TWI706586B - 具快速鋰離子傳導之高性能全固體鋰硫電池 - Google Patents

具快速鋰離子傳導之高性能全固體鋰硫電池 Download PDF

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TWI706586B
TWI706586B TW104120054A TW104120054A TWI706586B TW I706586 B TWI706586 B TW I706586B TW 104120054 A TW104120054 A TW 104120054A TW 104120054 A TW104120054 A TW 104120054A TW I706586 B TWI706586 B TW I706586B
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sulfur
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長 俊 斐
朗吉特 拉奧
艾瑞克 Ｊ 施雷德
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美商帕洛阿爾托研究中心公司
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Abstract

一電池具有一鋰陽極、一與該陽極相鄰之隔板以及一相對於該陽極而與該隔板相鄰之陰極，該陰極包括相互交錯條紋狀的一第一及第二材料，其中該第一材料包含硫且該第二材料包括一固體電解質。

Description

具快速鋰離子傳導之高性能全固體鋰硫電池
對電池系統具有超越習知的鋰離子(Li-離子)化學能量密度的一股強烈的需求存在著。鋰-硫電池是一優先的選擇因為它們具有較高的具體的容量和豐度以及低成本的硫元素。典型的鋰-硫電池由鋰作為負極，一硫-碳複合物作為正極和一有機液體電解質。典型地，鋰-硫電池提供比容量至多1675Ah Kg-1且能量密度至多200Wh L-1。比容量通常是每公斤總安培-小時(Ah)為當電池在特定的放電電流放電時可獲得的，且能量密度是每公升瓦時(Wh)。這些電池目前提供350Wh/Kg的能量密度已經超過傳統的鋰離子電池的180瓦時/公斤的密度。然而，這些電池具有短循環壽命、低的充電效率、高的自放電率、和安全問題等問題。
在液體電解質中，許多的這些問題係出自於鋰多硫化物的溶解(PS,Li2Sn)(屬於硫還原中間體之一系)。儘管有溶解的問題，該過程是必須要適當地操作一鋰-硫電池。在放電步驟中，鋰離子遷移是從陽極穿過液體電解質到陰極，並藉由鋰和硫的反應產生Li2S8大約2.2-2.3伏特。通常，元 素硫和其還原產物兩者皆是不導電的，從而使導電性碳的表面必須為硫及鋰多硫化物之還原物提供存放點。理想的情況下，最終溶解的鋰多硫化物重新暴露在導電性碳的表面。
然而，溶解在陰極電極的鋰多硫化物物種也可以擴散通過電解至鋰陽極和形成不溶性的鋰多硫化物物種。藉由有時被稱為“PS氧化還原梭”(PS redox shuttle)之寄生反應致使活性材料損失，鋰陽極的腐蝕，和縮短循環壽命。此外，由於在易燃的有機液體電解質存在半穩態的鋰金屬和從滲透隔板的鋰形成之鋰枝晶，使得火災風險存在於電池循環過程中。
12‧‧‧集電器
14‧‧‧隔板
16‧‧‧集電器
18‧‧‧陰極
20‧‧‧陽極
22‧‧‧鋰離子傳導路徑
24‧‧‧電解質
50‧‧‧電池
54‧‧‧隔板
56‧‧‧集電器
58‧‧‧陰極
60‧‧‧陽極
62‧‧‧固體電解質
64‧‧‧固體電解質
70‧‧‧材料
第1圖係為一電池之一習知技術之實施例。
第2圖係為通過曲折固體電解質之一長鋰傳導路徑之一習知技術具體實施例。
第3圖係為具有相互交錯條紋狀的材料之一鋰硫電池之一具體實施例。
第4圖係為通過填充著固體電解質通道之一短鋰傳導路徑之一具體實施例。
第5圖係為一種用於製造一鋰硫電池之一具體實施例。
第1圖係為一電池之一習知技術之實施例。一般而言，電池具有被一隔板14所分隔之一陰極18以及一陽極20。非活性的成分係可包含電解質、黏合劑以及碳。電池也可包含集電器12和16。對於電動車(EV)的應用，係藉由疊合許多傳統的薄電極層而製造出大電池。這導致非活性的成分佔了一大部分的比例，造成高成本以及低體積能量密度。第2圖顯示鋰離子傳導路徑22是如何穿過電解質24之一部分20。此路徑是曲折且影響了電池的效率。
如在美國專利申請號第13/727,927號所討論，係可能藉由形成具有允許使用孔通道之微結構之鋰結構以更快速鋰傳導。基於安全方面的考量，這可被應用於較高能量密度之鋰-硫電池及固體電解質。第3圖圖示這樣一電池50之一具體實施例。
電池50具有鄰近一陽極60(鋰陽極)之一集電器56。隔板54被佈置在陽極60與陰極58之間。陰極係包含垂直該隔板之相互交錯條紋狀或條紋狀的材料。觀視材料70之區域可知，第一材料具有較厚於第二材料之條紋。
在第4圖中，第一材料在此包含有硫、石墨以及固體電解質62。為了使材料形成一鋰孔通道，該材料將最有可能是如鋰硫或鋰超離子硫化物(LSS)。
在第4圖中，第二材料將包含一固體電解質64。在一些實施例中，電解質係為一聚合物；在其他實施例中，電解質係為一玻璃、陶瓷或一玻璃/陶瓷混合物。聚合物電解質適用於基於薄膜之元件和可撓性電池設計，而非有機之陶瓷電解質則適用於固體電池之設計。固體電解質因其為不易燃而相對較安全，且藉由降低硫遷移入鋰陽極亦改善了電池的壽命。這可以防止不溶性多硫化物物種的形成。
電解質係可包含幾種不同類型的材料。例如，玻璃/陶瓷材料係可包含：Li2S-P2S5玻璃(Li2S-P2S5 glass)、Li2S-P2S5玻璃-陶瓷(Li2S-P2S5 glass-ceramic)、Li2S-P2S5-Li4SiO4、Li2S-SiS2+Li2SiO4以及Li2S-Ga2S5-GeS2。聚合物電解質一固體或一凝膠態聚合物。固體聚合物電解質的一個例子是聚(環氧乙烷)(poly(ethylene oxide))。凝膠態聚合物電解質的例子包含聚(二氟亞乙烯)(poly(vinylidine fluoride))、一室溫離子液體、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)(poly(methyl methacrylate))、聚(丙烯腈)(poly(acrylonitrile))以及乙二醇基聚合物(ethylene glycol based polymers)。
這些材料被用於形成固體電池結構，無論是硬質或薄膜。第5圖係為形成鋰硫電池之一製程之一具體實施例。如第5圖所示，在步驟80中，典型地硫、碳和固體電解質之活性材料是與一溶劑混合以形成一可擠出之糊或液體。同樣地，在步驟82中，固體電解質材料也與一溶劑混合，以允許其被擠出。在步驟84中，此兩種材料被進料至一共擠出頭，並被擠出呈相互交錯狀材料條紋。
在步驟86中，溶劑被從材料中去除。然後材料即固化以形成一固體電池陰極。在步驟88中，一旦形成陰極，一隔板係被設置與陰極相鄰。在步驟90中，然後鋰陽極係被 設置與陽極相鄰以形成一電池。
所得到的電池係比傳統的鋰鈷氧化物電池具有較佳之能量密度，且較液體電解質之電池來得安全。固體電解質也降低了硫物種遷移入鋰陽極電極。離子導電率則媲美於有機碳酸鹽液體電解質之離子導電率。
應當理解的是，若干上述公開的和其他特徵和功能，或其替代物，可以希望地組合到許多其他不同的系統或應用中。亦可以由本領域的技術人員進行各種目前無法預料或不曾預料的替換，修改，變化，或改進，而它們也意在由下列申請專利範圍所涵蓋。
50‧‧‧電池
54‧‧‧隔板
56‧‧‧集電器
58‧‧‧陰極
60‧‧‧陽極
62‧‧‧固體電解質
64‧‧‧固體電解質
70‧‧‧材料

Claims (10)

  1. 一種鋰硫電池，包括：一鋰陽極；一隔板，係與該鋰陽極相鄰；以及一陰極，係相對於該鋰陽極而與該隔板相鄰，其特徵在於，該陰極包括垂直該隔板之相互交錯條紋狀的一第一及第二材料，其中該第一材料包含硫、碳以及一第一固體電解質，且該第二材料包括一第二固體電解質。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之電池，其中更包括集電器，係與該鋰陽極相鄰且與相對於隔板之該陰極相鄰。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之電池，其中該第一材料包括鋰硫、鋰超離子硫化物、多孔硫以及碳之至少其中之一者。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之電池，其中該第二材料包括一玻璃或一陶瓷電解質或一有機電解質中之其中之一者。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之電池，其中該第二材料包括一玻璃或一陶瓷電解質，且該電解質包括以下組成群中的一組：Li2S-P2S5玻璃(Li2S-P2S5 glass)、Li2S-P2S5玻璃-陶瓷(Li2S-P2S5 glass-ceramic)、Li2S-P2S5-Li4SiO4、Li2S-SiS2+Li2SiO4以及Li2S-Ga2S5-GeS2。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之電池，其中該第二材料包括一聚合物，且該聚合物包括固體聚合物或凝膠態聚合物之其中之一者。
  7. 一種製造一電池的方法，包括：形成一鋰陽極；設置與該鋰陽極相鄰之一隔板；混合一包含硫、碳以及固體電解質之第一材料與一溶劑；混合一固體電解質材料與一溶劑以形成一第二材料；擠出該第一材料與該第二材料呈垂直該隔板之相鄰相互交錯條紋狀以形成一陰極。
  8. 如申請專利範圍第7項所述之方法，其中該碳係石墨。
  9. 如申請專利範圍第7項所述之方法，其中混合一固體電解質材料與一溶劑包括將一聚合物、一玻璃、陶瓷或一玻璃/陶瓷混合物之其中之一者與一溶劑混合。
  10. 如申請專利範圍第7項所述之方法，其中擠出該第一材料與該第二材料包括使用一共擠出列印頭。
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