TWI668331B - 不銹鋼之表面改質 - Google Patents
不銹鋼之表面改質 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本發明係關於一種涉及使用稀土元素氧化物奈米或微米粒子之水性懸浮液或奈米或微米粒子之稀土硝酸鹽水溶液對不銹鋼捲進行連續表面處理之方法。該表面處理可利用滾塗、噴塗或其他習知施加技術施加。呈卷形式之經處理的材料隨後在退火箱中使用鬆卷法加熱,藉此將金屬絲置放於卷各圈之間以促進均勻的氛圍曝露。該氛圍可為還原性的或氧化性的且時間可為自1小時至100小時不等。該氛圍亦可為潮濕的(高露點)或乾燥的(低露點)。該表面處理促進更加均勻的顏色著於在退火型熱處理期間形成的隨後產生的氧化物上。其亦提高經加工之不銹鋼材料之耐腐蝕性。經此方式處理之材料適用於建築系統、汽車及電器市場中之各種應用。
Description
不銹鋼之表面可使用各種技術改質。對於諸如建築嵌板、屋頂或鑲邊之外觀重要的應用,可使用化學處理或塗料使不銹鋼著色。不銹鋼表面可利用涉及曝露於氣體、鹽浴或電漿之氮化法硬化。據報導,氧化效能藉由使不銹鋼與稀土元素形成合金或藉由使用離子植入或溶膠-凝膠型塗佈技術得以改良。所有此等表面改質程序均係耗時的,涉及使用有害物質及/或使最終材料的成本大幅增加。 已研發出一種替代性表面處理及後續退火方法,其賦予不銹鋼合金耐久的灰色、黑色或其他顏色的非金屬外觀。此方法亦使表面的鉻及氮增濃,藉此改變表面化學性質。卷使用鬆卷退火(open coil annealing)週期加工,其中材料在約1000-1800℉(538-982℃)之溫度下曝露於氫氣及/或氮氣氛圍中數小時或數天。 在一些實施例中,不銹鋼材料首先使用含有高達5重量%稀土元素氧化物(諸如氧化釔)之奈米或微米粒子的懸浮液處理。亦可利用稀土硝酸鹽水溶液。氧化物似乎賦予優良的耐腐蝕性,其可為外部應用中之一項重要因素。 此新型卷退火法比替代性先前技術不銹鋼表面處理法便宜,因為可在單一批次中處理整卷,導致每磅最終材料之成本相對較低。由於化學物品的使用有限,故其亦為習知的表面改質加工提供「更加環保的」替代方案。鬆卷退火相對於習知的緊卷退火係較佳的,因為鬆卷退火允許所捲繞帶之全部表面更加均勻地曝露於處理氛圍中。
新穎方法涉及使用稀土元素氧化物奈米或微米粒子之水性懸浮液或稀土硝酸鹽水溶液對不銹鋼捲進行連續表面處理。該表面處理可利用滾塗、噴塗或其他習知施加技術施加。隨後使用鬆卷退火(OCA)加熱材料,產生改變不銹鋼之表面外觀之表面氧化物。 該表面處理促進更加均勻的顏色著於在退火期間形成的隨後產生的氧化物上。其亦提高經加工之不銹鋼材料之耐腐蝕性。
本申請案主張2016年10月19號申請之名為「Surface Modification of Stainless Steels」的美國臨時申請案第62/410,182號之優先權,該申請案之揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。 使用稀土元素氧化物水性懸浮液或稀土硝酸鹽水溶液(諸如含有釔、鑭、鈰或鋯之彼等)對不銹鋼捲進行表面處理,得到提供功能及美感兩方面益處之獨特的表面修飾面層。在某些實施例中,使用微米粒子而非奈米粒子之水性懸浮液獲得相同的益處。「奈米粒子」定義為具有0.1-100 nm之尺寸的粒子,且「微米粒子」定義為具有0.1-100 μm之尺寸的粒子。「稀土」粒子包括含有釔、鑭、鈰或鋯之彼等。一種此類懸浮液為Minimox®
氧化釔奈米粒子懸浮液,可購自Sussex, Wisconson之Materials Interface, Inc.。 表面處理可利用滾塗、噴塗或其他習知施加技術施加於不銹鋼卷。僅需要在70-300℉(21-149℃)範圍內的後續乾燥來移除懸浮液或溶液之水組分。因此,乾燥留下在300至3000 µg/m2
或一些實施例中500-1000 µg/m2
範圍內的稀土化合物之殘留物。該表面處理促進更加均勻的顏色著於在退火期間形成的後續產生的氧化物上。當含硝酸鹽的起始物質用作表面處理時,其在退火法期間變成氧化物。該表面處理及不銹鋼上之所得氧化物塗層亦提高經加工之材料的耐腐蝕性。 經塗佈之卷使用「鬆卷」法退火,在該方法中鋼之卷鬆散地捲繞,使得氣態氛圍可在捲繞的鋼帶之各層(或各圈)周圍流通。退火時間可為自30分鐘至5天不等。在OCA之前可賦予該帶此項技術中已知之表面修飾面層,諸如4號拋光(#4 Polish)或其他修飾面層。 將不銹鋼卷(在最終退火之前或之後,以及在使用表面處理懸浮液或溶液塗佈之後)再捲繞,例如在各圈之間有隔離金屬絲,且置放於「箱」中,其在所述「箱」中在約1000至1800℉之溫度下於所需氛圍中鬆卷退火(OCA)。此鬆卷可例如藉由以下方式製備:在卷之各匝之間插入金屬絲或絞合金屬絲(直徑較佳為0.070至0.150吋(0.18-0.38 cm)),在各圈之間提供隔離,以便增強退火氣體傳輸通過卷。各匝之間的較大間距傾向於促進更加均勻的外觀,在經退火之鋼的表面上無「凹坑(scallop)」或其他標記。亦可使用其他已知促進卷中不銹鋼材料各圈之經塗佈之面周圍的氣體流動的方法。此方法與更通常遇到的「緊卷」退火形成對照,「緊卷」退火不使用金屬絲(或其他)隔離件,且因此個別卷圈或匝之間不存在空間。 退火溫度及氛圍可視退火爐中還原性或氧化性氣體的使用而變化。在某些實施例中,使用約30重量%氫氣及約70重量%氮氣氣體摻合物之氛圍。在其他實施例中,使用100%氮氣、100%氫氣或100%空氣。其他反應性氣體(諸如離解銨)或惰性氣體(諸如氬氣)可單獨使用或可混入氫氣及/或氮氣氛圍中。氛圍可為「乾燥的」(具有約0℉或更低之露點,或在一些實施例中具有約-40℉(-40℃)或更低之露點)或「潮濕的」(具有+60℉或更高之露點,或在一些實施例中具有+80℉(26.7℃)或更高之露點)。乾燥氛圍傾向於產生與潮濕氛圍相比更無光澤、更暗的表面。退火浸熱(soak)時間可為自1小時至72小時不等,且更長的時間導致更暗的表面。溫度可視退火設備之能力而為自1000℉(537.7℃)至1800℉(982℃)不等。退火溫度以及時間可影響完工的表面處理之所得顏色。 不銹鋼通常定義為含有約10.5重量%或更多鉻的鋼。任何鐵磁體或奧氏體不銹鋼均可用於本發明方法。特定實施例之不銹鋼的等級(諸如436、409或439型不銹鋼,或Chromeshield® 22不銹鋼(UNS S44330),其可購自AK Steel Corporation, West Chester, Ohio)影響在相同退火條件下產生的顏色。不銹鋼表面上的修飾面層(例如2B-回火軋製Ra<20 µin;2D-無回火軋製Ra<20 µin;4號拋光-定向刮擦模式Ra<45 µin;ESD-珠粒噴擊表面Ra 60-100 µin;或Greystone®修飾面層-軋輥毛化修飾面層Ra 100-200 µin,可購自AK Steel Corporation)亦影響完工的經加工之材料的顏色及光澤。鬆卷退火之後,傳入更少反射的基板通常產生相對應地反射更少的修飾面層。 因此,本發明方法改變不銹鋼之金屬外觀。因此,藉由選擇不銹鋼之等級、其表面修飾面層以及退火時間及氛圍,熟習此項技術者利用本申請案之教示可在不銹鋼上形成具有所需功能及美感性質之表面修飾面層。可獲得各種顏色及質地以提供適於用作建築物嵌板、屋頂、汽車排氣裝置或電器之基於不銹鋼的產品。歸因於加工整卷之能力,成本通常低於通常限於加工個別薄板之現有技術。此外,表面改質所需材料與引發複雜的化學表面反應所需之材料相比對環境更加友好。 輝光放電光譜學(GDS)分析已表明本發明方法之實施例在OCA之後相對於未處理之合金導致鉻及氮之表面增濃。表面處之鐵亦有相關聯的減少,藉此降低形成「紅」鏽之傾向。在裝箱退火之前的表面處理使斑點腐蝕降至最低且提高外觀之整體均勻性。經加工之表面具有均勻的灰色/黑色外觀,且材料可彎曲大於90度而無表面損壞。其亦可經受住指示外部曝露適用性之加速腐蝕測試。實例 1
使用鬆卷退火設備進行裝箱退火測試。使各種等級的不銹鋼附著至碳鋼卷且使用搪瓷用等級鋼型加工週期退火。 加工週期中之一者(「潮濕」加工)係在+85℉之露點下使用30重量%/70重量%氫氣/氮氣氣體混合物之鬆卷退火法。材料溫度為1350℉。 另一加工週期(「乾燥」加工)係在-40℉之露點下使用30重量%/70重量%氫氣/氮氣氣體混合物之鬆卷退火法。材料溫度為1350℉。 在使用奈米粒子氧化釔處理不銹鋼帶兩個表面之後,下文樣品使用以下測試: · 2-約48×18吋Chromeshield 22-2B修飾面層 · 2-約48×18吋Chromeshield 22-4號拋光修飾面層 · 2-約33×18吋435-2B修飾面層 · 2-約30×24吋18 CrCb-SB修飾面層 進行腐蝕測試(鹽霧ASTM B117)及表面分析。經塗佈之樣品在第一個24小時裏顯示無針孔且展示均勻的修飾面層。 OCA Chromeshield 22不銹鋼材料之GDS分析顯示相對於未經退火之材料,表面的鉻增濃。實例 2
使用Chromeshield 22及436L型不銹鋼卷來完成額外的生產試驗。結果概述在下文顯示於下表1中。 該表列出不銹鋼之等級(Chromeshield 22、436L型)、材料上之表面修飾面層(2B、2D、4號拋光、生態酸洗漿料(Eco Pickled Slurry)-EPS)、材料的一個面是否使用含有稀土奈米氧化釔粒子之懸浮液處理、厚度(gauge)、寬度及卷重量。含有奈米粒子氧化釔的水性懸浮液之施加量使得釔含量為300至3000 µg/m2
或更佳500-1000 µg/m2
。亦提供OCA (鬆卷退火)條件。應注意,除了11號卷之外的所有卷均使用30重量%/70重量%氫氣/氮氣氣體混合物加工。11號使用100%氮氣退火。潮濕(WET)表明在退火期間添加蒸汽(+80℉(26.6℃)露點)。乾燥(DRY)表明不添加蒸汽(-40℉ (-40℃)露點)。OCA中之時間為自2小時至24小時不等。材料溫度為1350℉。 最後一欄列出材料之整體外觀性質。突出顯示具有最均勻的且所需的表面外觀之卷。幾個卷在材料的經處理之面上具有「凹坑」,但在不銹鋼帶的未經處理之面上已經看出更嚴重的凹坑。由於外觀變化,凹坑係不合需要的。許多卷無凹坑。 在此等試驗期間產生的不銹鋼之經處理之面的顏色已使用X-Rite Ci7600光譜儀量測。1.0吋(25 mm)區域使用D65-10光源測試。獲得包括鏡面(SCI)及不包括鏡面(SCE)兩種量測結果。資料以由L*、a*及b*組成之CIELAB單位展示,其中L*為亮度之量度且a*及b*為顏色成分綠色-紅色及藍色-黃色。應注意,由於合金中存在鉻,相對於經鋅塗佈或未經塗佈之碳鋼,使用不銹鋼提供更好的耐腐蝕性。建築修飾面層試驗 - 表 1 表 2. 使用表 1 中所描述之經 OCA 加工之不銹鋼生產的幾塊嵌板之顏色量測結果 (SCI). 表 3. 使用表 1 中所描述之經 OCA 加工之不銹鋼生產的幾塊嵌板之顏色量測結果 (SCE) 實例 3
除了全卷試驗之外,各種材料之樣品已經嵌入卷內以檢查加工對於外觀的影響。使給予各種表面處理之幾個等級的不銹鋼之量測為3×12吋之樣品附著至卷表面且接著退火。結果表明不銹鋼之等級及表面處理影響表面外觀。 所包括之不銹鋼材料為具有2B修飾面層之409型、具有2B修飾面層之439型、具有4號拋光修飾面層之430型、具有4號拋光修飾面層之444型、具有4號拋光之CHROMESHIELD 22及具有2B修飾面層之CHROMESHIELD 22。各系列中之四塊嵌板代表裸露的(無表面處理)、經氧化釔塗佈的、經硝酸釔塗佈的及經硝酸釔/檸檬酸釔塗佈的。 應注意,經表面處理之樣品的顏色通常不同於裸露材料。此外,經氧化釔及硝酸釔處理之樣品的結果係相似的。因此,雖然已使用經氧化釔奈米粒子懸浮液處理之不銹鋼表面進行大部分測試,但藉由使用含有少於50%硝酸釔或較佳少於5%硝酸釔的水性懸浮液處理該等樣品獲得相似的結果。如在表1中所列之樣品的表面處理中,表面上之釔的量為300至3000 µg/m2
或更佳500-1000 µg/m2
。在使用其他稀土元素氧化物奈米粒子或微米粒子或者稀土或近稀土元素(諸如鈰、鑭或鋯)之硝酸鹽代替釔時,預期結果相似。實例 4
對根據實例1之方法加工之Chromeshield 22不銹鋼樣品進行鹽霧測試(ASTM B-117)。結果闡述於下表7中。表 7
將樣品編號3、4、6、7-氧化釔面放回腔室內持續額外的曝露時間。 表7表明經氧化釔奈米粒子處理之不銹鋼薄板的面當相較於同一薄板之相反的未處理面時通常具有提高的耐腐蝕性。例外(樣品ID 1及5)係歸因於此等薄板上之表面處理的不均勻施加。
圖1描繪尚未經歷任何表面處理或OCA之Chromeshield®
22不銹鋼樣品的輝光放電光譜學(GDS)分析。 圖2描繪已經歷OCA法之Chromeshield 22不銹鋼樣品的GDS分析。 圖3描繪已經歷氧化釔奈米粒子懸浮液及OCA之施加之Chromeshield 22不銹鋼樣品的GDS分析。
Claims (11)
- 一種改質不銹鋼帶表面之方法,其包含:在具有兩面之不銹鋼帶之卷之該等面中之至少一面上,塗佈包含稀土元素氧化物之水性懸浮液或包含稀土硝酸鹽之水溶液中之至少一者;使經塗佈之該不銹鋼帶之卷在約537.7℃至約982℃之溫度下經歷鬆卷退火法約1小時至72小時。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該稀土元素氧化物包含奈米粒子。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該稀土元素氧化物包含微米粒子。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該鬆卷退火法在具有低於約-17.8℃之露點的乾燥氛圍中進行。
- 如請求項4之方法,其中該露點低於約-40℃。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該鬆卷退火法在具有超過15.6℃之露點的潮濕氛圍中進行。
- 如請求項6之方法,其中該鬆卷退火法在具有超過26.7℃之露點的潮濕氛圍中進行。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該塗佈留下在約300至約3000μg/m2範圍內的稀土元素氧化物之殘留物。
- 如請求項8之方法,其中該稀土元素氧化物之該殘留物係在500至約1000μg/m2範圍內。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中,在該不銹鋼帶經歷鬆卷退火法之前,處理該不銹鋼帶之至少一面以便賦予該面選自由2B、2D、4號拋光、ESD及Greystone修飾面層組成之群的表面修飾面層。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中,在塗佈該不銹鋼帶之前,處理該不銹鋼帶之至少一面以便賦予該面選自由2B、2D、4號拋光、ESD及Greystone修飾面層組成之群的表面修飾面層。
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