TWI797512B - 在區塊鏈系統中的代理式圖靈完備交易整合反饋 - Google Patents
在區塊鏈系統中的代理式圖靈完備交易整合反饋 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本發明係關於區塊鏈的實現,且適合但不限於與比特幣的區塊鏈一起使用,其可用於實現自動化過程,如設備/系統控制、過程控制、分散式計算和儲存等。本發明提供了一種使用區塊鏈來控制在計算資源上執行的程序的解決方案。在一實施例中,計算資源係與區塊鏈同步且平行運作,以管理一基於循環的操作。計算資源持續監控區塊鏈的狀態以及任一其他區塊鏈下的輸入資料或資源。循環執行會受區塊鏈的狀態影響,利用寫入在區塊鏈中記錄之交易內的計算資源執行循環的每一迭代,以雜湊方式儲存在交易的元數據中。若計算資源找到一筆交易是與循環相關的雜湊,則存取代碼的相關部分。循環包括條件語法,使計算資源能夠決定採取哪個動作。條件可以取決於區塊鏈或任何其他資料源的狀態,動作可以是區塊鏈上或區塊鏈下的任何類型的動作。因此,計算資源和區塊鏈的組合提供的解決方案(至少部分)是圖靈完備(Turing-complete)。
Description
本發明係有關一種基於共識的電子分類帳(electronic ledgers),特別是指一種區塊鏈實現和技術。本發明特別適合但不限於與比特幣的區塊鏈一起使用,其可用於實現如設備/系統控制、過程控制、分散式計算和儲存等應用。
本案中使用術語「區塊鏈」包括具有共識、電腦化的所有形式的分佈式分類帳,這些包括但不限於區塊鏈和交易鏈技術、授權和未授權的分類帳、共享分類帳及其變體等。儘管已經提出和開發其它區塊鏈應用,但目前區塊鏈技術最廣泛已知的應用是比特幣分類賬。雖然為了方便和說明之目的,本發明可參考比特幣,但是應當注意,本發明不限於與比特幣之區塊鏈和替代的區塊鏈實施方案和協議一起使用,這些皆落入本發明的範圍中。
區塊鏈是基於共識的電子分類帳,其被實現為由區塊組成的電腦分散式系統,而區塊又由複數交易所組成。每個交易是對區塊鏈系統的參與者之間的數字資產的控制傳輸進行編碼的資料結構,並且包括至少一個輸入和至少一個輸出。每個區塊包含前一區塊的雜湊(hash),該區塊被鏈接在一起,以創建從區塊開始以來已被寫入的所有交易,為永久且不可更改的記錄。交易包含嵌入到其輸入和輸出中、被稱為腳本(script)的小程序,腳本指定如何以及由誰來存取交易的輸出。在比特幣平台上,這些腳本係利用堆疊的腳本語言編寫。
寫入區塊鏈的交易必須經過「驗證」,網絡節點(礦工)執行工作以確保每筆交易都是有效的,無效的交易會被網路拒絕。安裝在節點上的軟體客戶端通過在未使用交易(unspent transaction, UTXO)上執行鎖定和解鎖以驗證工作腳本。若鎖定和解鎖腳本的執行評估為“TRUE”,則交易是有效的,並且交易被寫入區塊鏈中。因此,為了將交易寫入區塊鏈,必須 i)由接收交易的第一節點進行驗證 – 若交易被驗證,則節點將其轉發到網絡中的其他節點;ii)添加到由礦工建造的新區塊中, 及iii)開採,即添加到過去交易的公共分類帳中。
區塊鏈技術是最廣泛被知悉及使用的加密貨幣,數位企業家已經開始探索使用密碼安全系統的比特幣及可將比特幣儲存在區塊鏈上的新系統,包括但不限於:
˙ 儲存元數據
˙ 執行數位令牌(token)
˙ 建立數位簽章所簽署的合同
若區塊鏈可不限於加密貨幣領域的自動化任務和處理,將具有很大優勢, 此解決方案將能夠利用區塊鏈的優點(例如永久性、防篡改記錄、分散式處理等)同時在其應用中更為多方面。
在區塊鏈體系內目前關注的一個領域是圖靈完備(Turing-completeness),特別是如何促進圖靈完備行為納入區塊鏈技術,該技術是為了安全原因而限制功能。
有人質疑比特幣的腳本語言是否是圖靈完備,因為其本身不支援複雜的控制流功能,例如循環發生,這種限制的一個優點是程序的執行時間可預測。將比特幣腳本限制為線性或樹狀決策任務的另一個顯著優點是可避免無限循環,避免利用無限循環所發起攻擊(例如拒絕服務(DoS或DDoS)攻擊)的手段。由於此限制,比特幣腳本通常限於線性任務,而不是更複雜的應用程序,如自動化任務的控制、設備管理等。
以太坊(Ethereum)區塊鏈平台通過融入一個「內置」的圖靈完備語言稱為“Solidity”解決此問題。這種語言是以太坊平台的原生語言,因此以Solidity編寫的腳本可以包括控制流機制,如循環。 然而,以太坊遭受了幾次攻擊和漏洞攻擊。
由於上述提到的安全問題及由於比特幣使用的腳本語言的廣泛使用和熟悉,在區塊鏈體系的很大一部分中仍然希望保留使用區塊鏈技術的有限腳本語言。
因此,本發明提供一種解決方案,其有助於圖靈完備功能,例如循環機制和其他複雜控制結構,以與區塊鏈腳本整合,同時避免潛在安全弱點(例如無限循環)的破壞性影響。 這種解決方案將提供許多益處,包括:
˙ 實現複雜區塊鏈的自動化;
˙ 控制記錄到區塊鏈上的元數據流;
˙ 擴展區塊鏈平台的功能和應用,這些平台不依賴或有意地結合圖靈完備語言。
本發明提供了一種解決方案,其包括與平行計算資源耦合的區塊鏈的新組合,其能在典型區塊鏈腳本之外進行模仿、模擬及/或併入循環以及其他圖靈完備的功能。進而有助於與例如分散式數據存儲、分散式計算和無人機控制或任何物聯網(IoT)設備相關的自動化任務的多種應用,此應用可包括將區塊鏈用於元數據儲存、管理數位令牌和建立合同。
因此,本發明提供如上述之解決方案及權利要求。本發明提供一(程序)控制方法和相應系統。 本發明可以被稱為區塊鏈實現的控制方法/系統。其可控制自動化任務或過程。
本發明利用區塊鏈來模仿/模擬圖靈完備。此外,本發明可使涉及圖靈完備控制機制的應用能在區塊鏈平台上執行。
再者,本發明所述為利用區塊鏈及/或一個或多個區塊鏈交易來控制在區塊鏈下計算資源上執行的程序之方法或系統。因此,本發明將不同功能和架構的不同計算組件設置成相互作用,以便提供新的技術結果。不同計算系統(計算資源和區塊鏈)的交互作用會產生強大的控制解決方案。
從計算資源的角度來看,本發明提供了程序可永久執行、且防止記錄被篡改的優點。從區塊鏈角度來看,本發明提供了改進的區塊鏈,能通過使用區塊鏈至少部分模擬圖靈完備的行為,基於此,進一步能配置更多複雜功能的區塊鏈應用。這一切都是在保持對區塊鏈交易使用有限的腳本語言的情況下實現。腳本語言可被限制,如此一來可避免或至少不造成將複雜控制流機制(例如循環)併入到以該語言編寫的代碼中。可以設置語言的指令集,即程序員可以使用的「命令」或「操作碼」,但不包括用於複雜流控制機制的命令。
區塊鏈係使用包含一有限語言的區塊鏈協定,其可為腳本語言(scripting language)。本發明可擴展有限腳本語言的功能以利用區塊鏈執行任務。
本發明可使用區塊鏈的狀態來執行循環的程序,循環程序可在與區塊鏈網路平行操作的計算資源上執行,此計算資源可以不同於區塊鏈網路(不是區塊鏈網路的一部分),計算資源可被稱為“oracle”或“bot”。
這使得區塊鏈協議能夠在利用功能有限的腳本語言的同時,允許諸如循環機制的控制流機制在區塊鏈下實現。此種新穎的組合增強了區塊鏈技術的多功能性,同時保持安全性。
此方法包括下列步驟:
在一計算資源上執行一循環;以及
利用該區塊鏈之狀態影響循環之執行。
此外,本發明包括利用一個或多個交易及/或(交易)區塊中提供的代碼所引用之區塊鏈來實現圖靈機的步驟。
計算資源可為任意處理裝置或系統,如一台伺服器或複數台伺服器,其可為獨立或分散式資源。區塊鏈可為比特幣區塊鏈或其他任意區塊鏈相關的平台,區塊鏈是基於共識的分佈式分類帳。
循環(loop)中至少一迭代的資訊係儲存在區塊鏈的一交易中,資訊可做為元數據儲存。循環可包含「if條件再動作」(If condition then action, ICTA)指令。
本發明之方法更包括產生與該循環相關之代碼之一密碼雜湊(cryptographic hash),並將密碼雜湊儲存在區塊鏈之一交易中。代碼可為包含一控制流狀態之一代碼區塊,如「if條件再動作」狀態。代碼區塊可為一部份的代碼,如全部或部分副程式(如功能、方法、程序)。控制流狀態可控制或影響循環的執行,例如迭代的次數。
計算資源可用以監控交易時的區塊鏈狀態,交易包含與該循環相關之代碼之一密碼雜湊。
本發明之方法更包括下列步驟:
對於該循環的每一迭代包括:
評估一條件,並基於該評估之結果執行至少一動作,該至少一動作包括:
使至少一交易被寫入該區塊鏈;以及/或
執行一區塊鏈下(off-blockchain)動作。
條件可用於監控任意值、訊號或輸入是從何處、如何及由誰產生,不論是在區塊鏈上或區塊鏈下,條件可與接收到的、偵測到的或由計算資源所產生的資料相關,或與區塊鏈之狀態相關,此條件可視為「觸發(trigger)」。此為區塊鏈的一種特殊狀態,或是區塊鏈下偵測到的事件(如日期或溫度等)或二者之組合。
動作可包含傳送一訊號以產生一區塊鏈下事件,或廣播一新交易,或二者之組合。索引(index)可以維持(i)計算資源(管理者)內的區塊鏈下或可以是(ii)儲存在隨後廣播的交易內的值。(i)和(ii)是維持控制資料的兩種替代方法。
計算資源用於監控:
區塊鏈之狀態;計算資源所產生或接收的值;及/或區塊鏈下提供的資料或訊號源。
本發明之方法包括下列步驟:
i) 利用該區塊鏈做為用於資料、指令或指向資料及/或指令的一指標(pointer)之一儲存構件;
ii) 利用一計算資源做為一圖靈完備程序(Turing complete process)之一控制流管理組件,該計算資料用以執行一循環機制。
因此,區塊鏈可以做為圖靈機的不可擦除帶。 計算資源可以用於控制程序的執行流,實現循環並擴展腳本語言的功能。
本發明之方法更包括在一特定迭代時重啟循環之步驟,若計算資源找到區塊鏈之一交易中的代碼(code in a transaction)的一部份的一預定雜湊,則可重啟循環,此部分代碼設於循環的本體中,其可包括一ICTA狀態。
計算資源可以在每一迭代時重新產生循環,此可以各種方式表現,舉例而言,循環的一代碼區塊可為:
硬編碼到該計算資源中或該計算資源上;
儲存在私有或公開的可用檔案中;
做為一私有或公開的雜湊表檔案之一開口(entry)儲存;
或上述之組合。
代碼區塊可為靜態且具有硬編碼變量,或可以是靜態但包含可以填充的參數。參數可為任意資料格式的單一值、小塊的編碼或以上之組合。可以通過從交易(例如比特幣交易)中的元數據或從諸如內部資料庫或私有/公共檔案或雜湊表的外部資源或上述的任何組合直接擷取參數以填充參數。指向外部參數值的指標可儲存在交易的元數據中。
可使用在交易中所提供的、或與交易相關聯的元數據來指定與迭代相關的資訊。
計算資源可包括註冊表、資料庫、儲存庫或其他儲存設施,或與註冊表、資料庫、儲存庫或其他儲存設施溝通,使計算資源可存取副程式預先儲存的版本。註冊表儲存有:
i) 與循環相關之代碼之一密碼雜湊;以及
ii) 指向一位置之資訊,位置可供存取代碼之一副本。
本發明之方法更包括利用一區塊鏈交易以更新循環之代碼,以將現有代碼取代成新代碼之步驟。更甚者,區塊鏈交易為一多簽名付費至腳本雜湊(Pay to script hash, P2SH)交易。現有代碼之雜湊及新代碼之雜湊會被儲存。
本發明另提供一種執行上述方法中任意實施例之系統。
本發明提供一電腦系統,此系統利用一區塊鏈控制計算資源上的程序執行,此外,系統利用區塊鏈(與區塊鏈交互作用)去模擬或模仿圖靈完備、或利用區塊鏈執行如循環之類的控制流結構的應用。
本系統包括:
一區塊鏈;以及
一計算資源,用以執行一循環,循環之執行係受到區塊鏈之狀態影響。
與循環的至少一個迭代相關的資訊係儲存在區塊鏈上的一交易中,較佳的,資訊係做為元數據儲存在交易中。
較佳的,計算資源用以產生與循環相關之代碼之一密碼雜湊,較佳的,密碼雜湊儲存在區塊鏈上的一交易中。此外或可擇一的,計算資源可用以監控區塊鏈的狀態,區塊鏈的交易狀態包括與循環相關之代碼之一密碼雜湊。
較佳的,對於循環的每一迭代:一條件被評估,並基於該評估之結果執行至少一動作;該至少一動作包括:
使至少一交易被寫入該區塊鏈;以及/或
執行一區塊鏈下動作。
此條件係與接收到的、偵測到的或由計算資源所產生的資料相關,或與區塊鏈之狀態相關。
計算資源係配置為監控:
區塊鏈之狀態;
計算資源所接收或產生之一值;及/或
區塊鏈所提供之資料或訊號源。
區塊鏈做為用於資料、指令或指向資料及/或指令的一指標(pointer)之一儲存構件。計算資源做為一圖靈完備程序(Turing complete process)的一控制流管理組件,計算資料用以執行一循環機制。區塊鏈可用一限制語言操作,舉例而言,如比特幣腳本語言。
當計算資源找到區塊鏈的一交易中的代碼的一部份的一預定雜湊時,在一特定迭代時會重啟循環。與該迭代相關之資訊係使用在交易中提供的、或與交易相關聯的元數據來指定。
計算資源包括一註冊表、或可與註冊表溝通,註冊表使計算資源可存取一副程式的一預存版本,此註冊表可儲存:
i) 與循環相關之代碼的一密碼雜湊;以及
ii) 指向一位置之資訊,位置可供存取該代碼的一副本。
本發明之系統利用一區塊鏈交易以更新循環之代碼,使現有代碼被取代成新代碼,且區塊鏈交易為一多簽名付費至腳本雜湊(Pay to script hash, P2SH)交易。較佳的,系統配置於儲存現有代碼之雜湊及新代碼之雜湊。
關於本發明實施例所描述的任何特徵也可以適用於任何其它方面或實施例,例如,關於方法描述的任何特徵也可以在系統使用,反之亦然。
下面描述使用比特幣區塊鏈的實施例進行說明,但亦可使用其他區塊鏈協議和實作,本發明不限於此。
本發明解決了在有限操作的區塊鏈平台(亦即使用不支持複雜控制機制的腳本語言的平台)上圖靈完備的問題,並因此擴展了可放置區塊鏈的用途或應用。Marvin Minsky(Minksy等人,Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines,
Prentice Hall, Inc, 1967)揭露如何使用不可擦除的磁帶來實現圖靈完備的機器,不但能執行任何算法, 且可在通用圖靈機上執行。
本發明包括與區塊鏈結合操作的計算資源,其做為圖靈機實現中的不可擦除磁帶,此計算資源與區塊鏈網路平行運作、監督及處理循環程序的執行。循環程序係設計為執行給定任務,舉例而言,程序的自動化或設備或系統的控制(例如IoT設備的控制)。平行資源用以監控區塊鏈的狀態,並可將交易寫入區塊鏈中, 因此為方便參考,本文將其稱為「管理者」。
本發明包括以下特徵及優點:
˙ 使區塊鏈做為圖靈機中的不可擦除磁帶
˙ 與區塊鏈平行運作的電腦監控和管理組件(管理者)的功能和實現
˙ 使用管理者做為圖靈機的指令表
˙ 利用代碼註冊表對管理者進行管理
˙ 交易與管理者的代碼相關之元數據及重複循環
˙ 利用數位簽章執行管理者的軟體更新
˙ 管理者在特殊實施時使用備用區塊鏈
區塊鏈做為
圖靈機之不可擦除磁帶
請參考第1圖,本發明利用區塊鏈做為圖靈機之不可擦除磁帶,包括下列定義及特徵:
1. 區塊鏈的作動同圖靈機的磁帶,區鏈塊中的每一筆交易會呈現為磁帶上的一個單元,此單元可包含一有限字母表的符號。
2. 磁帶頭可從已寫入區塊鏈的區塊中讀取資訊。
3. 磁帶頭可將包含許多交易的新區塊寫入到區塊鏈的末端,但不能寫入已存在的區塊中,因此區塊鏈磁帶不可擦除。
4. 每一交易之元數據可以儲存為多簽名付費到腳本散列(multi-signature pay-toscript-hash, P2SH)交易的一部分。
管理者的一個重要功能是充當一個代理以監視區塊鏈的當前狀態,還可接收來自任何區塊外資源(off-block source)的訊號或輸入。根據區塊鏈狀態及/或接收到的輸入,管理者可執行某些動作。管理者決定要執行哪些動作, 這些動作可能涉及或可能不涉及在「真實世界」(即區塊外)及/或區塊鏈上的動作(例如創建和廣播新交易),管理者所採取的動作可能由區塊鏈狀態或一些區塊外的輸入觸發。管理者亦可決定要向比特幣網路廣播的下一組交易,並隨後將之寫入區塊鏈中。
管理者的行動與比特幣網路平行且同步,在某種意義上擴展了有限制的比特幣腳本的功能,這種連續監控實現了「循環」控制流結構,使管理者和區塊鏈系統的組合圖靈完備。
管理者做為圖靈機指令表
在本發明之實施例中,圖靈機包括兩種堆疊:
˙ 資料堆疊:由上述區塊鏈表示。
˙ 控制堆疊:由管理者功能表示,儲存與重複的控制流功能有關的資訊。
將控制堆疊與資料堆疊分離具有防止在區塊鏈(例如比特幣)核心中發生無限循環的優點,又減少了對比特幣系統的拒絕服務攻擊(denial-of-service attack)。
管理器可透過任何類型的循環結構(如FOR-NEXT、WHILE、REPEAT UNTIL等)管理和運行循環的副程式。本發明所述之實施例包括利用「重複」結構的程序(請參考第2圖),使用者指定索引(i
)和限制(J
),表示當前迭代數量(通常從0開始計數)和各個重複循環的迭代的總數。
對於每一迭代:
1. 從1開始增加索引,對於退出條件,當索引達到極限時迭代就會停止;
2. 執行包含「if條件then動作」(if condition then action, ICTA)語法的代碼區塊;該動作可以是區塊鏈上或區塊鏈下的任何動作;
3. 計算此副程式的加密雜湊,並做為一交易(Tx)的一部份儲存在區塊鏈中,由於雜湊對於每一個代碼區塊皆具有唯一性,故可用於驗證那個代碼已被使用。
因此,循環的本體中包括一代碼區塊,每一代碼區塊包括一「if條件then動作」(ICTA)語法(如第3圖所示),監視區塊鏈的當前狀態以匹配以下交易:
˙ 開始或觸發條件(例如當特定的比特幣位址達到10BTC時)。
˙ 重複條件(例如與先前迭代相關聯的元數據或雜湊)。
˙ 停止條件(例如循環的最後一次迭代)。
ICTA語法使管理者可依據區塊鏈的當前狀態來決定要進行的下一個交易。 進行下一交易涉及到將交易廣播到比特幣網路上,並將新交易寫入區塊鏈,做為執行此迭代的記錄。一旦交易被寫入區塊鏈中,管理者隨後找到先前的迭代已被執行並寫入區塊鏈,並接著將執行下一次迭代。當索引(i
)達到代碼區塊中指定的限制(J
)時,後面的迭代將繼續直到重複循環結束。
每個交易以可重複使用的方式保存在區塊鏈中。在使用比特幣時,交易中的每個簽名皆附加一SIGHASH標誌,此標誌可具有不同的值,每個值代表是否可在不涉及該簽名的所有者的情況下修改交易的其他部分。可重複使用的交易在其中一個交易的輸入中具有SIGHASH標誌「SigHash_AnyoneCanPay」,讓任何人對交易的輸入做出貢獻,且此參數可使管理者的ICTA功能可以執行和重複多次,並每次都有不同的輸入。該功能的使用可以限於授權方,例如通過可重用交易的版權。
ICTA代碼區塊之「If
條件」部分可監控任何類型的條件,類似於其他程式語言(例如C、C ++、Java),且不限於儲存在區塊鏈上的信息。如下所示為一些條件的範例:
˙ 監控日期和時間(例如達到某個日期和時間時)。
˙ 監測天氣(例如當溫度低於10℃並且下雨時)。
˙ 監控社交媒體(例如當我收到我的朋友的消息)。
˙ 監控合同或信託的條件(例如當公司A購買公司B時)。
˙ 監控新聞和事件(例如當足球隊A贏得比賽時)。
˙ 監控來自物聯網的信息(例如當燈泡需要更換時)。
˙ 監控來自移動/可穿戴設備的數據(例如當可穿戴步進跟踪設備計數10000步時)。
˙ 監控來自雲計算的結果(例如當計算完成時,結果被接收)。
˙ 監控遠程數據存儲(例如如果文件仍然遠程存在)。
ICTA代碼區塊的「Then action
」部分可以執行多個動作,本發明不限制可採取的動作的數量或類型,且動作不限於區塊鏈上的交易,雖然包含與動作相關的元數據的交易可能皆寫在區塊鏈上。
管理者可指定任何形式的元數據,但在本發明的一實施例中,元數據可以將一超連結儲存到一檔案中,檔案中包含更多與動作相關的資料或指令,元數據亦可將超連結及動作的雜湊同時儲存到包含更多與動作相關的資料或指令的雜湊表中,此動作為雜湊表之查表鍵(look-up key)。在一實施例中可使用與BitTorrent的磁力連結格式(magnet URL format)類似型態的鏈接。
以下所示為動作的範例:
˙ 比特幣交易(例如發送比特幣到特定位址)。
˙ 社交媒體(例如發送消息給朋友)。
˙ 交易(例如賣出X股)。
˙ 物聯網(例如關閉燈泡)。
˙ 商務(例如在線購買商品)。
˙ 在線服務(例如支付月費或使用比特幣請求的服務支付)。
由於本發明在所執行的動作的性質、類型或數量方面不受限制,故提供了一種高度通用的解決方案,可在大範圍的應用中有極大的優點。
管理者的控制堆疊可依據每一使用者的需要而有多種特定方式實現,舉例而言,控制堆疊的重複循環可用於任何圖靈完備語言,其中之一可能的語言選擇是Forth型態的堆疊語言,使用這種語言的優點之一在於其與控制堆疊在編程風格上與已知且廣泛運用的比特幣腳本一致。
使用比特幣腳本之備用堆疊做為資料儲存空間
比特幣腳本中包含命令,亦稱為操作代碼,讓使用者能將資料移動到一替代的堆疊上,稱為「替代堆疊」。
操作代碼為:
˙ OP_TOALTSTACK - 將資料從主堆疊的頂端移動到替代堆疊的頂端。
˙ OP_FROMALTSTACK - 將資料從替代堆疊的頂端移動到主堆疊的頂端(請參考第4圖)。
中間計算步驟的資料可以儲存在替代堆疊中,類似允許將資料儲存在計算器上的「記憶」功能。在本發明之實施例中,替代堆疊用於讓比特幣腳本解決小計算量的任務並可將結果返回到計算中。
利用一代碼註冊表管理該管理者
該管理者亦管理其擁有並運行的所有代碼的一註冊表,此註冊表的結構與將一特定金鑰映射到一特定值的查找表或字典相似(請參考第5圖)。金鑰和值的配對分別由代碼區塊(H1)的雜湊及儲存代碼的IPv6位址表示。要使用金鑰H1檢索代碼區塊,先利用查找表檢索關聯值(儲存代碼的位置),並相應檢索源代碼。
代碼註冊表有多種實現方式,例如,可使用本地管理的列表或點對點分散式雜湊表來實現查找表。源代碼可儲存在本地端、遠程或使用一分散式的檔案存儲系統,利用一磁力連結格式或任何使用共享零知識加密的連結格式來實現。
管理者代碼的交易元數據及循環的重新產生
在特定迭代中要重新生成管理者的循環,其所需的資訊係做為元數據儲存在區塊鏈上所記錄的交易中(請參考第6圖和第7圖)。
以這種方式,區塊鏈上之交易儲存或提供存取在管理者上正在執行的循環之一給定迭代相關的資訊,資訊可包括與循環相關之任何變量的值,如索引i及任何其他必須資訊,如在代碼區塊中使用的參數值或確認可存取進一步需要資訊的位置相關資料。
元數據本身係做為多簽名付費腳本散列腳本(P2SH)的一部分儲存在交易中,腳本格式請參考第8圖,使用交易中記錄之元數據還可記錄過去代碼執行的一審計追踪(audit trail)。
管理者可通過多種方式在每次迭代中重新生成重複循環之代碼區塊,代碼區塊可被硬編碼到管理者本身中,或儲存在專用或公開可用的檔案中,亦或是做為私有或公共雜湊表檔案儲存,或上述之組合。代碼區塊可以是具有硬編碼變量的靜態,或者可以是靜態的,但是包含可以填充的參數。參數可為任何資料格式的單一值、小區塊編碼、或上述之組合,這些參數可通過直接從交易中的元數據(例如比特幣交易)或從外部來源例如內部資料庫、私人或公共檔案或雜湊表、或上述的任何組合中獲取來填充參數。指向外部參數值之指標可儲存在交易的元數據中。
以下步驟提供如何在第i次迭代時管理者可重新產生重複循環之代碼區塊之示意圖,在此實施例中,代碼註冊表為雜湊表,其中雜湊值做為表中的查表鍵,並儲存在交易的元數據中。
1. 管理者監控區塊鏈中的交易,包含代碼區塊中與代碼註冊表匹配之雜湊值。
2. 管理者找到包含與雜湊(H1)相應之交易。
3. 管理者讀取「元數據代碼雜湊」,取得CodeHash字段以得到H1,並用以來檢索代碼(C1)。若RIPEMD-160(SHA256(C1))等於H1,則表示代碼未被更改,可繼續進行下一步。
4. 管理者讀取儲存有索引I的「元數據代碼雜湊」(Metadata-CodeHash),並在第i次迭代時重新產生代碼。換言之,在適當的迭代時會「重新載入」循環。
5. 使用者的簽名包含在P2SH命令中,以驗證元數據的來源。
6. 若循環的迭代需要「元數據輸出雜湊」(Metadata-OutputHash)及「元數據輸出指標」(Metadata-OutputPointer)(如第7圖所示)以檢索先前步驟的輸出,則管理者讀取該些資料。
將交易解鎖可能需要多個簽名(例如使用者、作業系統、軟體開發人員和軟體供應商),因此數位版權管理(digital rights management, DRM)系統可管理P2SH交易中涉及的各方操作代碼的權利。
更新管理者代碼
與管理者相關之代碼區塊的軟體更新及修補程序係使用多簽名P2SH交易進行安全授權(請參考第8圖)。多簽名交易記錄如第8圖及第9圖所示,其為舊代碼區塊及新代碼區塊之元數據,將舊代碼轉換為新代碼的記錄可提供軟體更新的審計軌跡。管理者需儲存源代碼中舊區塊及新區塊的所有雜湊值,利用新、舊的源代碼區塊的雜湊值來驗證代碼檔案之完整性。
在本發明的一實施例中,交易需要多個簽名來進行解鎖(例如使用者、作業系統、軟體開發者及軟體供應商),利用一數位版權管理系統對管理者使用之代碼的軟體更新和修補程序進行管理。
大多數軟體在運行時不允許進行更新,而本發明之優點在於可在執行循環的過程中進行軟體更新,此提供了一種動態和響應的解決方案,其可即時地重新配置,並將由本發明控制的程序可能產生的破壞最小化。
區塊鏈上所取得之資訊(請參考第8圖及第9圖)可用以更新到循環中的新代碼,並使用舊代碼的前一次迭代中之輸出元數據開始進行下一個迭代步驟。
實施例
目前的比特幣腳本語言不允許發生循環,以防止未來的攻擊者使用比特幣付款來觸發連續和自動化的動作,否則將需要外部干預來阻止這些動作。然而,由於本發明的管理者持續監控區塊鏈的資訊,故允許基於區塊鏈上的最新資訊以安全的方式執行複雜的自動化操作。
以下所述為管理者的控制堆疊如何自動且在線投票計數機器人的程序,此部分並不僅限於選舉或政治投票的「投票」,而是可用於涉及選擇的任何應用。術語「投票(vote)」可以簡單地用於表示「選擇」、「挑選」或「指示」。
投票計數機器人旨在促進公平且偽匿名投票,由區塊鏈記錄不可改變、永久審核軌跡的投票計數過程。投票計數機器人自動使用管理者的控制堆疊且重複循環(請參考第10圖)。以下情況說明如何操作。
有100個投票人,如果在2016年1月1日之前收到57個唯一的「贊成」票,則將付款給主席賈森(Jason)。投票過程分為兩部分:
˙ 令牌分配(token distribution)
˙ 計數
對於令牌分配,每個授權投票人分配100個投票令牌,每個令牌由一(比特幣)公鑰和私鑰對表示,利用秘密交換協議分發給每個投票人。每個比特幣公鑰和位址中都加載了少量的比特幣以代表一票。機器人保留與每個授權令牌相關的公鑰列表,並在投票開始之前將此列表公開。為了確保投票不能被綁定並為匿名投票,私鑰列表和投票人身份與其令牌之間的映射會被銷毀(即永不儲存)。
擁有匿名和預先授權的位址列表具有其他重要好處,可確保只有獲得授權的人才能投下有效的投票權,亦可便於排除來自特定位址的任何不需要的投票(例如垃圾郵件、不合格的投票人)而不損害投票人的身份。管理者執行一個重複循環以實現計數程序,將位址列表保存在比特幣腳本中,並傳送到備用堆疊以儲存資料。一旦位址被計數,其將從備用堆疊中刪除,不再新增到下一個交易中;當位址列表為空時,停止重複循環。
投票機器人管理者用其儲存投票計數的中間值,而非使用整數索引i來追蹤目前循環的位置,可確保投票計數的中間值儲存在區塊鏈中。此部分提供了一個審計軌跡,並顯示投票計數過程是公平的。
若收到具有唯一性的「贊成」票數達到57票,則將約定的比特幣金額支付到Jason的賬戶中。投票計數腳本的加密雜湊及儲存此腳本之IPv6位址將被公開發布,此意味著公眾有足夠的資訊進行重新計算,並確保投票計數過程公正正確。
應注意的是,上述實施例並非限制本發明,並且本領域技術人員將能夠設計許多備選實施例而不脫離由所附申請專利範圍限定的本發明的範圍。在申請專利範圍中,放置在括號中的任何附圖標記不應被解釋為限制權利要求。詞語「包括」不排除除了任何申請專利範圍或說明書作為整體列出的元件或步驟之外的元件或步驟的存在,在本說明書中,「包括」是指「包括或由...組成」。元素的單數引用並不排除這些元素的複數引用,反之亦然。本發明可以通過包括幾個不同元件的硬件,以及借助於適當編碼之計算機來實現。在列舉了若干裝置的設備申請專利範圍中,這些裝置中的幾個可以由同一個裝置項實現。在相互不同的從屬申請專利範圍中記載某些措施的事實並不表示這些措施的組合不能有利地使用。
無
參考本發明所述之實施例,本發明的這些和其它方面將是顯而易見的。現在將僅通過實施例的方式並參考圖式來描述本發明的實施例,其中
第1圖為區塊鏈做為圖靈機的不可擦除帶之示意圖。
第2圖為由管理者將與區塊鏈與重複循環結合之副程式示意圖。
第3圖為本發明一實施例中ICTA代碼區塊之程式碼示意圖。
第4圖為本發明一實施例中,比特幣的命令允許使用者將資料移入和移出替代堆疊之示意圖。
第5圖為本發明一實施例中管理者之代碼註冊表。
第6圖為本發明一實施例中與管理者之代碼區塊相關的元數據。
第7圖為本發明一實施例中與管理者在循環的一特定迭代時輸出相關的元數據。
第8圖為本發明一實施例中交易腳本及元數據之示意圖。
第9圖為本發明一實施例中管理者軟體修補驗證及審計軌跡之示意圖。
第10圖為本發明一實施例中計數機器人在偽代碼中的重複循環。
Claims (15)
- 一種利用區塊鏈在計算資源(computing resource)上控制程序執行之方法,該計算資源與一區塊鏈網路平行運作且用以監控該區塊鏈之狀態,該方法包括下列步驟:在該計算資源上執行一循環(loop);以及利用該區塊鏈之狀態影響該循環之執行,其中該計算資源係用以監控一交易之該區塊鏈的狀態,該區塊鏈包含與該循環相關之代碼之一密碼雜湊,另其中,對於該循環的每一個迭代(iteration),藉由在該區塊鏈之一交易中所提供的、或與該交易相關聯的資訊所指定的一迭代上,重啟該循環,來利用該區塊鏈之狀態影響該循環之執行。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中該資訊係儲存在該交易的元數據(metadata)中。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,更包括產生與該循環相關之代碼之一密碼雜湊,並將該密碼雜湊儲存在該區塊鏈上的一交易中。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,更包括下列步驟:對於該循環的每一迭代包括下列步驟:評估一條件,並基於該評估之結果執行至少一動作,該至少一動作包括:使至少一交易被寫入該區塊鏈;以及/或執行一區塊鏈下(off-blockchain)動作。
- 如請求項4所述之方法,其中該條件係與接收到的、偵測到的或由該計算資源所產生的資料相關,或與該區塊鏈之該狀態相關。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中該計算資源係i)為一區塊鏈下資源,與該區塊鏈分開;及/或ii)配置為實現圖靈機的一控制堆疊(control stack);及/或iii)配置為使用該區塊鏈做為圖靈機中的不可擦除磁帶;及/或iv)配置為監控:該區塊鏈之該狀態;該計算資源所接收或產生之一值;及/或該區塊鏈所提供之資料或訊號源。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,更包括下列步驟:i)利用該區塊鏈做為用於資料、指令或指向資料及/或指令的一指標(pointer)的一儲存構件;ii)利用該計算資源做為一圖靈完備程序(Turing complete process)的一控制流管理組件,該計算資源用以執行一循環機制。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,更包括下列步驟:若該計算資源找到該區塊鏈的一交易中的代碼(code in a transaction)的一部份的一預定雜湊,則在一特定迭代時重啟該循環;其中與該迭代相關的該資訊係指定在元數據中,該元數據係在交易中提供或與該交易相關聯。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中該循環之代碼係:硬編碼到該計算資源中或該計算資源上;儲存在一私有或公開的可用檔案中;以及/或做為一私有或公開的雜湊表檔案之一開口(entry)儲存;以及/或為具有複數硬編碼變量或至少一參數之靜態編碼區塊(static code block);以及/或與至少一參數相關,或包含至少一參數,該參數為:填充(populated)、初始化或樣例化為任何資料格式之單一值;代碼之一部分;檢索來自一區塊鏈交易中的元數據或該計算資源外部的一資源;檢索來自一資料庫、一私有或公開檔案、或一雜湊表;以及/或利用複數值填充,該等值係利用至少一指標存取一資料源,其中該至少一指標係儲存在該區塊鏈上的一交易的元數據中。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中該計算資源包括一註冊表或與該註冊表溝通,該註冊表使該計算資源可存取一副程式的一預存版本;其中該註冊表係儲存有:i)與該循環相關之代碼的一密碼雜湊;以及ii)指向一位置之資訊,該位置以供存取該代碼的一副本。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,更包括下列步驟:利用一區塊鏈交易以更新該循環之代碼,以將現有代碼取代成新代碼; 其中:i)該區塊鏈交易為一多簽名付費至腳本雜湊(Pay to script hash,P2SH)交易;或ii)儲存該現有代碼的一雜湊及該新代碼的一雜湊。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,更包括下列步驟:藉由監視該區塊鏈的當前狀態以匹配一開始或觸發條件、一重複條件或一停止條件,而利用該區塊鏈之狀態影響該循環之執行。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中該程序:i)為一自動投票程序;及/或ii)包括給一投票人的令牌的分配或配置,其中每一該令牌皆與加密貨幣的一數量相關。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中:在該計算資源上執行的該循環是基於一圖靈完備語言;以及該區塊鏈係與一區塊鏈協定或與一功能有限的腳本語言相關,其中該功能有限的腳本語言本身不支援將控制機制併入到以該語言編寫的代碼中,其中該控制機制包括該循環。
- 一種用以實現請求項1至14中任一項所述之方法,且利用該區塊鏈在該計算資源上控制該程序執行之電腦系統,包括:該區塊鏈;以及該計算資源,用以執行該循環,該循環之執行係受到該區塊鏈之狀態影響,且另其中,對於該循環的每一個迭代,藉由在該區塊鏈之一交易中所提供的、或與該交易相關聯的資訊所指定的一迭代上,重啟該循環,來利用該區塊鏈之狀態影響該循環之執行。
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