)、頭孢地嗪(cefodizime)、頭孢韋星(cefovecin)、頭孢吡唑(cefpimizole)、頭孢泊肟(cefpodoxime)、頭孢特崙(cefteram)、頭孢替丁(ceftibuten)、頭孢噻呋(ceftiofur)、頭孢噻吩(ceftiolene)、頭孢唑肟(ceftizoxime)、頭孢哌酮(cefoperazone)、頭孢克啶(cefclidine)、頭孢地洛爾(cefiderocol)、頭孢瑞南(cefluprenam)、頭孢塞利(cefoselis)、頭孢佐普蘭(cefozopran)、頭孢吡酮(cefpirome)、頭孢喹諾酮(cefquinome)、頭孢比洛(ceftobiprole)、頭孢洛林(ceftaroline)、頭孢洛氮(ceftolozane)、頭孢帕羅(cefaparole)、頭孢馬汀(cefmatilen)、頭孢磺胺(cefsumide)及其組合。
在本揭露的具體實施例中,長效預防或治療葡萄糖代謝失調是在施用化合物後(即該化合物的藥物已停藥)預防或治療葡萄糖代謝失調的症狀超過兩天。在另一具體實施例中,預防或治療葡萄糖代謝失調的長效作用在施用化合物後持續至少一週。在又一具體實施例中,長效作用在施用化合物後持續至少6週。在又另一具體實施例中,長效作用在施用化合物後持續6週至10週。
在本揭露的具體實施例中,葡萄糖代謝失調是肥胖症、過重、高血糖症、高胰島素血症、葡萄糖失耐症、第1型糖尿病或第2型糖尿病。在另一
具體實施例中,葡萄糖代謝失調是高血糖症,並且化合物的施用降低了受試者的血漿葡萄糖濃度。在又一具體實施例中,葡萄糖代謝失調是葡萄糖失耐症,並且化合物的施用增加了受試者的葡萄糖耐受性。
在本揭露的具體實施例中,所述受試者是哺乳動物。在另一具體實施例中,受試者是人類。
在本揭露的具體實施例中,所述受試者患有第1型糖尿病。在另一具體實施例中,所述受試者患有第2型糖尿病。
第1圖顯示厄他培南治療後第3週的血糖濃度。DB:口服蒸餾水並腹腔注射(i.p.)生理食鹽水的db/db小鼠。DB+DMH:經腹腔注射厄他培南(0.41mg/g體重/天)處理的db/db小鼠。
第2圖呈現厄他培南治療後不同組織的組織學。DB:口服蒸餾水並腹腔注射(i.p.)生理食鹽水的db/db小鼠。DB+DMH:經腹腔注射厄他培南(0.41mg/g體重/天)處理的db/db小鼠。比例尺:40μm。EFP:附睪脂肪墊。
第3圖顯示處理時間、鼠齡和數據獲取時間的流程圖。以OneTouch UltraEasy於指定的週數測量空腹血糖(FPG)。以注射器於指定的週數進行口服葡萄糖耐受性試驗(OGTT)。在第19週測定肝臟和腎臟的一些發炎標誌物的程度(用箭頭表示)。在第6週停止所有藥物治療。
第4圖顯示治療後第6、12、16和18週的血糖濃度。:口服蒸餾水並腹腔注射(i.p.)生理食鹽水的m/m小鼠。:與m/m小鼠進行相同處理的db/db小鼠。:口服二甲雙胍(metformin,MET)(0.3mg/g體重/天)的db/db
小鼠。:厄他培南(0.1mg/g體重/天)i.p.處理的db/db小鼠。:厄他培南(0.2mg/g體重/天)i.p.處理的db/db小鼠。:厄他培南(0.4mg/g體重/天)i.p.處理的db/db小鼠。
第5圖呈現治療後四種不同組織的組織學。G1:m/m小鼠,隨意飲水(water ad libitum),每日i.p.注射生理食鹽水(10μL/g體重);G2:db/db小鼠,隨意飲水,每日i.p.注射生理食鹽水(10μL/g體重);G3:db/db小鼠,口服二甲雙胍(MET)(0.3mg/g體重/天);G4:db/db小鼠,i.p.注射厄他培南(0.1mg/g體重/天);G5:db/db小鼠,i.p.注射厄他培南(0.2mg/g體重/天);G6:db/db小鼠,i.p.注射厄他培南(0.4mg/g體重/天)。比例尺:40μm。EFP:附睪脂肪墊。
第6A和6B圖顯示治療後第6週(第6A圖)和第9週(第6B圖)的血糖濃度。:口服蒸餾水並腹腔注射(i.p.)生理食鹽水的m/m小鼠。:與m/m小鼠進行相同處理的db/db小鼠。:用厄他培南(DMH)(0.41mg/g體重/天)i.p.處理的db/db小鼠。:用美羅培南水合物(MER)(0.205mg/g體重/天)i.p.處理的db/db小鼠。:頭孢曲松(CEFT)(0.82mg/g體重/天)i.p.處理的db/db小鼠。:用青黴素G(PEN)(1.473mg/g體重/天)處理的db/db小鼠。:用泰寧(tienam,TIE)(0.41mg/g體重/天)處理的db/db小鼠。:口服二甲雙胍(MET)(0.3mg/g體重/天)的db/db小鼠。
以下示例用於說明本揭露。基於說明書的揭露內容,所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者可以輕易地想到本揭露的其他優點和效果。本揭露還可以
不同於實施例中所描述的方式實現或應用。對於不同的態樣和應用,可在不違背本揭露精神和範圍的情況下修飾或改變以下實施例以實施本揭露。
還應注意,如在本揭露中所使用的單數形式「一種(a)」、「一種(an)」和「該(the)」,除非明確且毫無疑問地限於單一指示物,另包括複數種指示物。除非上下文另外明確指出,否則術語「或」與術語「和/或」可互換使用。
如本文在治療之上下文中可互換使用的術語「患者」或「受試者」是指人類或非人類動物,其作為治療或預防護理的接受者。
如本文所使用,用語「葡萄糖耐受性」是指受試者在葡萄糖攝取量波動時控制血漿葡萄糖和/或血漿胰島素濃度的能力。例如,葡萄糖耐受性涵蓋在約120分鐘左右的時間內將血漿葡萄糖濃度降低至攝取葡萄糖之前的濃度的能力。
如本文所使用,用語「糖尿病前期」是指可以藉由使用空腹血糖(FPG)測試或口服葡萄糖耐受性測試(OGTT)而確定的病症。兩者都需要受試者禁食過夜。在FPG測試中,首先在進食前的早晨測量受試者的血糖。在OGTT中,在禁食後測量受試者的血糖,在飲用富含葡萄糖的飲料後2小時再次測量。在健康個體中,FPG的正常測試結果表明葡萄糖濃度低於約100mg/dL。患有糖尿病前期的受試者的FPG濃度將介於約100mg/dL至約125mg/dL之間。如果血糖濃度升至約126mg/dL或以上,則確定該受試者患有「糖尿病」。在OGTT中,禁食後和飲用富含葡萄糖的飲料2小時後測量受試者的血糖。健康個體於飲用後2小時的正常血糖低於約140mg/dL。在糖尿病前期的受試者中,2小時血
糖為約140mg/dL至約199mg/dL。如果2小時血糖上升至200mg/dL或更高,則確定該受試者患有「糖尿病」。
本揭露提供一種治療患有高血糖症、高胰島素血症、葡萄糖失耐症等的患者的方法。此類病症通常還與許多其他葡萄糖代謝失調有關。是以,根據本揭露的方法,葡萄糖代謝失調的患者可為治療的候選者。
用語「葡萄糖代謝失調」涵蓋以相對於健康個體的受試者中葡萄糖濃度升高和/或胰島素濃度升高相關的臨床症狀或臨床症狀的組合為特徵的任何疾病。葡萄糖和/或胰島素濃度升高可能表現在以下疾病和/或病症:第2型糖尿病(例如,胰島素抗性糖尿病)、妊娠糖尿病、胰島素抗性、葡萄糖耐受性不良、高胰島素血症、葡萄糖代謝不良、糖尿病前期、代謝失調(例如代謝症候群,也稱為X症候群)、肥胖或與肥胖相關的疾病。
合適的患者的實例可為患有高血糖症和/或高胰島素血症並且還被診斷出患有糖尿病(例如第2型糖尿病)的患者。「糖尿病」是指碳水化合物代謝的進行性(progressive)疾病,其係關於胰島素的生產或利用不足,且特徵在於高血糖症和糖尿症。
如本文所使用,術語「高血糖症」是指相對於健康個體,在血漿中的葡萄糖循環升高的病症,並且可以使用本領域已知的方法來診斷。例如,高血糖症可被診斷為空腹血糖濃度在5.6mM至7mM(糖尿病前期)或大於7mM(糖尿病)之間。
如本文所使用,術語「高胰島素血症」是指循環胰島素濃度升高而血糖濃度可以升高或保持正常的狀況。高胰島素血症可以由與血脂異常有關的胰島素抗性引起,血脂異常例如高三酸甘油酯、高膽固醇、高低密度脂蛋白
(LDL)和低高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、高尿酸、多囊卵巢症候群、第2型糖尿病和肥胖症。高胰島素血症可被診斷為血漿胰島素濃度高於約2μU/mL。
具有任何上述疾病的患者可為需要根據本揭露的療法以治療葡萄糖代謝失調的合適候選者。在此等受試者中施用本揭露的β-內醯胺類化合物可恢復葡萄糖穩態(homeostasis),且還可減輕與所述失調有關的一種或多種症狀。
可使用本領域已知的診斷方法來確定使用本揭露的方法治療的候選者,例如測定血漿葡萄糖和/或胰島素濃度。用於治療的候選者包括那些已經表現或正在表現高於正常濃度的血漿葡萄糖/胰島素的人。此類患者包括具有下述空腹血糖濃度(在空腹8至10小時後進行測試)的患者:高於約100mg/dL,例如高於約110mg/dL、高於約120mg/dL、介於約150mg/dL到約200mg/dL或更高。適於接受治療的個體還包括具有下述情況的個體:餐後2小時血糖濃度或葡萄糖耐受性測試後濃度(例如,攝入富含葡萄糖的飲料後2小時)高於約140mg/dL,例如高於約150mg/dL直至200mg/dL或更高。葡萄糖濃度也可以mmol/L為單位表示,可藉由將mg/dL除以18來獲得。
患有葡萄糖代謝失調、疑似患有葡萄糖代謝失調或有發生葡萄糖代謝失調的風險的受試者被認為能用於本文所述的治療。
如本文所使用,術語「治療」是指至少改善與困擾受試者之病症相關的症狀的情況,其中,改善是指至少減輕與所治療的疾病有關的參數(例如症狀)的程度。如此,該治療包括減輕或避免該狀況或至少與之相關症狀的情況。所述治療包括:(i)可與預防互換,降低臨床症狀發展的風險,包括使臨床症狀不發展,例如預防疾病發展到有害或非期望的狀態;(ii)抑制,即阻止臨床
症狀的發生或進一步發展,例如減輕或完全抑制活動性(active)疾病(例如,降低血液中胰島素和/或葡萄糖的濃度、增加葡萄糖耐受性以最小化葡萄糖濃度波動、和/或預防由葡萄糖穩態被破壞而引起的疾病)。
本文描述的與葡萄糖代謝失調有關的方法包括,例如,上述β-內醯胺類化合物單獨用於治療或與其他類型的治療組合用於治療的用途。該方法包括向受試者施用本揭露的β-內醯胺類化合物(例如,皮下、肌內或靜脈內施用)。如上所述,該方法可用於治療或預防與葡萄糖代謝有關的多種疾病。
本揭露的方法係關於在患有葡萄糖代謝失調的受試者中施用本揭露的β-內醯胺類化合物。本揭露內容的方法包括在包含上述示例性疾病在內的多種病症的背景下(於預防和診斷後治療兩者下)施用如上述由式(I)、(II)或(III)表示的化合物。
在具體實施例中,用於長效預防或治療葡萄糖代謝失調的本揭露的β-內醯胺類化合物可為由式(IIA)、(IIB)、(IIC)或(IID)表示的碳青黴烯類化合物,例如厄他培南、多利培南、亞胺培南、美羅培南、比阿培南及帕尼培南。
在具體實施例中,用於長效預防或治療葡萄糖代謝失調的本揭露的β-內醯胺類化合物可為由式(IIIA)表示的青黴素類化合物,例如青黴素G、青黴素O、青黴素N、青黴素K、青黴素V、非奈西林、普羅西林、胺芐西林、阿莫西林、阿洛西林、羧芐西林、表西林、甲氧西林、美佐洛林、奧沙西林、哌拉西林、氯西林、雙氯西林、氟氯西林、舒尼西林、替卡西林、納夫西林、甲胺芐青黴素及奧沙西林。
在具體實施例中,用於長效預防或治療葡萄糖代謝失調的本揭露的β-內醯胺類化合物可為由式(IIIB)表示的頭孢菌素類化合物,例如頭孢曲松、頭孢洛汀、頭孢西丁、頭孢替坦、頭孢他啶、頭孢噻肟、頭孢吡肟、頭孢三烯、頭孢羥胺芐、頭孢胺芐、頭孢洛黴素、頭孢烯銨、頭孢洛啶、頭孢哌靈、頭孢他嗪、頭孢扎氟醚、頭孢他酮、頭孢唑林、頭孢拉定、頭孢羅定、頭孢唑、頭孢克洛、頭孢尼西德、頭孢曲唑、頭孢呋辛、頭孢唑酮、頭孢美唑、頭孢布宗、頭孢米諾、頭孢替安、頭孢卡班、頭孢達肟、頭孢地尼、頭孢地烯、頭孢他美、頭孢克肟、頭孢甲肟、頭孢地嗪、頭孢韋星、頭孢吡唑、頭孢泊肟、頭孢特崙、頭孢替丁、頭孢噻呋、頭孢噻吩、頭孢唑肟、頭孢哌酮、頭孢克啶、頭孢地洛爾、頭孢瑞南、頭孢塞利、頭孢佐普蘭、頭孢吡酮、頭孢喹諾酮、頭孢比洛、頭孢洛林、頭孢洛氯、頭孢帕羅、頭孢馬汀和頭孢磺胺。
在本揭露的方法中,β-內醯胺類化合物可以藥物組成物的形式施用。藥物組成物可以包含一種或多種本文所述的β-內醯胺類化合物和/或用於如上示例的疾病的其他治療劑。可將藥物組成物施用於受試者(例如人類患者)以實現和/或維持葡萄糖穩態,例如於健康個體中,降低血流中的葡萄糖濃度和/或將胰島素濃度降低至一定範圍。用於治療的受試者包括患有本文所述的葡萄糖代謝失調的受試者。
在具體實施例中,本揭露的藥物組成物進一步包含藥學上可接受的載體、稀釋劑、賦形劑或溶劑化物,且可製備成合適的劑型。合適劑型的實例是口服施用的片劑、膠囊劑、膜衣片劑、顆粒劑、溶液劑和糖漿劑;透皮施用的藥膏、糊劑、乳膏和藥膏;直腸施用的栓劑;以及藉由注射或噴霧劑途徑施用的無菌溶液。
合適劑型的其他實例是藉由口服或注射途徑施用,並基於例如脂質體的持續釋放劑型。
劑型還可包含其他常規成分,例如防腐劑、穩定劑、表面活性劑、緩衝劑、滲透壓調節鹽、乳化劑、甜味劑、著色劑、調味劑等。
另外,當需要特定療法時,根據本揭露的藥物組成物還可包含有用於同時施用的其他藥理活性成分。
根據本揭露的β-內醯胺類化合物的量可基於例如欲治療的疾病的類型、疾病的嚴重程度、患者的體重、劑型、選定的施用途徑、每日施用次數和選定的β-內醯胺類化合物的功效,做大範圍的調整。然而,根據需要,本領域技術人員可以基於本揭露以簡單且常規的方式確定最佳量。
在本揭露的方法中,將治療有效量的β-內醯胺類化合物施用於有其需要的受試者,亦即,針對未接受治療前,相對於健康個體沒有正常濃度的葡萄糖/胰島素的患者,當將β-內醯胺類化合物以有效量遞送至其血流時,該患者的血漿葡萄糖和/或胰島素濃度恢復到相對於健康個體的正常濃度。施用量根據施用目的、待治療個體的健康和身體狀況以及年齡、所用化合物的活性、臨床醫生對醫療狀況的評估、受試者的狀況、受試者的體重、葡萄糖/胰島素失調的嚴重程度和疾病的階段以及其他相關因素而有不同。劑量的大小也將取決於施用化合物可能引起的任何不良副作用的存在、性質和程度。
預期該量將落在可以藉由常規試驗確定的相對較寬的範圍內。例如,用於恢復葡萄糖穩態的化合物的量不超過可能對受試者有不可逆毒性的量(即最大耐受劑量)。在其他情況下,該量在毒性閾值附近或甚至遠低於毒性閾值,但仍在有效濃度範圍內,或甚至與閾值劑量一樣低。
同樣地,可藉由與葡萄糖代謝指標進行比較來確定合適的劑量和給藥方案(regimen)。此等劑量包括使葡萄糖和胰島素濃度穩定(例如,與健康個體相當)的劑量,而沒有明顯的副作用。劑量治療可為單劑量方案或多劑量方案(例如,包括斜升(ramp)劑量和維持劑量)。如下所述,藥物組成物可與其他試劑聯合施用,因此在此情況下,劑量和方案可有所變化以配合受試者的需要。
個人劑量通常不低於對受試者產生可測量的作用所需的劑量,且可基於化合物或其副產物的吸收、分佈、代謝和排泄(「ADME」)的藥物動力學和藥理學來確定,並因此係根據組成物在受試者體內的配置來確定。這包括考慮施用途徑和劑量,可針對腸內(藉由保留在消化道的一部分而由消化道進行全身或局部作用)或腸胃外(藉由消化道以外的途徑作用)施用進行調整。例如,化合物的施用通常是藉由注射,通常是靜脈注射、肌肉注射或其組合。
用語「有效量」是指在施用特定治療的量之前和之後所測量的指標濃度之間存在可檢測的差異。指標包括,但不限於葡萄糖和胰島素。例如,這可能意味著以一系列相同或不同組成物的一部分或以單劑量向個體施用該劑量可有效幫助恢復葡萄糖代謝的穩態,其係如藉由受試者中的葡萄糖和/或胰島素濃度評估。如上所述,可結合給藥方案和受試者狀況的診斷分析(例如,監測血漿中葡萄糖和/或胰島素的濃度)等來調整治療有效量。
本揭露的藥物組成物的劑型可以根據藥物化學家習知的技術來製備,包括混合、製粒、壓片、溶解、滅菌等。
如本文可互換使用的術語「長效」或「長效作用」,即使在停止服用β-內醯胺類化合物的藥物後,預防或治療葡萄糖代謝失調的作用持續至少
24小時、至少48小時、至少72小時、至少96小時、至少一週、至少兩週、至少三週、至少四週、至少五週、至少六週、至少七週、至少八週、至少九週、至少十週、至少十一週或至少十二週。在具體實施例中,本揭露的β-內醯胺類化合物不僅有用於預防或治療葡萄糖代謝失調,而且即使在對有需要的受試者施用後還顯示出對預防或治療葡萄糖代謝失調的長效作用,其中,該長效作用可以持續至少兩天、至少一週、至少兩週、至少三週、至少四週、至少五週、至少六週、至少七週、至少八週、至少九週、至少十週、至少十一週或至少十二週。
實施例
提出以下實施例以向所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者提供關於如何製作和使用本揭露的完整揭示內容和描述,並非限制本揭露的範圍,亦非表示以下實驗是全部或僅進行的實驗。已盡力確保所用數值(例如,數量、重量、溫度等)的準確性,但應考慮一些實驗誤差和偏差。
材料和方法
在以下實施例中使用的材料和方法在下面進行詳細描述。在本揭露中使用但在此未註釋的材料是可商購的。
(1)動物
在以下實施例中,使用顯示出與第2型糖尿病患者相似的胰島素抗性的瘦蛋白受體基因(Lepr)缺陷db/db小鼠來研究候選化合物在調節血糖穩態中的作用。
四到五週大的db/db小鼠(KS.Cg-Dock7m+/+Leprdb/JNarl)和m/m小鼠(BKS.Cg-Dock7m+/Dock7m+)從國家實驗動物中心(南港,台北,台灣)。將該些動物飼養在24±2℃和65±5%濕度下具有12小時暗光循環的設施中,並隨意提供食物和水(ad libitum)(No.5001;PMI Nutrition International,Brentwood,MO)。用於實驗的m/m小鼠的平均體重約為20g,而db/db小鼠的平均體重約為30g。
在整個研究期間,每週記錄一次小鼠體重(bw)以及水和食物的攝入量。
(2)空腹血糖(FPG)測量
針對每隻小鼠,在預定的時間點從尾靜脈採樣血液,並使用血糖儀(OneTouch UltraEasy,Johnson & Johnson,美國)測量FPG濃度。
(3)口服葡萄糖耐受性試驗(OGTT)
為了OGTT,測試前將所有小鼠禁食16小時,但隨意提供水。從尾靜脈取樣血液,測量FPG濃度並將其記錄為基本血糖濃度。在FPG測量之後,給小鼠口服2mg/g葡萄糖(20%葡萄糖溶液),並在餵食後15、30、60和120分鐘測量血糖濃度。OGTT中曲線下總面積(AUC)由Area Under Coordinates Program(StatsToDo Server,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,香港中文大學)繪製和計算。
(4)其他分析
使用BMC-Hitachi 717化學自動分析儀測量血清中的天冬胺酸轉胺酶(AST)、丙胺酸轉胺酶(ALT)、血尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)和血紅蛋白A1c(HbA1c)等發炎標誌物。
進行組織病理學評估,在研究期結束時,將所有小鼠以95% CO2窒息犧牲。移除腦、肝、腎、胰臟和附睪脂肪墊,固定在10%磷酸鹽緩衝福馬林中,並包埋在石蠟中。將包埋在石蠟中的組織切成4μm厚的切片,然後用蘇木精-伊紅染色(即H&E染色)。
(5)統計分析
由每個實驗組別中至少6隻小鼠計算的結果顯示為平均值±SEM。P值<0.05被認為是顯著的(ANOVA,然後進行鄧肯(Duncan)檢定)。如果治療後的FPG濃度顯著低於治療前,或者治療後的口服葡萄糖耐受性(OGT)值明顯高於治療前,則認為藥物治療可有效降低血糖濃度(P值<0.05)。
實施例1:厄他培南治療對葡萄糖代謝失調的效果
在此實施例中,與已知用於治療第2型糖尿病的一線藥物療法之二甲雙胍(Met)相比,研究厄他培南(以下也簡稱為「DMH」)對葡萄糖代謝失調的作用。
將12隻7週或8週大的db/db小鼠隨機分為2組,並腹腔內注射(i.p.)有厄他培南或沒有厄他培南(分別為DB+DMH組或DB組)。下表1中具體說明各組的處理。
每天一次以生理食鹽水或厄他培南腹腔內處理每隻小鼠,這種處理總共持續三週。測試和結果描述如下。
(1-1)厄他培南治療降低食物和水的攝入
如下表2所示,發現在整個研究期間,以厄他培南治療的小鼠(即DB+DMH組)的食物和水攝入減少(P<0.05)。該結果清楚地表明,厄他培南在控制糖尿病小鼠的食物和水攝入方面是有效的。
(1-2)厄他培南治療提高口服葡萄糖耐受性
在第3週(亦即厄他培南治療結束後)進行OGTT。如第1圖所示,在90分鐘和120分鐘的時間點,DB+DMH組的葡萄糖濃度顯著低於DB組。
此外,如表3所示,繪製並計算OGTT中曲線下總面積(AUC)。結果表明,經厄他培南治療的小鼠(DB+DMH組)的AUC顯著小於(P<0.05)未經治療的小鼠(DB組)。
(1-3)血漿生化參數分析
AST和ALT分別是肝臟的發炎標誌物,之前分別稱為血清麩胺酸草乙酸轉胺酶(GOT)和血清麩胺酸丙酮酸轉胺酶(GPT)。BUN和Cr是腎臟的發炎標誌物。在第3週,即厄他培南治療結束時測量該等標誌物和HbA1c。結果報告於表4中。發現藉由厄他培南治療,糖尿病小鼠中AST、ALT、BUN和HbA1c的濃度顯著降低。
(1-4)厄他培南治療的組織學變化
在研究期結束時,犧牲所有小鼠,收集大腦、肝臟、腎臟、胰臟和附睪脂肪墊(EFP),並進行組織學檢查是否有損傷。
如第2圖所示,結果表明所有小鼠的胰臟、附睪脂肪墊和腦組織均無組織學變化。
此外,在此兩組的肝組織中,在中心靜脈區域周圍的肝細胞之細胞質中觀察到非常少量到少量的肝醣儲存。在DB+DMH組中,這種肝醣儲存的嚴重性和發生率較在DB組中輕。
在腎臟組織中,在一些小鼠中觀察到腎小管上皮細胞的變性和壞死、礦化沉積和透明圓柱體(hyaline cast),而這種組織學改變的嚴重性和發生率在兩組之間沒有顯著差異。
總體而言,厄他培南治療後未觀察到腦、肝、腎、胰臟和附睪脂肪墊明顯受傷。
實施例2:停止厄他培南治療後對葡萄糖代謝失調的效果
為檢查停止治療後厄他培南和二甲雙胍(Met)的治療效果,將八隻8週齡的m/m小鼠用作正常對照(G1),40隻8週齡的db/db小鼠隨機分為5組(G2至G6)。每個組接受不同的處理,如下表5所述。
治療總共持續六週,且六週後停止所有藥物的治療。如第3圖的流程圖所示,在相應的小鼠年齡的時間點進行測試。測試和結果描述如下。
(2-1)厄他培南治療減輕體重
如下表6所示,發現在整個研究期間,G1小鼠的體重最低(P<0.05)。在二甲雙胍治療的小鼠(G3)和其他測試小鼠組別中,體重沒有顯著變化。
但是,在第2至9週期間,G4小鼠的體重明顯低於G2和G3小鼠,而G6小鼠(在第3至7和9週)和G3小鼠(在第3至9週)的體重均低於G2小鼠。該等數據表明,厄他培南治療(0.1mg/g體重和0.4mg/g體重)在db/db小鼠中具有降低體重的積極作用。出現這種效果是因為db/db小鼠在厄他培南治療後減少食物和水的攝入。
在表6中,顯示每組的體重平均值±SEM的值,並且不同斜體字母之間的值的差異是顯著的(P<0.05)。例如,當比較以a和b表示的值時,兩者之間的體重存在統計上顯著(P<0.05);當比較以b和c表示的值時,兩者之間的體重也存在統計上顯著(P<0.05)。另外,bc表示的值與「a」或「d」表示的值顯著不同。
(2-2)厄他培南治療降低血糖濃度
在小鼠達8、11、14、17、20、24和26週齡時進行FPG測量,其中將8週齡小鼠的FPG濃度設為第0週的濃度。因此,11、14、17、20、24和26週齡小鼠的FPG濃度分別為治療後第3、6、9、12、16和18週的濃度。下表7報告每組小鼠的FPG濃度。
在表7中,顯示每組的FPG濃度平均值±SEM的值,並且如上所解釋的,該等值之間的差異是顯著的(P<0.05)。
如上表7所示,G1小鼠在所有測量點的FPG濃度最低(P<0.05)。
在第3週,G3、G4和G6小鼠的FPG濃度顯著低於G2小鼠(P<0.05),這表明厄他培南治療(0.1mg/g體重和0.4mg/g體重)對於降低db/db小鼠的血糖濃度與二甲雙胍一樣有效(0.3mg/g體重)。
在第6週時,G3、G4、G5和G6小鼠的FPG濃度均顯著低於G2小鼠(P<0.05),表明所有濃度的厄他培南對於自發性第2型糖尿病db/db小鼠的血糖濃度均具有與二甲雙胍(0.3mg/g體重)類似的作用。
在第9、12、16和18週時,以二甲雙胍治療的小鼠(G3)的FPG濃度與未經治療的db/db小鼠(G2)的FPG濃度相似。這是可以理解的,因為二甲雙胍的血漿半衰期僅為約6小時,並且在24小時內從血液中清除。
令人驚訝的是,在第9週時,G6小鼠的FPG濃度顯著低於G2(P<0.05)和G3(P=0.0059)小鼠,而G4和G5小鼠的FPG濃度也低於G3小鼠(P<0.05)。在第12週時,G4、G5和G6小鼠的FPG濃度仍然低於G2小鼠,並且G4、G5和G6小鼠的FPG濃度沒有顯著差異。該等結果清楚地表明厄他培南的作用是長效和持久的。
該等結果清楚地表明,厄他培南在控制血糖濃度方面與二甲雙胍同樣有效,並且即使停止厄他培南的治療,厄他培南的降血糖作用仍可持續至少6週。
(2-3)厄他培南治療提高口服葡萄糖耐受性
在治療後6、12、16和18週(小鼠達14、20、24和26週齡)進行OGTT。
如表8和第4圖所示,厄他培南在第6週和第12週的大多數時間點顯著提高db/db小鼠的口服葡萄糖耐受性(OGT)。但是,在大多數測量點中,以二甲雙胍治療的小鼠中未發現OGT顯著變化,且在db/db小鼠組別中,於第16和18週的大多數測量點僅觀察到些微變化。
在表8中,列出每組的OGTT濃度平均值±SEM的值。如上所解釋的,如果上標中的斜體字母不重疊,則該等值之間的差異是顯著的(P<0.05)。
然後,繪製並計算OGTT中曲線下總面積(AUC),如下表9所示。結果顯示,在第6、12和16週,接受厄他培南治療的小鼠(G4和G5)的AUC顯著小於(P<0.05)經二甲雙胍治療的小鼠(G3)和未經治療的db/db小鼠(G2)。G2組和G3組之間在任何測量點的AUC均無統計學上顯著意義。
在上述表9中,列出每組的OGTT之AUC平均值±SEM的值,並且如上所解釋的,如果上標中的斜體字母不重疊,則該等值之間的差異是顯著的(P<0.05)。
該等結果表明,即使停止治療10週,厄他培南也能有效提高db/db小鼠的口服葡萄糖耐受性。
(2-4)DMH治療後發炎標誌物的濃度
在第19週測量發炎標誌物的濃度。在測試組(G2至G6)的小鼠中,血糖(GLU)和肌酐(Cr)相似,但高於G1。在測試組(G2至G6)的小鼠中未發現其他發炎標誌物的顯著變化。
(2-5)DMH處理後的組織學變化
組織學檢查小鼠的肝、腎、胰臟和附睪脂肪墊是否受傷。
如第5圖所示,結果表明所有小鼠的胰臟均無組織學變化。在db/db小鼠中發現中心靜脈周圍的肝細胞中積累少量的肝醣,但在m/m小鼠中卻沒有。
在m/m小鼠的腎臟中未發現組織學變化,但在某些db/db小鼠中觀察到腎小管上皮細胞的變性和壞死、礦化沉積和透明圓柱體。該等組織學變化在經二甲雙胍治療的小鼠中比在經厄他培南治療的小鼠中更為明顯。
在附睪脂肪墊中,db/db小鼠中的油滴(oil droplet)大於m/m小鼠中的油滴,並且在各組之間未觀察到組織學差異。
厄他培南治療後未觀察到肝、腎、胰臟和附睪脂肪墊明顯損傷。
實施例3:停止β-內醯胺類化合物治療後對葡萄糖代謝失調的效果
為檢驗停藥後β-內醯胺類化合物的作用,將六隻8週齡的m/m小鼠作為正常對照(G7),將42隻7週齡或8週齡的db/db小鼠隨機分為7組(G8至G14)。每個組接受不同的處理,如下表10所述。
具體來說,每組接受的處理如下:
G7:m/m小鼠,每日隨意飲水,生理食鹽水i.p.(10μL/g體重);
G8:db/db小鼠,每日隨意飲水,生理食鹽水i.p.(10μL/g體重);
G9:db/db小鼠,每日厄他培南(DMH)i.p.(0.41mg/g體重,相當於人體0.033g/kg);
G10:db/db小鼠,每日美羅培南水合物(MER)i.p.(0.205mg/g體重,相當於人體0.017g/kg);
G11:db/db小鼠,每日頭孢曲松(CEFT)i.p.(0.82mg/g體重,相當於人體0.067g/kg);
G12:db/db小鼠,每日青黴素G(PEN)i.p.(1.473mg/g體重,相當於人體0.12g/kg);
G13:db/db小鼠,每日泰寧(TIE)i.p.(0.41mg/g體重,相當於人體0.033g/kg);以及
G14:db/db小鼠,每日口服二甲雙胍(MET)(0.3mg/g體重)。
治療總共持續三週。也就是說,所有藥物都在三週後停藥。測試或測量是在預定的時間點進行的,包括藥物治療的開始(也標註為基線或第0週)、已服藥3週的時間點(也標註為第3週)、藥物已停藥3週的時間點(也稱為第6週)、以及藥物已停藥6週的時間點(也標註為第9週)。測試和結果描述如下。
(3-1)β-內醯胺類化合物治療對體重的效果
如下表11所示,發現除對照組外,G12小鼠在整個研究期間的體重最低(P<0.05)。
在上表11中,表示每組的體重平均值±SEM的值,並且如上所解釋的,如果上標中的斜體字母不重疊,則該等值之間的差異是顯著的(P<0.05)。
(3-2)β-內醯胺類化合物對食物和水的攝入量的效果
如下表12所示,發現DMH、CEFT和PEN治療顯著降低db/db小鼠的食物攝入量(P<0.05),而DMH、CEFT、TIE和PEN治療顯著降低db/db小鼠的飲水量(P<0.05)。
在表12中,顯示每組的食物和水的攝入量平均值±SEM的值,並且如上所解釋的,如果上標中的斜體字母不重疊,則該等值之間的差異是顯著的(P<0.05)。
(3-3)β-內醯胺類化合物治療對口服葡萄糖耐受性的效果
在第6週和第9週,即分別為停止服藥3週和6週的時間點進行OGTT。
如第6A圖所示,在30分鐘和60分鐘的時間點,G9組和G12組的葡萄糖濃度顯著低於G8組。也如第6B圖所示,在30分鐘、60分鐘和120分鐘的時間點,G9組和G12組的葡萄糖濃度顯著低於G8組,這表明即使藥物已停止用藥至少3週,DMH和PEN在調節血糖穩態方面仍然有效。
此外,如下表13所示,繪製並計算OGTT的總AUC。結果顯示,即使停止治療至少3週,經β-內醯胺類化合物治療的小鼠(即G9組至G13組)的AUC仍小於未經治療的小鼠(G8組)的AUC(P<0.05)。
在上表13中,列出每組的OGTT之AUC平均值±SEM的值,並且如上所解釋的,如果上標中的斜體字母不重疊,則該等值之間的差異是顯著的(P<0.05)。
(3-4)血漿生化參數分析
在第9週,即停止治療6週後,測量每組小鼠血漿中AST、ALT、BUN、Cr和HbA1c的濃度。結果總結在下表14中。
結果發現藉由以β-內醯胺類化合物處理,糖尿病小鼠中的AST、ALT、BUN、Cr和HbA1c濃度降低。例如,即使停止治療6週,DMH能降低AST、ALT和HbA1c的濃度;MER能降低AST濃度;CEFT能降低AST、ALT、BUN、Cr和HbA1c的濃度;PEN能降低ALT、BUN、Cr和HbA1c的濃度;以及TIE能降低HbA1c的濃度。
在上表14中,列出每組的參數平均值±SEM的值,並且如上所解釋的,如果上標中的斜體字母不重疊,則該等值之間的差異是顯著的(P<0.05)。
從以上可見,本揭露的β-內醯胺類化合物在改善葡萄糖代謝失調方面顯示出長效作用,因此可用於改善患者的生活質量及其對治療葡萄糖代謝失調的依從性。
儘管上面已經詳細描述本揭露的一些實施例,然而,對於所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者來說,可以在基本上不脫離本揭露的教導和優點的情況下,對所示的特定實施例進行各種修飾和改變。此等修飾和改變涵蓋在所附申請專利範圍中所闡述的本揭露的精神和範圍內。
Claims (9)
- 一種碳青黴烯類化合物於製備長效治療有其需要的受試者之第2型糖尿病的藥物之用途,其中,該藥物包括有效量的該碳青黴烯類化合物,且該碳青黴烯類化合物係由式(II)表示或其藥學上可接受的鹽:
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之用途,其中,R3由以下式(I-a)至式(I-1)之一者所示:
- 如申請專利範圍第2項所述之用途,其中,該碳青黴烯類化合物為多利培南、亞胺培南、比阿培南、帕尼培南、托姆培南、來那培南、扎魯培南、或噻吩培南。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之用途,其中,該長效治療在停止該施用後持續至少一週。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之用途,其中,該長效治療在停止該施用後持續至少6週。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之用途,其中,該長效治療在停止該施用後持續6週至10週。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之用途,其中,該受試者為哺乳動物。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之用途,其中,該受試者為人類。
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